[100] Senate Documents, Vol. 25, pp. 2931-2932.

[101] Senate Documents, Vol. 25, p. 2956.

[102] _Ibid_., p. 2966.

[103] _Ibid_., p. 2966.

[104] Senate Documents, Vol. 25, p. 2955.

[105] _Ibid._, p. 2952.

[106] The following passage is an extract from an unsigned order

dated July 22, 1898:--

"For the preservation of peace and good order in the community and

to put an end to the acts of those who within and without the city

of Manila and in the neighboring provinces not under the control

of the Spanish Government, are evading the orders issued by these

Headquarters, and in view of the large number of those who are

storing and monopolizing food and other most necessary articles,

under the pretence of desiring to sell them to the Americans, but

whose real intention is to ship them secretly to Manila where they

receive higher prices for their merchandise, without regard for the

injury they are doing the cause of our independence, I have seen fit

to decree the following: ... " P.I.R., 45.5 and 125. 3.

Relative to this matter, Taylor says:--

"The defection of Buencamino and Pilar had opened the road to

Aguinaldo, but at first the blockade was not effective. There were too

many natives there with friends and relations in Aguinaldo's camp to

make him desire to subject the city to the hardships of an effective

siege. And, furthermore, he did not have the force, nor did his men

have the necessary discipline, to prevent the ingress of supplies. It

was not until the first part of July that the price of provisions

increased. It was at no time found necessary by the authorities to take

over all the stores of provisions in the city. Indeed, there seems to

have been a fairly steady traffic in supplies between Manila and the

country to the north. It was a traffic in which it has been charged

that certain Spanish officers of rank made large sums. Aguinaldo

permitted it, and on July 26, 1898, signed an order directing that

food should be sent into Manila from the north to prevent starvation

in the city, and ordered the heads of the towns in the vicinity not

to interfere with this traffic (P.I.R., 1087-4). The entrance of food

supplies was confined to the northern line, for then it would not be

known to the Americans who, after July 30, occupied the entrenchments

in front of San Antonio Abad. It was not expedient for them to see

too much of Aguinaldo's methods."--Taylor, 14 AJ.

[107] P.I.R., 398. 2.

[108] Senate Document 331, p. 2976, 1902.

[109] P.I.R., 102-10.

[110] P.I.R., Books C-1.

[111] P.I.R., 102-10.

[112] _Ibid._

[113] P.I.R., 102. 10.

[114] _Ibid_., Books C-1.

[115] _Ibid_., 102-10.

[116] P.I.R., 102-10.

[117] Now a major-general.

[118] P.I.R., 102-10.

[119] _Ibid._

[120] _Ibid._

[121] "Debtor to the generosity of the North Americans, and to the

favors we have received through Admiral Dewey and (being) more desirous

than any other person of preventing any conflict which would have as

a result foreign intervention, which must be extremely prejudicial,

not alone to my nation, but also to that of Your Excellency, I consider

it my duty to advise you of the undesirability of disembarking North

American troops in the places conquered by tho Filipinos from the

Spanish, without previous notice to this government, because as no

formal agreement yet exists between the two nations the Philippine

people might consider the occupation of its territories by North

American troops as a violation of its rights.

"I comprehend that without the destruction of the Spanish squadron

the Philippine revolution would not have advanced so rapidly. Because

of this I take the liberty of indicating to Your Excellency the

necessity that before disembarking, you should communicate in writing

to this government the places that are to be occupied and also the

object of the occupation, that the people may be advised in due

form and (thus) prevent the commission of any transgression against

friendship."--P.I.R., Books C-1.

[122] Blount, p. 59.

[123] On July 15 General Noriel telegraphed Aguinaldo as follows:--

"Urgent. Received a telegram from the captain adjutant, who is in

Parañaque, of the following tenor: 'I inform your excellency that

two cascos of armed Americans have arrived at this point. I await

orders from Your Excellency.' Which I hasten to communicate to Your

Excellency for the proper action."--P.I.R., 849.

Later on the same day Arevalo telegraphed Aguinaldo as follows:--

"Lieutenant-Colonel Duboce with three hundred men waiting for more

troops from Cavite, and also orders, but not to attack."--P.I.R., 849.

[124] Captain Torres telegraphed Aguinaldo on July 15 as follows:--

"I have read all your telegrams and carried out the same, and I

incidentally questioned them about their purposes, [they] replying that

they will aid; let time demonstrate it. They also intend to encamp over

here at Parañaque. I will report to you any occurrence."--P.I.R., 69.6.

[125] P.I.R., 69. 5.

[126] Ibid., 849.

[127] "Admiral Dewey's Aide was here to-day. I told him I was ignorant

of your whereabouts and, if he had no objection, he might talk with

me as I am your representative; but he said that he could not do so,

as he had orders to speak with you personally, about something very

important. He then departed."--P.I.R., 1179. 5.

[128] The following telegram was addressed to the President or the

Secretary of War by Sulpicio at Bacoor, on August 8, 1898:--

"Last night I received a telegram from General Noriel, asking

for 100 cavanes of rice which he needs immediately, since he has

ordered to send him all the troops here on account of the landing of

Americans in Parañaque. General Mascardo will send him the troops

which are here. There are 56 bundles [of rice.--TR.] deposited in

this storehouse."--P.I.R., 1179. 5.

[129] This man's record is not known to me. Apparently he was an

officer in the Spanish army, for he is later reported as surrendering

to the Insurgents at Santa Ana on August 13, 1898. See footnote 4,

p. 104.

[130] Taylor, 33 AJ.

[131] Artemio Ricarte was one of the ranking Insurgent generals

directing operations against Manila.

[132] P.I.R., 1087. 5.

[133] Taylor, 30 AJ.

[134] Taylor, 30 AJ.

[135] P.I.R., 849.

[136] On August 2, 1899, Agoncillo wrote Mabini:--

"I send Don Emilio the information I have been able to obtain here,

in order that in view thereof you [plural] may consider the best

solution of our present political problem, which is an exceptional

case in history. In my opinion, the most critical moment, which I

call agonizing, whether correctly or not I know not, is the capture of

Manila, where General Merritt will constitute a provisional government,

in compliance with the instructions from his Government. It is

unnecessary to recommend that you observe great tact, great prudence,

when this event occurs. Ascertain the real wishes of the people in

this conflict and the war resources at our disposal and those which

you may count on during the struggle until its termination."

--P.I.R., 451.3.

In his document entitled "Means for Attaining Filipino Independence"

Aguinaldo had written:--

"VIII. Exterior attack. Above everything the Revolutionists must occupy

all Manila including the Walled City with the object and purpose that

the nation possessing the Philippines according to the decision of the

Powers will be forced to come to an understanding with the Filipinos

to avoid the shedding of blood."--P.I.R., 457. 5.

[137] Taylor, 29 AJ.

[138] That is, the surrender of Manila.

[139] Fort San Antonio A'bad.

[140] Senate Documents, Vol. 25, p. 2943.

[141] "I must tell you that I feel as you should feel in regard to

our government not having officially participated in the capitulation

of Manila. Accordingly the war must be continued with Spain, because,

if we attack to-night, the Americans, acting upon the request of the

Spaniards and foreigners in addition to those who took part in the

capitulation, will have to ask us to suspend operations; hence we shall

be included in the negotiations and this will work to our advantage.

"To-night at 2 A.M. you will attack without fail in order that we may

be included in the capitulation which the Americans made to-day. You

must not stop the attacks because they do, and this is also the opinion

of our partisans among the foreigners."--P.I.R., 1179. 5 & 427. 5.

[142] "Our Rule in the Philippines," The _North American Review_,

1900, No. 170.

[143] General Ricarte to Aguinaldo, August 12, 1898, 11.15 P.M.:

"Have received the telegram from your honourable person regarding

attack at four o'clock in the morning, although we will make the

attack anyway. I have directed Gen. Pío Del Pilar begin firing cannon

at the hour set. At the present time we are making preparations and

will also give orders to the chiefs of the columns."--P.I.R., 849.

[144] "August 13, 1898.

"Dated. Camp Dewey 13. To General Aguinaldo. Commanding Philippine

Forces, Bacoor: Do not let your troops enter Manila without the

permission of the American commander on this side of Pasig river. You

will be under our fire.

"_Anderson_, Brig. General."

--P.I.R., 102-10.

[145] "Copy: Gen. Riego, Cavite: Have just received a note from

Gen. Anderson saying to me he does not permit my troops to enter Manila

without permission from the American commander on this side of the

Pasig River. They will be under his fire. Go with Señor Buencamino

and ask for an explanation, in writing if possible, as to the motive

for said note, without losing a moment. August 13, '98. E.A."

--P.I.R., 849.

[146] "I received a telegram. My interpreter is in Cavite. In

consequence of this I have not answered until now. My troops are

forced by yours, by means of threats of violence, to retire from

positions taken. It is necessary to avoid conflict, which I should

lament, that you order your troops that they avoid difficulty with

mine, as until now they have conducted themselves as brothers to take

Manila. I have given strict orders to my chiefs that they preserve

strict respect to American forces and to aid them in ease they are

attacked by a common enemy."

[147] Gregorio Araneta, later a member of the Philippine Commission

and Secretary of Finance and Justice. He was Secretary of Justice

under the Malolos government, and was also secretary of the Insurgent

Congress. He was at this time a bright young lawyer of good ability

and character.

[148] P.I.R., 849.

[149] _Ibid_.

[150] P.I.R., 849.

[151] _Ibid_., 849.

[152] _Ibid_., 1179. 5.

[153] _Ibid_.

[154] _Ibid_.

[155] Report of War Dept., 1898, Vol. I, part 2, p. 69.

[156] Taylor, Exhibit 739.

[157] The following two telegrams were sent by General Pio del Pilar

to Aguinaldo at 9.30 P.M.:--

"I inform you that the Bayambang troops who have presented themselves

before me when we entered Santa Ana this afternoon, are: 4 lieutenants,

171 soldiers with their respective rifles and ammunitions, Major

Fernando Acevedo, Captain Licerio Geronimo, 1 Spanish lieutenant,

and 1 prisoner by the name of Enrique Flores. All of them I put under

your orders."--P.I.R., 1179.5.

"Very urgent. I inform you of the capture made by my soldiers: 2

lieutenants of the Marine Corps, 2 lieutenants of the Spanish Infantry,

52 soldiers. Rifles about 400. I put them under your orders and await

your instructions."--P.I.R., 1179. 5.

[158] The Spanish Governor-General.

[159] P.I.R., 1300. 2.

[160] Taylor, 58 HJ.

[161] _Ibid_., 59.

[162] See footnote 2, p. 108.

[163] P.I.R., Books C-1.

[164] Taylor, 15 AJ.

[165] The word Indios, here translated "Indians," means Malayan

Filipinos of pure blood as distinguished from _mestizos_ or people

of mixed blood.

[166] P.I.R., 918. 2.

[167] The following telegram was sent by Colonel José to Aguinaldo:--

"Urgent. August 20, 1898: Colonel López reports that our troops are

still sacking and committing outrages in Malate, Paco and Ermita,

even menacing people with their arms. Urge you to take proper measures

to stop these abuses."--P.I.R., 1167. 3.

[168] Extract from a letter of August 20, 1899, from Mabini to

Aguinaldo:

"Señor López, your adjutant, arrived and told me of many complaints

regarding the behaviour of the soldiers. He says that our officers

carry off many horses, some of them belonging to foreigners. If the

foreigners should enter a protest against such doings, I do not know

what will be thought of our government.

"It is also absolutely necessary that a stop should be put to the

passes, and that the tax on merchandise entering Manila, should no

longer be exacted. It is absolutely necessary, if you think well

of it, for us to promote General Pío, and make him your second in

command. It is necessary for him to leave the vicinity of Manila,

as we cannot remove him by force; and do not reprimand him.

"If you approve, I will write a Decree, but I reflect that nothing

will succeed, if our commanders are not obliged to comply."

--P.I.R., 472. 13.

[169] _I.e._ the Americans.

[170] P.I.R., 458. 8.

[171] Major J. F. Bell accompanied Sandico on this trip.

[172] P.I.R., 1166. 12.

[173] "I regret very much to have to inform you that as long as

personal property is not respected here in Manila especially, by some

of our men, as long as personal security does not exist and as long

as prisoners are tortured, we cannot hope to deserve the confidence

of the other governments. Murders, thefts of carriages and horses,

are very frequent here, as is kidnapping, ...

"Sergeant Barcena, of the Fifth Company of the Second Zone, that

is the zone of General Pío del Pilar, informed me that the cruel

officers of that Zone, were Major Carmona and a lieutenant who was

formerly a barber.

"I know that the Government has ordered that private persons and

property be respected and has withdrawn from the military the power of

trying civilians; but in view of the fact that notwithstanding this

restriction some of them continue to discharge powers of which they

have been divested, I find it necessary to call your attention thereto,

in order that more energetic measures may be adopted so that other

nations may not be led to believe that our government is very weak.

"In the jurisdiction of the Americans, I have surprised small groups

of officers, who devote themselves to summoning persons before them

and arresting them. These groups can be found in Binondo, Tondo and

Trozo. I have used all friendly measures to secure their dissolution,

but if they continue their conduct, I shall be obliged to turn them

over to the American authorities, although I inform you that I shall

not make use of such measures, until diplomatic means are exhausted.

"I understand very well that in endeavouring to stop the abuses

committed by our officers and by the Filipinos who claim to belong to

us, in Manila, I expose myself to becoming a victim of their vengeance;

nevertheless, this does not terrify me, because my duty to the country

requires it.

"I beg of you that if you take any steps against Major Carmona and the

barber lieutenant, to be very careful and call General Pío del Pilar

and come to an understanding with him as to the mode of punishment

of these officers ....

"I have discovered grave cases which are occurring in the Presidio of

Manila, which I propose to relate to you when I shall have the honor

to see you personally. The Americans are already aware of these cases,

and are working in their own interest untiringly.

"I could tell you a good many other things, but I do not do so on

account of lack of time, and because I wish to reserve them until I can

speak to you privately. In the meantime, order me as you will, etc."

--P.I.R., 416. 7.

[174] "General Anderson received us very well, but in the proposed

agreement the clauses requiring the prior permission of our commanders

before American troops could pass or approach our lines displeased him

very much. Gen. Anderson refuses to treat until after the withdrawal

of Noriel's troops. I think it prudent to yield. This telegram is in

amplification of another which, at the request of Gen. Anderson, we

sent through his telegraph station to your excellency."--P.I.R., 849.

[175] "It is impossible to order General Noriel to fall back because

if we order it they will ask the same thing from General Pío and

we shall get nothing ourselves. And the worst is that after we have

evacuated Manila and its environs they will follow us up to our new

positions to take them too without our being able to obtain from

them any formal statement of the concession signed in duo form. Tho

conflict is coming sooner or later and we shall gain nothing by asking

as favours of them what are really our rights. We shall maintain them

as long as we are able, confiding in Providence and in Justice. I

confirm my last telegram. Tell General Anderson that we shall hold

a meeting of the council of Government in order to decide. Please

return here soon with your companions. I inclose the map which I hope

you will return."--P.I.R., 427. 1.

[176] Senate Document No. 208, p. 22.

[177] _Ibid_., p. 23.

[178] _Ibid_., p. 26.

[179] Senate Document No. 208, p. 24.

[180] Pío del Pilar.

[181] Report of the War Department, 1899, Vol. I, part IV, pp. 5-10.

[182] See Buencamino's letter to Jáudines, p. 108.

[183] Taylor 36 AJ. _et seq_.

[184] See p. 41.

[185] P.I.R., 427. 1.

[186] "The insolent commentary of the American Consul here, if it is

true, clearly shows the intention of America to impose her will upon us

by force. In this case, the conflict will come sooner or later. Would

it not be better for us to provoke the conflict while the Americans

have not as yet concentrated their troops there? Or would it be better

to wait for the results of the Congress of Paris? This question should

be answered immediately by the committee on foreign relations of the

Congress of representatives and the decision should be sent at once

to us so that we can proceed according to your instructions."--P.I.R.,

453. 11.

[187] "I gave an order long ago not to permit our line to be passed,

and to say frankly that it was by my order. To be prepared to defend

our rights you are ordered to place troops in front of American

position at Sampaloc and to tell them plainly to leave, to warn

the Sandatahan [bolo men.--D. C. W.] and get everything ready; you

must warn the commanders of the zones about Manila. Do not forget,

whenever in doubt."--P.I.R., 849.

[188] P.I.R., 88. 9.

[189] P.I.R., 88. 9.

[190] _Ibid._

[191] P.I.R., 88. 9.

[192] _Ibid_., 849.

[193] "Until the decision of the Paris Congress is known, all of us

here are of the opinion that you should maintain a defensive attitude

regarding the Americans, giving way to them with regard to Manila and

its suburbs or in anything they may wish, although apparently only,

and not show them your teeth. After the decision of the Congress

is known, you may take the offensive if advisable, and according to

the information we may have of the American soldiers it should not be

difficult for you and your army to settle accounts with them."--P.I.R.,

398. 6.

[194] "If you and the Americans should happen to come in conflict

before the departure of the Spanish soldiers, it might happen that

the Yankees would enter into an alliance with them to combat the

Filipinos. Think well over this."--P.I.R., 398. 6.

[195] "It is also of urgent necessity, Señor President, to reëstablish

committees in all the suburbs and that the masons and the Katipúnan be

reorganized, and it is advisable that all be provided with knives ready

for any event, but it is proper that these arms be hidden."--P.I.R.,

466. 9.

[196] "Our soldiers are always desirous of fighting in order to

bring affairs to an end, as they are very resentful with regard to

the evacuation of the suburbs mentioned."--P.I.R., Books C-1.

[197] "Most urgent. Have received telegraphic order from War Dept.,

which says: 'Prevent American troops from disembarking.' In case they

insist what am I to do? May I begin firing?"

This telegram was indorsed by Aguinaldo:--

"Answered affirmatively December 1, 1898."--P.I.R., 849.

[198] "Most urgent. According to despatch from Captain detached at

Batangas, American divers are working unceasingly. He says that he

ordered them to be fired on in case they try to land. Await your

reply."

Aguinaldo's reply ran as follows:--

"I do not mind their working at sea, but you must under no conditions

allow them to land troops; be brave for the sake of your Tagálog

heart. Approve your action."--P.I.R., 1179. 2.

[199] P.I.R., 849.

[200] _Ibid_.

[201] _Ibid_.

[202] 56 AJ.

[203] "We are constantly alarmed here by American troops who wish

to come within the military line. To-day received word from second

chief, second zone, Manila, that as soon as they opened fire against

the American troops I assist by entering Manila. I have no orders in

this matter; I await your directions."--P.I.R., 849.

[204] P.I.R., 849.

[205] Taylor, 70 AJ.

[206] "It is absolutely necessary that an order be received here

permitting the uprising of those in prison before the movement is

begun anywhere else; in the prison the word shall be given at the

moment the bugle sounds retreat; it is indispensable that some of our

party be prepared in the vicinity of the Iris bridge, San Pedro street

and Dulumbrayan bridge, in order to prevent the Americans quartered

in the Pennsylvania barracks (Zorilla theatre) from aiding those in

the prison."--P.I.R., 73. 3.

[207] P.I.R., 40. 8.

[208] _Ibid_., Books C-1.

[209] _Ibid_., 1141. 3.

[210] P.I.R., 1186. 10.

[211] _Ibid_., 849.

[212] See p. 733.

[213] Taylor, 68-69 AJ.

[214] P.I.R., 206-207.

[215] "Above all I expect that you will respect the persons and goods

of private persons of all nationalities, including the Chinese; that

you will treat well the prisoners and grant life to those of the

enemy who surrender. And that you be on the sharp lookout for those

traitors and enemies who, by robbery, will seek to mar our victory."

[216] P.I.R., 849.

[217] _Ibid_.

[218] For the document on which this statement is based see p. 733.

[219] P.I.R., 849.

[220] Taylor, 81 AJ.

[221] "In reply to your telegram concerning your dream of entering

Manila after four hours of combat. I have the honour to inform you

for myself and the officers and soldiers under my command that your

dream will come true as soon as the conflict with the Americans begins,

since we shall advance at any cost."--P.I.R., 849.

[222] On January 21, 1899, the commander of the fourth zone, Caloocan,

wired Aguinaldo that:

"Julian Santo, commander of the territorial militia of Trozo, informs

me that 400 native soldiers of the Spanish army to-day incorporated

in his militia. He lives in the walled city, and he wants to know

your opinion upon the present situation, since the Americans want to

hold them as prisoners or confine them in Bilibid prison."

(Indorsed, handwriting of Aguinaldo:) "Tell the Filipino soldiers

in the walled city affiliated to our cause that they must keep

on good terms with the Americans, in order to deceive them, and

prevent their confining them, since the hoped-for moment has not yet

arrived."--P.I.R., 849.

[223] On January 20, 1899, a correspondent wrote to one of the

Insurgents abroad:

"In some places (in Manila) there have been fights with bolos between

Filipinos and Americans who wanted to tear down the proclamation of

our president while the people defended it with their bolos. They

say that it amuses them to see the Americans run when they draw their

knives. It is said that some 10,000 servants have gone on strike. Some

Americans have already disappeared by the method of 'dukut' but it

will not be proper to publish this in my opinion."--P.I.R., 980. 82.

[224] Taylor, AJ. 73.

[225] (Telegram received by E. Aguinaldo:)

"To the President of the Republic, Malolos, from the Provincial

Governor of Manila, San Juan del Monte, Jan. 29, 1899, 10.25 A.M.:

I yesterday visited the military road in process of construction,

Santa Ana to Pineda. Tomorrow it will be sufficiently completed to

permit passage, and in two days after it will be finished. Considering

opening another military road direct from Caloocan to San Juan. Desire

authority.

(Endorsed, handwriting of Aguinaldo:) "Telegram received. I am very

much satisfied, and in the name of the government I congratulate you

and the presidents of Santa Ana and Pineda with their inhabitants

for their efforts for the public good. You are authorized to open

another military road from Caloocan to San Juan del Monte, and I

want you to endeavor to finish it this week, as I am certain you

will."--P.I.R., 849.

(Telegram received by E. Aguinaldo:)

"To the Secretary of the Interior, Malolos, from Sah Juan del

Monte--Received Feb. 3, 1899 from the Provincial Governor Manila:

Road marked out; work began Wednesday. I shall put forth every effort

to finish by middle of the coming week."--P.I.R., 849.

[226] Taylor, 73 AJ.

[227] Taylor, 73 AJ.

[228] P.I.R., 2018.

[229] _Ibid_., 1090. 5.

[230] P.I.R., 453. 4.

[231] P.I.R., 453. 2.

[232] P.I.R., 493. 12.

[233] Blount, p. 190.

[234] Taylor, 86 AJ.

[235] Blount, p. 175.

[236] Blount, p. 98.

[237] The constitution used was most certainly not patterned after

our own. See p. 265.

[238] Blount, p. 111.

[239] "The light Messrs. Sargent and Wilcox throw on the then universal

acknowledgment of the authority of the Aguinaldo government and the

perfect tranquillity and public order maintained under it, in the

Cagayan valley."--Blount, pp. 114-115.

[240] "The country in fact, as Aguinaldo always claimed in his

proclamations of that period seeking recognition of his government

by the Powers, in a state of profound peace and tranquillity--free

from brigandage and the like."--Blount, p. 115.

[241] P.I.R., 958. 11.

[242] P.I.R., 849.

[243] Blount, p. 108.

[244] _Ibid_., p. 109.

[245] "With a view to showing every one and especially foreigners

travelling through the territory of the Republic, that we are not

opposed to a good such as a refined and civilized people should have,

the fronts of buildings should be whitewashed, streets should be

cleaned and fences repaired."--P.I.R., 292. 3.

[246] "It would be a great satisfaction to me to aid you with all

my strength; and the only thing that I see to object to is that the

Commanders and Generals in this province are getting pretty abusive

toward our brethren and allow themselves to be bribed by the Tagálog

merchants so as to allow them to enter Manila with their goods,

which is of great assistance to our enemies.

"Concerning the contributions which I have collected from the Chinamen,

it amounts to more than P2,000 here in Tambobong, Meycauayan and

Polo alone; and those from the other pueblos have not yet come to

see me. Furthermore, I would like an order from you prohibiting the

outrages that are being committed against such merchants as are not

our enemies; and when the contributions from the Chinamen of all the

pueblos shall have been completed, I wish to publish a proclamation

forbidding any injury to the Chinamen and any interference with their

small business enterprises; since this is a disgrace to our government

and to your name; for the natives of hereabouts themselves are the

people who are committing said abuses, and in hopes of putting a

stop to them, I await your decision at the earliest possible moment

concerning the proclamation referred to."--P.I.R., 355. 11.

[247] "Last night in the place known as Santo Cristo (Manila?) the

store of J. Ricafort, a Chinaman, was entered by five soldiers of our

army under an unknown commander supposed to be Colonel Paua. They

tried to kidnap the wife of Ricafort. At the request of P. García

they desisted upon payment of 20 pesos and the agreement that 100

pesos would be paid later. If this was not done they would return

and hang them. To quiet these people I gave them a pass to assure

their personal safety, and exacted at the same time a promise that

they should not report the matter to the Americans. Pauline García

is now at Pedro Macati."--P.I.R., 1187.4.

[248] P.I.R., 223.

[249] "Early in the war we had availed ourselves of a certain tribe,

or clan, known as the Maccabebes, who look nowise different from all

other Filipinos, but who had, under the Spanish government, by reason

of long-standing feuds with their more rebellious neighbours, come

to be absolutely loyal to the Spanish authorities. When we came they

had transferred that loyalty to us, and had now become a recognized

and valuable part of our military force."--Blount, pp. 333-334.

[250] "On July 28, 1898, the head of the province of Pampanga wrote

that the punishment of beating people in the plaza and tying them

up so that they would be exposed to the full rays of the sun should

be stopped. He complained that these methods had been carried so far

that even people of good social position had been so punished. It was

especially undesirable to employ such punishments, as the people of

other nations weeing them would not believe that the reign of liberty,

equality, and fraternity had begun in the Philippines."--P.I.R., 196.3.

[251] Taylor, 47 AJ.

[252] P.I.R., 944.

[253] "I have the honour to inform you that I have been in this town

since yesterday afternoon issuing, in a proclamation, conciliatory

orders to the populace that the people comprised in the uprising

must present themselves and express aversion and repudiation of

it, promising them consideration and pardon as long as they lay

aside arms. In compliance with and following the earlier published

proclamation, they presented two guns and innumerable bolos. I hope

soon for tranquillity among the people there through these efforts. I

ask dispense with assembly of the Junta. _Camilin_, November 30,

1898."--P.I.R., 849.

[254] P.I.R., 849.

[255] _Ibid._

[256] P.I.R. 849.

[257] _Ibid._

[258] _Ibid._

[259] Gregorio Aglipay, an Ilocano Catholic priest who became an

active Insurgent leader. Later he abandoned the Catholic faith and

set up a new church which gained many adherents in the Philippines.

[260] P.I.R., 849.

[261] _Ibid._

[262] _Ibid._

[263] P.I.R., 1231. 2.

[264] Taylor, 62 AJ.

[265] P.I.R., 77.

[266] P.I.R., 47.7.

[267] _Ibid_., 951.3.

[268] Blount, p. 109.

[269] P.I.R., 1006.

[270] P.I.R., 870. 4.

[271] Blount, p. 113.

[272] _Ibid_., p. 111

[273] At Carig, Isabela.

[274] Taylor, 43 AJ.

[275] See p. 731.

[276] The parsonage, or residence of the priest.

[277] Insurgent officers.

[278] Their on commander so reported. See p. 202.

[279] Shortly afterward "elected" governor.

[280] This form of torture is commonly referred to in the Philippines

as the "water cure."

[281] Major Delfin commanded the expedition which took Nueva Vizcaya.

[282] P.I.R., 246. 3.

[283] Dimas Guzman.

[284] Blount, p. 112.

[285] Blount, p. 114.

[286] Blount, p. 113

[287] Blount, p. 114.

[288] A distance of 120 miles.

[289] "The former Spanish Governor of the Province was of course a

prisoner in Villa's custody. Villa had the ex-Governor brought in,

for the travellers to see him, and remarked, in his presence to them,

'This is the man who robbed this province of twenty-five thousand

dollars during the last year of his office.'"--Blount, p. 115.

[290] _La Compañia General de Tabacos de Filipinas_, a very strong

commercial organization.

[291] "I call your attention to the fact that the only terms to

the surrender were to respect life, and it was for this reason that

I seized all the money they [i.e. the friars,--D.C.W.] had hidden

away, which was accomplished by applying the stick. In this capital

I found thirty-four thousand dollars in silver and a draft on the

Compañia General de Tabacos for twenty thousand dollars which can be

collected here...

"The bearer can give you more details concerning the abuses

committed in this province of Vizcayana by the forces of Mayor Duflin

Esquizel. Also, I wish to inform you that we have done nothing to the

Compañia General de Tabacos, for we have learned from their records

that much of their stock is held by Frenchmen, and consequently we fear

a conflict. For this reason we await your orders on this matter. We

took all the arms we found in their possession, however."--P.I.R.,

271.2.

[292] P.I.R. 192.4.

[293] "I was in that town, for a similar purpose, with Governor Taft in

1901, after a bloody war which almost certainly would not have occurred

had the Paris Peace Commission known the conditions then existing, just

like this, all over Luzon and the Visayan Islands."--Blount, p. 116.

[294] "On account of this the vulgar people doubted the legality of

our actions in the collection of taxes, and accordingly it became

difficult; and this, coupled with the inveterate abuses of the heads

of the towns, which the head of the province was not able to perceive

in time to check, caused a tumult in Echague, which, owing to wise

councils and efforts at pacification, was appeased without it being

followed by serious consequences; but I have no doubt that this tumult

was due only to the suggestions of ungovernable and passionate persons

animated by the spirit of faction, since those who took part in it

were all Ilocanos, no native of Echague having any hand in it. The

same thing occurred in Naguilian, where the disorders were also

quieted. Not only did I make no report of all this to the government of

the republic on account of the abnormality of the present conditions,

but I also succeeded in concealing them from the foreigners here so

that they should not succeed in discovering the truth, which would

be to the prejudice of our cause."--Taylor, 42 AJ.

[295] "I may add that as judge of that district in 1901-2 there came

before me a number of cases in the trial of which the fact would be

brought out of this or that difference among the local authorities

having been referred to the Malolos Government for settlement. And

they always awaited until they heard from it,"--Blount, p 112.

[296] "General Otis's reports are full of the most inexcusable

blounders about how 'the Tagals' took possession of the various

provinces and just about those of a New Yorker or a Bostonian sent up

to Vermont in the days of the American Revolution to help organize

the resistance there, in conjunction with one of the local leaders

of the patriot cause in the Green Mountain State."--Blount, p. 112.

[297] Blount, p. 114.

[298] Taylor, 42 AJ.

[299] Blount, p. 111.

[300] P.I.R., 974. 3.

[301] "December 20, 1898.

"_To the Honorable President of the Revolutionary Government_.

"The undersigned residents of the _barangay_ of D. Francisco Querubín

and D. Melchor Balueg, of Bucay, of the province of Abra, appeal to

you with the utmost subjection from their place of residence and state:

That their heads or representatives, D. Francisco Querubín and Melchor

Balueg, respectively, force them to pay two _pesos_ each as a war tax,

your humble vassals above cited being hardly able to earn their own

livelihood and support their families, and, notwithstanding their

labor, some of them cannot get anything to eat without appealing to

the charity of their richer neighbours; but notwithstanding this sad

situation, they offer a _peseta_ each as a mark of gratitude to the

mother country, Filipinas, but said gentlemen, the representatives

mentioned, have not the slightest pity and worry us to the extent

of having kept us in our houses a day and a night without anything

to eat, not even permitting us to go out to get a drink.

"We must inform you that the head of the _barangay_, D. Melchor Balueg,

when he gathers the supplies for the troops stationed in his town, said

supplies consisting of rice, pigs, chickens and eggs, uses one-half

of what is gathered, and then again orders his assistants to save."

"In fact, the undersigned request you to direct that the _peseta_

which they offer be accepted and that the said Don Francisco Querubín

and Don Melchor Balueg be relieved of their duties, in order to put

a stop to the abuses constantly committed by them; and if this be

not done, the petitioners will be obliged to leave their homes and

property in the town and take up their residences in the mountains

with the Negritos and Igorots, in order that the others may remain

in the town and live tranquilly.

"This is a grace which we do not doubt we will receive from you,

whose life may God preserve for many years.

"_Bucay_, November 12, 1898." (26 signatures)

(In blue pencil in the handwriting of Aguinaldo:) "It will be approved.

"Dec. 20, 1898.

"E. A."

--P.I.R., 991. 4.

[302] P.I.R., 849.

[303] Blount, p. 130.

[304] _Ibid_., pp. 130-131.

[305] P.I.R., 1142. 4.

[306] _Ibid_., 2002. 3.

[307] P.I.R., 964. 3.

[308] On November 30, 1898, the commander in Alaminos, Zambales

Province, telegraphed that his soldiers were all about to desert as

the head of the town would not furnish rations or pay without orders

from the governor."--P.I.R., 2002.3.

[309] "On December 22, Aguinaldo, in accordance with a request from

the governor of Zambales Province, ordered the heads of the provinces

of Pangasinán, Tarlac, Bataan, and Pampanga to prohibit the people

of their provinces from going to Zambales without passports signed by

them, stating the route they were to take in going and returning and

the length of time to be spent in the journey. The governor of Zambales

had asked for this regulation in order to prevent the commission of

robberies in Zambales and to distinguish persons justly subject to

suspicion from those of good conduct."--P.I.R., 266. 3.

[310] "On January 9, the governor of Zambales found it impossible

to continue the inspection of certain towns of his province and to

continue holding elections, as many of the officials had fled to escape

the exactions and abuses of the military commanders."--P.I.R., 988. 2.

[311] "The Governor of Cavite reports two drunken Americans have been

killed by our soldiers. I tell him to have an investigation immediately

and report the fact to the American commander."--P.I.R., 849.

[312] "Most urgent. Gen. Anderson informs me in a letter that,

'in order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter

between our troops, I demand your immediate withdrawal with your

guard from Cavite. One of my men has been killed and three wounded

by your people.' This is positive and does not admit of explanation

or delay. I ask you to inform me of your decision."--P.I.R., 849.

[313] "_Gen. Riego de Dios, Cavite_: Telegram received. Do not

leave the post, and say that you cannot abandon the city without

my orders, and say that he was not killed by our soldiers, but by

them themselves [the Americans.--D. C. W.], since they were drunk,

according to your telegram. Give up your life before abandoning that

place, and investigate matters."--P.I.R., 849.

[314] "Urgent. Gen. Alvarez telegraphed that Riego de Dios informed him

that the town of Maragondong had risen in arms on account of abuses

committed by the local President against Salvador Riego. This is the

reason the town took up arms. Will go there to-morrow."--P.I.R., 849.

[315] Taylor, 19 AJ.

[316] P.I.R., 1057. 4.

[317] Taylor, 95 HS.

[318] The name applied to the Filipinos of Ambos Camarines, Albay

and Sorsogón.

[319] P.I.R., 262. 3.

[320] Taylor, 48 AJ.

[321] Blount, p. 116.

[322] Accepting the 1903 census figures.

[323] Aguinaldo considered Mindanao important enough to form one of the

three federal states into which he proposed to divide the Philippines.

[324] Blount, p. 228.

[325] _Ibid_., p. 229.

[326] Bandits, or organized robbers.

[327] The old Spanish name for Palawan.

[328] Blount, p. 228.

[329] P.I.R., 944. 10.

[330] Blount, p. 116.

[331] Blount, p. 229.

[332] According to the census of 1903, 154,706.

[333] See table on p. 651.

[334] (Contemporary copy in Spanish.--P.I.R., Books C-L:)

"January 19, 1899.

"The President of the Philippine Republic very cordially greets his

great and powerful brother, the Sultan of Jolo, and makes known:--

"That the Filipinos, after having thrown off the yoke of foreign

domination cannot forget their brothers of Jolo to whom they are

bound by the ties of race, interests, security and defense in this

region of the Far East.

"The Philippine Republic has resolved to respect absolutely the

beliefs and traditions of each island in order to establish on solid

bases the bonds of fraternal unity demanded by our mutual interests.

"I therefore in the name of all the Filipinos very gladly offer to

the powerful Sultan of Jolo and to all brothers who acknowledge his

great authority, the highest assurance of friendship, consideration

and esteem.

"_Malolos_, January 18, 1899."

(No signature.)

[335] P.I.R., 76. 1.

[336] From an official document on file at Manila.

[337] "Being brothers, the descendants of the same race and of one

soul, the same sun shines upon us and we breathe the same air, so

that our sentiments are also one, and we aspire to the independence

and liberty of our country in order to secure its progress and place

it on a level with other civilized nations; and with this assurance I

have taken the liberty to address you this letter, begging of you to

accept the commission which in the name of our government I have the

honour to confer upon you. You are authorized thereunder to establish

in all the 'Rancherias' of Mindanao and Jolo, a civil and military

economic-administrative organization, in accordance with the decrees

which I enclose herewith, and after having established the same,

I request that you make a report to our Honourable President of the

Philippine Republic, Sr. Emilio Aguinaldo, of the result thereof

and of the number of the force with their arms and ammunition, in

order to ascertain whether they would be sufficient to prevent the

invasion of the enemy and whether there is any necessity of sending

reinforcements of arms to said Islands for this purpose. If in this

war, which I consider to be the last, we secure our independence, and

with the opposition of our brothers in that region, with yourself at

their head, we are successful in preventing the enemy from gaining a

foothold, the grateful country will always render a tribute of homage

and gratitude to your memory.

"God preserve you many years.

"May 31, 1899. "_Baldomero Aguinaldo_,

"Lieut. Gen. Superior P. M. Commander of Southern Region.

"To _The Honourable Sultan Raha Halon_"

--P.I.R., 810-4.

[338] Spanish for "mountain people."

[339] P.I.R., 512. A 5.

[340] Extract from a letter to Apacible of the Hongkong junta dated

February 26, 1899:--

"It is also said that the Cantonal Government of Negros has wished

to make a treaty with the Americans, some members of that government

having come in American transports to confer with General Otis. We

are not aware of the conditions of the arrangement, because the Negros

people have thus far not wished to put themselves in communication with

us; we only know by news more or loss reliable that the capital of that

island has been occupied by the American forces without opposition.

"Of Mindanao we know absolutely nothing; we also are ignorant of what

has been the lot of our agents in America."

[341] "Of the Visayas and Mindanao we know nothing positive as yet, it

is whispered that the Americans have succeeded in occupying Negros and

Cebú against the will of the inhabitants. Iloílo continues the struggle

energetically. It does not matter that they occupy temporarily those

beautiful islands, because Luzón will know how to fight for herself

and the rest of the islands, and will not lay down arms without the

independence of the Philippine Archipelago."

[342] Blount, p. 140.

[343] P.I.R., 62. 2.

[344] _Ibid_., 144. 1.

[345] "The second reason for my resignation is the pain caused me by

having still to read among the reports of our military associates that

in some of the chiefs, besides odious favouritism, is clearly seen a

desire to enrich themselves, accepting bribes, making even prisoners

a means of gain, and others there are, above all the commissaries,

who dare to decrease the allowance of the soldier, little enough

already;--I throw the blame of all this upon those who taught us such

a custom; consequently I have reason to hope that they will change

their methods.

"The same cause of complaint I have concerning some companions who

are discharging civil offices, especially those who are far from

the oversight of the government, who put their own welfare before

the common good, and devise a thousand means to further their own

ends, even to the extent of gambling. Where are the police? Are they,

perchance, also bribed? Pity money is so ill spent! However, every one

is obliged to know that falsehood will never prevail against truth,

and as evidence hereof many soldiers have confessed to the government

as to having received certain sums in the share of the booty, and

if we consider that the latter who receive their share have told the

truth, why should those who are present during the partition of the

money and receive nothing, not do so? In this way the eyes of some

that were blinded are gradually opened; I confess, moreover, that

the latter are to be blamed less than those in authority who are so

attached to the methods of the past administration, who, we may hope,

will change their mode of conduct and exhibit true patriotism.

"I certify to the truth of all the above-mentioned evils, which must

be eradicated. I retain the evidence for presentation when called on,

so that if any of the readers hereof should consider themselves

referred

to and should resent it, I am ready to beg their pardon."--P.I.R., 8.2.

[346] Blount, p. 108.

[347] Senate Documents, Vol. 25, pp. 2928-2941.

[348] P.I.R., 838-2.

[349] In this connection note Blount's statement:--

"But we are considering how much of a government the Filipinos had

in 1898, because the answer is pertinent to what sort of a government

they could run if permitted now or at any time in the future."--Blount,

p. 73.

[350] Blount refers to

"The death-warrant of the Philippine republic signed by Mr. McKinley

on September 16th."--Blount, p. 99.

Speaking of Mr. Roosevelt's opinion of the practicability of granting

independence to the Filipinos, he says--

"Yet it represented then one of the many current misapprehensions

about the Filipinos which moved this great nation to destroy a young

republic set up in a spirit of intelligent and generous emulation of

our own."--Blount, p. 230.

[351] "Here was a man claiming to be President of a newly established

republic based on the principles set forth in our Declaration of

Independence, which republic had just issued a like Declaration, and he

was invited to come and hear our declaration read, and declined because

we would not recognize his right to assert the same truths."--Blount,

p. 59.

[352] "The war satisfied us all that Aguinaldo would have

been a small edition of Porfirio Diaz, and that the Filipino

republic-that-might-have-been would have been, very decidedly,

'a going concern,' although Aguinaldo probably would have been able

to say with a degree of accuracy, as Diaz might have said in Mexico

for so many years, 'The Republic? I am the Republic.'"--Blount, p. 292.

[353] "The war demonstrated to the army, to a Q. E. D., that the

Filipinos are 'capable of self-government,' unless the kind which

happens to suit the genius of the American people is the only kind of

government on earth that is respectable, and the one panacea for all

the ills of government among men without regard to their temperament or

historical antecedents. The educated patriotic Filipinos can control

the masses of the people in their several districts as completely as

a captain ever controlled a company."--Blount, p. 292.

[354] "Even to-day the presidente of a pueblo is as absolute boss

of his town as Charles F. Murphy is in Tammany Hall. And a town or

pueblo in the Philippines is more than an area covered by more or

less contiguous buildings and grounds. It is more like a township

in Massachusetts, so that when you account governmentally for the

pueblos of a given province, you account for every square foot of

that province and for every man in it."

[355] "In there reviewing the Samar and other insurrections of 1905

in the Philippines, you find him (_i.e._ Roosevelt) dealing with

the real root of the evil with perfect honesty, though adopting the

view that the Filipino people were to blame therefor, because we

had placed too much power in the hands of an ignorant electorate,

which had elected rascally officials."--Blount, p. 297.

Also:--

"But we proceeded to ram down their throats a preconceived theory that

the only road to self-government was for an alien people to step in

and make the ignorant masses the _sine qua non_."--Blount, p. 546.

Also:--

"Of course the ignorant elecorate we perpetrated on Samar as an

'expression of our theoretical views' proved that we had 'gone too

fast' in conferring self-government, or to quote Mr. Roosevelt, had

been 'reposing too much confidence in the self-governing power of

a people,' if to begin with the rankest material for constructing a

government that there was at hand was to offer a fair test of capacity

for self-government."--Blount, p. 546.

[356] P.I.R., 499. 1 Ex. 134.

[357] Ibid., 206. 1.

[358] Ibid., 1124. 2.

[359] Ibid., 204. 6.

[360] P.I.R., 206. 6.

[361] P.I.R., 674. 1.

[362] _Ibid._, 206. 3.

[363] P.I.R., 206. 3.

[364] On July 7, 1898, the secretary of the revolutionary junta

in Mindanao, in writing to Aguinaldo, closed his letter with the

following formula: "Command this, your vassal, at all hours at the

orders of his respected chief, on whom he will never turn his back,

and whom he will never forswear. God preserve you, Captain General,

many years." P.I.R., 1080. 1. Every now and then we find a queer use

of the term "royal family." This seems to have been common among the

mass of the people. Heads of towns and men of position often used

the expression "royal orders" in speaking of the orders and decrees

issued by Aguinaldo. For example, the officials of Tayug, a town of

19,000 people in Pangasinán Province, certified, on October 9, 1898,

that they had carried out the instructions for "the establishment of

the popular government in accordance with the royal decree of June 18,

1898."--P.I.R., 1188. 1.

In October certain of Aguinaldo's adherents in Tondo wrote to him and

protested against the acts of the local presidente, who, they held,

had not been duly elected in accordance with the provisions of the

"royal order" of June 18, 1898. They closed their respectful protest

by requesting that said royal order should be obeyed.--Taylor, AJ., 63.

In 1899 an officer of the army in Union Province wrote: "In accordance

with the orders of the secretary of war of our republican government

of these islands, issued in compliance with royal decree, article 5,

published on March 8." On September 1, 1898, the local presidente

of the town of Mangatarem, writing to the head of the province,

said that he had not furnished the estimates required because the

elections provided for in "article 7 of the royal decree of the

superior government, dated June 18 last," had not been approved. A

young son of a member of Aguinaldo's cabinet, writing to his father in

September, 1899, spoke of the "royal decree of June 18, 1898."--P.I.R.,

1188. 3. In Romblon, in August, 1898, elections were held in compliance

with the prescription of the "royal decree of June 18, 1898," and

Aguinaldo approved them, apparently without considering that this

was an anomalous way of describing a decree of the dictator of the

so-called republic. On March 7, 1899, a general in the revolutionary

service stated that an officer had been released from arrest by a

"royal order." The attitude of mind which made men speak of Aguinaldo's

"royal orders" in 1898 did not change when he fled before the advance

of the United States army. His orders remained royal orders. They

were again and again referred to in this way.

[365] P.I.R., Books C-1.

[366] P.I.R., 1216. 1.

[367] P.I.R., 1216. 1.

[368] P.I.R., 223.

[369] P.I.R. 1133. 1.

[370] P.I.R., 1137. 4.

[371] _Ibid.,_ R., 1165. 2.

[372] P.I.R., 319. 1.

[373] _Ibid.,_ 3. 33.

[374] _Ibid.,_ 1022. 3.

[375] P.I.R., 1200.

[376] P.I.R., 907. 6.

[377] P.I.R., 39. 7.

[378] The following memorandum to accompany a letter from Señor Don

Sixto Lopez, Secretary of Señor Don Felipe Agoncillo, to the Honorable

the Secretary of State, written January 5, 1899, clearly sets forth

this claim:--

"Pursuant to the action of said congress a detailed system of

government has been provided for and is actually maintained in all the

portions of the Philippine Islands, except so much of the provinces of

Manila and Cavite as is now in the actual possession of the American

Army, such excepted part containing only about 3 per cent. of the

population of the entire islands and an infinitely smaller proportion

of their area.

"From the foregoing it will appear that the Philippine government is

now, as it has been practically ever since the 16th of June, 1898,

in substantially full possession of the territory of the people it

represents."--Taylor Ex. 530 57 KU., Congressional Record, June 3,

1902, Vol. 35, part 6, p. 6217.

[379] Blount, p. 70.

[380] "September, 1898.

"_Decree_

"Although article 11, Chapter 2, of the Organic Decree of June

23 (1898) last, prescribes that the appointment of provisional

representatives of Congress be given to persons who have been born

or have resided in the provinces which they are to represent; taking

into consideration the urgent necessity that said body enter upon

its functions immediately, I hereby decree the following:--

"1. The following are appointed provisional Representatives ...

"2. A meeting of Congress is called for the 15th instant, to be held

in the town of Malolos, province of Bulacán.

"3. The Secretary of the Interior shall take steps to notify the

persons appointed and those elected by the popular commanders in the

provinces already occupied by the Revolution, of the call as soon

as possible.

"Giv ...."

(Attached hereto is the following, with the names written in Mabini's

handwriting:)

"September, 1898.

"Provinces not subject to the Revolutionary Government of the

Philippines.

Names Classes

Albay Highest class 2. Salvador V. del Rosario and Felipe

Buencamino

Ilocos Norte do 2. José, Antonio Luna

Ilocos Sur do 2. Ignacio Villamor, José Aleji

Isabela de Luzón Third class 1. Aristón Bautista

Sorsogón do 1. José Albert

Cagayán do 1. Pablo Tecson

Abra Pol.-Mil. Govt. 1. Isidro Paredes

Nueva Viscaya do 1. Enrique Mendiola

Corregidor do

Catanduanes do

Batanes do

Masbate and Ticao Pol.-Mil. 1. Alberto Barreto

Comandancia

Amburayan do

Apayaos do

Benguet do 1. Joaquín Luna

Binatanga do

Bontoc do 1. Fernando Canon

Burias do

Cayapa do

Itaves do

Lepanto do 1. León Apacible

Príncipe do 1. Mariano Ocampo

Quiangan do

Tiagan do

Cabugauan do

Island of Cebú Pol.-Mil. Govt. 2. Cayetano Arellano and

of highest Pardo de Tavera

class

Iloilo, Panay do 2. Gregorio Araneta and Melecio

Figueroa

Island of Leyte do 1. León Guerrero

Negros Occidental do 1. José María de la Viña

Island of Samar do Pablo Ocampo

Antique,

Island of Panay do 1. Hipólito Magsalin

Cápiz Lowest class 1. Miguel Zaragoza

Negros Oriental do 1. Aguedo Velarde

Island of Bohol do 1. Juan Manday Gabriel

Romblón Pol.-Mil. 1. Vicente González Maninang

Comandancia

Concepión do 1. Mariano V. del Rosario

Zamboanga 1st Dist. 1. Pedro A. Paterno

Pol.-Mil. Govt.

Misamis 2d Dist. do 1. Maximino Paterno

Surigao 3d Dist. do 1. Benito Valdés

Davao 4th Dist. do 1. Telesforo Chuidian

Cotabato 5th Dist. do 1. Enrique Mercaida

Basilan 6th Dist. do 1. Juan Tuason

Lanao 7th Dist. do 1. Gonzalo Tuason

Dapitan Pol.-Mil. 1. Gonzalo Tuason

Comandancia

Butúan do

Barás is under Pol.-Mil. Govt. of Bahia Illana

Levac is under Pol.-Mil. Comandancia of Cottabatto

Matti Pol.-Mil. Comandancia

Malabang. This Comandancia is under the Military

Comandancia of Bahia Illana.

Reina Regente. This Comandancia is under the Pol.-Mil.

Govt. of Cottabato

Bay of Sarangani Pol.-Mil. Comandancia

and adjacent

islands

Tucuran Pol.-Mil. Govt.

Island of Joló do 1. Benito Legarda

Siassi Pol.-Mil. Com.

Tataan do

Bongao do

Island of Paragua Pol.-Mil. Govt. 1. Felipe Calderón.

Balabac do 1. Manuel Jérez

Calamianes do 1. Manuel Genato

Marianas Islands do

Oriental Carolines do

Camarines,

North and South Don Tomás del Rosario and

Don Cecilio Hilario

Exhibit 226, 76 MG, E, Extract from original in Spanish, A. L. S.,

P.I.R., 416. 1."

[381] P.I.R., 38. 3.

[382] The 1903 census returns are here used for each of the several

peoples.

[383] P.I.R., 485. 1.

[384] P.I.R., 40. 1.

[385] P.I.R., 377. 13.

[386] _Ibid_., 472. 9.

[387] _Ibid_., 40. 8.

[388] _Ibid_., 849. See p. 143.

[389] A general term covering education, public works, agriculture

and commerce.

[390] P.I.R., 512. A 5.

[391] P.I.R., 485. 5.

[392] Senate Document 138, Fifty-sixth Congress, First Session.

[393] P.I.R., Books B-6.

[394] P.I.R., 472. 8.

[395] "To the Military Chiefs of the towns mentioned in the margin

[there is nothing in the margin.--TR.]:--

"As there are still many soldiers paying no notice to the order

forbidding the waste of cartridges, you are required to give a certain

amount of ammunition to each soldier and to see every day if there

is any cartridge missing, and if so, inquire into the reason. In

order that this may be successfully carried out, I have deemed it

proper to prescribe the punishment for such offence, of which you

will inform the soldiers under your command, and post this circular

in a prominent place. Said punishments are as follows:--

"_Art_. 1. A soldier found wasting ammunition shall be punished with 12

lashes; in case he commits the same offence again he shall be punished

with 24 lashes; and on a further offence of like character by the

same soldier, he shall be court-martialled and severely punished.

"_Art_. 2. A soldier who has been found short of even one cartridge out

of the ammunition assigned to him, shall be punished with 12 lashes,

provided that he has not previously been in any engagement.

"_Art_. 3. A soldier who has been found with no cartridges by reason

of throwing them away during an engagement, shall be court-martialled,

and severely punished.

"I most earnestly recommend you to carefully look after your soldiers

and see that every one is complying with the foregoing order.

"This order should be transmitted from one town to another mentioned in

the margin, and the last one should return it to this office with the

information that the same has been received and complied with by all.

"May God guard you many years.

"_E. Aguinaldo_, Dictator.

"_Cavite_, June 17th, 1898."

--P.I.R., 1124. 2.

[396] "November 16, 1900.

(Stamp) "_Lacuna Brigade. Headquarters_.

"_Major Thomas Tagunton_: Advise all officers of this brigade that

he who allows his soldiers to load their rifles without being before

the enemy, shall be liable to capital punishment. If the soldiers

intentionally or otherwise fire their pieces, whether in the air

or at any determined or undetermined person, said soldiers and the

officers to whose command they belong shall also be liable to the same

punishment as above, without further proceedings, for the reason that

we are almost in front of the enemy, and all the more if the shots

take effect upon any of the soldiers or chiefs.

"Sergeants and corporals shall also take heed of the present warnings,

as they will also be given the same punishment if they by abandoning

their squads allow them to commit certain outrages.

"You will report receipt of and compliance with this order.

"God preserve you many years.

"General Headquarters, November 16, 1900.

(Signed) "_Lacuna_, General, Political-Military Governor and Chief

of Operations."--P.I.R., 643. 1.

[397] Taylor, AJ. 85.

[398] "_Kabatúan_, Oct. 14th, 1899.

"_Edict_

"_Martín F. Delgado, General and Politico-Military Governor of the

Province of Iloílo_.

"As a consequence of the frequent assaults and robberies committed

by persons wearing military uniforms, and with the determination to

correct, with a firm hand, such scandalous conduct, which, besides

causing such deeds to be laid at the door of the military, also

makes it easier for evil-doers to commit their misdeeds, I have,

at the suggestion of the Councillor of Police, ordered the following:--

"1. From this date forward all private citizens are absolutely

prohibited from wearing military uniforms.

"2. All authorities, both civil and military, under this Government,

are obliged to see to the strict enforcements of this edict.

"3. All persons who, not being in the military service, are, after

the publication of this edict, found wearing military uniforms,

and who cannot show that they are in the military service, will be

suspected as evil-doers and will be sent to this Government to be

subjected to the corresponding corrective measures.

(Signed) " _Martín Delgado_,

"_Governor-General-President_."

--P.I.R., 881. 4.

[399] "On April 10, 1899, General Delgado wrote that, benignity having

failed, rigorous methods would be used to enforce collections and

that if the people did not pay--

"'I shall, with great pain, see myself under the necessity of

withdrawing all my forces to the mountains and leaving them [the

pueblos] to the fate which God will decide upon,' which of course

meant that he would leave them to the mercy of the bandits who stood

ready to descend upon them."--P.I.R., B., 4.

"This threat was not an idle one."--Taylor, 67 HS. E-L.

[400] "_Santa Cruz, Laguna_, July, 1899.

"_Hon. Sr. Emilio Aguinaldo_....

"There was a notorious bandit here who was the terror of the

province with his gang; I had him arrested and shot and the robberies

ceased. Murders were being committed; I had the murderers caught, shot

one of them, and there were no more murders; officers of the reserve

would consider themselves kings in their towns, they would shoot

the local _presidentes_ and commit other unlawful acts; I disarmed

them, and tried the most celebrated one, called Arcadio Castillo,

alias Bancucane, who attempted to escape and was killed. With the

death of these persons order has been completely reëstablished in

this province. Several had rifles that were used only for robbery

and after two or three trials all turned over their rifles, and the

arming of the battalion was completed.

(Signed) "_Juan Cailles_."

--P.I.R., 7 & 8.

[401] "_Regional Revolutionary Government of the Visayas_.

"_Office of the President_.

"_Kabatúan_, March 16, 1899.

"_To the Honourable President of the Philippine Republic_,

"_Señor Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy_,

"_Most Distinguished President_:

"In order to avoid the distress which the knowledge of the abuses

which are already unbearable, daily committed by the troops of Señor

Diocno, will cause you, this government has hesitated to communicate

them to you, but, as there is almost a reign of terror here, it feels

that it must inform you of them in order to remedy them. The death

of private individuals and assaults committed in the towns are daily

reported as having been committed by the troops of General Diocno. Of

the numerous companies of Señor Diocno, only two under the orders of

General Araneta fight against the enemy, the remainder are the terror

of the town and it is a week since Sr. Diocno went to Capiz without

telling any one what he was going to do.

"In view of the facts pointed out, the soldiers of this General

constituting a constant danger to the town, this government asks you to

order General Diocno to turn over his rifles to us to kill Americans

with and to enable the towns to recover their former tranquillity;

this government asks this of you, relying upon the well-known justice

with which you act and it wishes for you many years of life for our

liberty and our independence.

"_Kabatúan_, March 16, 1899.

(Signed) "_Jovito Yusay_,

"_Temporary President._

(Signed) "_Francisco Soriano_,

"_General Secretary._"

--P.I.R., 52. 5.

[402] "Martin Delgado y Bermejo, lieutenant general and general in

chief of the republican army of the Visayan Islands.

"_General Headquarters of Santa Barbara_,

"April 20, 1899.

"The existence of a state of war, and the trying circumstances through

which the country is now passing have brought about a complete

change in the order of nearly all the pueblos; and I have noticed

with profound regret that sacking, robbery, sequestrations, and

other crimes highly dishonourable to our noble cause, are of daily

occurrence. With a view to preventing such conduct in the future,

and in order to guarantee to the inhabitants of the military district

under my command the most complete tranquillity, I hereby decree:

"1. That any person or persons who commit acts of brigandage,

sequestration, incendiarism, rape, or other disturbances of a public

nature calculated to excite the public, or which infringe individual

or property rights, shall be severely punished in accordance with

military law.

"2. That all offenders who present themselves to the Local or Military

Authorities within the 30 days immediately following this date, and

who turn over their arms and join our forces and help to fight other

outlaws and to defend the nation, will be pardoned for the crimes

they have committed.

"3. That when the period of 30 days above mentioned has passed, any

person taken in the act of committing robbery, or who attempts to rob

with an organized band of outlaws, or who steals, rapes, or performs

acts of incendiarism, or any other criminal act, will be summarily

condemned to death by a military tribunal.

"The Local Juntas of the various towns in conjunction with citizens

of standing and the military authorities will organize a vigilance

service to maintain public order and the authority of the law.

"_M. Delgado_."

--P.I.R., Books B 4.

[403] "February 13, 1899.

(In the margin: A stamp which says:) "Philippine Republic--Headquarters

of operations of the provinces of Southern Luzón.

"It is with great regret that I have learned that robberies, assaults,

kidnapping, and other crimes which are committed only by barbarous

and savage tribes, are taking place in our towns, without taking

into consideration that the purpose of the insurrection which has

given origin to our social regeneration is true justice, for the

reëstablishment of which the lives and property are being sacrificed

of all who are proud of being called Filipinos. These acts are being

committed without restriction by civilians as well as soldiers perhaps

with the coöperation of their respective chiefs, to the shame of

the authority vested in them and to the prejudice of the society to

which they unworthily belong, and even to the integrity itself of

the Republic. And in order that these barbarous and savage acts may

disappear and that rigorous and exemplary punishment be meted out,

I have deemed it proper to forward to you for general information

the proclamation of these Headquarters of February 12th last, which

is as follows":

(Signed) "_Mariano Trias_.

"_Lieutenant-General_.

"_To the Politico-Military Chief of Infanta_."--P.I.R., 896-9.

[404] "There does not seem to have been the faintest conception that

there was any reason for not using the white flag to deceive people

who were foolish enough to believe that Aguinaldo was going to adhere

to the rules prescribed for its use. The writer in the early spring

of 1899 once watched an insurgent party advance under a white flag

upon an American line of trenches. When an officer and a bugler went

forward to receive them they threw down the flag and immediately

opened fire with the rifles which they were then seen to be dragging

behind them."--_Taylor_, 48 HS.

[405] "Such ammunition was not effective unless fired from very

close quarters, but even its possession made the guerrillas stronger

than the people of the country and undoubtedly had much to do with

securing their coöperation, not only as bolomen but also in the

digging of the pits which were placed in the trails and also set

about the towns. These were required to be constructed by the local

authorities. In the bottom was set a sharp spike of bamboo, sometimes

poisoned; and the pit was covered with leaves and soil upon a fragile

framework; so that if a man stood upon it he would fall through upon

the spike. Bows were set in the jungle with a string set across the

trail so that any one stumbling over it would discharge a sharp bamboo

shaft with a poisoned head. On September 18, 1900, Lukban congratulated

the people of the town of Katubig upon the efficient use they had made

of arrows with the heads dipped in 'dita,' a native poison. (P.I.R.,

502. 8.)"

--_Taylor_, 83 HS.

[406] See also the chapter entitled "Murder as a Governmental

Institution."

[407] See p. 313.

[408] The following newspaper supplement printed in Tagálog for the

benefit of the common people, is typical of this class of literature,

with which the country was kept flooded:

(Circular printed in Tagálog. P.I.R., 17-6. Supplement to _Heraldo

Filipino_.

"Friday, 24th February, 1899.

"_Countrymen_:

"We must consider ourselves fortunate that the bad intentions of

North America were found out early. If we had not found them out by

this time we should have been entrapped. And we should thank God that

they commenced the war.

"You ought to know by this time that these people can teach us

nothing good. What we can learn from them is all evil. You must

admit the truth of what they are reported to do to our brothers in

Manila where they rob the houses when the dwellers in them are out

or busy. Their evil inclinations prevail over them to such an extent

that the houses most worthy of consideration are not safe. They are

worse than the wild people who live in the woods, they have not the

slightest idea of looking at things from the point of view of a man

of honour nor have they the slightest respect for reason, for this

does not control their actions in the least. Without the slightest

attention to civility they rush into houses and if they find the

people eating, without saying a word, they take what they want from

the table, put it into their mouths and go as they came.

"If they find people sleeping or resting, taking the siesta, it makes

no difference to them; they go into the most private parts of the

house as though they were walking in the street.

"In the shops they take what pleases them and if the owner wants

payment they threaten him with their rifles.

"One can hardly believe and my pen refuses to write all of the

perversity, and evil and bad habits of these people.

"Their habits and manners are a disgrace to the country where they

were born. In no history have such customs and manners been described

even in that of the most ignorant people.

"They search women who pass, feeling all over their bodies, taking

from them money and whatever else they carry and if they come on them

in a lonely place they strip them naked after violating them and do

not leave a rag on them.

"Are these those honest men of whom we have heard? Are these the

people who were going to teach us good habits? Are these the people who

were going to guide us? The race which does these things is the most

hated one in the world, it is the race which commits most cruelties,

it is the race which does not treat its mother with respect; in this

race there is not the slightest idea of personal dignity, it is a

race which does not know what honour is, which does not possess the

slightest vestige of regard for good manners. Are these the people

who are going to protect us? It is better for us to die at once than

fall into the power of these unequalled malefactors.

"¡Down with the bad men!

"¡Kill the Americans!!

"¡Let the people of the United States be exterminated!!!

"¡Notice.--This sheet is distributed gratis."

[409] "A light upon the treatment of women by these people is given

by the fact that after an American detachment had captured Lukban's

papers and family on August 18, and came so close to taking him that

he was able to recognize their guide, one of his correspondents wrote

to him that to their surprise the women, who had fully expected to

be abused, had been treated with respect and given a house to live

in. (P.I.R., 1143.4.)"--_Taylor_, 84 HS.

[410] In a letter to General Ambrosio Moxica from ------ dated March 2,

1900, occurs the following:--

"The guerillas quartered in the neighbourhood must render mutual

assistance and keep up communication, so as to get the news as to where

the enemy comes or goes, and the time at which they will pass certain

points, endeavouring also to arrange that all the guerilla bands should

have regular couriers, with you or with general headquarters, giving

advice daily of any occurrence and carrying correspondence. They must

select trustworthy women to carry correspondence, charging them to

hide the letters underneath their skirts, bearing in mind that the

Americans do not search them; and in sending to the towns for arms

or food, the orders must be sent by women and for small quantities,

so as not to attract attention."--P.I.R., 2035. 3.

[411] Simeon Villa, who accompanied Aguinaldo on his long flight,

kept a somewhat detailed account of events in the form of a diary.

[412] P.I.R., 869.

[413] _Ibid._

[414] P.I.R., 2035. 3.

[415] P.I.R., 886. 13.

[416] Exhibit 1233

(Original in Spanish. Contemporary copy. P.I.R., Books B. 4.)

"_General Headquarters, Santa Barbara_, Feb. 28th, 1899."

(Literal copy of telegram.)

"Casualties, Americans, on 6th, 2000 Colonels dead, one General;

all churches converted into hospitals full American wounded; total

American casualties 7000 confirmed by General Fullón just arrived

from Malolos; says also Iloílo quiet and not taken.

"A true copy

"By order of Chief of Staff.

"_Juan Beloso_."

[417] (Supplement to the _Filipino Herald_.)

"Thursday, Feb. 23rd, 1899.--4 P.M.

"The Filipino Army occupies the suburbs of Manila.

"The three columns commanded by Generals Pío del Pilar and Licerio

and Col. Hizon now occupy the suburbs of Sampaloc, San Miguel, San

Sebastian, Binondo, San Nicholas and Tondo.

"The Cavite battalion has possession of the Cuartel de Meisic and

our flag is now flying there.

"_Six Thousand Americans Besieged!!!_

"The American troops now in Caloocan and La Loma to the number of over

six thousand are besieged by the columns commanded by Generals Luna,

Llanera and García.

"_The Honourable President_

"This very moment the special train carrying the Honourable President

has left for Caloocan.

"Viva the independent Philippines!!!

"Viva the unconquerable Philippine Army!!!

"Notice. This sheet is distributed gratis."--P.I.R., 70-6.

[418] (News.) The American General, MacArthur, with his entire staff,

was taken prisoner by our troops in Northern Luzón. Another American

general died on the 5th of January last in the North, who was seriously

wounded in an ambush or fight. When shot he was a colonel, but on

account of said fight he was promoted to the rank of a general, so that

later when he died, he had the benefit of that rank."--P.I.R., 2035. 3.

[419] (Telegrams)

"_Washington_, January 15, 1900, 10 A.M.

"(Received, Cebú, January 16, 1900, 11 A.M.)

"Owing to a new disaster of the Union Army, MacKinley has tendered

his resignation as President, Mr. Bryan succeeding him.

"Peace promulgated in the Philippines. Basis of the protectorate is

being discussed.

"Philippine independence will be proclaimed February the 4th.

"Remark.--The basis of a protectorate has been published in

English."

"_Manila_, January 20, 1900, 10 A.M.

"(Received at Cebú on the same day, at 11 A.M.)

"Otis' successor, John Waterly, of the democratic party, has just

arrived. He brings with him papers and instructions in regard to

proclamation of the Philippine Republic.

"It is believed that Rev. Martin, Bishop of Cebú, will be transferred

to the Archbishopric of Manila, and Rev. Nozaleda to Spain."--P.I.R.,

Books B-10.

[420] P.I.R., 1193. 2.

[421] _Ibid.,_ 2025.

[422] Taylor, 47 HS.

[423] Beginning on page 730.

[424] Taylor, 36 GV, Exhibit 1017.

[425] Taylor, 28 HS.

[426] P.I.R., 1021.6.

[427] Unhusked rice.

[428] Village.

[429] 153, according to Blount himself.

[430] "Nor can the ultimate responsibility before the bar of history

for the awful fact that, according to the United States Coast and

Geodetic Survey Atlas of the Philippines of 1899, the population of

Batangas province was 312,192, and according to the American Census

of the Philippines of 1903, it was 257,715, rest entirely on military

shoulders."--Blount, pp. 383-384.

[431] Blount, p. 597.

[432] See Chapters XI and XII.

[433] Taylor, 13 KK, E.

[434] Taylor, 15 and 16 KK, E.

[435] "Pope" Isio was the last of a series of bandit leaders, claiming

for themselves miraculous powers, who long infested the mountains

of Negros.

[436] P.I.R., 970. 7.

[437] P.I.R., 1134-1.

[438] P.I.R., 17. 9.

[439] For the full text of these instructions, see appendix.

[440] "Mr. McKinley sent Mr. Taft out, in the spring preceding

the election of 1900, to help General MacArthur run the

war."--_Blount_. The Taft Commission was sent out, to 'aid'

General MacArthur, as the Schurman Commission had 'aided' General

Otis."--Blount.

[441] "In February, 1899, the dogs of war being already let loose,

President McKinley had resumed his now wholly impossible Benevolent

Assimilation programme, by sending out the Schurman Commission,

which was the prototype of the Taft Commission, to yearningly

explain our intentions to the insurgents, and to make clear to them

how unqualifiedly benevolent those intentions were. The scheme was

like trying to put salt on a bird's tail after you have flushed

him."--Blount.

[442] P.I.R., 1300. 2.

[443] A brand of whiskey then much in use.

[444] For the text of this document see the Appendix, p. 977.

[445] In view of the alleged attitude of General Otis toward the work

of the Commission, the following statement by him as to the effect

of this proclamation is of interest:--

General Otis said: "It was unanimously decided to print, publish,

post, and disseminate as much as possible among the inhabitants under

insurgent domination this address, printing the same in the English,

Spanish, and Tagálog languages. This was done, but scarcely had it been

posted in Manila twenty-four hours before it was so torn and mutilated

as to be unrecognizable. It suffered the same fate as the proclamation

of January 4, set out in pages 113 and 114 of this report, but it

produced a marked beneficial influence on the people, especially those

outside our lines, as it carried with it a conviction of the United

States' intentions, on account of the source from which it emanated,

it being an expression from a committee of gentlemen especially

appointed to proclaim the policy which the United States would pursue."

--_Taylor_, 90 AJ.

Taylor adds: "The commander of one of the regiments of sandatahan in

Manila reported that he had forced the people of the city to destroy

the proclamations issued by the commission (P.I.R., 73. 9). As he

found this necessary, the action of the people could hardly have

reflected their real feelings in the matter."

[446] Taylor, 96 AJ.

[447] _Ibid._

[448] Taylor, 97 AJ.

[449] Taylor, 97 AJ.

[450] _Ibid._

[451] Nominally they were named by Aguinaldo.

[452] Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, Vol. I,

1900, p. 9.

[453] Now chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court.

[454] Blount, p. 235.

[455] Blount, p. 105.

[456] Report Philippine Commission, Vol. I, p. 183.

[457] P. 981.

[458] September 15, 1913.

[459] The building where the executive offices of the insular

government have been located since the American occupation.

[460] Taylor, 18 HS.

[461] This name is applied to certain provinces organized

under special acts because the majority of their inhabitants are

non-Christians.

[462] Tayabas, Romblon, Masbate, Iloilo, Antique, Capiz, Cebú, Bohol,

Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros, Leyte, Albay, Ambos, Camarines,

Sorsogon, Marinduque, Batangas, Surigao, and Misamis.

[463] Obviously a misprint, perhaps, for "perusal of."

[464] Blount, p. 380.

[465] For further details see pp. 746; 753.

[466] A native surf boat.

[467] See Chapters XXI-XXIV.

[468] Chap. XV.

[469] Chap. XIV.

[470] Chap. XVI.

[471] Chap. XVII.

[472] Chap. XVIII.

[473] See Chapter XIX.

[474] Chap. XXX.

[475] Chap. XXX.

[476] Chap. XXXI.

[477] Chap. XXXII.

[478] Chapter XXVII.

[479] Chapters XIV, XXII, XXIII and XXIV.

[480] Reply to Jones, Pamphlet, Manila, 1913.

[481] See pp. 375-77.

[482] See pp. 357-77.

[483] Under the new regime these figures have been reversed.

[484] See Chapters XX-XXIV.

[485] "The merit system has received renewed support from President

Roosevelt in his administration, and by the extension of civil

service throughout the nation, as well as in our new possessions. The

Philippine service is reported to be very satisfactory, and efforts

are being made for the extension and larger development of regulations

in Porto Rico."

[486] "From the President down, every official charged with a

duty touching the government of our dependencies is imbued with a

profound sense of duty, and adequate realization of the situation

and the imperative necessity of an unselfish, patriotic execution of

the laws and regulations in the interest of the highest welfare of

the inhabitants of the dependencies. With this state of affairs, the

establishment of the merit system in them on an enduring basis should

follow as a matter of course. It will be the aim of this Committee to

aid in every possible way in extending and improving the system, and

to that end to give to the whole subject careful and detailed study."

[487] No data for 1906 available.

[488] Eight passed last year.

[489] He now receives $9000.

[490] Male servant.

[491] Two weeks at Christmas and ten weeks in April, May and June.

[492] Blount, p. 425.

[493] Blount, p.430.

[494] Native dugouts.

[495] See p. 998.

[496] Female servant.

[497] Men appointed to assist the judge in deciding questions of

fact. Their decision is not binding on him.

[498] Here [_i.e._ in me] you have a new servant.

[499] Malaria.

[500] A strong alcoholic drink commonly made by diluting low-grade

alcohol with water and flavouring it.

[501] There was one stray case in March.

[502] "To the Editor of El Soberanía Nacional, Manila, P.I.

"_Sir_: In your issue of the 7th of July there appeared a paragraph

embodying a shameful libel of the administration of the San Lazaro

Hospital, which reads as follows:

"'_Un cuadro verdaderamente aterrador es el que prezenta el patio del

Hospital de San Lazaro. Los fallecidos por la enfermedad del colera,

son expuestos desnudos en el atrio de dicho Hospital con un cartel

atado en los pies con la inscripción de sus respectivos nombres._'

"This statement was so grossly and ridiculously false and at the same

time so extremely harmful in its effect as to bring you fairly and

squarely within the reach of the law.

"Yesterday morning I sent you a courteous letter requesting you to

come to my office, purposing to discuss the affair with you in a

friendly manner, and hoping to find that the statement referred to

had been prepared by some irresponsible subordinate and published

through oversight.

"As, however, you have neither acceded to my request for a conference

nor had the courtesy to reply to my letter, I now have the honour

to forward you herewith a communication which embodies a reply to

the false statement above referred to and at the same time conveys

information as to what is actually being done at the San Lazaro

Hospital. I request that you give this letter immediate publicity

through your paper, and in the editorial columns or elsewhere in

some conspicuous place retract immediately and fully the libellous

statement relative to the exposure of the dead, above referred to.

"Kindly advise me of your intention in the matter. The bearer of

this communication has instructions to wait for your reply. I shall

interpret failure to hear from you by return messenger as refusal

to retract this slander and to publish the enclosed communication,

and shall act accordingly.

"Very respectfully,

"Dean C. Worcester,

"_Secretary of the Interior._"

[503] Just before I left Manila in October, 1913, cholera reappeared

there.

[504] Sept. 15, 1913.

[505] The first organization of American physicians in the Philippines

was the Manila Medical Association, from which the Philippine Island

Medical Association ultimately developed.

[506] Now a major-general.

[507] About 28.7 miles.

[508] May 1, 1913.

[509] Captain Meade.

[510] He had the volunteer rank of colonel, but was a major in the

regular army.

[511] Report of the Philippine Commission, Part 1, 1903, p. 58.

[512] May 1, 1913.

[513] April 15, 1913.

[514] May 1, 1913.

[515] This rate, for the fiscal year 1913, was 3.33 per thousand for

Filipinos and 2.49 per thousand for Americans.