THE REVOLUTION--THE DICTATORSHIP--THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC
Every intelligent man in Brazil had long recognised the force of the
permanently working causes which were undermining the empire. Affonso
Celso, in 1902 considered the ablest advocate of restoration, and the
son of the last Prime Minister of the empire, said, in 1886, from his
place as national deputy, that the empire maintained itself only through
the tolerance of its enemies. Neither one of the two great parties of
office-holders was really monarchical, although the members of both
co-operated with the Emperor for the sake of the patronage. But the
Brazilian masses were too apathetic to take any violent measures for the
overthrow of the worn-out institution without some definite stimulus.
This was furnished by the "military question" in 1889.
[Illustration: MILITARY SCHOOL AT RIO JANEIRO.]
The teachings of Benjamin Constant, a professor of the military school
at Rio, had thoroughly impregnated the younger officers of the army with
republican doctrine. The officers were extremely sensitive about their
professional rights, and a spirit of disaffection and insubordination
was rife among them. In 1886 there was great indignation in the army
because an officer, who had engaged in an undignified newspaper
controversy with a deputy, was reprimanded by the secretary of war. A
little later another officer insisted on attacking through the press a
pension law advocated by the war department, and his cause was taken up
by the highest generals with the Marshal Deodoro de Fonseca at their
head. This general was transferred from his post to a less desirable
one, and a new outburst of indignation among the officers agitated army
circles. The ministry thought it best not to push the matter. In 1888
the bad feeling was further exacerbated by the police arresting some
officers for disorderly conduct in the streets. Again the army demanded
satisfaction, and again it was given. The favourite champion of military
dignity, Deodoro, was sent off to Matto Grosso in the spring of 1889,
and this was taken as equivalent to a punishment for his activity in
maintaining the privileges of his profession. Again the government
thought it prudent to yield, and he was allowed to return.
In the meantime, the Emperor's health had grown more feeble and the
Princess Isabel was in power. Herself unpopular, her parsimonious
husband, the Comte d'Eu, was bitterly disliked by most Brazilians. The
rumour gained credence that there was a plan to have the sick Emperor
resign in her favour. Though the general feeling was that so long as the
old man lived and reigned he ought not to be disturbed, the hot-headed
republican officers were in no humour to allow the princess to succeed
to the throne. The Conservative Cabinet had been met with a flat refusal
from the army when they ordered it to assist in capturing fugitive
slaves. The government's hand was thus forced on the slavery question.
John Alfredo's Cabinet succeeded to Cotegipe's, but was no happier in
its dealings with the "military question." The princess determined to
call in the Liberals, and their hard-headed leader, Ouro Preto, was made
Prime Minister. By many this was believed to be a part of the plot for
an abdication--that the princess's friends wanted a strong man at the
head of affairs when the _coup d'etat_ came.
Ouro Preto took charge of the government in June, 1889, and shortly
dissolved the Chamber after some bitter debates in which, for the first
time in Brazil, the cry of "Viva a Republica!" was heard on the floor of
Parliament. The new ministry had no trouble in controlling the
elections, and the new Chamber that met in August was Liberal. Ouro
Preto felt strong enough to undertake to reduce the malcontents to
submission. He began by strengthening the police force and the national
guard, and removing certain regiments from the capital. But in September
Deodoro returned from the remote wilds of Matto Grosso and was received
with great demonstrations by his comrades. Secret meetings of officers
were held, and they pledged themselves to sustain at all hazards the
prestige of the military class. Professor Constant, whose influence with
the younger officers was predominant, openly threatened the ministry.
Early in November still another battalion was ordered off from the
capital to the north of Brazil, and this was the immediate occasion for
the formation of a military conspiracy in which Professor Constant and
Deodoro were the original chiefs. They determined to make an alliance
with the republicans and invited the co-operation of Quintino Bocayuva,
the chief of the militant republicans; of Aristides Lobo, a republican
editor of Rio; of Glycerio, one of the republican chiefs in Sao Paulo;
of Ruy Barbosa, a great lawyer and editor, whose attacks on the
government had been very effective, though he had not yet declared
himself a republican; and of Admiral Wandenkolk, who was expected to
secure the help of the navy.
[Illustration: GENERAL BENJAMIN CONSTANT.
[From a woodcut.]]
Deodoro and Constant could absolutely count upon one brigade--the
second--and were well assured of the sympathy of all the regular forces
in Rio. Of course the plan could not be kept secret from the government
police, though the public seems to have known nothing of the gravity of
what was going on. On the 14th of November, the rumour spread that
Deodoro and Constant would be arrested. Orders had, in fact, been given
for the transfer of the disaffected brigade, and the ministers were
warned that it was preparing to resist. That night the members of the
Cabinet did not sleep, and the morning found them still in anxious
council at the War Department, which faces the great square of Rio.
Constant had ridden out to the quarters of the Second Brigade, and
early in the morning led it to the square and drew up in front of the
War Department. Deodoro took command of the insurgent troops, sending an
officer to demand the surrender of the ministers. Ouro Preto called upon
the adjutant-general, Floriano Peixoto, to lead against the revolters
the troops which were in the general barracks. Floriano, after a little
hesitation, refused, and it is doubtful whether the troops would have
followed him had he consented. There was no one to raise a hand for the
ministers. They surrendered and sent their resignations by telegraph to
the Emperor at Petropolis, twenty-five miles away in the mountains.
Their impression seems to have been that the insurrection was simply a
military mutiny and that its object was solely to secure their own
downfall. But the fact that Constant, Bocayuva, and others had been let
into the inside enabled these republicans to direct the movement so that
a permanent change in the form of government was possible.
The troops in the barracks joined the Second Brigade and all together
marched through the centre of the city cheering for the army, for
Deodoro, and the republic, amid the astonishment of the people, most of
whom knew nothing of any trouble until they saw the parade. No
resistance was offered, and when the Emperor reached the city at three
o'clock in the afternoon the revolution was an accomplished fact. The
chiefs of the revolt had met and organised a provisional government,
naming themselves ministers. They at once took possession of their
different departments and the public buildings. A decree was issued
announcing that henceforth Brazil was to be a federal republic. The
feeble old Emperor was visited by a few friends, but there was no one to
raise a hand or strike a blow for him or the dynasty. He himself would
have shrunk from being the occasion for the shedding of the blood of any
of his people.
[Illustration: THE EMPRESS IN 1889.]
When night fell, the provisional government formally announced to the
Emperor his deposition, and that he and his family would be compelled to
leave the country, though their lives would be guaranteed and ample
pecuniary provision be made for them. The palace was guarded and no one
allowed to enter, though there were no indications of any
counter-revolution. The municipal council of the city promptly gave its
adherence to the new order of things, and telegrams were coming in
hourly from the provinces to the effect that the latter were universally
satisfied and that republican sympathisers were taking possession of the
local governments without opposition. During the night of the 16th, the
Emperor and his family were placed on board ship and sent off to Lisbon.
The new government was, in fact, a centralised military dictatorship,
but the names of most of its members were guarantees that the promises
of the establishment of a republic would be carried out. In all the
provinces the new situation was accepted peacefully. The Rio government
named new governors by telegraph, and the imperial authorities turned
things over to them without resistance. Persons known to have been
advocates of republican principles were preferred, and a rapid
displacement of the old governing classes ensued.
The provisional government continued in power for fourteen months, and
in that time promulgated a series of laws touching almost every subject
of social or political interest. The provinces were organised into
states after the model of the members of the North American Union;
universal suffrage was established; Church and State were entirely
separated; civil marriage was introduced; a new and humane criminal
code was adopted; the judicial system was reorganised after the American
fashion; and, in general, monarchical characteristics were removed from
the statutes, and the most modern reforms enacted. A project for a
constitution was carefully framed, and this was submitted to a congress,
which had been summoned to meet early in 1891. This congress was
composed of 205 deputies, elected by states and not by districts, and of
three senators from each state. Acting as a constituent assembly, it
adopted with few modifications the constitution proposed. The members of
the constituent congress had been almost universally selected from among
those who had been prominent in connection with the new government, or
had given it an enthusiastic adhesion. With few exceptions, the new
constitution is a copy of that of the United States. The only important
difference is that in Brazil the enactment of general civil and criminal
law is a federal and not a state attribute. The revenues of the newly
created states were made much larger than those of the imperial
provinces, principally by transferring to them the duties on exports.
Though the constitution of February 24, 1891, nominally went into effect
at once, as a matter of fact the government continued military. Deodoro
was elected president, and Marshal Floriano Peixoto vice-president, and
the dictatorship was effective, except so far as it was managed and
controlled by a few leaders who had power in the army, navy, or
financial world. The provisional government had conceded to banks in
every important centre of the country the right to issue circulating
notes. The markets were flooded with money; credit was easy; an
extraordinary speculative boom set in; values rose tremendously. The
last years of the empire had been prosperous and exchange had gone to
par. Within three years after the empire was overthrown, the amount of
paper money in circulation was more than tripled, but though exchange
had fallen tremendously, no ill effects were yet apparent. The nation
was drunk with suddenly acquired wealth. Companies of all sorts were
granted government concessions--railroad companies, mining companies,
harbour improvement companies, banks, factories, and even sugar and
coffee plantation companies. The price of coffee and rubber was rising
in gold, while the cost of production was falling with the depreciation
of the currency. The flood of Italian immigration which had been going
to the Argentine was largely diverted to Brazil. Rio, Para, and Sao
Paulo were the centres of the prosperity. Business men from the
provinces swarmed into these cities, and the fortunate owners of
plantations emigrated to Paris to spend their easily acquired wealth.
During 1891 and 1892 Deodoro became involved in disputes with republican
leaders. To these political difficulties were added quarrels over the
government concessions which were expected to make every one rich.
Deodoro offended the moneyed powers by not granting such concessions as
freely as was desired by many influential persons. Finally Deodoro found
that he could no longer count on a majority in Congress, so he
arbitrarily dissolved it. But revolutions broke out in the different
states against the governors who stood by the dictator, and he also
found that he could not rely upon the unquestioning support of the army.
The navy was decidedly disaffected. After some hesitation he yielded to
the signed demand of a powerful junta and resigned in favour of the
vice-president, whom the speculators and promoters thought they could
easily control. They were grievously disappointed in Floriano. The
radical republicans found him more to their liking than did the
wealthier classes and the bureaucrats. The navy has always been
recruited among the aristocrats and looked down upon the army and soon
developed a dislike for the plebeian and illiterate president. An effort
was made to pass and put into effect a law expelling Floriano from
office before the expiration of the four-years' term for which Deodoro
and he had been elected, but he flatly announced that he would serve out
the term to which he believed himself constitutionally entitled.
In the meantime a rebellion had broken out in Rio Grande do Sul against
Julio de Castilhos, the radical republican governor. Gaspar Silveira
Martims, the local leader of the old Liberal party, had been banished,
but from Montevideo he organised the insurrection. The adherents of the
two historical imperial parties and the gauchos of the southern part of
the state joined the movement enthusiastically. Presently the pampas
were swept from one end to the other by bands of federalists, under
dreaded leaders like Gomercindo Saraiva, a ranchman from near the
Uruguayan border. The republicans stood firm, and Pinheiro Machado and
other gaucho chiefs showed that they, too, possessed the fighting
qualities which have always distinguished the hard-riding, meat-eating
Rio Grandenses. With the aid of federal troops the republicans had
decidedly the upper hand, but the federalists kept the field for three
years, while the country was harried and the most frightful destruction
of life and property took place.
Meanwhile the intriguers against Floriano at Rio took advantage of this
formidable complication. The mercantile classes, the Conservatives, the
moderate republicans, and those who regretted the empire were opposed to
him. The navy was ready to revolt at any time. A number of powerful men
had bluffed Deodoro into resigning, and they thought that they could
easily do the same with Floriano. A majority in Congress was against him
and he seemed to be almost isolated. But he had no thought of yielding
or withdrawing. His subsequent actions show that he certainly was not
actuated by any vaulting personal ambition. His was rather the instinct
of a soldier who stands where he is and fights to the last without
reasoning why. The real crisis in the establishment of the Republic had,
in fact, arrived. Floriano's overthrow would have meant anarchy and
disintegration, government by pronunciamento, short-lived
administrations established and overthrown by military force.
Early in September, 1893, the entire navy, under the lead of Admiral
Mello, revolted. The guns of the fleet commanded the harbour and seemed
to make the city untenable. Floriano acted with great energy. The army
stood by him and he recruited vigorously. The fleet would not seriously
bombard the city, full of sympathisers with the revolt, and Floriano
held the fortifications around the bay so that it was difficult for
Mello to obtain supplies. Though the European naval forces, which
quickly assembled, sympathised with the insurgents, they could hardly
give any efficient help so long as Floriano held the capital. Mello
hesitated about attempting to establish a blockade. At first the
insurgents disclaimed any intention of re-establishing the empire, but
soon the revolt began to take on a frankly monarchical character. The
friends of the old regime, however, nowhere showed the same energy and
conviction as the republicans who stood by Floriano.
[Illustration: AMERICAN LEGATION NEAR RIO.]
In Rio harbour matters came to a stand. Neither side could deal a
decisive blow to the other, but in the end Floriano and the land forces
were sure to win, because without a base of supplies the fleet could not
maintain itself indefinitely. It was necessary for Mello to start a fire
in the rear and to open communication with the Rio Grande federalists.
He escaped through the harbour entrance with one of his ironclads, and
went to Santa Catharina, where he established the seat of the
revolutionary government. Gomercindo Saraiva, the able federalist chief,
eluded the superior republican forces in the north of Rio Grande and
attempted an invasion of Santa Catharina, Parana, and Sao Paulo, where
it was hoped that the monarchical plantation owners would rise. But he
was vigorously pursued and his forces defeated and scattered. The
failure of this daring expedition was the death-knell of the revolt.
Mello returned to Rio and there his position fast became untenable. The
final crisis came with the refusal of the American admiral to permit him
to establish a commercial blockade. This took away his last hope of
being able to coerce Floriano to terms. The naval revolt collapsed in
March, 1894: some of the ironclads escaped from Rio harbour and fled to
Santa Catharina, where they were captured by the republicans. The Rio
Grande federalists kept up a partisan warfare for a few months longer,
but by 1895 they were completely stamped out.
Floriano was supreme, but instead of establishing a permanent military
dictatorship he declined to be a candidate for re-election, and selected
Prudente Moraes as his successor for the term beginning in 1894.
Prudente had been one of the two republican deputies elected from Sao
Paulo in 1886, and had acted as president of the Constitutional Assembly
which framed the new constitution. Moderate and conservative in his
opinions and methods, his selection was a recognition of the
advisability of civil government and an abandonment of the system of
military dictatorship. With his assumption of office the Republic may be
said to have been at last definitely established.
The state governments were now functioning regularly, and their
governors soon began to assume a great importance in the political
system. These executives are selected by local cliques instead of by the
central government, as in imperial times; their command of the police
and state patronage enables them to control elections, name their own
successors, and exercise a predominant influence in the choice of
deputies and senators to the national Congress. They are the chief
instruments through which the president's control of politics is
exercised.
The majority in Congress, composed of the leaders of the republican
movement, and known as the Federal Republican party, supported Prudente
in the early part of his administration, but he was too liberal to suit
the Radicals in drawing into participation in public affairs capable
Brazilians of other antecedents. This policy and the jealousies that
always arise in a dominant party brought about a rupture between him and
the leader of the House majority. In the trial of strength which
followed, the Federal Republican party was split, and though the
president was victorious by a small margin, his position became very
precarious.
The Republic had started out on a scale of unprecedented extravagance.
The old provincial governments had been given only the fragments from
the imperial table, but the republican constitution multiplied the
revenues of the new states many fold. The issues of paper money, the
high prices of coffee and rubber, and the speculative boom gave both
state and federal government for a while plenty of money to spend. The
Union and the states vied with each other in multiplying employees, in
making loans, in spending money on public edifices, and in building and
guaranteeing railroads. The larger the deficits grew the more paper
money was issued, and exchange fell with sickening rapidity. A larger
and larger proportion of the paper revenue had to be devoted to the
purchase of gold bills for the payment of the interest on the foreign
debt. The deficits increased in geometrical progression. By 1895 signs
of the coming trouble were apparent, though the business of the country
was still prosperous. In 1896 came an outbreak of religious fanaticism
in the interior of Bahia, which grew into an armed revolt--small, it is
true, but which cost much money to suppress. The necessity for
retrenchment was evident; railroad building was interrupted; schemes to
rehabilitate the currency were brought forward and discussed.
The governments of the poorer states looked for help to the impoverished
federal treasury, and some of the stronger states showed impatience at
being hampered by an unprofitable connection with their weak sisters.
The president was not on sympathetic terms with the victorious Radicals
in Rio Grande, and the uncompromising republicans all over the Union
felt that they were not sufficiently favoured. In the fall of 1897 an
attempt was made in broad daylight to assassinate Prudente, and
prominent opposition politicians were strongly suspected of complicity
in the plot. A state of siege was declared, but the country remained
quiet, and no serious opposition was apparent when Prudente announced
that his support would be given to Campos Salles as his successor in
office and presumably the continuer of his policies.
A great drop in the price of coffee began, and the financial situation
of the government grew worse and worse. Brazil grows about two-thirds of
the world's coffee and her crop was enormously increasing. Consequently
the production of coffee was outrunning the world's consuming capacity.
The enormous profits of preceding years and the abundant supply of good
Italian labour had stimulated planting beyond all reason. New and
fertile districts were opened up in the interior of Sao Paulo, with
which the older plantations of Rio and the coast regions could not
compete. The poorer districts were reduced to poverty, while even the
more fertile could not hold their own.
In government finances the lowest point was reached in 1898. The paper
money had fallen to seventy-nine per cent. below par and it had become
clearly impossible to continue payments on the foreign debt. The last
act of Prudente's administration was to make an agreement by which the
foreign creditors consented to waive the receipt of their interest for
three years and the government pledged itself to reduce the volume of
paper currency and to accumulate a fund for the resumption of interest
payments.
No contest was made against Campos Salles's election in the spring of
1898. He took office finding an empty treasury, a government without
financial credit, and the country in the midst of a severe commercial
crisis. He showed great shrewdness in maintaining an ascendancy over
the politicians and controlling a majority in both branches of Congress,
and, through his minister of finance, relentlessly followed the policy
of contracting the currency and increasing taxes. In 1901 the payment of
interest on the foreign debt was resumed, and though that debt had been
increased fifty million dollars the currency had doubled in value and
become relatively stable. The state governments are more dependent on
the Union than in the days of their wealth; there is little present
danger of disintegration; no real sentiment for the re-establishment of
the empire exists. The same habits of political subordination which have
kept Brazil together so long are increasing rather than diminishing in
force.
[Illustration: CAMPOS SALLES.
[From a wood-cut.]]
The commercial crisis and the high taxes have created great discontent
among merchants. Coffee-planters and rubber-gatherers have still further
suffered by the rise of the currency. Immigration has practically
ceased, and there is little water left in speculative enterprises. The
great Bank of the Republic failed in 1900, dragging down many industrial
concerns and ruining thousands of small investors, and the government's
connection with the bank caused much scandal. Other banks, which had too
much extended their agricultural and industrial credits, have also
failed, and there is great want of confidence among investors. However,
capital is slowly accumulating, and a healthful tendency toward
industrious habits and the employment of reasonable and moderate methods
in exploiting the great untouched natural resources of the country is
evident.
Rodrigues Alves, the third civil president of the Republic, was
peaceably elected in the spring of 1902, and took his seat on November
15th, the thirteenth anniversary of the Republic. Like both his
predecessors he is from Sao Paulo, and was virtually named by his
immediate predecessor. His policy is expected to be the same as Campos
Salles's--that is, to keep expenses within revenue and to maintain the
political _status quo_.
Leaving out immigration, the Brazilian people have shown a steady
natural increase of nearly two per cent. per annum during this century.
The total population has multiplied from less than three to more than
eighteen millions. Not a fiftieth part of the territory is cultivated;
its resources have never been studied, much less developed; the positive
checks hardly exist; the preventive checks are yet indefinitely remote.
Modern altruism makes wars of extermination unthinkable; the colonial
experiences of the last century have demonstrated that races possessing
a reasonably efficient industrial organisation do not tend to disappear,
even though nations whose physical force is greater may reduce them to
political subordination. The Brazilians have the additional advantage of
inheriting directly a European civilisation. They are too firmly
established, too numerous and prolific, and possess a too highly
organised and deeply rooted civilisation to be in danger of expulsion or
political absorption. Immense immigration into South America is
inevitable, as soon as the pressure of population is strongly felt in
Western Europe and North America. This may transform Brazil
economically, but the new conditions will have to fit themselves into
the political and social framework already in existence.
[Illustration: MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA
_SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT AND PRESENT POPULATED AREA_]
[Illustration]
INDEX
A
Absolutism, of King of Castile in America, 53;
of Francia, 192;
of Lopez, 199, 201;
of John II., 293;
of Pombal, 397;
of Pedro I., 421, 424;
revolt against, 411, 412
"Adelantados," 23, 34, 166
Affonso Celso, 492
Agassiz, Louis, 306
Agricultural methods, 338, 394, 406, 467
Alagoas, 309, 355, 405
Albuquerque, Jeronymo de, 343, 345, 354, 355
Alcacer-Kibir, battle of, 322, 342
Alvarengo Peixoto, poet, 399
Alvarengo, Silva, poet, 399
Alvear, General Carlos, leader in Buenos Aires, 96, 102;
exiled, 103;
in battle of Ituzaingo, 120, 261, 429;
Montevideo surrenders to, 255
Amazon, the, estuary discovered, 301;
extent navigable, 308;
explored, 344, 371;
settlements along, 374;
Upper, 382, 392
Amazonas, state of, 405, 490
Anchieta, Padre, 329, 336
Anti-foreign sentiment among Creoles, in Argentina, 34, 86, 267;
in Uruguay, 267;
in Brazil, 396, 417, 423, 426, 432, 433, 439, 442, 455
Araguaya River, 310, 392
Arawak Indians, 300
Architecture, 341
Argentina, 37-161;
settlement of, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 43;
rainfall in, 40;
agriculture and grazing in, 40, 43;
climate in, 41;
area of, 43;
prosperity of, 45, 144, 148;
exports of, 49, 148, 159;
population of, 79, 131, 143, 147, 185;
national colours of, 90,
independence of, 90, 96, 100, 104;
revolt of May 25, 1810, 90, 188, 252, 407;
federalism in, 94, 115, 130, 132, 136, 138, 148, 255;
proposals to make it a monarchy, 104;
civil wars in, 115 _et seq._;
war with Brazil, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462;
constitution of, 134, 137, 138;
industrial development in, 141, 160;
war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 189, 200, 206-219, 276, 471;
finances of, 149-153, 156, 157, 160;
war with Chile threatened, 156;
war with Uruguay, 255, 267
Arroyo Grande, battle of, 268
Artigas, Jose, 92, 105, 252-258, 407, 408
Assassinations, 277, 281, 379, 508
Asuncion, 22, 33;
founded, 25, 165;
way opened to, 143;
in possession of Brazil, 475
Audiencia, of Charcas, 16, 53, 61, 176;
of Buenos Aires, 84
Ayohuma, battle of, 97
Azores, 8, 292, 346, 387, 412
B
Bahia (city), early settlement of Brazil, 320;
military and naval post, 322;
population, 324;
industries, 324, 393;
growth, 347;
captured by the Dutch, 351;
captured by the Portuguese, 352;
place of refuge, 355;
siege of, 357;
held by Portuguese, 358, 418;
guerrillas obtain arms in, 362;
ecclesiastical capital, 399;
reception of the Prince Regent, 404;
deposes governor, 412, 436;
garrison re-enforced, 419;
expulsion of Portuguese garrison from, 420
Bahia (province), position, 310;
Jesuits in, 328;
population, 338;
cattle-raisers of, 372;
insurrections in, 375;
gold-fields in, 391;
attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425;
separatist movement in, 444
Balboa, Nunez de, 12
Basques, 4, 5, 26, 30
Beckman's rebellion, 375
Belgrano, Manuel, Creole leader, 89, 93;
expeditions to Paraguay, 91, 92, 188-190;
expedition to Tucuman, 93, 94, 96;
invasion of Bolivia, 97;
commission to Spain, 104;
in Uruguay, 253
Beresford, General, 83
Blancos, 126, 129, 266, 272 _et seq._
_Blandenques_, 248
Bohorquez. _See_ Huallpa Inca.
Bolivar, Simon, 101, 111, 112
Bolivia (Upper Peru), irrigation in, 14;
silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233;
division of, 75;
gold in, 78;
inhabitants of, 80;
resists revolutionary movement, 91;
Spanish power in, 100;
Rondeau's effort to conquer, 104;
route to, 315
Bom Jesus stockade, 354, 355
Bonaparte, Joseph, 87, 251
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 86, 89, 402
Bonifacio de Andrada, Jose, and independence of Brazil, 416, 421;
made prime minister, 418;
letters to Pedro, 419;
and brothers, 423, 432, 439, 446, 449
Borda, Juan Idiarte, 280, 281
Botacudo (Aymore) Indians, 300, 321
Boundary questions, between Spain and Portugal, 66-68, 72, 77, 172,
181, 233, 239, 244, 245, 342, 372, 376, 387;
between Argentina and Chile, 156, 158;
between Brazil and Paraguay, 203, 208;
between Paraguay and Brazil and Argentina, 222;
of Brazil, 407, 468
Brazil, 287-512;
settlement of, 23, 316, 318, 319, 321, 323, 336, 342, 372-374, 387,
397;
war with Argentina, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462;
war with Uruguay, 120, 209, 256, 260, 470;
war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471;
area of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 314;
climate, 305, 308-313;
rainfall in, 306, 309-313;
population, 310, 314, 336, 347, 374, 397, 405, 480, 511;
Spanish possession of, 342;
efforts to establish republic in, 381, 399, 409, 476, 479, 482, 488,
492, 495;
independence of, 416, 417, 419, 426, 427;
Constituent Assembly of, 419, 422, 423;
constitution of, 422-424, 439, 444, 500;
Congress of, 427, 430, 432, 440, 443, 447, 449, 451, 464, 466, 475,
486, 500, 507;
regency in, 436 _et seq._;
hegemony of, 463, 468, 476;
republic established in, 497, 503, 506
Brazil-wood, 302-304, 317, 321, 322
Brazilian Creoles, at war with Spanish Creoles, 66, 68, 105, 240, 242,
245, 248, 254, 256, 382, 388, 389, 408
Brazilian states, power of governors of, 507
Brazilians, character and habits, 294, 318, 319, 323, 339, 359, 368,
376, 396, 399, 406, 407, 459, 460, 464, 467, 479, 492, 512
Brown, William, Admiral, 103, 120, 255, 261, 428
Buenos Aires (city), founded, 24, 25, 30-32, 168;
foreign commerce forbidden to, 50;
smuggling, 60;
prosperity, 72;
commercial centre, 75, 78;
captured by the British, 83;
captured by the Argentine Creoles, 84;
battle of, 85;
hegemony of, 90, 103;
blockades of, 120, 125, 132, 262, 269, 270;
detached from province, 148
Buenos Aires (province), division of Argentina, 34;
independent, 61;
Indians exiled to, 63;
intendencia, 75, 79
C
Cabeza de Vaca, 26
Cabildos, in Buenos Aires, 32, 90;
organisation and functions, 53-56;
nationality of members, 57;
influence of, 78, 119;
in Montevideo, 252
Cabot, Sebastian, 22, 165, 233, 317
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 295
Cacao, 78
Cagancha, battle of, 268
Calabar (guerrilla chief), 355, 356
Calchaquie Indians, 63
Callao, 49
Camarrao (guerrilla chief), 355, 362
Campos (city), 347
Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz de, 488, 508-510
Canary Islands, 7, 8, 242, 292, 329
Cape Horn, 48
Cape Verde Islands, 8, 292
Captaincies, 53, 319
Cardenas, Bishop of Paraguay, 182
Carib Indians, 300
Caseros, battle of, 129, 271, 463
Castilhos, Julio de, 502
Catamarca, 15, 63, 154
Cattle industry, in Argentina, 17, 29, 40, 71, 131, 148;
in Uruguay, 238, 268, 273;
in Brazil, 310, 371-373, 390, 393, 406
Caudillos, 116, 119, 138, 144, 255
Caxias, Marshal, 143, 218, 452, 453, 475
Cayenne, 407
Ceara, location, 309;
settlement in, 345;
Dutch control of, 357;
devastated, 363;
separated from Brazil, 371;
surplus of cattle in, 373;
decline of cattle business in, 393;
adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425;
anarchy in, 438
Cerrito, battle of, 254
Chacabuco, battle of, 108
Chaco, the, 37, 58, 213, 237;
plains of, 166, 186;
matter of arbitration, 222
Charles IV. of Spain, 86
Charrua Indians, 71, 235, 244, 247, 265
Chile, 15, 42, 78, 100, 110
Cholera in Brazilian army, 216
Cisplatine Province, 258, 408
City life, taste for, 56
Claudio (poet), 399
Cochrane, Thomas, Admiral, 111, 420, 425
Coelho, Duarte, 319, 328
Coffee, productiveness, 306, 313;
districts of cultivation of, 310, 312, 313, 406;
increased production of, 448, 458, 466, 479, 489, 509;
plantation companies, 501;
trade affected by rise of currency, 511
Colombia, 434
Colonia de Sacramento, founded, 68, 240, 376;
held by Portuguese, 70, 72, 234, 240;
taken by Spaniards, 77, 246, 388, 389;
port, 230;
attacked, 245
Colonial governors, corruption of, 56, 64, 65, 393
Colonial trade, restrictions on, imposed, 48, 49, 63;
evil effects of, 49, 52;
how enforced, 50, 65, 71;
removed, 78, 88, 404;
among colonies, 82;
of Brazil with Portugal, 287, 336, 342, 373, 393
Colorados, 126, 129, 266, 272 _et seq._
Columbus, Christopher, 8
Commercial routes to Pacific, 21, 47, 48
Concepcion (Argentina), 116
"Confederation of the Equator," 425
Constant, Benjamin, General, 492, 495-497
Contraband trade, in Argentina, 51, 52, 63-66, 69, 75;
at Colonia, 240, 377;
and Thomas de Souza, 329;
in Brazil, 347, 373, 394
Copper, 78
Copper-pan amalgamation process, 16
Cordoba (city), founded, 30;
rainfall in, 40;
on trade route, 50, 51;
prosperity of, 62, 63
Cordoba (province), Spaniards pass through, 14;
settled, 15;
intendencia, 75;
Indian stock in, 80;
revolution in, 91, 154;
military state, 121;
governor expelled, 123
Corrientes (city), founded, 33;
defence of, 58;
desire for independence, 116
Corrientes (province), flourishing, 34;
ravaged by war, 130, 135;
troubles in, 154;
missions in, 186;
Belgrano in, 188;
invasion of, 210;
relations with Artigas, 255;
alliance with Rivera, 267
Cortes, Hernando, 12, 20
Cortes (Portuguese Parliament), 291, 412, 415, 416, 418
Cotegipe, Baron of, 490, 491
Cotton, cultivation of, 14, 41, 309, 310, 371, 448;
manufacture, 170, 371, 406;
trade, 405
Council of the Indies, 53
Cromwell, Oliver, 366
Cruelties in war, 91, 93, 276, 384
Cuestas, Juan L., 281
Curitiba, 172
Curupayty, battle of, 142, 215, 475
Cuyaba, 391
Cuyo, province of Argentina, 15, 64;
industries in, 17;
political dependency, 17, 33;
detached from Chile, 74;
products of, 78;
inhabitants of, 102;
ruler of, 121, 123
Cuzco, 41
D
December 27, 1868, battle of, 219
Democracy, 56, 81, 83, 432, 437
Diamond mining, 392, 397
Dias, Henrique, 355, 362
Diaz, Bartholomew, 293
Discoveries, 8, 12, 19, 296
Drake, Sir Francis, 47
Drugs, 49
Duarte Coelho. _See_ Coelho, Duarte.
Duguay-Trouin, Admiral, 384
Durao, Santa Rita. _See_ Santa Rita Durao.
E
Education, popular, 73;
lack of, among Brazilians, 396;
encouraged in Brazil, 398;
schools, 404, 406, 448;
desire for, 409
Elections, in Argentina, 140, 143, 146, 154;
in Uruguay, 280;
in Brazil, 464, 475, 478, 485-487, 489, 495, 507
Emancipation of slaves, in Paraguay, 199;
in Brazil, 456, 461, 476, 479, 481, 482, 490, 491
Emboaba rebellion, 379
Encomiendas, 165
Entre Rios, province of Argentina, 34;
Indians in, 62, 71, 74, 186;
gauchos in, 92, 236, 244, 254, 255;
governor of, 128;
revolutionary movement in, 188;
independent, 270;
ruler of, 471, 472
Espirito Santo, 310, 333, 338, 347
F
Federalist party, 119, 121, 123, 126, 263
Feijo, Padre, Regent of Brazil, 432, 433, 437, 440, 443
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 87, 90, 93, 96, 411
Fernandes Vieira, 361 _et seq._
Flores, Venancio, leader of revolutionists in Uruguay, 208, 468;
ruler of Uruguay, 212, 273;
government of his own, 274;
in war against Paraguay, 276;
death, 277
Fonseca, Deodoro da, 493-497, 500, 501
Foreign debts, of Argentina, increased, 144, 160,
how met, 149, 152, 157, 160, 161;
of Uruguay, doubled, 277, 280;
of Brazil, increased, 464, 474, 509,
how met, 480, 489, 510
France, intervenes in Uruguayan civil war, 269;
poaches, 304, 317;
French traders in Brazil, 322, 329, 343;
settlement at Rio, 333;
measures to expel, from Rio, 335;
attempts to colonise Maranhao, 345;
takes Rio, 383;
ministers of, with Pedro I., 434
Francia, Jose Gaspar, 190-197, 256, 258
Franciscans, 58, 169, 182
Free Masonry, 409, 415, 484
French Revolution, 82
G
Gama, Basilio da, poet, 399
Gama, Vasco da, 295
Garay, Juan de, founder of Buenos Aires, 30-33, 58, 237
Garcia, Aleixo, 316
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 270, 442
Gauchos, origin of, 81;
element in Argentine army, 94, 116;
defend Bolivian frontier, 101, 104;
in Entre Rios, 236, 244;
Uruguayan, 248, 279, 442;
in Rio Grande do Sul, 502
Glycerio, Francisco, 495
Goes, Zacarias de, 466
Gold, in Africa, 8;
in Hayti, 10, 12;
Spain's desire for, 49;
value of, 50;
in Peru, 78;
in Brazil, 310, 378-380, 391-393, 397, 405
Gonzaga, poet, 399
Goyaz, 310, 313, 348, 372
Great Britain, fleet of, before Montevideo, 83-86;
gunboats of, hold Paraguayan flagship, 204;
captured Buenos Aires, 248;
besiege Montevideo, 250, 251;
blockade Buenos Aires, 269;
filibustering of, along Brazilian coast, 343;
importations of, into Brazil, 405, 459;
ministers of, 434;
relations with Brazil, 456
Guarany (Tupi), Indians, 42, 297
Guararapes, battle of, 364
Guayabos, battle of, 255
Guayaquil, 112
Guayra cataract, 171, 178, 179
Guayra province, 173, 177, 180
H
Hayes, Rutherford B., 222
Hayti, 10, 12
Henry the Navigator, 292
Hernandarias Saavedra, 58, 174, 237
Heyn, Piet, Admiral, 352
Hides, 49, 60, 78, 148, 241
Holland, 309, 343, 350 _et seq._
Horses, 32, 33, 43, 131, 238
Huallpa Inca (Bohorquez), 63
Huaqui, battle of, 92, 253
Huguenots, 334, 345
Humaita, 207, 212-218, 475
I
Iguassu River, 67, 180
Ilheos, 320, 344
Immigration, into Argentina, 45, 130, 136, 141, 144, 159;
into Paraguay, 222;
into Uruguay, 268, 276, 278;
into Brazil, 339, 346, 404, 408, 463, 490, 501, 512
Incas, 13, 14, 41, 42
Indian corn, 41, 306, 310
Indian language, 18, 166, 300, 331
Indian wars, with Guaranies, 29;
with inferior tribes, 43;
with Andean, 58, 59;
in Argentine, 62, 124, 145;
in Uruguay, 62, 232, 234, 237;
with Calchaquies, 63;
Paulistas' raids, 67, 72, 170, 173, 348;
with Charruas, 71, 244;
in the plains of the Chaco, 166;
with Aymores, 321, 335;
with Tamoyos, 331;
in Brazil, 333, 343, 373
Indians, flourishing communities, 18;
Irala's dealing with, 27;
Andean and inferior tribes 42;
Jesuits and, 73, 74, 173, 331;
civilised, 168, 405;
evangelisation of, 170, 173, 327;
social status of, 184;
employment, 185;
Cabral and, 297;
relations with the French, 333, 335;
Brazilian, 298-300
Indigo, 405
Intendencias, 75
Intermixture with Indians, in coast provinces, 18;
in Argentina, 45, 80;
in Paraguay, 166, 192;
in Jesuit Republic, 187;
in Brazil, 318, 346, 398
Irrigation, 14, 42
Isabel, Princess of Brazil, 456, 457, 484, 490, 494
Itamarica, 317, 319, 355, 363
Ituzaingo, battle of, 120, 261, 429
J
Januaria, Princess of Brazil, 445, 446
January 19, 1811, battle of, 189
Jesuits, their work in Paraguay, 34, 170-176;
republic, 60, 73, 74, 177;
and Bohorquez, 64;
and Paulistas, 66-68, 72, 347, 348;
their work in Uruguay, 71, 238, 245;
their work in Brazil, 169, 326 _et seq._;
missions in northern Brazil, 374;
missions on Amazon, 374, 382, 392;
Pombal and, 397
Jews, 353, 358
John VI. of Portugal and Brazil, his troops defeat Artigas, 105;
withdraws troops from Uruguay, 254;
relations with Napoleon, 402;
flight to Rio, 403, 404;
Brazil's foreign relations under, 407;
called back to Portugal, 411;
unsupported by Brazil, 412;
in fear of the people, 413;
news of his death, 428
Jujuy, 15, 94
Juncal, battle of, 120, 262
L
Labour, enforced, 194, 201
Laguna, 386
Land grants, 56, 338, 390, 406
Las Piedras, battle of, 92, 253
Latorre, Lorenzo, 277
Lautaro society, 96
Lavalle, General, 268
Lavalleja, General, 256, 259, 261, 262
Lima, 16, 51
Liniers, General, 83, 85, 87, 91, 251
Local self-government, strong sentiment in favour of, 34;
right of, 115;
struggles for, 380;
effected, 401, 402, 439, 454;
impaired, 444
Lopez II., unnatural cruelties of, 221
Lopez, Carlos Antonio, President of Paraguay, 199-205
Lopez, Francisco Solano, 141, 204-221, 274, 470
Lynch, Madame, 206
M
Madeira Islands, 8, 37, 292, 361, 412
Madeira River, 314, 391, 392
Magellan, Fernando, 20, 21, 232
Magellan, Strait of, 21, 47
Maldonado, 230, 242, 250
Mandioc, 41, 306, 310, 371
Maranhao, location of, 309;
French attempt to colonise, 345;
captured by the Brazilian Creoles, 346;
occupied by Maurice, 357;
revolt in, 362, 375;
new state, 371;
Jesuits in, 374;
development hindered, 393;
takes a new start, 397;
Portuguese expelled from, 420;
not represented in Constituent Assembly, 422;
adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425;
civil war in, 438;
revolution in, 446, 452
Maria Gloria of Portugal, 428
Mascate rebellion, 381
Matte (Paraguayan) tea, 78
Matto Grosso, seized by Lopez, 142, 210;
at the mercy of Lopez, 208;
location of, 314;
beginning of the state, 391;
expedition against, 471;
safety of, assured, 476
Maurice of Nassau, 356
Mello, Admiral, 504, 505
Mem da Sa, 335, 337
Mendoza, Pedro de, 23, 165, 236
Mendoza (city), 15, 41, 64, 106
Miguel, pretender to Portuguese crown, 428, 439
Military operations among uncivilised Indians, 18, 26
Minas Geraes, location of, 310,
description of, 311, 313;
gold in, 379, 391, 392, 397;
population of, 397;
literature in, 399;
attitude of, toward Pedro I., 433, 438;
revolution in, 453
Missions, negotiations concerning, 72, 77, 186, 245, 246, 388, 390;
attacked, 105;
established in Paraguay, 180;
conquered by Rio Grandenses, 248;
loyal to Artigas, 255;
invaded, 407
Mitre, Bartolome, resistance of Rioja to, 64;
historian, 98;
established civil government in Buenos Aires, 126;
on Argentine constitution, 137;
in Paraguayan war, 141, 142, 153, 160, 471;
party leader, 154
Mohammedanism, 325
Monopolies, of Cadiz merchants, 48, 50, 51, 82;
Portuguese, 374, 393;
abolished, 397, 404
Montevideo, harbours, 31, 241;
taken by the Spanish, 70;
population of, 78;
sieges of, 92, 250, 253, 254, 269;
captured by the patriots, 103, 255;
captured by the Portuguese, 105, 408;
named, 232;
fortified, 242;
captured by the British, 250;
blockaded, 276;
founded, 386;
Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420
Montoya, Father, 178
Moors, 3-5, 288, 290
Moraes, Prudente, President, 488, 506, 507, 508
Mules, trade in, 63
Municipal government, characteristic of Spain, 3, 53;
adaptation of, 44;
Spanish form of, 54;
in Portugal, 290, 291;
of Bahia, 325;
granted to Brazilian towns, 374;
character of, 424
N
Nabuco, Joaquim, 481
Napoleon Bonaparte. _See_ Bonaparte, Napoleon.
Natal, 344
Negroes, 102, 105, 311, 375, 405
New Granada, 100
Nobrega, Padre Manuel, 326, 328, 330
O
Office-holding, 52, 409, 459
O'Higgins, Bernard, 109, 111
Ojeda, Alonso de, 301
Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 344
Oribe, Manuel, retreat of, 256;
president of Uruguay, 265;
leader of party, 265, 267, 461;
defeated Argentine unitarians, 268;
surrendered, 271
Oruro, 16
Ouro Preto, Viscount of, 494, 495, 497
Ouro Preto (city), 399
P
Pacific, Spanish control of, 21
Pampas, explored, 32;
character of, 38;
description, 40, 41;
expedition over, 58
Pampean sea, prehistoric, 229
Panama, Isthmus of, 12, 21, 48, 49
Paper currency, in Argentine, 149, 150, 157, 160;
in Paraguay, 223;
in Uruguay, 282;
in Brazil, 458, 463, 464, 466, 473, 479, 480, 501, 507, 509, 510
Para, Indians in, 346, 405;
Portuguese possession of, 358;
part of Maranhao, 371;
Jesuits in, 374;
development hindered, 393;
takes a new start, 397;
cotton trade in, 405;
coffee in, 406;
expedition from, to Cayenne, 407;
Spanish constitution in, 412;
Portuguese garrison expelled from, 420;
and Constituent Assembly, 422;
attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425;
action of troops in, 436, 441;
production of rubber in, 490;
prosperity of, 501
Paraguay (country), 165-224;
settlement of, 25, 27;
Jesuit missions in, 34;
Indians in, 42, 80;
separate province, 61;
intendencia, 75;
population, 75, 220;
products of, 78;
attitude toward revolutionary movement, 91;
war against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276,
471;
independence of, 184, 189, 190, 222, 476;
commercial isolation of, 192, 197;
Brazilian protectorate of, 221;
Paulistas in, 348
Paraguay River, the, explorations along, 22, 26;
settlement on, 33;
watershed of, 37;
description of, 38;
free navigation on, 200, 464, 471, 476
Paraguayan army, discipline in, 214
Parahyba do Norte, location, 309;
population, 338;
Spaniards take possession of, 343;
reduced by the Dutch, 355;
devastated, 363;
adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425
Parahyba do Sul, 312, 347, 373
Parana, Marquis of, 463, 464, 465
Parana (Brazilian state), 313, 377, 405
Parana (city), 134
Parana River, the, explorations of, 14, 22, 26, 30, 31, 165;
settlements on, 27, 33, 34, 62, 134, 168;
description of, 38;
Jesuit missions on, 60, 171;
Paulistas on, 67;
open only to Argentine vessels, 200;
free navigation on, 202, 270, 464;
European navies enter, 269;
valley of, 312, 313, 377
Patagonia, 40, 41, 43, 146
Paulista pioneers, 318, 348
Pavon, battle of, 64, 137
Paysandu, capture of, 210
Pedro I. of Brazil, 412-416, 421-435, 439
Pedro II. of Brazil, infancy, 433, 444, 446;
assumes imperial functions, 447;
emperor, 449-457;
power of, 478;
declining health, 488, 494;
speech of, 490;
deposition, 498, 499
Peixoto, Floriano, 497, 500, 502-505
Pepper, 406
Pernambuco (city), founded, 319;
nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320;
Nobrega visits, 328;
architecture of, 340;
population of, 347;
advantageous position of, 351;
taken by the Dutch, 353, 354;
taken by the Brazilian Creoles, 367;
military revolts in, 438
Pernambuco (province), location of, 309;
population of, 338, 347;
rich planters of, 339;
Jews in, 358;
civil war in, 380;
sugar industry in, 393;
revolution in, 409;
Spanish constitution in, 412;
Portuguese garrison in, 418;
garrison expelled from, 419;
and Constituent Assembly, 422, 424;
action of troops in, 436;
conservative governor of, 455
Peru, Pizarro in, 12, 13, 23;
irrigation in, 14;
silver in, 16, 22, 78, 233;
gold in, 78;
Spanish power in, 100;
war against, 111
Philip II. of Spain, 342
Piauhy, 309, 372, 393, 422
Pilocomayo River, 222
Pinheiro Machado, General, 503
Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, 301
Pitagoares Indians, 344
Pizarro, 13, 23, 316
Polygamy, 220
Pombal, Marquis of, 396
Pope's division of the world, 12, 19, 21, 319
Porto Seguro, 320, 338, 347
Portugal, separated from Leon, 4;
and Granada united, 6;
joined to Spanish crown, 47;
general survey of the history of, 288-292;
Philip II., of Spain on the throne of, 342;
separated from Spain, 361;
war with Spain, 382;
revolt of 1820 in, 411
Portuguese Court, flight of, to Rio, 403
Portuguese discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 292;
in South America, 19, 67, 68, 77, 302
Potatoes, 41
Potosi, 16, 51
Press, freedom of, in Brazil, 410, 430, 448, 460, 482;
restricted, 422, 424
Printing-press in Brazil, 404, 408, 409
Provincial organisation, 54, 61, 74, 77, 405
Q
Quicksilver mines, 16
Quintino Bocayuva, 495, 497
R
Race elements in population, 405
Railways, mileage in Argentina, 148;
source of wealth, 161;
building of, in Brazil, 463, 466, 490;
building of, interrupted, 508
Ramalho, John, pioneer, 316, 318
Religious lay brotherhoods, 484
Religious sentiment, in Spain, 5;
in Argentina, 81;
in Portugal, 290;
of Count John Maurice, 356, 358;
in Brazil, 359, 361;
of Fernandez Vieira, 369
Riachuelo, battle of, 210, 474
Rice, 78, 306, 405
Rio Branco, Baron of, 482, 485
Rio de Janeiro (city), commercial port, 51;
population of, 347, 397;
prosperity of, 373, 501;
attacked and taken by the French, 383;
its reception of the Prince Regent, 404
Rio de Janeiro (province), why so named, 302;
description of, 312;
nucleus of the settlement of Brazil, 320;
French occupation of, 333 _et seq._;
captured by the Portuguese, 336;
population of, 338;
uprising in, 413
Rio Grande city, captured by the Spaniards, 388;
by the Brazilian Creoles, 389
Rio Grande do Norte, location, 309;
nucleus of, 344;
reduced by the Dutch, 355;
devastated, 363;
Indians subdued in, 373;
adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator," 425
Rio Grande do Sul (city), 387
Rio Grande do Sul (province), Jesuit missions in, 72, 180;
held by the Portuguese, 77, 244;
people of, 247;
Brazilian province, 270;
and Uruguay, 284;
description of, 313, 314;
Brazilian possession of, 377;
settled, 397;
Spanish Constitution in, 412;
Argentine invasion of, 429;
rebellions in, 441, 442, 454, 502, 504;
Paraguayan invasion of, 473, 474
Rioja, 15, 63, 64
Rio Negro, 392
Rio Real, 338
Rivadavia, Bernardino, 104, 119, 120, 262
Rivera, Fructuoso, 255, 259, 261-269, 461
Roca, Julio, General, successes of, 145;
candidate for president, 147, 157;
his first administration, 150;
party leader, 153;
took command of army, 155;
his second administration, 158, 160;
his followers, 160
Rodrigues, Alves, President, 511
Rojas, Diego de, 14
Rondeau, Jose, General, 254, 263
Rosario, 40, 63, 136, 155
Rosas, Juan Manuel, laudation of, 114;
federalist leader in Buenos Aires, 122 _et seq._, 266;
growth of his power, 200;
and Montevideo, 268;
relations with Entre Rios, 270;
and Oribe faction, 461
Rubber, 490, 501, 511
S
Sabara, 378, 391
Saldanha Marinho, 482
Salta, province of Argentina, 15;
intendencia, 75;
social conditions in, 80;
Buenos Airean army passes through, 91;
warfare in, 94;
rebellion in, 155
San Ildefonso, treaty of, 246, 389
San John d'El Rei, 400
San Juan, 15, 40, 64, 137
San Luiz, 64, 155
San Martin, Jose, General, 77, 96-114
Santa Catharina, 19, 26;
captured by Spain, 77, 246;
description of, 313;
exploration of, 316;
Brazilian possession of, 377;
settlement of, 386, 397;
captured by the Spaniards, 389;
restored to Portugal, 390;
invasion of, 446, 504, 506;
seat of revolutionary government, 504
Santa Fe, Argentina (city), Spanish settlement of, 29;
desire of, for independence, 116;
founded, 168
Santa Fe, Argentina (province),
governor of, sent Indians and supplies to Buenos Aires, 31;
Indians in, 63, 130;
a part of intendencia of Buenos Aires, 75;
invasion of, 121;
Brazilian army in, 129;
Congress held in, 131;
revolution in, 155;
Creoles of, defeat Charruas, 242;
loyal to Artigas, 255
Santa Luzia, battle of, 453
Santa Rita Durao (poet), 399
Santiago de Chile, 42, 51, 107
Santiago del Estero (Argentina), 14, 15, 63, 121, 154
Santo Amaro, 319
Santos, 51, 316, 318
Sao Francisco River, the, why so named, 302;
valley of, 310, 311;
Pernambucos on, 344;
military raids near, 357;
cattle-raisers established on, 372;
gold around headwaters of, 378
Sao Paulo (city), menaced by Indians, 333;
prosperity of, 501,
the home of Rodrigues Alvez, 511
Sao Paulo (province),
opposition to the extension of Spanish dominions, 66;
Jesuits in, 169, 328, 330, 347, 374;
description of, 313;
conditions of, for settlement, 318;
nucleus of settlement of Brazil, 320;
inhabitants of, 322;
spread of Indians in, 332;
not a sugar-raising province, 338;
profits by secret trade, 373;
gold in, 378;
depopulated, 393;
an Englishman in, 407;
revolution in, 453;
representation of, in Chamber of Brazil, 488;
coffee in, 489
Sao Vicente, 23, 318
Saraiva, Aparcicio, 280
Saraiva, Gomercindo, 503, 504
Saraiva, Jose Antonio, 486, 488
Sarandi, battle of, 120, 260, 427
Schouten, 48
Sea-power, of England, 82, 269, 366;
of Spain, 93, 103, 111, 255;
of France, 269;
of Brazil, 426, 462;
of Argentina, 428
Sergipe, 310, 343, 344, 357
Seville Junta, 88, 251
Sheep-raising, 131, 148, 278
Silver mining, in Bolivia and Peru, 16, 22, 78, 233;
Spain's desire for, 49;
value of, 50
Sipe-Sipe, battle of, 104
Slavery, Indian, in Argentine provinces, 17, 33;
tendency of, 56;
Hernandarias opposed to, 59;
forbidden by Spanish Government, 60, 175;
under Spaniards, 165;
Paulistas and, 174, 322, 347;
forbidden by Portuguese Government, 321;
Jesuits fought against, 327;
Mem da Sa and, 335;
Pombal and, 398
Slavery, negro, 82, 324, 458;
encouraged, 328, 335;
increased, 398;
proportion of slaves in population of Brazil, 405.
_See_ Emancipation of slaves.
Solis, Juan Diaz de, 19, 230
Soracaba, 373, 453
Soriano, first settlement in Uruguay, 238, 241
Souza, Thomas de, 323, 329
Spain, war with Portugal, 382;
revolt of 1820 in, 411
Spanish authority unquestioned, 52
Spanish Creoles at war with Brazilian Creoles, 66, 68, 105, 240, 242,
245, 248, 254, 256, 382, 388, 389, 409
Spanish discoveries and conquests, 7, 8, 12-15, 301
Spanish monarchy, structure of, 4, 7, 20
Spanish possession of Portugal and Brazil, 342
Spanish treasure fleet, capture of, by the Dutch, 353
Street-car tax riots, 485
Sucre (Charcas), 16, 33, 89, 182
Sugar, districts of cultivation of, 78, 309, 310, 312, 321, 343, 371;
first cultivation of, 317, 321;
industry prosperous, 321, 324, 336, 448:
annual production of, 338;
trade, 351;
price, 361, 392, 397;
industry decadent, 393;
staple production, 405;
comparative cultivation, 458;
plantation companies, 501
Suipacha, battle of, 91
T
Tabocas, battle of, 362
Tamoyo Indians, 331, 335
Tandil Mountains, 237
Tapajos River, 314
Taxation, 338, 393
Theresina Christina, Empress of Brazil, 457, 498
"Thirty-three," the, 259
Tierra del Fuego, 41
Tiete River, 347
Tiradentes, 400
Tobacco, 78, 310, 393, 405, 448
Tocantins River, 310, 392
Tucuman, battle of, 94
Tucuman (city), founded, 15;
Congress at, 105;
Paz's army in, 123, 124
Tucuman (province), Spanish rule in, 15, 17;
political dependency, 17, 33, 61;
thriving towns in, 62, 63;
revolt in, 155;
missionary work in, 182
U
Unitarian party, 119, 121, 123, 126, 263
United States of America, and Lopez, 202, 203;
arbitrator, 222;
influence of, on Brazil, 399, 500;
recognises Brazil's independence, 426;
does not support Pedro, 434;
prevents commercial blockade, 506
Urquiza, Justo Jose, General,
defeats allied unitarians and colorados, 126;
governor of Entre Rios, 128;
forms alliance with Brazil and colorado faction in Uruguay, 129,
462, 472;
favours federal constitution, 131-134;
first president of Argentine Republic, 135;
his term expires, 137;
refuses to revolt against Buenos Aires, 142;
revolt against, 144;
his friendship with Lopez, 200;
general-in-chief, 271;
successes in Uruguay, 271, 462;
Lopez angry with, 471
Uruguay, 34, 75, 227-284;
Indians in, 62, 71, 74;
first settlement, 68;
Spanish territory, 77, 100;
Portuguese troops in, 110;
war with Brazil, 120, 209, 256, 260, 470;
war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 206-219, 276, 471;
area of, 229;
settlement of, 238, 239, 242, 386;
population of, 247, 265, 273, 278;
war with Argentina, 255, 267;
independence of, 255, 259, 260, 263, 430, 461, 463, 476;
Brazilian occupation of, 258, 408;
constitution of, 264;
Brazilian intervention in, 270, 274, 407, 462;
Paulistas in, 348;
rebellion against Pedro, 427;
Brazilian protectorate of, 468
Uruguay River, the, explored, 22;
harbours, 31;
course of, 38;
Jesuit missions along, 60, 68;
navigation of, 134, 464
Uruguayana, capture of, 212
Uspallata Pass, 106
V
Vasco da Gama. _See_ Gama, Vasco da.
Vasconcellos, Bernardo, in Congress of Brazil, 430, 446;
absent from Rio, 433;
result of work, 440, 441, 443;
death, 461
Veiga, Evaristo da, 430, 433
Venezuela, 100
Vespucci, Amerigo, 302, 306
Viceroyalties, divided into provinces, 53;
Peru, 61, 74, 176;
Buenos Aires, 74, 75, 80;
Atlantic slope of Spanish South America, 246
Victoria, 311, 320, 378
Vidal, guerrilla chief, 362
Vieira, Antonio, 374
Vieira, Fernandes. _See_ Fernandes Vieira.
Vilapugio, battle of, 97
Villegagnon, French adventurer, 334
Visigoths, 3, 290
W
_Water Witch_, incident, 203
Wheat, 148, 159, 278, 340
Whitelocke, General, 85
X
Xingu River, 314
Y
Yellow fever, 461
Z
Zeballos, Pedro de, 77
* * * * *
_A Selection from the Catalogue of_
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
Complete Catalogues sent on application
The Story of the Nations
In the story form the current of each National life is distinctly
indicated, and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes are
presented for the reader in their philosophical relation to each other
as well as to universal history.
It is the plan of the writers of the different volumes to enter into
the real life of the peoples, and to bring them before the reader as
they actually lived, labored, and struggled--as they studied and
wrote, and as they amused themselves. In carrying out this plan, the
myths, with which the history of all lands begins, are not overlooked,
though they are carefully distinguished from the actual history, so
far as the labors of the accepted historical authorities have resulted
in definite conclusions.
The subjects of the different volumes have been planned to cover
connecting and, as far as possible, consecutive epochs or periods, so
that the set when completed will present in a comprehensive narrative
the chief events in the great STORY OF THE NATIONS; but it is, of
course, not always practicable to issue the several volumes in their
chronological order.
_For list of volumes see next page._
GREECE. Prof. Jas. A. Harrison.
ROME. Arthur Gilman.
THE JEWS. Prof. James K. Hosmer.
CHALDEA. Z. A. Ragozin.
GERMANY. S. Baring-Gould.
NORWAY. Hjalmar H. Boyesen.
SPAIN. Rev. E. E. and Susan Hale.
HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vambery.
CARTHAGE. Prof. Alfred J. Church.
THE SARACENS. Arthur Gilman.
THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole.
THE NORMANS. Sarah Orne Jewett.
PERSIA. S. G. W. Benjamin.
ANCIENT EGYPT. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson.
ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J. P. Mahaffy.
ASSYRIA. Z. A. Ragozin.
THE GOTHS. Henry Bradley.
IRELAND. Hon. Emily Lawless.
TURKEY. Stanley Lane-Poole.
MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA Z. A. Ragozin.
MEDIAEVAL FRANCE. Prof. Gustave Masson.
HOLLAND. Prof. J. Thorold Rogers.
MEXICO. Susan Hale.
PHOENICIA. George Rawlinson.
THE HANSA TOWNS. Helen Zimmern.
EARLY BRITAIN. Prof. Alfred J. Church.
THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. Stanley Lane-Poole.
RUSSIA. W. R. Morfill.
THE JEWS UNDER ROME. W. D. Morrison.
SCOTLAND. John Mackintosh.
SWITZERLAND. R. Stead and Mrs. A. Hug.
PORTUGAL. H. Morse-Stephens.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. C. W. C. Oman.
SICILY. E. A. Freeman.
THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. Bella Duffy.
POLAND. W. R. Morfill.
PARTHIA. Geo. Rawlinson.
JAPAN. David Murray.
THE CHRISTIAN RECOVERY OF SPAIN. H. E. Watts.
AUSTRALASIA. Greville Tregarthen.
SOUTHERN AFRICA. Geo. M. Theal.
VENICE. Alethea Wiel.
THE CRUSADES. T. S. Archer and C. L. Kingsford.
VEDIC INDIA. Z. A. Ragozin.
BOHEMIA. C. E. Maurice.
CANADA. J. G. Bourinot.
THE BALKAN STATES. William Miller.
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA. R. W. Frazer.
MODERN FRANCE. Andre LeBon.
THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Alfred T. Story. Two vols.
THE FRANKS. Lewis Sergeant.
THE WEST INDIES. Amos K. Fiske.
THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND. Justin McCarthy, M.P. Two vols.
AUSTRIA. Sidney Whitman.
CHINA. Robt. K. Douglass.
MODERN SPAIN. Major Martin A. S. Hume.
MODERN ITALY. Pietro Orsi.
THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. Helen A. Smith. Two vols.
WALES AND CORNWALL. Owne M. Edwards.
MEDIAEVAL ROME. Wm. Miller.
THE PAPAL MONARCHY. Wm. Barry.
MEDIAEVAL INDIA. Stanley Lane-Poole.
BUDDHIST INDIA. T. W. Rhys-Davids.
THE SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Thomas C. Dawson. Two vols.
PARLIAMENTARY ENGLAND. Edward Jenks.
MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND. Mary Bateson.
THE UNITED STATES. Edward Earle Sparks. Two vols.
ENGLAND: THE COMING OF PARLIAMENT. L. Cecil Jane.
GREECE TO A. D. 14. E. S. Shuckburgh.
ROMAN EMPIRE. Stuart Jones.
SWEDEN AND DENMARK, with FINLAND AND ICELAND. Jon Stefansson.
Heroes of the Nations
A series of biographical studies of the lives and work of a number
of representative historical characters about whom have gathered the
great traditions of the Nations to which they belonged, and who have
been accepted, in many instances, as types of the several National
ideals. With the life of each typical character is presented a picture
of the National conditions surrounding him during his career.
The narratives are the work of writers who are recognized authorities
on their several subjects, and while thoroughly trustworthy as
history, present picturesque and dramatic "stories" of the Men and
of the events connected with them.
To the Life of each "Hero" is given one duodecimo volume, handsomely
printed in large type, provided with maps and adequately illustrated
according to the special requirements of the several subjects.
_For full list of volumes see next page._
NELSON. By W. Clark Russell.
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. By C. R. L. Fletcher.
PERICLES. By Evelyn Abbott.
THEODORIC THE GOTH. By Thomas Hodgkin.
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. By H. R. Fox-Bourne.
JULIUS CAESAR. By W. Ward Fowler.
WYCLIF By Lewis Sargeant.
NAPOLEON. By W. O'Connor Morris.
HENRY OF NAVARRE. By P. F. Willert.
CICERO. By J. L. Strachan-Davidson.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Noah Brooks.
PRINCE HENRY (OF PORTUGAL) THE NAVIGATOR. By C. R. Beazley.
JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. By Alice Gardner.
LOUIS XIV. By Arthur Hassall.
CHARLES XII. By R. Nisbet Bain.
LORENZO DE' MEDICI. By Edward Armstrong.
JEANNE D'ARC. By Mrs. Oliphant.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. By Washington Irving.
ROBERT THE BRUCE. By Sir Herbert Maxwell.
HANNIBAL. By. W. O'Connor Morris.
ULYSSES S. GRANT. By William Conant Church.
ROBERT E. LEE. By Henry Alexander White.
THE CID CAMPEADOR. By H. Butler Clarke.
SALADIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole.
BISMARCK. By J. W. Headlam.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT. By Benjamin I. Wheeler.
CHARLEMAGNE. By H. W. C. Davis.
OLIVER CROMWELL. By Charles Firth.
RICHELIEU. By James B. Perkins.
DANIEL O'CONNELL. By Robert Dunlap.
SAINT LOUIS (Louis IX. of France). By Frederick Perry.
LORD CHATHAM. By Walford David Green.
OWEN GLYNDWR. By Arthur G. Bradley.
HENRY V. By Charles L. Kingsford.
EDWARD I. By Edward Jenks.
AUGUSTUS CAESAR. By J. B. Firth.
FREDERICK THE GREAT. By W. F. Reddaway.
WELLINGTON. By W. O'Connor Morris.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. By J. B. Firth.
MOHAMMED. D. S. Margoliouth.
GEORGE WASHINGTON. By J. A. Harrison.
CHARLES THE BOLD. By Ruth Putnam.
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. By F. B. Stanton.
FERNANDO CORTES. By F. A. MacNutt.
WILLIAM THE SILENT. By R. Putnam.
BLUeCHER. By E. F. Henderson.
ROGER THE GREAT. By E. Curtis.
CANUTE THE GREAT. By L. M. Larson.
CAVOUR. By Pietro Orsi.
DEMOSTHENES. By A. W. Pickard-Cambridge.
* * * * *
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.
2. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest
paragraph break.
3. The word PHOENICIA uses an OE ligature in the original.
4. The punctuation has been normalized within index.
5. The following misprints have been corrected:
"completly" corrected to "completely" (page 81)
"int rests" corrected to "interests" (page 87)
"equilibriumin" corrected to "equilibrium in" (page 160)
"it ecame" corrected to "it became" (page 251)
"county" corrected to "country" (page 294)
"though" corrected to "thought" (page 297)
"commerical" corrected to "commercial" (page 374)
"municpalities" corrected to "municipalities" (page 454)
"in creased" corrected to "increased" (page 508)
6. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies
in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been
retained.