abandonment of, 225
assignment, 228
completion of, 222, 228
bond, 213, 222
content, 213, 230, 231
cost-plus, 212, 213
disputes, 220
divisions of, 213
drawings, 213
engineer as an arbitrator, 220
the instrument, 230, 231
interpretation of, 220, 234, 235
lump sum, 212
nature of, 211, 212
sample, 230, 231
time allowed, 222
types, 212, 213
unit-price, 213
Contractor, absence of, 222
bond, 232
claims against, 228
duties, 221
liability, 224
relations with other contractors, 228, 229
Contractor’s powder, 294
Control devices, automatic, for sewers, 117–121
for filters, 500–512
inspection of, 336, 337
Copper sulphate, disinfectant, 490
Copperas, precipitant, 406–408
Cordeau Bickford, 298, 303
Corrugated iron pipe, 165
Cost. _See_ under item wanted.
Cost, annual. Method of financing, 157–160
capitalized. Method of financing, 157–160
classification of, 235–238
comparisons of. Methods for
making, 157–160
collection of data, 10–14, 235–238
estimate. Method of making, 10–14
overhead, 237, 238
Couplings, flexible for shafts, 138
Covers, Imhoff tanks, 424
septic tanks, 415
trickling filters, 451
Crops on sewage farms, 463, 464
Cunette, 67, 70
Cut, depth of excavation, 88, 92
Cycle, contact bed, 436
life and death, 367, 431
nitrogen, 367, 368
trickling filter, 441
Cylinders, stresses in, 194, 202–204
Cytoplasm, 365
Damages, liquidated, 222
material, 221, 224
Darcy’s formula, 52
Day labor, 211
Decomposition of sewage, 365–367
Definitions. _See_ word defined.
Deflagration, definition, 294
Delays in contract work, 228
Delayed action fuses, 291, 300
Densities. _See_ population.
Depreciation, of sewers, 348–351
rate of, financial, 158
Depth of sewers, 88
Design conditions, 88–92
economical, mathematics of, 401–403
preparations for, 17–23
Detention period, grit chamber, 397
Imhoff tank, 419
plain sedimentation, 392–395, 401
septic tank, 415
Detonation, definition, 294
Detonator. _See_ blasting cap.
Diameter of sewers, 57–60, 72, 88–92
Diaphragm pump, 257, 258
Diesel engine, 152, 154
Digestion chamber, Imhoff tank, 422, 423
Digestion of sludge in separate tank, 427–430, 497
Dilution, amount needed, 377–380
conditions for success, 372, 373
Dilution, definition, 372
formulas for quantity, 378–380
governmental control, 380, 381
preliminary studies, 381, 382
in salt water, 376, 377
in streams, 372–376
of sewage, 370 and Chap. XIV, 372–382
Diseases, water-borne, 364
Disinfection, 489–493
action of, 489–491
bleaching powder, 491
chlorine, liquid, 491
amount of, 492
disinfectants, 489, 490
purpose, 489
selective action of disinfectants, 492, 493
Disk screen, 384
Disposal of sewage, _See_ sewage treatment.
Disputes, engineer to settle, 220
Dissolved oxygen. _See_ Oxygen dissolved.
Distribution of sewage,
contact beds, 436
irrigation, 461, 462
nozzles, 442–449
sand filter, 450–458
traveling distributor, 442
trickling filters, 441–451
Districts, character of, 29, 30, 32–37
classification of, 34, 35
Domestic sewage, defined, 6, 7, 352
Dorr Thickeners, 472, 504
Dortmund tank, 404
Dosing devices, 506–512
alternating and timed siphons, 500–512
Alvord device at Lake Forest, 506
four or more alternating siphons, 509
operation of automatic siphon, 110
three alternating siphons, 508
timed siphons, 510
two alternating siphons, 507
types, 506
Dosing tank design, for trickling
filter, 446–450
Doten tank, 429, 430
Drag line excavators, 255, 256
Drainage areas, 81, 84, 94
Drills, electric, 267
jack hammer, 264, 265
punch, 20
size of cylinder for, 266
tripod, 264, 265
Drilling, methods, 20–23, 264–270
depth, diameter and spacing of
holes, 268–270
power for, 267, 268
rate of, in rock, 267
steam and air, 267, 268
Drop manhole, 100, 101
Drop-down curve, 73, 77
Drum screen, 384
Dry weather flow, 24, 38
Drying sludge. _See_ sludge drying.
Dualin, 296
Duty of contractor. _See_ Contractor, duties
Duty of engineer. _See_ Engineer, duties.
Duty of inspector. _See_ Inspector, duties.
Duty of a pump, defined, 135
Dynamite, 296–298, 300–302, 304, 305
cartridge, 268, 296, 302
thawing, 301, 302
Dysentery, 365
Earth pressures, theories, 274, 275
Economical dimensions, mathematics of, 401–403
Effective size of sand, defined, 456
Efficiency of a pump, defined, 135
Effluents, character of
activated sludge, 467, 468
chemical precipitation, 408
contact bed, 434
Imhoff tank, 414, 424, 425, 432
lime and electricity, 489
Miles acid process, 484, 485
sand filter, 453
Effluents, sedimentation tank, 401
septic tank, 412–414
Egg-shaped section, 67, 68, 70
Ejectors, air, 150, 151
Elastic arch analysis, 206–208
Electric motors, 150–152
Electrolytic treatment, 487–489
Elevations, method of recording, 92
Emergencies, duties of engineer, 235
Emerson pump, 261
Engines, internal combustion, 152–154
steam, types, 142–144.
Engineer, absence of, 221
defined, 220
disputes settled by, 220, 234
duties of, 9, 10, 220, 233, 234, 238
individuality and personality, 9, 234
qualifications, 9
sanitary, definition, 2
Engineering News pile formula, 125, 126
Entering sewers, precautions, 335, 336
Enzymes, 365
Equipment for construction, 237
Equivalent sections, defined, 72
solution of problems in, 67–72
Estimates, cost and work done, 10–14
when made, 226
data for, 235
Excavation, depth of open cut, 284
drainage, 252, 262
hand, 242–245, 249
economy, 245
laborer’s ability, 243
lay out of tasks, 243
Excavation, hand, opening trench, 243
vs. machine, 245, 249
tools, 242
machine, 244–246
economy, 245
limitations, 246
vs. hand, 245, 249
specifications, 240, 241
Excavating machines, bucket, 246, 255
cableway and trestle, 246, 250–252
Carson machine, 250, 251
continuous belt, 246
bucket, 246, 247
drag line, 255
Potter machine, 251
steam shovel, 252–254
tower cableway, 252
wheel excavators, 246–250
Excavation, machine, organization, 249
pumping and drainage, 256, 257
quicksand, 256
rock, 263, 264
payment for, 230
specifications, 240, 241
trench bottom, 241, 304, 311
Explosions in sewers, 108, 336, 346–348
causes of, 346
historical, 346
prevention, 108, 348
Explosives. _See also_ Blasting.
Explosives, and blasting, 294–304
ammonia compounds, 297
blasting gelatine, 296
contractor’s powder, 294
deflagrating, 294
detonating, 294
detonators, 294, 297–300
“Don’ts,” 300, 301
dynamite, 296–298, 300–302, 304, 305
fuses and detonators, 297–300
gelatine dynamite, 296
gunpowder, 295
handling, 300–302
nitro-glycerine, 295
nitro-substitution compounds, 295
permissible, 297
quantity, 304, 305
requirements, 294
strength of, 297, 298
T.N.T., 295
types, 294–297
Exponential formulas for flow of water, 54, 55
Extra work, compensation, 227
Facultative bacteria, 363
Fanning’s run-off formula, 49
Farms, septic tanks for, 416, 417
Farming with sewage. _See_ irrigation.
Fats in sewage, 357–359, 366, 367
from Miles acid process, 485–487
Feathers, for splitting rock, 264
Ferrous sulphate, precipitant, 406–408
Fertilizer from sludge, 470, 495, 497
Fertilizing value of, activated sludge, 470
sewage, 459, 460
Filter press for sludge, 500, 501
Filters. _See_ under name of filter.
Filtration, of sewage, 370, 371, 431–459
action in, theory of, 431
cost, 458, 459
Filtros plates, 477, 478
Finances, mathematics of, 157–160
Financing, methods of, 14–17
Flamant’s formula, 54, 56
Flies on trickling filters, 438
Flight sewer, 101, 102
Flood, crest velocities, 42, 43
flow computations, 94–98
McMath formula, 94, 96, 97
Rational method, 95–98
Flow, laws of, 52
velocity of, 52, 90, 91
Fluctuations, in rate of sewage flow, 33–38
in quality of sewage, 368–370
Flush-tanks, automatic, 109–113
capacity, 111
details, 110, 112
inspection of, 336, 337
payment for, 217
siphon sizes, 111
Flushing, 109–113, 341–343
amount of water needed, 112
methods, 341–343
manhole, 109
sewer, defined, 8
Foaming of Imhoff tanks, 425, 426
Foot valves, 141
Force main, defined, 8
Forms, design of, 322, 323
length of, 319
materials, 321, 322
oiling, 174, 186, 322
specifications, 322
steel, 325, 326
steel-lined, 325
support for, 316, 318
time in place, 319
wooden, 323, 324
Formulas, hydraulic, methods for solution, 55–61
for flow of water, 52–55
for rainfall. _See_ Rainfall,
for run-off. _See_ Run-off.
Foundations, 99, 124–126
Franchises for sewers, 17
Free ammonia, 366, 367, 374, 375, 410
Freezing, catch-basins, 108
concrete, 186, 187
dynamite, 301, 302
Fresh sewage, characteristics, 352–354
Friction losses. _See_ Head losses.
flow in pipe, 51, 52
Fuel, consumption by prime movers, 153
costs, 153
heat value, 150
Fungus growth in sewers, 333
Fuses. _See_ blasting fuses.
Ganguillet and Kutter’s formula, 52–65
Gas, chamber in Imhoff tank. _See_ Scum chamber.
engines, 152–154
illuminating, explosive, 347
sewer, 335, 336
Gasoline, explosive, 108, 109, 335, 346, 347
engines, 152–154
and oil separator, 109
odors, significance, 335, 353
Gearing, reduction for turbines, 140, 146
Gelatine dynamite, 296
Glycerol, 366
Gothic section, 67
Governmental control, stream pollution, 380, 381
Grade, of sewers. _See also_ Slope.
how given, 281–284
selection of, 90
stakes, 221, 281–283
Gravel, specifications, 172
Grease, in sewers, 99, 108, 333, 345
cutter, 340
ordinance concerning, 345
traps, 99, 108
Gregory’s imperviousness formulas, 44, 46
Grit, clogs sewers, 333
chambers, 127, 397–401
description, 395, 398
design, 397, 398
dimensions, 397, 398
existing, 398–400
outlet arrangements, 400
results, 397
retention period, 397
sludge analyses, 397
units, number of, 400, 401
velocity of flow in, 396–398
quantity and character of, 397
Grooves in concrete, working joints, 319
Ground water in sewers, 38, 39, 85, 87, 256, 352
Gun cotton, 296
Gunpowder, 295
Hazen, theory of sedimentation, 392–395
dilution formula, 380
Hazen and William’s formula, 55, 57
Head loss, in bends, 116
entrance, 115
friction in straight pipe, 51, 52, 115
Hercules powder, 296
Hering, Rudolph, dilution recommendations, 380
Hering, Rudolph, introduction of Imhoff tank and hydraulic formulas,
425
Historical résumé of sewerage and sewage treatment, 2–5
Hitch, tunnel frame, 286, 287
Holes, drill. _See_ Drill holes.
Holidays, work on, 221
Hook for lifting pipe, 304, 306
Horse-power, boiler, 149, 150
of pumps, 144–146
Horseshoe sewer section, 71
House, connections, record of, 92, 234
drains, 7, 88, 90
sewer, defined, 7
Hydraulic, elements, 65, 69
formulas, 52–55
jump, 73–74
principles, 51, 52, 72, 73
value of settling particles, 393
Hydraulics of, sewers, Chap. IV, 51–77
circular pipes partly full, 65, 66
equivalent sections, 72
non-uniform flow, 72–77
sections other than circular, 67–72
use of diagrams, 61–65
Hydrocarbon, 367
Hydrogen sulphide, 353, 366, 410
Hydrolytic tank, 427, 428
“Hypo” as a disinfectant, 491
Hytor Turbo blower, 473, 474
Illinois River, self-purification, 374–376
Imhoff tank, and chlorination, costs, 487
cover, 424
description, 417–419
design, 419–424
digestion chamber, 422
inlet and outlet, 421
operation, 426–427
patent, 418
results, 414, 424, 425, 439, 467
sedimentation chamber, 419–422
scum chamber, 424
slot, 422
sludge, 414, 467
sludge pipe, 423, 424
status, 425, 426
and trickling filter, cost, 479
Impeller, for centrifugal pump, 131, 136
Imperviousness, relative, 40, 42, 44–46, 95–97
Industrial, districts, 32–37
wastes, defined, 7, 352
tannery, 491
Information and instructions for bidders, 213, 215–217
Inlets, street, 93, 94, 99, 104–107
Inspection, contract stipulations, 221–224
during construction, 233, 234
for maintenance, 104, 333–337, 348, 349
Inspector, absence of, 221, 222
duties, 233–234
qualifications, 234
Institutional sewage treatment plants, 416, 417
Intercepting sewer, defined, 7
Intermittentsand filter. _See_ Sand filter.
Internal combustion engines, 152–154
Inverted siphon, 113–116
Iron, ferrous sulphate, precipitant, 406–408
cast. _See_ cast iron.
Irrigation. _See also_ Farming and Sewage farming.
area required, 463
Berlin sewage farm, 460, 461
crops, 463, 464
description, 459
fertilizing value of sewage, 460, 470, 495, 498
vs. farming, 459
operation, 461–463
preliminary treatment, 462, 463
preparation for, 461–463
process, 459, 460
sanitary aspects 463
status, 460, 461
theory, 432
in the United States, 461
Jack hammer drill, 264, 265
Jetting method, 21–23
Jet pump, 259, 341, 343
Joints, bituminous, 309–311
in cast-iron pipe, 164
cement, 307, 308
inspection of, 234
lead, 164
mortar, 307
open, 307
poured, 309–311
cement, 309, 311
riveted steel, 195, 196
sulphur and sand, 309
types, for pipe, 307
working, in concrete, 319
Junctions, 99
Kuichling, run-off rules, 46, 47, 49
storm intensity formulas, 50
Kutter’s formula, 52–65
Labor, day vs. contract, 211
costs on concrete sewer, 328, 329
Labyrinth packing rings, 136, 137
Lagging, tunnel frames, 287
for forms, 322
Lagooning sludge, 495–497
Laitance, 186, 188
Lakes, self-purification of, 376
Lampé’s formula, 54
Lampholes, 99, 104
Lateral sewer, defined, 7
Lawrence Experiment Station, 4
Leaping weir, 118–121, 337
Legal requirements, construction, 224
dilution, 380, 381
in design, 9
Liernur system, 5
Life, organic in sewage, 363, 364
of sewers, 348–351
Lime as a precipitant, 405–408
with electricity, 488, 489
with iron, 406, 407
Line and grade, 281–284
how given, 281–283
Liquefaction of sludge, 411–413, 496, 497
Liquid chlorine. _See also_ Chlorine, 491
Liquidated damages, 222
Loads on, pipe, 198–202
Marston’s method, 198–202
trench, 199–202
Lock bar pipe, 197
Lock-joint pipe, 177
Long loads, 201
Machine excavation. _See_ Excavation.
Macroscopic organisms, 363, 368
Main sewer, defined, 7
Maintenance of sewers, Chap. XII, 332–351
catch-basin cleaning, 343, 344
cleaning sewers, 337–343
complaints, 333
cost, 341
entering sewers, 335, 336
flushing, 109–113, 341–343
hand cleaning, 341
inspection, 333–337
organization, 332
protection of sewers, 344, 345
repairs, 337
tools, 338–341
troubles, 333
work involved, 332
Man, shoveling ability, 243
Manholes, 81, 99–104
bottom, 100
cover, 102–103
drop, 101
flushing, 109, 342
location and numbering, 81
payment methods, 217, 218
steps, 100, 103, 104
Manning’s formula, 55
Map, preliminary, 17, 79, 80, 82, 83
Marsh gas, 347, 366, 367, 410, 415
Marston’s methods for external loads on buried pipe, 198–202
Materials, for sewers, Chap. VIII, 164–193
measurement of, 236, 237
record of, 237
unit weights, 201, 202
McMath’s formula, 47, 48, 94, 95
Meem’s theory of earth pressure, 274, 275
Mercaptan, 367
Metabolism, 365
Methane, 347, 366, 367, 410, 415
Methylene blue, 360
Microscopic organisms, 363, 364, 368
Miles acid process, costs, 487
amount of acid, 483
analyses of sludge, 485
description, 482
results, 483–487
sludge, 485
Mineral matter in sewage, 357
Mirror, inspecting device, 334
Money retained by city, 227
Mosquitoes in catch-basins, 108
Motors, electric, 150–152
Municipal, bond, 14, 15
corporations, 15
_n_, value of in Kutter’s formula, 53
New York City, density of population, 29, 31
siphons under subway, 114
grease and gasoline trap, 108, 109
aëration of sewage, 377, 470
cleaning sewers, 332
depreciation of sewers, 348–351
Needle beam, 286, 287
Night, soil, 5
work, 221
Nitrates, 355, 356
Nitrites, 355, 356
Nitrifying organisms, 431, 432
Nitrobacter, 431, 432
Nitro explosives, 295, 296
Nitrogen, cycle, 367, 368
organic, 355, 356
Nitro-glycerine, 295
Nitrosomonas, 431, 432
Nomograph, 55, 56
Non-uniform flow, 72–77
Nozzles. _See also_ Trickling filters.
coefficients of discharge, 446
types, 445
Numbering, drainage areas, 81, 94
manholes, 81
Nye steam pump, 260, 263
Obstructions to construction, 235
Odor of sewage, 353
Oil in sewage, 108, 344–348
Oiling forms, 174, 186, 322
Olein, 366
Ordinances, for protection of sewers, 344, 345
Organisms in sewage, 363, 364, 368
Organic matter, composition, 366
Organizations for construction, 315, 317, 328
Orders, to whom given, 222
Outfall sewer, defined, 8
Outlets, 99, 122–124, 373
Overflow weir, 118–121
inspection of, 337
Overhead, costs, division of, 10, 237, 238
-track excavators, 246, 250, 251
Oxidation in streams, 373–376
Oxygen, absorption of, 374–377
consumed, 355, 356
demand, 359–361
computation of, 360
bio-chemical, 359–361
Oxygen dissolved
exhaustion of, 366
in dilution, 381
solubility, 362
supersaturation, 361
concentration for successful dilution, 377–380
formulas for concentration, 378–380
significance of in sewage, 359–362
Oysters, contamination of, 372, 489
Packing rings, labyrinth type, 136, 137
Palmatin, 366
Parasites, 365
Paris sewage farm, 460
Patents. Protection of City by contractor, 224, 225
Pathogenic bacteria, 364
Pavement, replacing, 329
Payment, final on contract, 228
Payments, methods of making, 217, 218
Periscope inspecting device, 334, 335
Permissible explosives, 297
Phenolphthalein indicator, 408
Photographic records, 238
Piles for foundations, 123–126
Pills for cleaning sewers, 338
Pipe, bedding, 230, 304, 328
cast-iron. _See_ under cast-iron pipe.
design of ring, Chap. IX, 194–210
external loads on, 198–202
joints. _See_ Joints.
sewer construction, 304–311
laying, line and grade, 282–284
organization, 311
method of laying, 304, 306, 307
steel, design, 195–197
stresses in, external forces, 194, 202–204
stresses due to internal pressure, 194
stresses in buried pipe, 198–204
stresses in circular ring, 202–204
wood design, 197, 198
Plankton, defined, 363
in sewage, 368
Plans, changes in contract, 222, 223
Plug and feathers for splitting rock, 264
Pneumatic, collection system, 5
concreting, 320, 321
Poling boards, in open cut, 271, 272
in tunnel, 287
Pollution, legal features, 380, 381
Population, density, 28–31
predictions, 24–27
served by sewers in the U. S., 3
sources of information, 27, 28
and quantity of sewage, 31, 32
Potter trench machine, 251
Powder. _See_ Blasting.
Power pump, 132, 133
Precautions in entering sewers, 335, 336
Precipitants, chemical, 405–407
Preliminary, map, 17, 79, 80, 82, 83
work, 9, 17–23
Present worth, 158, 160
Pressing sludge, 500, 501
Priming explosives, 302–304
Private, capital, 17
sewers, 17
Privy, 5
Profile, for brick sewers, 312
sewer, 92
surface, 88
Progress, rate of, 222
reports, 238
Promotion (inception of sewers), 9
Proportioning concrete. _See_ Concrete proportioning.
Proposal (contract), 213, 217–219
Protection of sewers (ordinances), 344, 345
Protein, 366
Puddling, backfill, 330
Pulsometer pump, 260, 261
Pumping, in excavations, 256–263
selection of machinery, 154–156
equipment, cost comparison, 162
station, 128, 142
costs, 156–163
equipment, 127, 128
Pumps, air ejector, 150, 151
capacity, 129, 160–163
capacity of units, 160–163
centrifugal, details, 130, 131, 136–138
automatic control, 141, 142
characteristics, 138–140
efficiency, 140
for excavation, 262
motors for driving, 150–152
performance, 138–140
protection of, by screens, 386
selection of, 154–156
setting, 140–142
turbine, 130–132, 154
types, 130, 131
Pumps, centrifugal, volute, 130–132, 154
character of load, 129
costs, 156, 157
description of types, 130–134
for construction work, 256–263
diaphragm, 257, 258
direct-acting, 133
duty of, 135, 136
efficiencies, 135, 136
ejector, 134, 150, 151, 259, 341, 343
jet, 259
need for, 127
number of units, 160–163
packing of, 133, 134
piston, 133
speed, 133, 134
plunger, 133
power, 132, 133
reciprocating, 130, 132–135, 154–156
for excavation, 262
reliability, 127
sizes, 135
steam, 134, 135, 142–146
consumption, 144, 145
vacuum, 259, 262
improvised for trench work, 257
turbine, 130–132, 154
volute, 130–132, 154
Putrescibility, 359, 360
Quantity, of sewage, 24–50, 84–87
variations, 33–38
storm water, 40–50, 94–98
Quicksand, definition, 256
excavation in, 256
safeguards, 235
Quiescent water, self-purification, 374
Racks. _See_ Screens.
Rainfall, 17, 40, 41, 50, 96, 97
data, 17
rate, 96, 97
Rangers, 270–274, 276–279
Rankine’s theory of earth pressure, 275
Rapid sand filtration of sewage, 458
Rational method of run-off determination, 40, 95–98
Reaëration tank in activated sludge, 473
Receiving well, capacity, 129, 130
Reciprocating pumps. _See_ Pumps, reciprocating.
Records, character of, on construction, 238–240
Rectangular sewer section, 67–69
Regulators, 99, 117–121, 337
inspection of, 337
Reinforced concrete sewer design, 209, 210
Reinforcing steel, specifications, 191
placing, 326, 327
Reinsch Wurl screen, 384
Relative stability numbers, 359
Relief sewer, defined, 7
Repairs to sewers, 337
Report, engineer’s preliminary, 10
Reservoir, collecting capacity, 129, 130
Residences, septic tanks for, 416, 417
Residential districts, characteristics, 32–37
Residue on evaporation, 356, 357
Rideal’s dilution formula, 379
Ring, design. Chap. IX, 194–210
stresses in circular, 202–204
River pollution, legal features, 380, 381
Rivers, self-purification of, 373–376
Riveted joints, properties, 196
Rock, blasting, 268, 290, 291
definition, 263
drill, data on, 266, 267
drilling. _See_ also Drilling.
by hand, 264
by power, 264–268
rates, 267
excavation. _See also_ Excavation.
payment for, 230
measurement of, in place, 235
tunnels, 290, 291
Rods, sewer, 338
Roman ordinance relative to sewers, 2
Roofs. _See_ Covers.
Root cutters, 340
Roots, 333, 340
Row lock bond for bricks, 312
Running water, self-purification, 373–376
Run-off, computations, 17, 40, 46–50, 94–98
Safeguards during construction, 221, 241
Salt water, dilution in, 376, 377
Sand, effective size, 456
uniformity coefficient, 456
filters, 452–459
action in, 431, 432, 452–454
control, 458, 506–510
description, 452
dimensions, 456
distribution systems, 433, 456–458
dosing, 454–456
dosing devices, 506–510
materials, 456
operation, 454, 455
preliminary treatment, 455
rate, 455
results, 452, 453
size of sand for, 456
thickness, 456
in winter, 455
Sanitary District of Chicago,
dilution factor, 380
specifications, for manhole covers, 101, 102
tunnel cover, 284
tunnel ventilation, 291
Sanitary engineering, 1, 2
Sanitary sewage, defined, 7, 352
Saph and Schoder’s formula, 54
Saprophytes, 365
Screed, 316
Screens, 383–391
chlorination and fine screens, costs, 487
coarse, 386, 391
data on fine, 388, 389
design of, 389–391
fine, 381, 382, 387–389
fixed, 385, 390
medium, 386
movable, 385, 386, 389–391
moving, 384–386
openings, 386–389
protection to pumps, 127, 141
purpose, 383
results, 386–389
sewage treatment by, 371, 381
size and performance, 386–389
sizes, 386–391
types, 384–386
Screening, vs. sedimentation, 383
purpose, object, 383
Screenings, character of, 386–389
Scum, boards for, septic tanks, 413, 414
Imhoff tanks, 421
chamber in an Imhoff tank, 424
definition, 495
Sediment, velocity of transportation, 396, 397
Sedimentation, 383–405
definition, 383
Hazen’s analysis, 392–395
hydraulic values, 393
a method of treatment, 370
object, 383
Peoria Lakes, 376
protection of siphons, 113, 114
results from plain sedimentation, 401
theory of, 391–395
transportation of debris, 396
velocity of, 392, 393
vs. screening, 383
velocities, limiting, 396, 397
Sedimentation, basins, arrangement, 394
baffling, 404
cleaning, 404
dimensions, 401–403
inlet and outlet, 404
operation, 411
types, 395
chamber, Imhoff tank, 419–422
Self-purification of lakes, 376
Self-purification of streams, 373–376
Separate sewer systems, 78–80
Septic action, 353, 365–368, 371, 410, 411, 496, 497
results, 412, 413
vs. sedimentation, 411
Septic tank, 411
baffling, 413, 414
capacities of small tanks, 417
for country homes, 416, 417
covers for, 415
definition, 411
design, 413–417
explosions in, 415
results, 412, 413
seeding, 413
sludge storage, 414
small, 416, 417
units, 415
Septic sludge analysis, 414
Septicization. Chap. XVI, 410–430
a method of treatment, 371
the process, 410, 411
results, 412, 413
Settling solids, 357
Sewage and water supply, 32
aëration, 371, 376, 465–479
alkalinity of, 358
analyses, chemical, 355, 369, 467
interpretation of, 356–362
physical, 352–354
average, 352–355
bacteria, 362–365
biolysis of, 366, 367
changes in, rate of discharge of, 33–38
characteristics, 368–370
characteristics of, 352–354
chemical constituents, 354–356
classification of, 6, 7, 352
collection, 5
color, 352, 353
components and properties, 352–356
decomposition of, 365–367
definition, 6, 7, 352
disposal. _See also_ Sewage treatment.
methods, 6, 370, 371
purposes, 370, 371
domestic, 7, 352
farming. _See_ Irrigation.
fertilizing value, 459, 460
flow fluctuations, 33–38
ratio of maximum to average, 36, 37, 85
fresh, 352–354
gas, 335, 336, 353
industrial, defined, 7, 352
life in, 363–365, 368
odor, 353
physical, analyses, 352–354
characteristics, 352–354
quality variations, 368–370
quantity. Chap. III, 24–50, and 84, 87
and population, 31, 32
of sanitary, 24–40
variations, 33–38
sanitary, defined, 7, 352
septic, 353, 365–368, 371, 410, 411, 496, 497
stability, 359, 360
stale, 353
storm, defined, 7, 352
strong, 355
temperature, 353
turbidity, 353
treatment processes, 370, 371
A. B. C., 4
activated sludge, Chap. XVIII, 465–479
biological, 371
chemical, 371
contact bed, 432–437, 506
costs, 459
dilution. Chap. XIV, 372–382
disinfection, 489–493
electrolytic, 487–489
filtration, 431–459
increase of, 3
irrigation, 431, 459–464
mechanical, 471
Miles acid process, 482–487
purpose of, 6, 370
résumé, 6, 370, 371
sand filter, 452–458
screening, 383–391
sedimentation, 391–409, 411
septicization. Chap. XVI, 410–430
trickling filters, 437–452
weak, 355
and water supplies, 31, 32
Sewerage, definition, 7
demand for, 2
design, 78–98
growth of, 2–4
historical, 2–4
Sewers, ancient, 2, 3
capacity, diagrams, 56–60
cost, 10–14
definitions of various types, 7, 8
depth of, 88
diameter, 58–60, 88–92
flat grades, 73, 109
flight, 101, 102
inspection of, 333–337
life of, 348–351
location of, 80, 81, 94
materials. Chap. VIII, 164–193
medieval, 3
pipe, properties of concrete, 175
design. Chap. IX, 194–210
vitrified clay, properties, 169–171
profile, 89, 92
section of different types, 67–72
separate system, 78, 79, 82, 86, 87
slope, 88–92
storm-water system, 78, 79, 83, 93, 94
stresses in, 194, 198–204
Shafts, for tunnels, 284–287
Sheeting, 270–280
alignment, 240, 241
backfilling, 330
box, 272
design, 275–280
driving, 273
length, 273
lumber, 277
moving, 248
poling boards, 271, 272, 287
pulling, 274
skeleton, 270, 271
stay bracing, 270
steel, 252, 280, 281
thickness, 276–278
types, 270
vertical, 270, 272–274
Wakefield piling, 273
Shellfish contamination, 372, 489
Shields, tunnel, 288–290
Short loads on trenches, 202
Shovels, for hand excavation, 242
steam. _See_ Steam shovels.
Shovel vane screen, 384
Shoveling by hand, height raised, 244
performance by one man, 243
Symbiosis, definition, 363
example, 432
Sinking fund, 158
Siphons, automatic. Chap. XXI, 506–512. _See also under_ Dosing
devices.
in flush-tanks, 109–110
inspection, 337
operation, 109–110, 506–512
for trickling filter, 448–451
true and inverted, 113–117
Skeleton sheeting, 270, 271
Slope, of sewers, 88–92
of tank bottoms, Imhoff, 419, 423
sedimentation tank, 404
Skewback, 204
Sludge. Chap. XX, 495–505
activated. Chap. XVIII, 465–479. _See also under_ Activated sludge.
analyses, 414, 467, 468, 485, 496
characteristics, 495
definition, 495
digestion tanks, 427–430, 497
disposal methods, 495
drying, 497–505
acid flotation, 503
beds, 498, 500
centrifuge, 501–502
heat, 502, 503
press, 500–501
thickeners, 504, 505
fertilizing value, 470, 495, 497
Sludge, filters, 498–500
lagooning, 495, 496
measurement, 427
press, 500, 501
sedimentation, 401
septic analysis, 434
treatment methods, 495
Soaps, 357
Soil, bearing value, 125
stack, definition, 7
Solids in sewage, 356–368
Special assessment, 15, 16
Specifications. Chap. X, 211–232
general, 219–229
special, 230
technical, 229, 230
Spiling. _See_ Piles.
Spirillum, 362
Spores, 363
Springing line, 204
Sprinkling filter. _See_ Trickling filter
Square sewer section, 68, 69
Stability, relative, 359–361
Stagnant water, 374
Stakes, contractor to provide, 221
where driven, 281, 282
Stationing, 92
Stay bracing, 270
Steam boilers, 147–150
Steam, consumption by, pumps, 144, 145
turbines, 144, 147
engines, 144, 145
pumping engines, 142–146
pumps. _See_ Pumps, steam.
shovels, 246, 252–254
turbines, 146, 147
Stearin, 366
Steel, forms. _See_ Forms, steel.
pipe, 164, 191, 192
design, 195–197
specifications, 191
reinforcement for concrete, 191, 326–327
sheet piling, 252, 280, 281
Stench, historic in London, 4
Sterilization. _See_ Disinfection.
Storm, sewage, definition, 7, 352
Storm, sewer system design, 93–98
water, quantity, 40–50
Storms, extent and intensity, 50
Stream pollution, regulation, 380, 381
Streams, self-purification, 373–376
Street, inlet. _See_ Inlets.
wash, definition, 352
Stresses, in buried pipe, 198–204
in circular ring, 194, 202–204
Sub-main, defined, 7
Subsurface surveys, 18–20
Suction for centrifugal pump, 141
Sulphur and sand joint compound, 309
Sunday work, 221
Surface, elevation, 92
of ground, character, 44–46
profile, 88
water, 7, 352
Surveys, underground, 18–20
Suspended matter, 357
Talbot’s run-off formula, 49
Tamping, backfilling, 328–331
Tannery wastes, disinfection, 491
Taxation, general, 16, 17
Taylor nozzles, 444, 445
Temperature of sewage, 353
Templates, brick sewers, 312
Thawing dynamite, 301, 302
Tide gate, 122
Timbering tunnels, 286–288
Timber, strength of, 277
Time of concentration, 41–43, 95–97
Tools, for cleaning sewers, 337–341
excavating, 242, 246
Tower cableways, 252
Trade wastes. _See_ Industrial wastes.
Traps, in catch-basins, 107
grease, gasoline, and oil, 108, 109
in street inlets, 104, 105
Travis tank, 427, 428
Tree roots, 333, 340
Tremie, 187, 188
Trench, backfilling, 328–331
blasting in, 244, 269
bottom, shape of, 241, 304, 311
breaking surface, 243, 244
drainage, 256–263
excavating, by hand, 242–245
machine, 244–256
guarding and lighting, 221
layout of tasks, 243
length of open, 241, 248
line and grade, 281–284
location, 243, 281
opening, 243, 244
pumps, 256–263
sheeting, 270–280
width, 240, 241, 246
Trestle excavators, 250, 251
Trickling filter, 437–452
advantages, 438, 439
covers for, 451
depth, 441, 442
description, 437, 438
dimensions, 442
distribution of sewage, 442–451
dosing siphon, 446–451
dosing tank, 446–451
head lost, 438
insects, 438
material, 441
nozzles, 442–451
layout, 447–451
odors, 438, 439
operation, 441
rate, 441
results, 439, 440
siphon size, 449–451
underdrainage, 451, 452
unloading, 431, 437
Tripod drill, 265
Triton, 295
Troubles with sewers, causes, 333
Trumpet arch, 121
Trunk sewer, defined, 7
Tunnels, 283–294
backfilling, 331
breast boards, 288
brick invert, 313
compressed air in, 292–294
concrete construction, 320, 321
depth of cover, 284
line and grade in, 283
machines, 290
rock, 290–292
shafts, 284–286
shield, 288–290
timbering, 284–288
ventilation, 291, 292
Turbidity of sewage, 353
Turbine, for cleaning sewers, 340
pumps, 130, 132
steam, 146, 147
Typhoid fever, 364
U-shaped sewer section, 67, 69, 71
Underdrains for, sewers, 126
trickling filters, 451, 452
Underground surveys, 18–20
Unexpected situations, 235
Uniformity coefficient of sand, 456
Unloading of filters, 431, 437
Urea, 367
Valuation of sewers, 332, 348–351
Velocities, depositing, 395–397
distribution of, 51
flow in sewers, 90
over surface of ground, 42
limiting for sedimentation, 396, 397
limiting in sewers, 396, 397
principles of flow in sewers, 51
transporting, 396
Ventilation, air pressures, 291
compressed air, 292–294
pipes, 291
Ventilation, of sewers, 102, 103, 335
tunnel, 291
Vertical sheeting, 270–274
Vitrified clay. _See_ Clay vitrified.
Volatile matter in sewage, 357
Volute pumps, 130, 132, 154
Vouissoir arch analysis, 204
Wakefield piling, 273
Wales, 288
Waste pipe, defined, 7
Wastes. _See_ Industrial wastes.
Water consumption, 31–33
flow of, 51–77
rate of steam engines, 144, 145
supply and sewage flow, 31–33
Watershed. _See_ Drainage area.
Weight, of backfill, 199
of building material, 201
of moving loads, 200, 202
Well, hole, 101
points, 262, 263
Wheel excavator, 246–250
Wing screen, 384
Wood, forms. _See_ Forms.
pipe, materials, 164, 165, 190, 192, 193
design, 197, 198
working strength of, 277
Work, extra, 227
preliminary to design, 9
Sunday, night, and holiday, 221
Workmen, competent, 227
dishonesty, 233, 234
-----
Footnote 1:
Frontinus and the Water Supply of Rome, p. 81, by Clemens Herschel.
Footnote 2:
Estimated by G. W. Fuller, Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.
44, 1905, p. 148. The total population connected with sewerage systems
was assumed to be the total population in the United States in cities
over 4000 in population.
Footnote 3:
Estimated by Metcalf and Eddy, American Sewerage Practice, Vol. III,
p. 240.
Footnote 4:
Computed from report of the United States Census, 1920, on the same
basis as Fuller’s estimate for 1905.
Footnote 5:
Cosgrove, History of Sanitation.
Footnote 6:
Sedgwick: Sanitary Science and Public Health.
Footnote 7:
No detrimental effect on the public health was noted as a result of
this condition however. It has never been conclusively proven that
such nuisances are detrimental to the public health.
Footnote 8:
Moore and Silcock, Sanitary Engineering, p. 67, 1909.
Footnote 9:
Similar to the definition proposed by the Am. Public Health Assn.
Footnote 10:
Definition recommended by Am. Public Health Assn.
Footnote 11:
Ibid.
Footnote 12:
Ibid.
Footnote 13:
Eng. News, Vol. 76, 1916, p. 781. See also Eng. News-Record, Vol. 85,
1920, pp. 22, 1175.
Footnote 14:
For a more extensive treatment of the subject see Principles and
Methods of Municipal Administration by W. B. Munro, 1916.
Footnote 15:
Eng. Record, Vol. 74, 1916, p. 263.
Footnote 16:
Professional paper No. 46, United States Geological Survey, 1906, p.
97.
Footnote 17:
United States Geological Survey, Water Supply paper No. 257, 1911.
Footnote 18:
From Eng. Cont., Vol. 41, 1914, p. 698.
Footnote 19:
Max. represents only the average maximum, not the greatest maximum.
Footnote 20:
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 80, page 1233, 1918.
Footnote 21:
Infiltration of Ground Water into Sewers. Transactions of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 76, 1913, p. 1909.
Footnote 22:
A comprehensive discussion of rainfall formulas will be found in Vol.
54 of the Transactions Am. Society of Civil Engineers, 1905.
Footnote 23:
Formula devised by H. E. Babbitt from Allen’s 25–year curve.
Footnote 24:
See Note under Table 14.
Footnote 25:
Sewerage by A. P. Folwell.
Footnote 26:
From an article by E. Kuichling in Transactions American Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 65, 1909, p. 399.
Footnote 27:
Trans. Am. Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 58, 1907, p. 483.
Footnote 28:
Trans. American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 58, 1907, p. 498.
Footnote 29:
Ibid.
Footnote 30:
The principles governing the run-off from large areas are explained in
Elements of Hydrology, by A. F. Meyer, 1917.
Footnote 31:
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 51,
1903, p. 11.
Footnote 32:
Municipal and County Engineering, Vol. 58. 1920, p. 164.
Footnote 33:
Industrial waste Treated as ground water.
Footnote 34:
For diagrams for the Solution of the Rational Method, see Eng.
News-Record, Vol. 83, 1919, p. 868 and Vol. 85, 1920, p. 151.
Footnote 35:
Municipal and County Engineering, October, 1909.
Footnote 36:
“Cleaning and Flushing Sewers.” Journal of the Association of
Engineering Societies, Vol. 33, 1904, p. 212.
Footnote 37:
Notes on the Design and Principles of Sewage Siphons, Eng.
News-Record, Vol. 85, 1920, p. 1041.
Footnote 38:
From A. E. Phillips, Trans. Am. Society of Municipal Improvements,
1898, p. 70.
Footnote 39:
Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 15, 1886.
Footnote 40:
True Siphon at East Providence, Eng. News-Record, Vol. 85, 1920, p.
862.
Footnote 41:
“The Effect of Mouthpieces on The Flow of Water Through a Submerged
Short Pipe,” by F. B. Seely. Bulletin No. 96, 1917, of the Eng’g.
Experiment Station of the University of Illinois.
Footnote 42:
Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 49, 1902.
Footnote 43:
Described by W. L. Stevenson before the Boston Society of Civil
Engineers in 1916.
Footnote 44:
Multiple Outlet for Calumet Intercepting Sewer, by S. T. Smetters,
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 83, 1919, p. 728.
Footnote 45:
“Direct Acting Steam Pumps,” by F. R. Nickel, 1915.
Footnote 46:
From Heat Engines, by Allen and Bursley.
Footnote 47:
“The Economy Resulting from the Use of Variable Speed Induction Motors
for Driving Centrifugal Pumps” by M. L. Enger and W. J. Putnam.
Journal Am. Water Works Ass’n., 1920, Vol. 7, p. 536.
Footnote 48:
C. A. Hague in Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 74, 1911,
p. 20.
Footnote 49:
Includes screen chamber, collecting reservoir, and building.
Footnote 50:
Computed on the assumption that the pumps may be operated at 50 per
cent overload for short periods, the rated capacity being equal to the
loads given in Table 33.
Footnote 51:
For description of type see note under Table 35.
Footnote 52:
Proceedings Illinois Society of Engineers, 1916, page 81.
Footnote 53:
Municipal Engineers’ Journal for April, 1918.
Footnote 54:
Workability involves ease in placing and smoothness of working.
Footnote 55:
Johnson’s Materials of Construction, 5th Edition, 1918, p. 432.
Footnote 56:
Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 59, 1907, p. 146.
Footnote 57:
L. N. Edwards, Trans. Am. Society Testing Materials, 1918, and R. B.
Young, Eng. News-Record, Vol. 82, 1919, p. 33.
Footnote 58:
Bulletin No. 1, Structural Materials Research Laboratory, Lewis
Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
Footnote 59:
Proportioning Concrete by Voids in the Mortar, A. N. Talbot, read
before Am. Society Testing Materials, June 22, 1921. Abstract in Eng.
News-Record, Vol. 87, 1921, p. 147.
Footnote 60:
Trans. Am. Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 81, 1917, p. 1122.
Footnote 61:
See also Tentative Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
submitted by the Joint Committee to its Constituent Organizations,
June 4, 1921.
Footnote 62:
Journal Illinois Society of Engineers for 1916, p. 75.
Footnote 63:
See A. S. T. M. Standards for 1918, p. 148.
Footnote 64:
Trans. Am. Society Civil Engrs., Vol. 82, 1918, p. 459.
Footnote 65:
See Trans. Am. Society Civil Eng., Vol. 82, 1918, p. 482.
Footnote 66:
See Trans. Am. Society Civil Engr., Vol. 41, 1899, p. 76, and Vol. 82,
1918, p. 433, Eng. News, Vol. 74, 1915, p. 400, and Vol. 75, 1916, p.
911.
Footnote 67:
Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., Vol. 82, 1918, p. 433.
Footnote 68:
Bulletin No. 31 of the Engineering Experiment Station of the Iowa
State College of Agriculture.
Footnote 69:
From bulletin No. 31, Engineering Experiment Station, Iowa State
College of Agriculture.
Footnote 70:
From Bulletin No. 31, Engineering Experiment Station, Iowa State
College of Agriculture.
Footnote 71:
From Bulletin No. 31, Engineering Experiment Station, Iowa State
College of Agriculture.
Footnote 72:
From Vouissoir Arches by Cain.
Footnote 73:
Baker’s Masonry, 10th Edition, p. 676.
Footnote 74:
Business Law for Engineers, C. Frank Allen, McGraw-Hill, 1917;
Engineering Contracts and Specifications, J. B. Johnson, McGraw-Hill,
1904; Contracts in Engineering, J. I. Tucker, McGraw-Hill, 1910; The
Law Affecting Engineers, W. V. Ball, Archibald Constable, 1909; Law
and Business of Engineering and Contracting, C. E. Fowler,
McGraw-Hill, 1909; The Economics of Contracting, D. J. Hauer, E. H.
Baumgartner, 1915; The Elements of Specification Writing, R. S. Kirby,
John Wiley & Son, 1913; Contracts, Specifications and Engineering
Relations, D. W. Mead, McGraw-Hill, 1916; Engineering and
Architectural Jurisprudence, J. C. Wait, John Wiley, 1912.
Footnote 75:
See article by E. W. Bush in Eng. News-Record, Vol. 85, 1920, p. 122.
Footnote 76:
An unbalanced proposal is one in which the bids on some of the items
are obviously low and on other items are obviously or suspiciously
high. The purpose of submitting unbalanced bids is to keep secret the
true or supposed cost of the work to the contractor or to obtain more
money by bidding high on those items which are believed to have been
underestimated by the Engineer. A low bid is made on other items in
order to keep down the total amount of the bid.
Footnote 77:
Taken mainly from specifications of the Sanitary District of Chicago
and the Baltimore Sewerage Commission, with miscellaneous selections
from other sources.
Footnote 78:
Restrictions are placed on work done outside of ordinary working hours
in order that the Contractor may not perform work in the absence of an
engineer or inspector.
Footnote 79:
Cost Keeping and Management, by Gillette and Dana. Practical Cost
Keeping for Contractors, by F. R. Walker. Cost Keeping in Sewer Work,
by K. O. Guthrie in Eng. Contracting, Vol. 28, p. 238, 1905. Sewer
Construction Records at Scarsdale, Eng. News-Record, Vol. 83, p. 111,
1919.
Footnote 80:
See Planning and Progress on a Big Construction Job, by Chas. Penrose,
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 84, 1920, pp. 554 and 627.
Footnote 81:
See also “Ownership and Operation of Trench Excavators by the Water
Department of Baltimore,” by V. B. Seims, presented before Am. Water
Works Association, June 9, 1921.
Footnote 82:
Eng. and Contracting, Vol. 48, 1917, p. 492.
Footnote 83:
Earth Excavation by A. B. McDaniel.
Footnote 84:
Courtesy, Sanitary District of Chicago.
Footnote 85:
See article by J. R. Gow, Journal New England Waterworks Ass’n, Sept.,
1920, also Public Works, Vol. 50, p. 98.
Footnote 86:
Diameter of diaphragm.
Footnote 87:
Gallons per minute.
Footnote 88:
Eng. News, Vol. 75, 1916 p. 1050.
Footnote 89:
Mun. Engineering, Vol. 53, p. 6.
Footnote 90:
For types of drill bits see article by T. H. Proske, Mining and
Scientific Press, March 5, 1910.
Footnote 91:
These intermediate holes are seldom more than 3 feet apart.
Footnote 92:
Earth Pressures, Old Theories and New Test Results, Eng. News-Record,
Vol. 85, 1920, p. 632.
Footnote 93:
Trans. Am. Society Civil Eng’rs, Vol. 60, 1908.
Footnote 94:
Adopted by the Am. Ry. and Maintenance of Way Ass’n in 1907.
Footnote 95:
Tunneling Machines Successful on Detroit Sewers, Eng. News-Record,
Vol. 84, 1920, p. 329.
Footnote 96:
Rules on Compressed-Air Work of N. Y. State Industrial Commission,
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 85, 1920, p. 1225.
Footnote 97:
Taken mainly from the Engineer Field Manual of the U. S. Army; Safety
Factors in the Use of Explosives by W. O. Snelling, Technical Paper
No. 18, U. S. Bureau of Mines; and an article in Eng’g and
Contracting, Vol. 52, 1919, p. 585.
Footnote 98:
See paper by C. T. Hall before Am. Inst. Chemical Engineers.
Footnote 99:
Per cubic yard of material displaced.
Footnote 100:
Eng. News, Vol. 75, 1916, p. 592.
Footnote 101:
Pressure of Concrete on Forms Measured in Tests, by E. B. Smith,
before Am. Concrete Institute, Feb. 15, 1920. Abstracted in Eng.
News-Record, Vol. 84, 1920, p. 665.
Footnote 102:
See, also, Concrete Form Design, by E. F. Rockwood, Eng. and
Contracting, Vol. 55, 1921, p. 528.
Footnote 103:
Includes 6 cents per foot for excavation. Labor for this was 58 per
cent of the total labor cost.
Footnote 104:
Cement at $1.25 per barrel.
Footnote 105:
Mun. Journal, Vol. 36, 1914, p. 736.
Footnote 106:
Mun. Journal, Vol. 39, 1915, p. 911.
Footnote 107:
Formerly the Municipal Journal.
Footnote 108:
See Eng. Record, Vol. 75, 1917, p. 463.
Footnote 109:
Eng. Record, Vol. 73, 1916, p. 141, and Eng. News-Record, Vol. 79,
1917, p. 1019.
Footnote 110:
Eng. Record, Vol. 72, 1915, p. 690.
Footnote 111:
Eng. Record, Vol. 71, 1915, p. 256.
Footnote 112:
Eng. and Contr., Vol. 41, 1914, p. 250.
Footnote 113:
H. J. Kellogg in Journal Connecticut Society of Civil Engineers, 1914,
and Technical Paper 117, U. S. Bureau of Mines.
Footnote 114:
Eng. News, Vol. 70, 1913, p. 1157.
Footnote 115:
Technical Paper No. 117, U. S. Bureau of Mines.
Footnote 116:
Eng. News, Vol. 71, 1914, p. 84.
Footnote 117:
Eng. News, Vol. 71, 1914, p. 82.
Footnote 118:
Similar to definition proposed by the Am. Public Health Ass’n.
Footnote 119:
Economic Values in Sewage and Sewage Sludge, by Raymond Wells,
Proceedings Am. Society Municipal Improvements, Nov. 12, 1919. Eng.
News-Record, Vol. 83, 1919, p. 948.
Footnote 120:
Sample boiled for five minutes.
Footnote 121:
Sample immersed in boiling water for 30 minutes.
Footnote 122:
Four months.
Footnote 123:
One week in March, 1914.
Footnote 124:
R represents any chemical element such as K, Na, etc.
Footnote 125:
Standard Methods of Water Analysis, American Public Health
Association, 1920.
Footnote 126:
Routine tests are ordinarily incubated for this period only, and if
not decolorized in this time are recorded as stable.
Footnote 127:
Determination of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Sewage and
Industrial Wastes, by E. J. Theriault, Report of the U. S. Public
Health Service, Vol. 35, May 7, 1920, No. 19, p. 1087.
Footnote 128:
Standard Methods of Water Analysis, American Public Health
Association, 1920.
Footnote 129:
Jordan, General Bacteriology, 1909, p. 91.
Footnote 130:
Ibid.
Footnote 131:
Reprinted in Vol. III of Contributions from the Sanitary Research
Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Footnote 132:
Formerly Chief Engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago.
Footnote 133:
From “Sewage,” by Samuel Rideal, 1900, p. 16.
Footnote 134:
See Am. Civil Engineers’ Pocket Book, Second Edition, p. 982.
Footnote 135:
Trans. Am. Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 58, 1907, p. 988.
Footnote 136:
Not defined by the American Public Health Association.
Footnote 137:
Trans. Am. Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 78, 1915, p. 892.
Footnote 138:
Removal of Suspended Matter by Sewage Screens, Cornell Civil Engineer,
1914. Abstracted in Engineering and Contracting, Vol. 41, 1914, p.
451.
Footnote 139:
“The Clarification of Sewage by Fine Screens,” Trans. Am. Society
Civil Engineers, Vol. 78, 1915, p. 1000.
Footnote 140:
Langdon Pearse, Trans. Am. Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 78, 1915, p.
1000.
Footnote 141:
Meshes per inch.
Footnote 142:
See article by Henry Ryon in Cornell Civil Engineer, 1910.
Footnote 143:
The hydraulic coefficient is defined as the rate of settling in mm.
per second.
Footnote 144:
Definition suggested by the American Public Health Association.
Footnote 145:
Computed from formula by Gilbert in “Transportation of Debris by
Running Water,” U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper No. 86,
1914. Diameter in mm. = (1.28 (velocity)^{2.7})⁄(Sp. gv. − 1).
Footnote 146:
Computed from Annual Report of the Superintendent of Sewers, Nov. 30,
1919, and 1920.
Footnote 147:
These figures are for 1919.
Footnote 148:
These figures are for 1905.
Footnote 149:
These figures are for 1902.
Footnote 150:
Report of the Ohio State Board of Health, 1908, page 425.
Footnote 151:
Definition proposed by the Am. Public Health Assn.
Footnote 152:
See Eng. News. Vol. 73, 1915, p. 410.
Footnote 153:
Sewage Treatment from Single Houses and Small Communities, by L. C.
Frank. U. S. Public Health Service, Bulletin 101, 1920.
Footnote 154:
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 78, 1917, p. 566.
Footnote 155:
Municipal Engineering, Vol. 54, p. 149.
Footnote 156:
Eng. Record, Vol. 68, 1913, p. 452.
Footnote 157:
Am. Sewerage Practice, Vol. III, p. 437.
Footnote 158:
Trans. Am. Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 83, 1920, p. 337.
Footnote 159:
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 83, 1919, p. 510.
Footnote 160:
See Eng. News, Vol. 70, 1913, p. 1112; Eng. Record, Vol. 68, 1913, p.
440, and Eng. News, Vol. 75, 1916, p. 1028.
Footnote 161:
See Eng. Record, Vol. 67, 1913, p. 232.
Footnote 162:
The use of half-spray nozzles is not always advocated as it is
considered that their use does not markedly improve the distribution.
Where half nozzles are used, a margin of 18 inches to 2 feet should be
allowed between the edge of the filter and the nozzle, to prevent the
blowing of raw sewage from the filter.
Footnote 163:
From paper by E. G. Bradbury in Proceedings of the Ohio Eng. Society,
1910, p. 79.
Footnote 164:
The effective size of sand is the diameter in millimeters of the
largest grain in that 10 per cent, by weight, of the material which
contains the smallest grains.
Footnote 165:
The uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the diameter of the largest
particle of the smallest 60 per cent, by weight, to the effective
size.
Footnote 166:
Interest at 6 per cent.
Footnote 167:
Worcester figures.
Footnote 168:
This method may show a profit from the sale of sludge.
Footnote 169:
Sewage Disposal, 1919, p. 223.
Footnote 170:
See Eng. News, Vol. 9, 1883, p. 203, and Vol. 29, 1893, p. 27.
Footnote 171:
American Sewerage Practice, Vol. III.
Footnote 172:
Reference 11, at end of this chapter.
Footnote 173:
Reference 15.
Footnote 174:
Reference 2.
Footnote 175:
For mechanical methods of drying sludge, see Reference 22, p. 1127,
and No. 33, p. 843.
Footnote 176:
Reference 10.
Footnote 177:
Reference 13.
Footnote 178:
University of California, Bulletin 251, 1915.
Footnote 179:
Reference 25.
Footnote 180:
See Report by Black & Phelps of Metropolitan Sewerage Commission,
1911, reprinted as Vol. VII of Contributions from the Sanitary
Research Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Footnote 181:
See Reports, Mass. State Board of Health.
Footnote 182:
Reference 47.
Footnote 183:
Reference 10.
Footnote 184:
Reference 10.
Footnote 185:
Reference 10.
Footnote 186:
Hatton, reference 33.
Footnote 187:
Reference 18.
Footnote 188:
Reference 1, at end of this chapter.
Footnote 189:
Reference 2.
Footnote 190:
Reference 6.
Footnote 191:
Reference 5.
Footnote 192:
Reference 6.
Footnote 193:
Reference 6.
Footnote 194:
Reference 8.
Footnote 195:
Reference 20.
Footnote 196:
Reference 17.
Footnote 197:
Reference 19.
Footnote 198:
Reference 21.
Footnote 199:
Reference 24.
Footnote 200:
Inorganic Chemistry, by Alexander Smith.
Footnote 201:
American Public Health Association definition.
Footnote 202:
Sewage Sludge by Allen.
Footnote 203:
Sewage Disposal by Kinnicutt, Winslow and Pratt.
Footnote 204:
Sewage Disposal by Fuller.
Footnote 205:
Sewage Sludge by Allen.
Footnote 206:
From Eng. News-Record, Vol. 84, 1920, p. 995.
Footnote 207:
A Simple Mechanical Control for Dosing Sewage Beds, by P. Thompson,
Eng. News-Record, Vol. 84, 1920, p. 1018.
Footnote 208:
Sewage Disposal by Kinnicutt, Winslow and Pratt.
Footnote 209:
Design of Siphon by G. H. Bayles, Eng. News-Record, Vol. 84, 1920, p.
974.
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