that among the Cretans alone, of all nations, nothing in the form of
gain is considered dishonourable. Polybius, b. vi.
[812] His father, Temenus, was the founder of Argos. See b. viii.
[813] There is, however, diversity of opinions on the subject.
[814] Aristotle, Politics, b. ii. c. 10, where he compares the Cretan
with the Lacedæmonian constitution.
[815] τῶν γερόντων.
[816] ἱππέων.
[817] According to Plutarch, with the poems of Homer.
[818] Herod. i. 65.
[819] Anciently Calliste, Herod., now Santorino, a corruption of Santa
Irene, to whom it was dedicated.
[820] Nanphio, or Anafi.
[821] Standia.
[822] Therasia, on the west of Santorino.
[823] Nio.
[824] According to Herodotus, in the Life of Homer.
[825] Sikino, anciently Œnoë. Pliny iv. 12.
[826] Cardiodissa, or Cardiana.
[827] Policandro.
[828] Argentiere. Cretæ plura genera. Ex iis Cimoliæ duo ad medicos
pertinentia, candidum et ad purpurissimum inclinans. Pliny, b. v. c. 17.
Cretosaque rura Cimoli. Ovid. Met. vii. 464. But from Aristophanes, the
Frogs, it would appear to have been a kind of fullers’ earth.
[829] Siphanto, anciently also Meropia and Acis. There were once gold
and silver mines in it, which were destroyed by inundation. There is
also another proverb, which alluded to its poverty, “a Siphnian pledge,”
Σίφνιος ἀῤῥαβὼν. Herodotus speaks of its being once the most wealthy of
the islands, iii. 57.
[830] Milo.
[831] Cape Skylli.
[832] Thucyd. b. v. c. 115, 116.
[833] Dhiles.
[834] Thermia. Hence Apollo Cynthius.
[835] Mentioned in b. vi. c. ii. § 4, as connected with the Nile.
Bryant, Mytho. v. i. p. 206, derives the name from Ain Opus, The
fountain of the Serpent, i. e. Python.
[836] Boeckh, Fragm. Pind. 58. ii. 2, p. 587.
[837] Thucyd. iii. 104.
[838] Isola Longa, or Macronisi.
[839] It was situated in the bay of Mandri.
[840] C. Colonna.
[841] Zia.
[842] Serpho.
[843] Polino.
[844] Antiparos.
[845] Bara.
[846] Naxia.
[847] Syra.
[848] Myconi.
[849] Tino.
[850] Andro.
[851] Jura. Pliny, viii. 29, says the inhabitants were driven from the
island by mice.
[852] B. C. 31.
[853] The title (which has been much questioned by critics) of this lost
work of Aratus appears to have been, from this passage, Τὰ κατὰ λεπτόν,
which Latin translators have rendered, Minuta, or Details. Casaubon is
of opinion that it is the same as referred to by Callimachus, under the
title Ῥήσεις λέπται, Clever Sayings. Ernest. ad Callim. Ep. 29. T. l. p.
333. The translation of the lines quoted follows the corrections of
Coray.
[854] In the middle of the Cyclades, and by far the most remarkable, is
Delos, celebrated for the temple of Apollo, and for its commerce. Pliny
iv. 12.
[855] Under L. Mummius, B. C. 146.
[856] Thucyd. i. 36.
[857] Καὶ ὅτε συνεστήκει ἡ Κόρινθος.
[858] Archelaüs and Metrophanes.
[859] Aristion, B. C. 87.
[860] Pausanias, viii. 33, § 2, (writing in the time of Hadrian,) says
of Delos, that with the exception of the persons who came from Athens,
for the purpose of protecting the temple and to perform the Delian
ceremonies, it was deserted.
[861] Rhena, called also Dhiles; but it is the largest of the two
islands now bearing that name. Pliny says it was anciently called also
Celadussa, from the noise of the waves, κελαδεῖν.
[862] Virg. Æn. iii. 124, Linquimus Ortygiæ portus pelagoque volamus.
[863] Zia.
Pinguia Cææ,
Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta jurenci.
Virg. Geor. i. 14, 15.
[864] Of Olbia or Olbiopolis, on the Borysthenes or Bog.
[865] ὁ μὴ δυνάμενος ζῆν καλῶς οὐ ζῇ κακῶς.
[866] Naxia.
[867] Andro.
[868] Taschos.
[869] Kemars.
[870] The marble was taken from Mt. Marpessus. Pliny xxxvi. 5; Virg. Æn.
6, Marpesia cautes.
[871] Od. xv. 402.
[872] Myconi.
[873] Myconi calva omnis juventus. Terence, Hecy. a. 3, s. 4; Pliny, b.
xi. c. 37.
[874] It was an erroneous opinion entertained by the ancients, that
frogs did not croak in this island (Sirpho); hence the proverb, a
Seriphian frog, βάτραχος Σερίφιος.
[875] Tine. Anciently it had also the names Hydrussa and Ophiussa.
[876] Amorgo.
[877] Levita.
[878] Lero.
[879] Patmo.
[880] The Furni; called in b. xiv. c. i. § 13, Corsiæ.
[881] Nicaria.
[882] According to the enumeration here made by Strabo, of the islands
comprehended in the Icarian sea, it appears that in his opinion none of
the islands situated to the north of Cos belonged to the Carpathian sea;
for according to his own statement, which immediately follows, the
Carpathian sea to the north was bounded by the Icarian sea.
[883] All the manuscripts and all editions give Λέρος. Is the island
spoken of in this passage the same as the one mentioned just above by
the name of Leria? Pliny, Hist. Nat. b. iv. 23, appears to have been
acquainted with two islands bearing the name of Leros. One, from the
position he assigns to it, appears to be the one Strabo above speaks of
under the name of Leria; but the second Leros of Pliny, b. v. § 36, must
be placed on the coast of Caria. Strabo appears to have entertained
nearly the same ideas, for we shall hereafter (b. xiv. c. i. § 6) see
him give the name of Leros to an island situated in the neighbourhood of
Icaria; and below (§ 19) he cites also a Leros, which would seem to have
been in the neighbourhood of the southern extremity of Caria.
[884] Probably interpolated.
[885] Istanpolia, or Stanpalia.
[886] Tino.
[887] Carchi.
[888] Il. ii. 676.
[889] Calimno.
[890] Fæcundaque melle Calydna (v. l. Calumne). Ovid. Met. b. viii. ver.
222.
[891] B. ii. c. v. § 31.
[892] The following are the measurements of our author:
Stadia.
From Rhodes to Issus 5,000
From Issus to the Caspian Gates 10,000
From the Caspian Gates to the sources of the Indus 14,000
From the Indus to the mouth of the Ganges 13,500
From thence to Thinæ 2,500
------
45,000
[893] Strabo calls the Parthians, Parthyæi; and Parthia, Parthyæa.
[894] The Sea of Azoff.
[895] The Straits of Kertch or Zabache.
[896] The Kur or Kour.
[897] Eraskh or Aras.
[898] Georgia.
[899] Shirvan.
[900] See b. ii. c. v. § 31.
[901] To understand how this part of Asia formed a peninsula, according
to the ideas of our author, we must bear in mind, that (1) he supposed
the source of the Don to have been situated in the neighbourhood of the
Northern Ocean; (2) he imagined the Caspian Sea to communicate with the
same Ocean. Thus all the territory comprehended between the Don and the
Caspian formed a sort of peninsula, united to the continent by an
isthmus which separated the Euxine from the Caspian, and on which was
situated Colchis, Iberia, and Albania. The 3000 stadia assigned to the
breadth of this isthmus appears to be measured by stadia of 1111-1/9 to
a degree. _Gossellin._
[902] The Euxine.
[903] Pompey appears to have visited this philosopher twice on this
occasion, B. C. 62, and B. C. 67, on the termination of his eastern
campaigns.
[904] Il. vi. 208. _Pope._
[905] In many authors these names are used indifferently, the one for
the other; they are however distinguished by Pliny, (iv. 13,) who states
that this sea begins to be called the Caspian after you have passed the
river Cyrus, (Kur,) and that the Caspii live near it; and in vi. 16,
that it is called the Hyrcanian Sea, from the Hyrcani who live along its
shores. The western side should therefore in strictness be called the
Caspian; the eastern, the Hyrcanian. _Smith_, art. Caspium Mare.
[906] A narrow pass leading from North Western Asia into the N. E.
provinces of Persia. Their exact position was at the division of Parthia
from Media, about a day’s journey from the Median town of Rhagæ.
(Arrian. iii. 19.) According to Isodorus Charax, they were immediately
below Mt. Caspius. As in the case of the people called Caspii, there
seem to have been _two_ mountains _Caspius_, one near the Armenian
frontier, the other near the Parthian. It was through the pass of the
Caspiæ Pylæ that Alexander the Great pursued Darius. (Arrian. _Anab._
iii. 19; Curt. vi. 14; Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) It was one of the most
important places in ancient geography, and from it many of the meridians
were measured. The exact place corresponding with the Caspiæ Pylæ is
probably a spot between _Hark-a-Koh_, and _Siah-Koh_, about 6 parasangs
from _Rey_, the name of the entrance of which is called Dereh. _Smith_,
art. Caspiæ Pylæ.
[907] Du Theil justly remarks on the obscurity of this passage. His
translation or paraphrase is as follows; “La troisième contiendra ce qui
touche à l’isthme dont nous avons parlé; et, par suite, ceux des pays
qui, au sud de cet isthme et des Pyles Caspiennes, mais toujours en
deçà, ou, au moins, dans le sein même du Taurus, se succédant de l’est à
l’ouest, se rapprochent le plus de l’Europe.” In B. ii. c. v. § 31,
Strabo assigns Colchis to the third portion, but in this book to the
first.
[908] The Kizil Irmak.
[909] B. i. c. iii. § 2.
[910] A district of wide extent in Central Asia, comprehending nearly
the whole of ancient Persia; and bounded on the N. by the provinces of
Bactriana, Margiana, and Hyrcania; on the E. by the Indus; on the S. by
the Indian Ocean and the eastern portion of the Persian Gulf; and on the
W. by Media and the mountains S. of the Caspian Sea. Its exact limits
are laid down with little accuracy in ancient authors, and it seems to
have been often confounded (as in Pliny, b. vi. c. 23, 25) with the
small province of Aria. It comprehended the provinces of Gedrosia,
Drangiana, Arachosia, Paropamisus mountains, Aria, Parthia, and
Carmania. _Smith_, art. Ariana. See b. xv. c. ii. § 7, 8.
[911] The Aorsi and Siraci occupied the country between the Sea of
Azoff, the Don, the Volga, the Caspian Sea, and the Terek. May not the
Aorsi, says Gossellin, be the same as the Thyrsagetæ, Agathursi,
Utidorsi, Adorsi, Alanorsi of other writers, but whose real name is
Thyrsi? The Siraci do not appear to differ from the Soraci or Seraci of
Tacitus, (Ann. xii. 15, &c.,) and may be the same as Iyrces, Ἰύρκες,
afterwards called Turcæ.
[912] The country to the N. and N. E. of Anapa. By Bosporus we are to
understand the territory on each side of the Straits of Kertch.
[913] B. ii. c. v. § 31.
[914] Cn. Pompeius Theophanes was one of the more intimate friends of
Pompey, by whom he was presented with the Roman franchise in the
presence of his army. This occurred in all probability about B. C. 62.
_Smith_, art. Theophanes.
[915] About B. C. 16. _Smith_, art. Polemon I.
[916] If there ever did exist such a city as Tanaïs I should expect to
find it at the extremity of that northern embouchure of the Don, which I
have before mentioned as bearing the very name the Greeks gave to the
city, with the slightest variation of orthography, in the appellation
Tdanaets or Danaetz. _Clarke’s Travels in Russia_, chap. 14.
[917] Strabo makes the distance too great between the two rivers
Rhombites.
[918] Kertch.
[919] According to La Motraye, Achilleum corresponds to Adasbournout,
but Du Theil quotes also the following passage from Peyssonel. According
to Strabo, Achilleum must have been situated opposite Casau-dip, the
ancient Parthenium on the point Tchochekha-Bournou (the pig’s head). But
perhaps the ancients placed Achilleum near the entrance of the Euxine
into the Palus Mæotis. Is not the fort of Achou, which is 8 leagues more
to the east on the Palus Mæotis, the true Achilleum, the name being
corrupted and abridged by the Tartars?
[920] The point Rubanova.
[921] Ada.
[922] Taman.
[923] C. Takli.
[924] Ak Tengis.
[925] Another branch of the Kuban.
[926] The Kuban, anciently also the Vardanus.
[927] The Bog.
[928] The Dnieper.
[929] It is probable that the Kuban Lake is here confounded with, or
considered a portion of, the Lake Ak Tengis. Considering the intricacy
of all this coast, the changes that have taken place, and the absence of
accurate knowledge, both in ancient and modern times, of these
unfrequented parts, much must be left to conjecture. The positions
therefore assigned to ancient cities are doubtful. The names indeed are
inserted in Kiepert’s maps, but without the assistance of recent
travellers it would be hazardous to pretend to fix upon their _exact_
sites.
[930] ἔστι δὲ καὶ Γοργιπία Some word or words appear to be wanting here.
Kiepert assigns a place to this name, but it seems doubtful whether a
place or a district is to be understood. Below, § 14, the Sindic harbour
and city are mentioned, which may have been situated at Sound-jouk-kale.
D’Anville places them here or at Anapa, but the contour of the coast in
his map does not resemble that of any modern maps.
[931] The modern town Phanagoria does not seem to occupy the site of the
ancient city.
[932] ἐξ ἀπάτης.
[933] ἡνίοχοι.
[934] Pschate.
[935] Keremp.
[936] C. Aia.
[937] The Tschilder mountains, of which Scydeces and Paryandres are a
continuation.
[938] Thermeh.
[939] On the mouth of the river Anthemus to the N. of Colchis. It was
situated 100 M. P., or 790 stadia to the N. P. of the Phasis, and 2260
stadia from Trapezus (Trebizond). (Pliny, vi. 5; Arrian, Perip. pp. 10,
18.) Upon or near the spot to which the twin sons of Leda gave their
name, (Mela, i. 19, § 5; comp. Am. Marc. xxii. 8, § 24,) the Romans
built Sebastopolis, (Steph. B.; Procop. B. G. iv. 4,) which was deserted
in the time of Pliny, but was afterwards garrisoned by Justinian. The
Soteriopolis of later times has been identified with it. The position of
this place must be looked for near the roadstead of _Iskuria_. _Smith_,
art. Dioscurias.
[940] οἷς οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων μέλει, or careless of the truth. Kramer
observes that these words are inconveniently placed in the Greek text.
[941] The Rion.
[942] The Tschorocsu.
[943] The Ilori.
[944] Choropani.
[945] The point of embarkation on the Cyrus (the Kur) is supposed to
have been Surham, the ancient Sura.
[946] Gossellin, Groskurd, and Kramer, all agree that there is here an
error. Kramer is of opinion that the conjecture of Gossellin may be
adopted, viz. “eight or nine,” instead of “three or two,” the letters Γ
and Β being a corruption of Η and Θ.
[947] Coray’s proposed reading is adopted, κατὰ for καὶ.
[948] According to Heyne, this was an Assyrian goddess worshipped under
various titles.
[949] In consequence of the intrigues of his stepmother Ino he was to be
sacrificed to Zeus, but his mother Nephele removed him and his sister
Helle, and the two then rode away on the ram with the golden fleece, the
gift of Hermes, through the air. Helle fell into the sea, which was
afterwards called, after her, the Hellespont. _Smith_, art. Phrixus.
[950] The son of Menodotus by a daughter of Adobogion, a descendant of
the tetrarchs of Galatia. He was the personal friend of Cæsar, who at
the commencement of the Alexandrian war (B. C. 48) sent him into Syria
and Cilicia to raise auxiliary forces. _Smith_, art. Mithridates, and
see B. xiii. c. iv. § 3.
[951] Eurip. Troad. 26.
[952] σκηπτουχίας.
[953] Casaubon would read Corax.--The Sukum.
[954] Adopting Kramer’s proposed reading, ἔνιοι in place of εἰ μὴ.
[955] The Arak.
[956] In the English map, reduced from the Russian military map, there
are two rivers Alasan, flowing in contrary directions from M. Bebala.
The modern names of the other rivers here mentioned are not well
ascertained.
[957] Tchorocsu.
[958] Ilori.
[959] Probably the Alasan flowing from M. Bebala.
[960] Akalziche.
[961] The Aras.
[962] Strabo mentions the Gelæ again, c. vii. § 1, but in a manner which
does not agree with what he here says of their position. We must perhaps
suppose that this people, in part at least, have changed their place of
residence, and that now the greater part of their descendants are to be
found in Ghilan, under the name of Gelé, or Gelaki. The name of Leges,
or Legæ, who have continued to occupy these regions, is recognised in
that of Legi, Leski. _Gossellin._
[963] The Mermadalis seems to be the same river called below by Strabo
Mermodas. Critics and modern travellers differ respecting its present
name. One asserts that it is the Marubias, or Marabias, of Ptolemy,
another takes it to be the Manitsch, called in Austrian maps Calaus.
Others believe it to be the small stream Mermedik, which flows into the
Terek. Others again recognise the Mermadalis in the Egorlik.
_Gossellin._
[964] Unknown. Pallas thought that he had discovered their name in that
of the Tscherkess, who occupied the country where Strabo places the
Gargarenses, and might be their descendants.
[965] The same river probably before called the Mermadalis.
[966] This sentence has been supposed by some critics to be an
interpolation. Strabo above, c. ii. § 1, has already spoken of the
Siraci, who would seem to have been the inhabitants of Siracena, and may
sometimes have been called Siraceni. In c. ii. § 11, he speaks of the
Sittaceni, and assigns them a position which would indicate them as a
different people from the Seraci, or Siraceni. _Gossellin._
[967] Groskurd reads ἀπορία, want, instead of εὐπορία, plenty.
[968] Χαμαικοῖται People who lie on the ground.
[969] Panxani, Paxani, Penzani.
[970] The text is here corrupt.
[971] The country occupied by the Cadusii of whom Eratosthenes speaks
appears to have been the Ghilan, a name probably derived from the Gelæ,
who are constantly associated with the Cadusii.
[972] The Gihon.
[973] The Sihon.
[974] i. e. the Hyperboreans above the Adriatic, the Sauromatæ above the
Danube, and the Arimaspi above the Euxine.
[975] The name Sacæ is to be traced in Sakita, a district on the
confines of those of Vash and Gil, situated on the north of the Gihon or
Oxus, consequently in ancient Sogdiana. _D’Anville._
[976] C. viii. § 2.
[977] At ubi cœpit in latitudinem pandi lunatis obliquatur cornibus.
_Pliny_, N. H.
[978] See b. ii. c. i. § 14.
[979] These names have here probably undergone some change. Talabroce
may be the Tambrace or Tembrax of Polybius; Samariane, the Soconax of
Ptolemy; Carta, Zadra-Carta; and Tape, the Syrinx of Polybius.
[980] The text is here corrupt.
[981] About 7 gallons.
[982] About 12 gallons.
[983] B. ii. c. i. § 14.
[984] πεύκη.
[985] ἐλάτη.
[986] πίτυς.
[987] The country here spoken of appears to be that celebrated from the
earliest times for its breed of horses to which the epithet Nesæan was
applied by ancient writers. See c. xiii. § 7.
[988] The modern name is uncertain.
[989] The same statement was made to Pompey, when in these regions in
pursuit of Mithridates.
[990] αὐτοῦ in this passage, as Kramer remarks, is singular.
[991] From what point our author does not say.
[992] There is some confusion in the text, which Groskurd attempts to
amend as follows: “But among the barbarians the heights of Ariana, and
the northern mountains of India, are separately called Emoda, &c.
[993] B. xv. c. i. § 11. The name is derived from the Sanscrit
_himavat_, which is preserved in the Latin hiems, winter, and in the
modern name Himalaya. See _Smith_, art. Imaus.
[994] On advancing from the S. E. of the Hyrcanian Sea towards the E.
[995] The Syr-Daria.
[996] Aparni, Xanthii, and Pissuri, in this passage, seem to be the same
as Parni, Xandii, and Parii, in c. ix. § 3, if we may understand in the
present passage these people to be referred to only by name, but not as
living in the country here described.
[997] These gods, otherwise unknown, are mentioned again in b. xv. c.
iii. § 15.
[998] The Northern Ocean.
[999] διαδήματα.
[1000] τοῖς ὅλοις ἐδάφεσιν.
[1001] There is great doubt where it was situated; the distances
recorded by ancient writers not corresponding accurately with known
ruins. It has been supposed that _Damgham_ corresponds best with this
place; but Damgham is too near the Pylæ Caspiæ: on the whole it is
probable that any remains of Hecatompylos ought to be sought in the
neighbourhood of a place now called _Jah Jirm_. _Smith_, art.
Hecatompylos.
[1002] Now Herat, the capital of Khorassan. See _Smith_, art. Aria
Civitas.
[1003] Zarang.
[1004] Sigistan.
[1005] Ulan Robât, but see _Smith_, art. Arachotus.
[1006] Balkh. See _Smith_.
[1007] The sum total is 15,210 stadia, and not 15,300 stadia. This
latter sum total is to be found again in b. xv. c. ii. § 8, but the
passage there referred to has served to correct a still greater error in
the reading of this chapter, viz. 15,500. Corrections of the text have
been proposed, but their value is doubtful.
[1008] Its present name is said to be Comis.
[1009] The Rents.
[1010] Adopting Tyrwhitt’s conjecture, πρὸς ἄλλοις.
[1011] The Parapomisus. Kramer’s proposed correction is adopted.
[1012] For Isamus in the text, Imaus is adopted by Groskurd, and Kramer
considers this reading highly probable. Isamus is not found in any other
passage, but Mannert, (Geogr. v. p. 295,) finding in Pliny (N. H. vi.
21, § 17) the river Iomanes, proposes to read in this passage Ἰομάνου,
in which he recognises the Jumna.
[1013] Tatta or Sindi.
[1014] Adraspa. B. xv. c. ii. § 10.
[1015] Mentioned nowhere else. Kramer seems to approve of Du Theil’s
proposed correction, Tapuria.
[1016] ἐνταφιαστὰς.
[1017] B. x. c. v. § 6.
[1018] The text is corrupt.
[1019] παρωνόμασαν.
[1020] i. e. on the same parallel.
[1021] That is, from the Caspian Gates to Thinæ. _Gossellin._
[1022] Strabo does not here determine either the parallel from which we
are to measure, nor the meridian we are to follow to discover this
greatest breadth, which according to him is “less than 10,000 stadia.”
This passage therefore seems to present great difficulties. The
difficulties respecting the parallel can only be perceived by an
examination and comparison of the numerous passages where our author
indicates the direction of the chain of mountains which form the Taurus.
[1023] I do not see where this statement is to be found, except
implicitly. Strabo seems to refer us in general to various passages
where he endeavours to determine the greatest length of the habitable
world, in b. ii. _Du Theil._
[1024] I am unable to fix upon the author’s train of thought. For
immediately after having assigned to this portion of the Habitable Earth
(whose dimensions he wishes to determine) 30,000 stadia as its “greatest
length,” and 10,000 stadia as its “greatest breadth,” Strabo proceeds to
prove what he had just advanced respecting its greatest length. Then he
should, it seems, have endeavoured to furnish us, in the same manner,
with a proof that its greatest breadth is not more, as he says, than
10,000. But in what follows there is nothing advanced on this point; all
that he says is to develope another proposition, viz. that the extent of
the Hyrcanian--Caspian Sea is at the utmost 6000 stadia.
The arguments contained in this paragraph on the whole appear to me
strange; they rest on a basis which it is difficult to comprehend; they
establish explicitly a proposition which disagrees with what the author
has said elsewhere, and lastly they present an enormous geographical
error.
It will therefore be useful to the reader to explain, as far as I
understand it, the argument of our author.
1. The exact form of the chlamys is unknown to us, but it was such, that
its greatest _breadth_ was to be found, if not exactly in, at least
near, the middle of its _length_. The Habitable Earth being of the form
of a Chlamys, its greatest _breadth_ would be found about the middle of
its greatest _length_.
2. The greatest _length_ of the Habitable World being 70,000 stadia, its
greatest _breadth_ ought to be found at the distance of 35,000 stadia
from its eastern or western extremity, but this greatest _breadth_ is
only 30,000 stadia, and it does not extend, on the north, beyond the
parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea. B. ii.
3. The meridian which passes at the distance of 35,000 stadia from the
eastern or western extremities of the Habitable Earth, is that which,
drawn from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to the Northern Ocean, and
prolonged in another direction through the mouth of the Persian Gulf to
the sea called Erythræan, would pass through the city Artemita.
Consequently it is on the meridian of Artemita that we must look for the
greatest breadth of the Habitable Earth.
4. On this same meridian, we must reckon from the parallel of the last
habitable country in the south to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, about
8000 stadia; then from the mouth of the Persian Gulf to Artemita, 8000
stadia; and from Artemita to the bottom of the Hyrcanian Sea, 8000
stadia: total 24,000 stadia.
5. It being established that the breadth of the Habitable Earth is
30,000 stadia, and not to extend it northwards beyond the parallel of
the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea, where it communicates with the Northern
Ocean, the distance to this point from the bottom of this same sea must
be calculated at 6000 stadia. _Du Theil._
[1025] The modern Shirban is supposed to occupy its site.
[1026] Namely 6000. B. ii. c. i. § 17.
[1027] Introduced from the margin according to Groskurd’s opinion,
supported also by Kramer.
[1028] i. e. To northern or southern Asia. B. ii. c. I. § 20.
[1029] There are five islands off the Hiera Acta, which is now Cape
Khelidonia. The Greeks still call them Cheledoniæ, of which the Italians
make Celidoni; and the Turks have adopted the Italian name, and call
them Shelidan. _Smith_, art. Chelidoniæ Insulæ.
[1030] Amanus descends from the mass of Taurus, and surrounds the Gulf
of Issus.
[1031] Dudschik Dagh.
[1032] It is generally supposed that the modern town Al Bostan on the
Sikoon, Seihun, or Sarus, is or is near the site of Comana of
Cappadocia. _Smith_, art. Comana.
[1033] Malatia.
[1034] Dzophok.
[1035] Azerbaijan.
[1036] The range overhanging Cerasus, now Kerasun.
[1037] Camasch. The country situated N. W. of the Euphrates in about 38°
lat.
[1038] The range of Kurdistan on the E. of the Tigris.
[1039] The range lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris, between 37°
and 38° lat.
[1040] Nisibin or Netzid.
[1041] Meja-Farkin, by “above” these cities, would appear to mean
overhanging them both, as it is situated between them.
[1042] Nepat-Learn.
[1043] B. ii. c. i. § 22.
[1044] Hamadan.
[1045] An interpolation; probably introduced from Matiane below.
_Falconer. Kramer._
[1046] Its ancient name according to Kramer was Kapotan. Kaputan-Dzow,
The Blue Lake, now the Lake Urmiah.
[1047] καπυρωθεῖσιν Kramer observes that the meaning of the word in this
passage is not clear. It may possibly mean some colour to which the name
of the lake was given.
[1048] It is uncertain whether this is a place, or a district.
[1049] Adopting Groskurd’s emendation χειμάδιον.
[1050] In the text χειμάδιον. Kramer suggests the reading βασίλειον.
[1051] Lucerne?
[1052] Groskurd proposes “length.”
[1053] πῖλος.
[1054] Heroic monuments of Jason.
[1055] Kharput.
[1056] An almost uniform tradition has pointed out an isolated peak of
this range as the Ararat of Scripture. It is still called Ararat or
Agri-Dagh, and by the Persians Kuh-il-Nuh, mountain of Noah. _Smith._
[1057] Formerly the mass of ruins called Takt-Tiridate, (Throne of
Tiridates,) near the junction of the Aras and the Zengue, were supposed
to represent the ancient Artaxata. Col. Monteith fixes the site at a
remarkable bend of the river somewhat lower down than this. See _Smith_,
art. Artaxata.
[1058] Kars is the capital of this country.
[1059] σκώληκας and θρῖπας, species of worms. See _Smith_, art.
Chorzene.
[1060] Melitene. _Groskurd._
[1061] It corresponds, Kramer observes, with Táron, a province of
Armenia, which is called by Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 24, Taraunitium (not
Taranitium) regio.
[1062] We should read probably Matiane. The meaning of the word proposed
by Strabo may easily be proved to be incorrect, by reference to the
Armenian language, in which no such word is to be found bearing this
sense. As _Kapoit_ in the Armenian tongue signifies “blue,” this
explanation of Strabo’s appears to refer to the lake Spauta or Kapauta,
above, c. xiii. § 2. _Kramer._
[1063] The lake Arsissa, Thospitis or Van.
[1064] This is an error; one of the branches of the Tigris rises among
the mountains on the S. W. of the lake Van, and which form part of the
range of Nepat-Learn or Niphates.
[1065] The Kurds.
[1066] Groskurd proposes Syspiritis.
[1067] ἀπήγχθη _Meineke._
[1068] It is doubtful whether this colour was red, blue, or purple.
[1069] Herod. i. 202.
[1070] Arbil.
[1071] That this is an error is manifest. Falconer proposes Armenia;
Groskurd, Assyria; but what name is to be supplied is altogether
uncertain. The name of the city is also wanting, according to Kramer,
who proposes Nisibis.
[1072] The beginning is wanting, according to the opinion of critics,
Xylander, Casaubon, and others.
[1073] The range of mountains to the S. of Caramania.
[1074] Kizil-Irmak.
[1075] Itsch-Ili.
[1076] Archelaus received from Augustus (B. C. 20) some parts of Cilicia
on the coast and the Lesser Armenia. In A. D. 15 Tiberius treacherously
invited him to Rome, and kept him there. He died, probably about A. D.
17, and his kingdom was made a Roman province.
[1077] Herod. i. 6, 28.
[1078] Eregli near the lake Al-gol.
[1079] That is, surrounded by mountains, as below.
[1080] The range on the west of the river Sarus, Seichun, now bearing
various names.
[1081] Supposed to be Al-Bostan.
[1082] The Crimea.
[1083] Dschehan-Tschai.
[1084] The text is here corrupt.
[1085] The reading is doubtful.
[1086] The passage is corrupt. Groskurd proposes Asbamean in place of
Dacian, mention being made of a temple of Asbamean Jove in Amm. Marcell.
xxiii. 6. Kramer also suggests the transposition of this sentence to the
end of § 6.
[1087] Probably the Kermel-su, a branch of the Pyramus.
[1088] There is some confusion in this statement.
[1089] Kara-Hissar.
[1090] Between the mountains Bulghar-Dagh and Allah-Dagh.
[1091] Kaisarieh.
[1092] Edsehise-Dagh, the highest peak, has been estimated at 13,000
feet above the sea.
[1093] The Karasu, the black river, a branch of the Kizil-Irmak. The
modern name appears common to many rivers.
[1094] χρημάτων, the reading proposed by Kramer.
[1095] i. e. the kingdom of Pontus.
[1096] Kara-Hissar.
[1097] Du Theil quotes Justin, 38, c. 2, where it is stated that
Ariobarzanes was appointed king by the Romans. Probably the election was
confirmed by the Senate.
[1098] Kizil-Irmak.
[1099] Who lived on the west of the river Sidenus (Siddin).
[1100] Amassera.
[1101] Erekli, or Benderegli.
[1102] Erekli.
[1103] The Bithynians, or rather Thyni, occupied the sea-coast from the
Bosphorus to the river Sagaris (Sakaria). The Mariandyni extended to
Heracleia (Erekli); and the Caucones to the east as far as the river
Parthenius (Tschati-su).
[1104] Sizeboli, south of the Gulf of Burgas.
[1105] Midjeh.
[1106] B. vii. c. iii. § 2.
[1107] Kramer is of opinion that Strabo is mistaken in this account of
the origin of Heracleia.
[1108] Athenæus, b. vi. c. 85, vol. i. p. 414, Bohn’s Class. Library.
[1109] Tilijos.
[1110] B. viii. c. iii. § 17.
[1111] Il. ii. 855.
[1112] Kidros.
[1113] On the bay of the modern Sebastopol, b. vii. c. iv. § 2.
[1114] Mangalia.
[1115] Some of the smaller mountain streams which descend from the range
of hills extending from Scutari to the Sangaria. According to Gossellin
the Psillis may be the river near Tschileh, and the Calpas the river
near Kerpeh.
[1116] Il. xvi. 719.
[1117] The virgin river, from its flowers and tranquil course.
[1118] Il. ii. 851.
[1119] B. v. c. i. § 4.
[1120] Herod. i. 6.
[1121] About the Thermodon, now Termeh.
[1122] The country about Samsoun.
[1123] Il. ii. 853.
[1124] Kara-Aghatsch.
[1125] Il. i. 855.
[1126] Between C. Tchakras and Delike-Tschili.
[1127] B. vii. c. iv. § 3.
[1128] Kinoli.
[1129] Ineboli, near the mouth of the Daurikan-Irmak.
[1130] Ak-Liman.
[1131] B. vii. c. vi. § 2.
[1132] The eunuch Bacchides, or Bacchus, according to others, whom
Mithridates, after despairing of success, commissioned with the order
for his women to die. _Plutarch, Life of Lucullus._
[1133] Probably a celestial globe constructed by Billarus, or on the
principles of Billarus, a person otherwise unknown. Strabo mentions, b.
ii. c. v. § 10, the Sphere of Crates, Cicero the Sphere of Archimedes
and of Posidonius. History speaks of several of these spheres, among
others of that of Ptolemy and Aratus. Leontinus, a mechanician of the
sixth century, explains the manner in which this last was constructed.
[1134] Lucullus, upon his entry into Sinope, put to death 8000 Cilicians
whom he found there. The rest of the inhabitants, after having set fire
to the town, carried with them the statue of Autolycus, the founder of
Sinope, the work of Sthenis; but not having time to put it on board
ship, it was left on the sea-shore. Autolycus was one of the companions
of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Sthenis, as well as
his brother Lysistratus, was a celebrated statuary; he was a native of
Olynthus and a contemporary of Alexander the Great.
[1135] The temple of Jupiter Urius near Chalcedon.
[1136] He was also the author of a History of the Tyrants of Ephesus.
_Athenæus_, b. vi. c. 59, p. 395, Bohn’s Class. Library.
[1137] ἀπὸ τῶν ἁλῶν.
[1138] B. iv. c. iv. § 3.
[1139] ζόρκες.
[1140] Wesir Kopti.
[1141] The district between the Halys (Kizil-Irmak) and the Iris
(Jeschil Irmak).
[1142] Some words of the text are lost.
[1143] The tract of country between the Iris and the Thermodon.
[1144] The territory on the east of the Thermodon (Termeh).
[1145] Jeschil Irmak.
[1146] Tasch Owa.
[1147] Gumenek.
[1148] Kas Owa.
[1149] Turchal.
[1150] Tschoterlek Irmak.
[1151] Amasija.
[1152] Germeili Tschai.
[1153] At the mouth of the river Puleman.
[1154] Fatsa?
[1155] Samsun.
[1156] According to Arrian, Pharnacia in his time was the name of
Cerasus (Kerasun).
[1157] Trebisond.
[1158] The temple of Jupiter near Chalcedon.
[1159] To the west of the mouth of the Termeh.
[1160] Jasun.
[1161] C. Vona.
[1162] Ordu.
[1163] Platana.
[1164] B. xi. c. ii. § 12.
[1165] Probably the same as the Macropogones and Macrocephali.
[1166] Aggi-dagh.
[1167] The mountains above Erzeroum.
[1168] The inhabitants of the Seven Villages.
[1169] Iildiz-dagh.
[1170] Dwellers in towers.
[1171] Il. ii. 856.
[1172] Sarakoi.
[1173] Il. ii. 863.
[1174] Od. xviii. 5.
[1175] Od. xxi. 6.
[1176] In Kiepert’s map it is without a name. Leake calls it Boklu. It
falls into the sea to the west of Cyzicus.
[1177] B. vii. c. iii. § 6. B. i. c. ii. § 23.
[1178] Il. iii. 189.
[1179] B. xiii. c. iv. § 5, it joins the Hyllus, called Phrygius in the
time of Strabo. The Phrygius takes its rise in the mountains north of
Thyatira, (Ak Hissar,) and falls into the Hermus (Gedis Tschai).
[1180] Bos Dagh.
[1181] Manisa.
[1182] Bojuk Meinder.
[1183] Il. xii. 20.
[1184] B. vii. c. iii. § 6.
[1185] Gumenek.
[1186] Zileh.
[1187] This district is at the foot of the mountains which separated the
Roman from the Persian Armenia. Carana (now _Erzum_, Erzerum, or
_Garen_) was the capital of this district. It was afterwards called
Theodosiopolis, which name was given to it in honour of the Emperor
Theodosius the Younger by Anatolius his general in the East, A. D. 416.
It was for a long time subject to the Byzantine emperors, who considered
it the most important fortress of Armenia. About the middle of the 11th
century it received the name of Arze-el-Rum, contracted into Arzrum or
Erzrum. It owed its name to the circumstance, that when Arzek was taken
by the Seljuk Turks, A. D. 1049, the inhabitants of that place, which
from its long subjection to the Romans had received the epithet of Rúm,
retired to Theodosiopolis, and gave it the name of their former abode.
_Smith._
[1188] On the S. W. of the ridge of Tauschan Dagh.
[1189] Mersivan. The text is corrupt. Groskurd’s emendation is followed
in the translation.
[1190] Ladik-Gol.
[1191] Kawsa.
[1192] Ijan (Tauschan) Kalessi.
[1193] Tusanlu-su, a branch of the Ieschil Irmak.
[1194] West of Koseh Dagh.
[1195] Situated between the Kizil-Irmak and the river Delidsche Irmak, a
tributary of the former.
[1196] Alkas-Dagh.
[1197] Gok-Irmak, or Kostambul Tschai, flowing between the mountain
ridges. Jeralagoz-Dagh and Sarikawak-Dagh.
[1198] B. C. 88.
[1199] Tasch-Kopri.
[1200] Pliny, xxxiv. c. 18.
[1201] Great-grandson of Deïotarus I.
[1202] According to Alexander Polyhistor, the town was built by a
goatherd, who had found one of his goats straying there, but this is
probably a mere philological speculation, _gangra_ signifying “a goat”
in the Paphlagonian language. In ecclesiastical writers it is often
mentioned as the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia. The orchards of this
town were celebrated for their apples. Athen. iii.--_Smith._
[1203] Book iv. c. i. § 6. Athen. b. viii.
[1204] Isnik Gol.
[1205] Sakaria.
[1206] B. vii. c. vi. § 2.
[1207] G. of Ismid.
[1208] Ismid or Iskimid.
[1209] B. of Gemlik.
[1210] Brusa.
[1211] Mudania.
[1212] Livy, xxxviii. 39.
[1213] The kings of Pergamus.
[1214] The Acquired.
[1215] The ridge of Katerlu Dagh and Samanlu Dagh.
[1216] In the text, Prusias. The translation follows the suggestion of
Kramer.
[1217] Il. ii. 862.
[1218] Il. xiii. 792.
[1219] Sarakoi.
[1220] Il. ii. 824.
[1221] Karabogha.
[1222] Keschisch-Dagh.
[1223] Claudiopolis, now Boli.
[1224] Tilijos.
[1225] Isnik. The Turkish name is a contraction of εἰς Νίκαιαν, as
Ismir, Smyrna, is a contraction of εἰς Σμύρνην, Istambol,
Constantinople, of εἰς τὴν πόλιν, Stanco, Cos, of εἰς τὴν Κῶ.
[1226] Xenocrates, one of the most distinguished disciples of Plato, was
of Chalcedon. Dionysius the dialectician is probably the same as
Dionysius of Heracleia, who abandoned the Stoics to join the sect of
Epicurus. Hipparchus, the first and greatest of Greek astronomers, (B.
C. 160-145,) was of Nicæa. So also was Diophanes, quoted by Varro and
Columella, as the abbreviator of the twenty books on Agriculture by
Mago, in the Punic language. Suidas speaks of Theodosius, a
distinguished mathematician, who, according to Vossius, may be here
meant. A treatise of his “on Spherics” still exists, and was printed in
Paris in 1558. Of Cleophanes of Myrleia little is known. Strabo mentions
also a grammarian, Asclepiades of Myrleia, in b. iii. c. iv. § 19. To
these great names may be added as of Bithynian origin, but subsequent to
the time of Strabo, Dion Chrysostom, one of the most eminent among Greek
rhetoricians and sophists; he was born at Nicomedia, and died about A.
D. 117. Arrian, the author of “India,” and the “Anabasis” (the Asiatic
expedition) “of Alexander,” was also born at Nicomedia towards the end
of A. D. 100.
[1227] Probably a grove.
[1228] Bala Hissar, to the south of Siwri-Hissar; between these two
places is Mt. Dindymus, Gunescth-Dagh.
[1229] On the west of the lake Simau.
[1230] Suleimanli.
[1231] The kings of Pergamus.
[1232] Juliopolis.
[1233] Tuz-Tscholli.
[1234] Konia.
[1235] Meineke’s correction.
[1236] Its position is uncertain, probably Divle, to the S. of the Lake
Ak-Gol. See _Smith_, art. _Derbe_.
[1237] Caraman.
[1238] Tschol-Abad.
[1239] Aphiom Kara Hissar.
[1240] Sulpitius Quirinus. The Cyrenius “governor of Syria” in St. Luke.
Tacitus (Ann. B. iii. c. 48) speaks of his expedition against the
Homonadeis, and Josephus of his arrival in Syria, where he was sent with
Coponius by Augustus.
[1241] Eske-Adatia.
[1242] Balkesi.
[1243] To the north of the chain of Taurus which commenced at the
promontory Trogilium opposite Samos.
[1244] Tabas.
[1245] Surk.
[1246] Pliny, b. xv. c. 7, and b. xii. c. 4.
[1247] Kopru-Su.
[1248] Ak-Su.
[1249] Bakyr-Tschai.
[1250] The district around Bergama.
[1251] Sipuli-Dagh.
[1252] The district between Bergama and the sea.
[1253] Protheüs, who had led the Magnetes to Troy, upon his return from
that expedition, and in compliance with a vow which he had made to
Apollo, selected every tenth man and sent them to the temple at Delphi.
These Magnetes, for some reason, abandoned the temple and embarked for
Crete; from thence they passed into Asia, accompanied by some Cretans,
and founded Magnesia near the Mæander. B. xiv. c. i. § 11.
[1254] Herod. i. 173; vii. 92.
[1255] Il. vi. 184.
[1256] Il. vi. 204.
[1257] Il. vi. 199.
[1258] Il. ii. 655, 677.
[1259] Il. iii. 2.
[1260] Il. iii. 8.
[1261] Keschisch Dagh.
[1262] Kas-Dagh.
[1263] Artaki.
[1264] Satal-dere?
[1265] Mualitsch-Tschai.
[1266] Iaskili.
[1267] Mudania.
[1268] Loubadi.
[1269] Manijas.
[1270] According to Pliny, b. v. c. 32, it was united to the mainland by
Alexander.
[1271] Marseilles.
[1272] Simau-Su.
[1273] Simau-Gol.
[1274] Imrali, or Kalo-limno.
[1275] Karabogher.
[1276] Kiutahia.
[1277] Eski-Schehr.
[1278] Gedis.
[1279] Hergan Kaleh.
[1280] Ischekli.
[1281] Afium-Karahissar.
[1282] Dinear.
[1283] Iorghan-Ladik.
[1284] Geira.
[1285] Destroyed by an earthquake in the time of Nero, afterwards Konos.
[1286] Teseni.
[1287] Ballyk.
[1288] Sultan Dagh.
[1289] Ak Schehr.
[1290] Ialobatsch.
[1291] Mender Tschai.
[1292] Samsun.
[1293] The lake above Celænæ bore the name of Aulocrene or Pipe
Fountain, probably from the reeds which grew there. Pliny, b. v. c. 29.
[1294] Urumluk.
[1295] The place is identified by the hot springs about 12 miles from
Denizli or Jenidscheh.
[1296] Ala Schehr.
[1297] The Black.
[1298] The number of cities destroyed were twelve, and the catastrophe
took place in the night. An inscription relating to this event is still
preserved at Naples. Tacit. Ann. B. ii. c. 47. Sueton. in V. Tiberii.
[1299] Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus.
[1300] B. i. c. iii. § 4.
[1301] Herophilus, a celebrated physician, and contemporary of
Erasistratus. He was one of the first founders of the medical school in
Alexandria, and whose fame afterwards surpassed that of all others. He
lived in the 4th and 3rd centuries B. C.
[1302] Zeuxis was the author of a commentary on Hippocrates: it is now
lost; even in the time of Galen, about A. D. 150, it was rare. Alexander
Philalethes, who succeeded Zeuxis, had as his pupil and probably
successor Demosthenes Philalethes, who was the author of a treatise on
the eyes, which was still in existence in the 14th century.
[1303] The Niobe, a lost tragedy of Sophocles, is often quoted; this is
probably here meant.
[1304] Satal-dere.
[1305] The Troad is called Biga by the Turks, from the name of a town
which now commands that district. Biga is the ancient Sidene.
[1306] Kodscha-Tschai. Oustvola. _Gossellin._
[1307] The ruins of Abydos are on the eastern side of the Hellespont,
near a point called Nagara. Sestos, of which the ruins also exist,
called Zemenic, are on the opposite coast.
[1308] Baba Kalessi.
[1309] Eski Stamboul, or Old Constantinople.
[1310] Bakir-Tschai, or Germasti.
[1311] Beiram-koi, or Asso, or Adschane.
[1312] Edremid or Adramytti.
[1313] Dikeli-koi.
[1314] Tschandarlik.
[1315] Mytilene.
[1316] Lamurt-koi.
[1317] Gedis-Tschai.
[1318] Karadscha-Fokia.
[1319] The return of the Heracleidæ having taken place, according to
Thucydides and other writers, eighty years after the capture of Troy,
some critics have imagined that the text of Strabo in this passage
should be changed from ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι, sixty years, to ὀγδοήκοντα ἔτεσι,
eighty years. Thucydides, in the same chapter, and in the space of a few
lines, speaks of the return of the Bœotians to their own country, as
having taken place sixty years after the capture of Troy; and of the
return of the Heracleidæ to the Peloponnesus, as having taken place
eighty years after the same event; it is probable that Strabo, who
followed Thucydides, substituted, through inattention, one number for
another.
[1320] Kamaraes, or Kemer. (Kamar, _Arab._ the Moon.)
[1321] Near Mussatsch-Koi.
[1322] Il. xiv. 283.
[1323] The passage in brackets Meineke suspects to be an interpolation,
as Rhesus and Heptaporus cannot be placed in this part of Ida, nor do
any of the streams mentioned by Homer in the same passage flow into the
Ægean Sea.
[1324] Il. xii. 19.
[1325] Il. ii. 824.
[1326] The whole range of Ida now bears various names: the highest
summit is called Kas-dagh. Gossellin says that the range is called
Kara-dagh, but this name (black mountain) like Karasu (Black river) and
Kara-Koi (Black village) are so commonly applied that they amount to no
distinction; in more modern maps this name does not appear. It may be
here observed that the confusion of names of those parts in the Turkish
empire which were formerly under the Greeks, arises from the use of
names in both languages.
[1327] Il. xiv. 292.
[1328] The Gulf of Edremid or Jalea, the ancient Elæa.
[1329] The meridian, according to our author’s system, passing through
Constantinople, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and Meröe.
[1330] Il. ix. 328.
[1331] Od. xviii. 518.
[1332] Il. ix. 129.
[1333] Il. xx. 92.
[1334] Il. ii. 691.
[1335] Il. ii. 690.
[1336] Il. xix. 295.
[1337] Il. i. 366.
[1338] Il. vi. 395.
[1339] Il. xxi. 86.
[1340] Il. iii. 816.
[1341] Il. ii. 819.
[1342] Il. xx. 83.
[1343] Il. ii. 824.
[1344] Il. ii. 835.
[1345] Il. iv. 499.
[1346] Bergas.
[1347] Il. xv. 546.
[1348] Il. ii. 831.
[1349] So that Cilicia was divided into three principalities, as Strabo
observes below, c. i. § 70. But perhaps this division was only invented
for the purpose of completing the number of the nine principalities, for
Strabo above, c. i. § 2, speaks in a manner to let us suppose that other
authors reckoned eight only. However this may be, the following is the
number of the dynasties or principalities established by our author. 1.
That of Mynes; 2. that of Eetion, both in Cilicia; 3. that of Altes; 4.
that of Hector; 5. that of Æneas; 6. that of Pandarus; 7. that of Asius;
8. that of the son of Merops; 9. that of Eurypylus, also in Cilicia.
_Coraÿ._
[1350] Granting to Priam the sovereignty of the districts just mentioned
by Strabo, his dominion extended over a country about twenty maritime
leagues in length and the same in breadth. It would be impossible to
determine the exact limits of these different districts, but it is seen
that The Trojans, properly so called, occupied the basin of the
Scamander (Menderes-Tschai).
The Cilicians, commanded by Eetion, occupied the territory which
surrounds the present Gulf of Adramytti.
The Cilicians of Mynes were to the south of the above.
The Leleges extended along a part of the northern coast of the Gulf of
Adramytti, from Cape Baba.
The Dardanians were above the Trojans, and the chain of Ida. On the
north, extending on both sides of the Hellespont, were the people of
Arisbe, Sestos, and Abydos.
The people of Adrasteia occupied the Propontis, as far as the Granicus.
The Lycians, the country beyond, as far as the Æsepus and Zeleia.
Strabo mentioned a ninth (c. i. § 2) principality subject to Priam; he
does not mention it by name, or rather it is wanting in the text. M. de
Choiseul-Gouffier, (Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, vol. ii.,) with much
probability, thinks that this principality was that of the island of
Lesbos. _Gossellin._
[1351] Il. xxiv. 543.
[1352] Il. ii. 824.
[1353] M. Falconer prétend qu’au lieu de 80 stades il faut lire
180.--Nos cartes modernes confirment la conjecture de M. Falconer.
_Gossellin._
[1354] Il. ii. 828.
[1355] Karadere.
[1356] For Σκάρθων in the text--read ὁ δ’ ἐκ ... εἰς Σκάρδωνα. Meineke,
who however suspects the whole passage to be an interpolation.
[1357] Peor Apis, or Baal Peor?
[1358] Lapsaki or Lampsaki.
[1359] The reading is very doubtful.
[1360] Marmara, from the marble, μάρμαρον, found there.
[1361] Gallipoli.
[1362] Beiram-dere.
[1363] Il. ii. 328.
[1364] Il. v. 612.
[1365] The same person probably as Cephalion, author of a History of the
Trojan War.
[1366] Neoptolemus composed a glossary, or dictionary, divided into
several books.
[1367] Charon was the author of a History of the Persian War, and of the
Annals of Lampsacus.
[1368] Adeimantes was probably one of the courtiers of Demetrius
Poliorcetes.
[1369] Anaximenes was the author of a History of Early Times, and of a
work entitled, The Death of Kings. The “Rhetoric addressed to
Alexander,” now known as The Rhetoric of Aristotle, has been ascribed to
him. For the above see Athenæus.
[1370] Called “Stagnum Agrippæ” in Tacit. Ann. b. xv. c. 37.
[1371] Il. ii. 835.
[1372] Il. iv. 522.
[1373] Il. ii. 254.
[1374] The Maritza in Roumelia.
[1375] Il. xvi. 717.
[1376] A bridge of boats which could be unfixed at pleasure for the
passage of vessels.
[1377] Meineke reads κρατίστη, the strongest fortified, instead of
ἀρίστη.
[1378] Il. ii. 819.
[1379] Il. xv. 425.
[1380] The ancient Dardania in the interior; a second Dardania was
afterwards built on the sea-coast.
[1381] Il. xx. 215.
[1382] Od. ix. 109, 112.
[1383] Il. xx. 216.
[1384] Il. xi. 166.
[1385] According to Arrian and Plutarch, it was before his victory.
[1386] A native of Alexandreia-Troas and a grammarian; he was the author
of Commentaries on various authors and of a History of the Trojan
War.--_Athenæus._
[1387] According to Pliny, b. vii. 29, this casket contained the
perfumes of Darius, unguentorum scrinium. According to Plutarch, (Life
of Alexander) the poem of Homer was the Iliad revised and corrected by
Aristotle. From what Strabo here says of Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, we
may probably understand a second revision made by them under the
inspection of Alexander.
[1388] Called above, § 22, Cape Dardanium (Cape Barber). Pliny gives the
name Dardanium to the town which Herodotus and Strabo call Dardanus, and
places it at an equal distance from Rhœteium and Abydos. The modern name
Dardanelles is derived from it.
[1389] The name was given, it is said, in consequence of the
imprecations of Hecuba on her captors. Others say that Hecuba was
transformed into a bitch. The tomb occupied the site of the present
castle in Europe called by the Turks Kilid-bahr.
[1390] Pliny states that in his time there were no traces of the
Rhodius, nor of the other rivers mentioned by Strabo in following Homer.
According to others, the Rhodius is the torrent which passes by the
castle of the Dardanelles in Asia, called by the Turks Sultan-kalessi,
and therefore cannot unite with the Æsepus.
[1391] Ienischer.
[1392] The Scamander no longer unites with the Simoïs, and for a
considerable length of time has discharged itself into the Archipelago.
The ancient mouth of these rivers preserve, however, the name Menderé,
which is an evident alteration of Scamander, and the name Menderé has
also become that of the ancient Simoïs. It is to be observed that
Demetrius of Scepsis, whose opinions on what regards these rivers and
the position of Troy are quoted by Strabo, constantly takes the Simoïs
or Menderé for the Scamander of Homer. The researches of M. de
Choiseul-Gouffier on the Troad appear to me clearly to demonstrate that
Demetrius of Scepsis is mistaken.--_Gossellin._
[1393] The temple or tomb of Protesilaus, one of the Greek princes who
went to the siege of Troy, and the first who was killed on disembarking.
Artayctes, one of the generals of Xerxes, pillaged the temple and
profaned it by his debauchery. According to Herodotus, (b. ix. 115,) who
narrates the circumstance, the temple and the tomb of Protesilaus must
have been in Eleussa (Paleo-Castro) itself, or at least very near this
city. Chandler thought he had discovered this tomb near the village
which surrounds the castle of Europe.
[1394] The port of the Achæans, the spot, that is, where the Greeks
disembarked on the coast of the Troad, at the entrance of the
Hellespont, appears to have been comprehended between the hillock called
the Tomb of Achilles and the southern base of the heights, on which is
situated another tomb, which goes by the name of the Tomb of Ajax. This
space of about 1500 toises in length, now sand and lagunes, where the
village Koum Kale and the fortress called the New Castle of Asia stand,
and which spreads across the mouth of the Menderé, once formed a creek,
the bottom of which, from examination on the spot, extended 1200 or 1500
toises from the present shore. It is from the bottom of this marshy
creek the 12 stadia must be measured which Strabo reckons from the Port
of the Achæans to New Ilium. These 12 stadia, estimated at 700 to a
degree, (like the generality of other measures adopted by Strabo in this
district,) are equal to 977 toises, and conduct in a straight line to
the western point of the mountain Tchiblak, where there are remains of
buildings which may be the vestiges of New Ilium.
The other 30 stadia, which, according to Strabo, or rather according to
Demetrius of Scepsis, was the distance from New Ilium to the town of the
Ilienses, are equal to 2440 toises, and terminate at the most eastern
edge of the table-land of Tchiblak, in a spot where ruins of a temple
and other edifices are seen. Thus there is nothing to prevent our taking
this place for the site of the town of the Ilienses, and this is the
opinion of many modern travellers. But did this town occupy the same
ground as the ancient Ilium, as Demetrius of Scepsis believed? Strabo
thinks not, and we shall hereafter see the objections he has to offer
against the opinion of Demetrius.--_Gossellin._
[1395] Consequently ancient Ilium, according to Strabo, was forty-two
stadia from the coast. Scylax places it at twenty-five stadia; but
probably the copyists of this latter writer have confounded the
numerical Greek letters κε (25) with με (45).
[1396] According to Homer, (Od. xxiv. 75,) Patrocles must have the same
tomb with Achilles, as their ashes were united in the same urn; those of
Antilochus were contained in a separate urn.
[1397] Il. v. 642.
[1398] Il. v. 641.
[1399] This plain, according to Demetrius, was to the east of the
present Menderé, and was enclosed by this river and the mountain
Tchiblak.
[1400] Il. xvi. 738.
[1401] If the name Cebrene or Cebrenia were derived from Cebriones, it
would have been, according to analogy, Cebrionia; but it would have been
better to have supposed the name to have been derived from Cebren, the
more so as this river was supposed to be the father of Œnone the wife of
Alexander (Paris). Whatever may be the origin of the name, the city
Cebrene was, according to Ephorus, a colony of Cyme in Æolia.
[1402] The position of the tomb of Æsyetes is said to be near a village
called by the Turks Udjek, who also give the name Udjek-tepe to the tomb
itself. The tomb of Ilus, it is presumed, must be in the neighbourhood
of the ancient bed of Scamander, and Batieia below the village
Bounar-bachi.
[1403] This and the following paragraph more especially are at variance
with the conjecture of those who place New Ilium at the village
Tchiblak, situated beyond and to the north of the Simoïs.
[1404] As there are no mountains on the left bank of the Menderé, at the
distance at which Demetrius places the town of the Ilienses, the long
ridge or height of which Strabo speaks can only be referred to the hill
of Tchiblak. In that case the Simoïs of Demetrius must be the stream
Tchiblak, which modern maps represent as very small, but which Major
Rennell, on authority as yet uncertain, extends considerably, giving it
the name Shimar, which according to him recalls that of
Simoïs.--_Gossellin._
[1405] Kramer proposes the insertion of ὤν before τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγκώνων
ἐπ’ εὐθείας, by which we are to understand that the extremities of the
arms and of the ridge are in the same straight line.
Groskurd reads μεταξὺ before τ. ε. α., changes the construction of the
sentence, and reads the letter ψ instead of ε. His translation is as
follows: “Both-mentioned plains are separated from each other by a long
neck of land between the above-mentioned arms, which takes its
commencement from the present Ilium and unites with it, extending itself
in a straight line as far as Cebrenia, and forms with the arms on each
side the letter ψ.”
The topography of the plain of Troy and its neighbourhood is not yet
sufficiently known to be able to distinguish all the details given by
Demetrius. It appears only that he took the Tchiblak for the Simoïs, and
placed the plain of Troy to the right of the present Menderé, which he
called the Scamander. This opinion, lately renewed by Major Rennell,
presents great and even insurmountable difficulties when we endeavour to
explain on this basis the principal circumstances of the Iliad. It must
be remembered that in the time of Demetrius the remembrance of the
position of ancient Troy was entirely lost, and that this author
constantly reasoned on the hypothesis, much contested in his time, that
the town of the Ilienses corresponded with that of ancient Ilium.
_Observations on the Topography of the plain of Troy by James
Rennell._--_Gossellin._
[1406] Il. xx. 51.
[1407] Il. x. 430.
[1408] Tumbrek.
[1409] Erineos, a wild fig-tree. Homer, it is to be observed, speaks of
a single wild fig-tree, whereas Strabo describes a spot planted with
them. This place, or a place near the ancient Ilium, is called by the
Turks, according to M. Choiseul-Gouffier, Indgirdagh--i.e. the mountain
of fig-trees, although none were to be found there whether cultivated or
wild.
[1410] Il. vi. 433.
[1411] Il. ix. 352.
[1412] 1628 toises. The alluvial deposit has now extended the mouth of
the Menderé 3400 toises from the ruins where the measurement indicated
the position of New Ilium.--_Gossellin._
[1413] The passage is corrupt, and the translation is rather a
paraphrase, assisted by the conjectures of Kramer.
[1414] Od. xiv. 469.
[1415] Od. xiv. 496.
[1416] Il. xx. 209.
[1417] Il. xviii. 254.
[1418] Hestiæa was distinguished for her commentary on Homer somewhat in
the same manner as Madame Dacier in modern times.
[1419] Il. ii. 792.
[1420] M. Lechevalier, who extends Ilium and its citadel Pergamus to the
highest summit of the mountain Bounar-bachi, acknowledges that the
nature of the ground would prevent the course of Hector and Achilles
taking place round this position, in consequence of the rivers and the
precipices which surround it on the S. E. To meet the objection which
these facts would give rise to, M. Lechevalier interprets the
expressions of Homer in a manner never thought of by the ancient
grammarians, although they contorted the text in every possible manner,
to bend it to their peculiar opinions. Would it not be more easy to
believe that at the time of the siege of Troy this city was no longer on
the summit of the mountain, nor so near its ancient acropolis as it was
at first; and that the inhabitants moved under the reign of Ilus, as
Plato says, and as Homer leads us to conclude, to the entrance of the
plain and to the lower rising grounds of Ida? The level ground on the
top mountain which rises above Bounar-bachi, and on which it has been
attempted to trace the contour of the walls of ancient Ilium and of its
citadel, is more than 3200 toises in circumference.
But it is difficult to conceive how, at so distant a period and among a
people half savage, a space of ground so large and without water could
be entirely occupied by a town, whose power scarcely extended beyond 25
leagues. On the other hand, as the exterior circuit of this mountain is
more than 5500 toises, it is not to be conceived how Homer, so exact in
his description of places, should have represented Achilles and Hector,
already fatigued by a long-continued battle, as making an uninterrupted
course of about seven leagues round this mountain, before commencing in
single combat. It appears to me therefore that the Troy of Homer must
have covered a much less space of ground than is generally supposed, and
according to all appearances this space was bounded by a hillock, on
which is now the village of Bounar-bachi. This hillock is about 700 or
800 toises in circumference; it is isolated from the rest of the
mountain; and warriors in pursuing one another could easily make the
circuit. This would not prevent Pergamus from being the citadel of
Ilium, but it was separated from it by an esplanade, which served as a
means of communication between the town and the fortress.--_Gossellin._
[1421] This paragraph, according to Kramer, is probably an
interpolation.
[1422] Herod. viii. c. 85.
[1423] Thucyd., b. iii. c. 50, does not use the word Troad, but says
“all the towns possessed by the Mitylenæans.”
[1424] Poets and mythologists subsequent to Homer supposed Cassandra,
the daughter of Priam, to have been violated by Ajax, the Locrian; that
as a punishment for his crime this hero perished by shipwreck on his
return from Troy, and that three years afterwards Locris was visited by
a famine, which occasioned great destruction to the inhabitants. The
oracle consulted on the occasion of this calamity advised the Locrians
to send annually to Minerva of Ilium two young women chosen by lot. They
obeyed and continued to send them for 1000 years, until the time of the
sacred war.
[1425] Il. xiii. 363.
[1426] Il. vi. 448.
[1427] Od. iii. 130.
[1428] Il. xii. 15.
[1429] Il. vi. 92 and 273.
[1430] Il. ix. 455.
[1431] Il. vi. 305.
[1432] The corrupt passage replaced by asterisks is εἶθ’ ἱκετεύοντες τε
φρένας, which is unintelligible.
[1433] The following is a translation of the passage, as found in the
speech of Lycurgus, still preserved to us:
“Who has not heard of Troy, the greatest
City of those times, and sovereign of all
Asia, that when once destroyed by
The Greeks it remained for ever uninhabited?”
[1434] Modern maps place the Cotylus, and consequently the sources of
the river which Demetrius calls Scamander, at more than 30,000 toises,
or nearly eleven leagues, to the S. E. of the entrance of the
Hellespont, when the source of the Scamander should be near Troy; and
Troy itself, according to the measurement adopted by Demetrius, ought
not to be more than 3400 toises, or a league and a quarter, from the
sea. There is therefore a manifest contradiction, and it appears, as I
have already remarked, that the river called Scamander by Demetrius, is
not the river so called by Homer, but the Simoïs of the
poet.--_Gossellin._
Modern travellers accuse Demetrius with having confounded the Scamander
with the Simoïs. The Simoïs they say rises in Cotylus, (Kas-dagh,) as
also the Granicus, (Oustrola,) and the Æsepus, (Satal-dere,) but the
sources of the Scamander are below, and to the W. of Ida, near the
village called by the Turks Bounar-bachi, which signifies the head of
the source. If it is an error, Demetrius is not alone responsible for
it, as Hellenicus (Schol. in Iliad xxi. 242) also says that the
Scamander had its source in Mount Ida itself. Both probably rested on
the authority of Homer, who places the source of the Scamander in Ida.
They did not, however, observe that Homer employs the expression ἀπ’
Ἰδαίων ὀρέων in a more extensive sense.--_Du Theil._
[1435] Il. xxii. 147.
[1436] We owe to the researches of M. de Choiseul Gouffier, published
without his knowledge in 1793, an acquaintance with these two springs,
which present nearly the same phenomena as described by Homer. These
springs have since been seen by many travellers; they are situated at
the foot of a small hill on which is Bounar-bachi, and about 6500 toises
in a straight line from the mouth of the Menderé. The stream which flows
from them never fails, and after having run for some time parallel to
the Menderé, it turns suddenly to throw itself into the Archipelago,
near the middle of the interval which separates the ruins of
Alesandria-Troas from the cape Koum-kale, but still leaving traces of a
bed through which it formerly flowed to join the Menderé. We are now
convinced that this little river is the Scamander of Homer, that the
present Menderé is the Simoïs of that poet, and that the ancient Ilium,
which was near the sources of the Scamander, must have been situated on
the heights of Bounar-bachi.
In the time of Homer these two rivers united together and discharged
themselves into the sea by the same mouth: but the course of the
Scamander has been changed for a long time, since, according to Pliny,
(v. c. 33,) a part of its waters spread themselves over a marsh, and the
remainder flowed unto the Ægæan Sea, between Alexandria-Troas and
Sigeum. This ancient author therefore gave to the little river (which he
called Palœscamander, the old Scamander) exactly the same course which
the stream Bounar-bachi still follows. This change of direction in the
course of the river appears to me to have been anterior to the time of
Demetrius of Scepsis, for this alone can explain his error. For, no
longer finding a stream which runs on the left of the present Menderé,
and which might represent the Scamander, he thought proper to transfer
this latter name to the Simoïs, and to look for the site of the Ilium of
Homer, as also of the plain which was the scene of the combats described
by the poet, on the right of this river. Thence he is persuaded that the
town of the Ilienses occupied the same site as the ancient Ilium, and
that the stream of the Tschiblak was the Simoïs.
I must remark that the Menderé is a torrent, the waters of which fail
during a great part of the year, whilst the stream of the Bounar-bachi
always continues to flow. This advantage is probably the reason why it
preserved the name of Scamander to the sea, although it ran into the bed
of the Simoïs and was far inferior to this torrent in the length of its
course. Hence it may be perceived how the name of Scamander, now changed
into that of Menderé, has remained attached to this ancient mouth, how
ultimately it was given to the whole course of the Simoïs, and how
Demetrius of Scepsis was led into error by the change in the course of
the true Scamander, and by the transfer of its name to the
Simoïs.--Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce par _M. de Choiseul Gouffier_.
Le Voyage dans la Troad, par _M. Lechevalier_. The Topography of Troy,
_W. Gell_.--_Gossellin._
[1437] Il. xii. 20.
[1438] B. xii. c. iii. § 21.
[1439] Below Strabo calls this same place Ænea, and in b. xii. c. iii. §
23, Enea-Come. Pliny calls it Nea; it is said to be the same place
called by the Turks Ene.
[1440] Ἀργύρια, in the neuter gender, with the accent on the
antipenultima, means “silver mines.” But Ἀργυρία, with the accent on
the penultima, becomes the name of a town.
[1441] Il. ii. 856.
[1442] What other places? I do not think that Strabo or Demetrius have
mentioned any other place bearing the name of Palæscepsis.--_Du Theil._
[1443] Il. i. 38.
[1444] There are no islands to the south of Tenedos,--that is, between
Tenedos and Cape Lectum (Baba). The state of the text might induce us to
suppose that, instead of Lectum, Strabo wrote Sigeum. Then the Calydnæ
islands would answer to the Mauro islands or to the isles des
Lapins.--_Gossellin._
[1445] Called also Lyrnessa and Phœnice. The first of these names is the
same as that of one of the 12 towns on the continent sacked by Achilles.
The name Phœnice was given to it probably by a Phœnician colony.
Leucophrys, (white brows,) from the colour of the coast.
[1446] From σμίνθος, a rat, in the Æolic dialect. The worship of Apollo
Smintheus was not confined to the town of Chrysa alone; it was common to
all the continent of the Troad and to the adjacent islands; it extended
along the whole coast to the island of Rhodes, as Strabo afterwards
informs us. He has already told us that there was a temple of Apollo
Smintheus in the island of Tenedos. Coins of this island exist, bearing
the effigy of the god with a rat under the chin. The town of Hamaxitus,
on the continent, had also its temple of Apollo Smintheus, where was not
only to be seen the picture of a rat near the tripod of the god, but
also tame rats, maintained at the public expense.
[1447] Sect. 63.
[1448] In the island of Rhodes more especially many Sminthia must have
existed, as Andreas, a native of Lindus, one of the three cities of the
island, made these temples the subject of a treatise entitled “On the
Sminthia of Rhodes.”
[1449] The Turks call the place Fousla, “the salt-pans.”
[1450] Il. x. 429.
[1451] Il. xxi. 86.
[1452] Il. xiv. 443.
[1453] Il. vi. 34.
[1454] At the foot of the mountain on which is now the village Ine.
[1455] Palamedium? Pliny, b. v. c. 30.
[1456] Karatepe-bournou, or Cape San Nicolo.
[1457] Antandro.
[1458] Dikeli-koi.
[1459] Tschandarlyk.
[1460] Ialea.
[1461] From σκέπτομαι, (sceptomai,) _I see to a distance_, from which
the compound περισκέπτομαι, (perisceptomai,) _I see to a distance
around_. Strabo perceived the absurdity of such an etymology. Others
derived the name of this place from σκήπτομαι, _I pretend_, whence
σκῆψις, (skepsis,) _a pretext_, because it was on this part of the chain
of Ida that Rhea, on the birth of Jupiter, substituted for him a stone
clothed as an infant, and presented it to be devoured by Saturn in place
of her child. This etymology is conformable to analogy, although founded
on a ridiculous fable.
[1462] B. xiii. c. i. § 6.
[1463] Il. xx. 188.
[1464] Il. xiii. 460
[1465] See note³¹⁰, vol. i. p. 76.
[1466] Some assert that Capys, the father of Anchises, was the founder
of Capua or Capya in Italy. The town in Arcadia was afterwards called
Caphya or Caphyæ.
[1467] Segesta.
[1468] Trapani.
[1469] Cape Boë.
[1470] Il. xx. 306.
[1471] This statement is not in contradiction with those (Athen. b. i.
c. 3) who assert that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, and Polycrates,
tyrant of Samos, were the first who formed libraries. The libraries of
these two princes, who lived six centuries before our time, were
probably confined to half a dozen poets, and it may be supposed that the
care Pisistratus took to collect the poems of Homer did not extend to
poets posterior to his time. But in the time of Aristotle there existed
many poems, a great number of oratorical discourses, historical works,
and various treatises of philosophy.
[1472] Apellicon proclaimed himself a philosopher of the school of
Aristotle. From what Athenæus, b. v., says of him, he appears to have
used his great wealth for the purposes of ostentation rather than of
employing it for the benefit of others. He was sent by Aristion, (or
Athenion, as Athenæus calls him,) tyrant of Athens, to Delos, at the
head of ten thousand soldiers, to remove the treasures of the temple. He
was defeated by the Romans, and having lost his whole army, escaped with
difficulty.
[1473] This name was given to books intended to be seen and read by
every one, but which did not contain the fundamental dogmas which
Aristotle only communicated to those of his own school. The books which
contained these doctrines were called, by way of distinction,
_esoteric_. Such at least is the opinion of those who admit of the
existence of a secret doctrine, and a public doctrine, in the philosophy
of Aristotle. This passage of Strabo however seems to favour those who
maintained a different opinion, namely, that this celebrated distinction
of _exoteric_ and _esoteric_ doctrines, which is peculiar to the works
of Aristotle, is not founded on any essential difference of doctrine,
but rather on a difference of method, so that the word _exoteric_ was
applied to works where the opinions of the philosopher were set forth in
a manner to be understood by all intelligent readers, whether of his own
school or strangers; and _esoteric_ to those works where his opinions
were thoroughly discussed, and in a scientific manner, and which, not
being intelligible to every one, required to be explained by the master
himself.
[1474] Tyrannion was a native of Amisus, whose lectures he attended (b.
xii. c. iii. § 16). He is often quoted among the commentators of Homer.
It was he also who gave copies of the works of Aristotle to Andronicus
of Rhodes, for whom he made a catalogue of them.
[1475] Metrodorus was not only a fellow-countryman of Demetrius, who was
one of the richest and most distinguished citizens of Scepsis, but also
his contemporary and protegé. A small treatise of Metrodorus is cited,
entitled περὶ ἀλειπτικῆς, which may mean “on anointing with oil,” or
“on oil used in the public exercises.” It seems however very probable
that the treatise on the Troad, (Τρωïκὰ,) which Athenæus attributes to
another Metrodorus of Chios, was the work of this Metrodorus of Scepsis.
The place of his birth, which was in the Troad, might have suggested, as
it did to his patron, the idea of treating a subject liable to
discussion, and to endeavour to throw light upon it by the words of
Homer. Add to this that Strabo quotes also Metrodorus on the subject of
the Amazons, whose history appears so closely connected with the Trojan
war that all who have touched on the one, have also treated of the
other. Pliny quotes also a Metrodorus on the subject of the serpents of
the river Rhyndacus, near the Troad. It is also a question whether
Metrodorus was one of those who occupied themselves with mnemonics, or
the art of increasing and strengthening the memory. According to
Plutarch, Metrodorus was the victim of Mithridates. Tigranes, who had
placed the philosopher in his power, more from inadvertence than
intentionally, so much regretted his death that he celebrated
magnificent obsequies to his memory.
[1476] Gargara is the same town called above by Strabo Gargaris, unless
he meant by the latter name the territory of Gargara, a distinction we
find made below between Pedasa and Pedasis. The author of the
Etymologicum Magnum calls the place Gargarus, and informs us that the
inhabitants abandoned it on account of the cold, it being situated on
Mount Ida; that they founded a new town in the plain, and that the town
abandoned afterwards received the name of Old Gargara.
The town called Lamponia by Strabo is called Lamponium by Hellanicus and
Herodotus.
[1477] By “the kings,” we must probably understand the kings of Bithynia
rather than the kings of Persia, as understood by Rambach (De Mileto
ejusque coloniæ); for if we suppose that colonists are here meant who
came to Gargara from Miletus after the destruction of this latter town
by the Persians, how could Demetrius of Scepsis say of the Gargareans
that, “Æolians as they were, or instead of Æolians they became
semi-barbarians?” He ought at least to have said, “that they became
Ionians,” for Miletus, a Greek city of Ionia, at the time of its
destruction by the Persians, was far from being barbarous. But
Miletopolis, although from its name and position in the territory of
Cyzicus was probably, like Cyzicus, a colony of Miletus, yet might have
been peopled with barbarians at the time Gargara received colonists.
Mualitsh is the modern name of Miletopolis.
[1478] Il. x. 428.
[1479] Budrun, the birth-place of Herodotus.
[1480] Herod. i. 175; viii. 104.
[1481] Paitschin?
[1482] Eski-Hissar.
[1483] C. vii. § 49.
[1484] Il. i. 366.
[1485] Il. ii. 691.
[1486] Il. ii. 295.
[1487] Il. i. 432.
[1488] Il. i. 439.
[1489] Il. i. 37.
[1490] Dikeli-koi.
[1491] For νησὶς Meineke reads γῆ τις, “a certain earth.” Pliny, b. ii.
c. 95, speaks of islands “which are always floating;” something of the
kind occurs in volcanic lakes.
[1492] Ak-su or Bakir.
[1493] It is difficult to clear up this passage ἣν ΑΙΓΑ τινὲς
ὀνομαζουσιν ὁμωνύμως τῷ ξώῳ· δεῖ δὲ μακρῶς τὴν δευτέραν συλλαβὴν
ἐκφέρειν ἈΙΓΑΝ ὡς ἈΚΤΑΝ καὶ ἈΡΧΑΝ. There is no doubt that the first of
these words in capitals, to be homonymous with _goat_, should be αἶγα,
as is read in the old editions, and in many manuscripts, and not αἰγᾶ,
αἰγὰ, or αἰγὰν, as in others. Αἶγα is the accusative of Αἲξ, (Æx,) _a
goat_, which name Artemidorus actually gives to this promontory. But as
our language has no termination of cases, the passage requires some
explanation. If the Greeks desired to express in the nominative case the
position of the promontory with respect to the island of Lesbos, they
would say, according to Artemidorus, _The cape Æx_ (Αἲξ) _is in front of
Lesbos_; according to Strabo, _The cape Æga_ (Αἰγᾶ) _is in front of
Lesbos_. The first, Æx, signifies _a goat_, as Artemidorus intended; the
second, Æga, in the Doric dialect (for Æge, Αἰγῆ) means a goat’s skin.
If they desired to employ the word in the accusative, they said,
according to Artemidorus, _We have doubled Cape Æga_ (Αἶγα); according
to Strabo, _We have doubled Cape Ægan_ (Αἰγᾶν). The matter is clear thus
far, but what follows, δεῖ δὲ μακρῶς * * * ὡς ἀκτᾶν καὶ ἀρχᾶν, is
difficult to explain. The two last words are Doric genitive plurals, the
first for ἀκτῶν, _shores_, the second for ἀρχῶν, _beginnings_; and yet
one would expect to find examples of accusatives in the singular number,
as ἀκτὰν and ἀρχὰν; the difference of accent is here of no importance,
for the last syllables of these accusatives are long, as Strabo wishes
to make the last syllable long of Ægan (Αἰγᾶν). If he had required
examples agreeing with this last word in quantity, accent, and case, he
might have cited sycan, (συκᾶν, a fig-tree,) or some other word of this
form. It might be supposed that Ακτᾶν was here taken in the acceptation
[ἀκτέην, ἀκτῆν, and, in the Doric dialect, ἀκτᾶν]; but there still
remains ἀρχᾶν, unless we change the word to ἀρχτᾶν, _a bear’s
skin_.--_Coraÿ._
[1494] Od. xi. 521.
[1495] Eurypylus, son of Telephus, being invited by Priam to come to his
assistance, answered that he could not do so without the permission of
his mother, Astyoche. Priam by rich presents obtained from her this
permission. There are other explanations equally uncertain. Bryant
asserts that the Cetæi were pirates, and exacted young women as tribute
from the people whom they attacked.
[1496] Sigri.
[1497] Molyvo.
[1498] Cape Sta. Maria.
[1499] Adshane.
[1500] This is the number given in Agathermus, and there is no
difference in manuscripts in this part of the text. Falconer thinks we
ought to read χιλίων ἑκατὸν καὶ δέκα (1110) for χιλίων ἑκατὸν (1100), to
make the sum-total given agree with the sum-total of the particular
distances. I am more inclined to deduct 10 stadia from the 210, which is
the distance given between Sigrium and Methymne.--_Coraÿ._
[1501] Arginusi Islands; according to others, Musconisia.
[1502] The entrance to the Gulf of Caloni.
[1503] Pira.
[1504] We should probably read here Melanchus, tyrant of Lesbos, who,
assisted by the brothers of Alcæus, overthrew Pittacus.
[1505] Diophanes was the friend of Tiberius Gracchus, and was the victim
of his friendship. Potamo was professor of rhetoric at Rome, and was the
author of the Perfect Orator, the Life of Alexander the Great, the
Praise of Cæsar, the Praise of Brutus, and the Annals of Samos. Pliny
mentions a sculptor of the name of Lesbocles, whose name seems to
indicate his origin from Lesbos. Athenæus also names a sculptor from
Mitylene called Lesbothemis. Strabo is probably the only person who
makes mention of Crinagoras. Theophanes is known as an historian, and
especially as the friend of Pompey, whom however he advised to retire to
Egypt. The philosopher Lesbonax, father of Potamo, was a native of
Mitylene.
[1506] Eresso.
[1507] To the N. E. of Sigri.
[1508] In which are comprehended the Arginusi mentioned above.
[1509] According to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, Hecatonnesoi means
the “hundred islands,” the word being composed not of Hecatus but of
Hecaton, ἑκατὸν, “a hundred,” and νῆσοι, “islands.”
[1510] The name appears to be wanting.
[1511] Derived from πορδὴ and πέρδω.
[1512] Il. vi. 414, 421.
[1513] Il. ii. 692; xix. 296.
[1514] Il. x. 428.
[1515] Il. xiv. 443.
[1516] Il. xxi. 86.
[1517] Il. xxi. 87.
[1518] Il. xxi. 84.
[1519] Il. ii. 840.
[1520] Il. xvii. 301.
[1521] Kramer adopts Coraÿ’s correction of ἑλόντας for ἐλθόντας,
although he at the same time remarks, that we have no other information
of Larisa being then taken.
[1522] Karasu, or Kutschuk-Meinder.
[1523] Sarabat.
[1524] Salambria.
[1525] In spite of the improbability of these anecdotes, there must have
been something real in the dulness of the Cymæans; for Cymæan was
employed by the Greeks as a word synonymous with stupid. Cæsar, among
the Romans, (Plutarch, Cæsar,) adopted this name in the same sense. This
stupidity gave occasion to a proverb, ὄνος εἰς κυμαίους, an ass among
the Cymæans, which was founded on the following story. The first time an
ass appeared among the Cymæans, the inhabitants, who were unacquainted
with the beast, deserted the town with such precipitation that one would
have said they were escaping from an earthquake.
[1526] Il. ii. 814.
[1527] Bergamo.
[1528] Sart.
[1529] A building raised in commemoration of a victory. It was destroyed
by Philip of Macedon, Polyb. xvi. 1. It appears, however, that he
restored it to its ancient splendour, as forty-fire years afterwards it
was devastated a second time by Prusias, king of Bithynia, which Strabo
notices hereafter.
[1530] The circumstances are differently narrated by Plutarch “On
brotherly love,” and by Livy, xlii. c. 15 and 16.
[1531] Diegylis, king of the Cæni, a Thracian people, was the
father-in-law of Prusias.
[1532] Aristonicus, brother of Attalus, and a natural son of Eumenes,
for some time contended with the Romans for the possession of this
inheritance; but finally he was vanquished and made prisoner by the
consul Perperna, carried to Rome, and there died in prison. B. xiv. c.
i. § 38.
[1533] ἐξέδρα The exhedra was that part of the building added to the
portico, and, according to Vitruvius, when spacious it consisted of
three parts, and was provided with seats. It probably here means a place
for sitting and resting, protected by a covering supported by columns,
so as to afford a view all round.
[1534] Pliny also places Macedonians, surnamed Cadueni, near Tmolus. B.
v. c. 29.
[1535] Bouz-dagh.
[1536] Il. ii. 865.
[1537] Some pretended miracle relating probably to the baskets carried
by the virgins on their heads at festivals.
[1538] Il. ii. 864.
[1539] B. ix.
[1540] Il. vii. 221.
[1541] Il. ii. 783.
[1542] Pliny does not approve of the word Pithecussæ being derived from
πίθηκος, a monkey; but from πίθος, a cask. This latter derivation is not
natural, whilst the former is at least conformable to analogy. Hesychius
confirms the Tyrrhenian meaning of the word Arimi, calling Ἄριμος,
πίθηκος. The expression in Homer, εἰν Ἀρίμοις, “among the Arimi,” (which
in Roman letters would be _ein Arimis_, and which is translated into
Latin by _in Arimis_,) signifies “in the Pithecussæ Islands,” according
to the opinion of those who placed Typhoëus in Italy. But it is
remarkable that from the two words _ein Arimis_ of Homer the name
_Inarimis_ has been invented; and quoted as Homer’s by Pliny (iii. 6):
Ænasia ipsa, a statione navium Æneæ, Homero Inarime dicta, Græcis
Pithecussa, non a simiarum multitudine, ut aliqui existimavere sed a
figlinis doliorum. It is not Homer, however, that he ought to have
quoted, but Virgil, who was the first to coin one word out of the two
Greek words.
Inarime Jovis imperiis imposta Typhoëo.
Æn. ix. 716.
The modern name is Ischia.
[1543] Pyth. i. 31.
[1544] Kelikdni.
[1545] Herod. i. 93.
[1546] Pyrgela.
[1547] Il. ii. 461.
[1548] Catania.
[1549] The range of mountains on the south of the Caÿster, bearing
various names.
[1550] Celænæ was the citadel of Apameia Cibotus, Afuim-Kara hissar.
[1551] Cape Sta. Maria.
[1552] Coraÿ proposes to read for Καρῶν Καρούρων, translate, “between
Carura and Nysa.”
[1553] Sultan-hissar.
[1554] Eski-hissar.
[1555] Pambuk-kalessi.
[1556] They were the priests of Cybele, and so called from a river of
Phrygia.
[1557] Madder-root.
[1558] Geira.
[1559] Jenedscheh.
[1560] Chorsum.
[1561] Dekoï.
[1562] Il. vi. 184.
[1563] Il. vi. 203.
[1564] Ebedschek-Dirmil.
[1565] Giaur-Kalessi.
[1566] Urludscha.
JOHN CHILDS AND SON, BUNGAY.