ARTIFICIAL SOMNAMBULISM OR HYPNOTISM.
There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
--HAMLET.
The phenomena of somnambulism are of apparently spontaneous origin, during
ordinary sleep. But from the remotest antiquity it has been known that
certain persons may be thrown into an artificial sleep which closely
resembles the condition of the somnambulist. Such a degree of
susceptibility is not common to all persons. Heidenhain, experimenting
upon his class of medical students, found only one in twelve who was thus
susceptible. My own experiments lead me to think that American medical
students are less easily influenced in this direction. Charcot, whose
field of observation covers the inmates of the Salpêtrière Hospital, finds
the best examples of the hypnotic state among the hystero-epileptic
females in that asylum. To the experiments of Heidenhain, in Germany, of
Braid, in England, and of Charcot, in France, we are indebted for the most
thoroughly scientific observation and interpretation of the phenomena of
hypnotism.
The antecedent physical condition most favorable to the development of the
hypnotic state is a highly unstable constitution of the nervous system.
For this reason the larger number of qualified subjects is furnished by
the female sex--especially by those who possess the hysterical
temperament. Frequent repetition of hypnotic exercises renders the subject
still more susceptible. Heidenhain was, at first, inclined to the belief
that such experiences were not prejudicial to the health of the subject,
but the observations of Harting, in the University of Utrecht, and of
Milne-Edwards, in Paris,[91] have demonstrated the fact of danger to the
health of animals subjected to similar experiments. Hysterical patients
have often exhibited considerable exhaustion after hypnotic exhibition in
the hospitals of Paris (Charcot and Richer), consequently, it cannot be
admitted that the practice is devoid of risk to the health of the
individual.
Numerous methods of inducing the hypnotic state have been employed. The
greater number consist in artificial modification of the condition of the
brain through the agency of sensory impressions originated upon the
periphery of the body. The simplest form of such influence is presented by
the results of gentle friction of the skin with the palm of the hand or
the tips of the fingers. Many an aching head has thus been relieved, many
a restless sufferer soothed to sleep. In like manner, a susceptible
subject may be hypnotized by any continuous and gentle excitement of the
senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Concentration of the attention upon a
brilliant object, like a piece of polished metal or a small mirror,
especially if it be placed a little above the level of the eyes, and so
near that considerable convergence of the eyeballs is necessary for
distinct vision, affords a very efficient means of inducing artificial
somnambulism. Certain persons may be readily hypnotized by gently pressing
the eyelids together, and at the same time making slight pressure upon the
eyeballs. Others pass into this condition by merely closing their eyes,
and remaining motionless in a quiet room.
The phenomena of artificial somnambulism are frequently developed through
the agency of impressions derived directly from the sphere of
consciousness. The intellectual effort of trying to sit still and think of
nothing is sometimes sufficient to induce the hypnotic state. The ordinary
devices by means of which wakeful people are taught to beguile sleep, by
counting, or by repeating long lists of names, etc., all belong to this
category. Compulsory attention to any continuous intellectual process,
like adding up a column of figures, or trying to read a dull book, is
sometimes effectual. If, with these, or with similar acts of attention, be
associated the expectation that something unusual is about to occur, as
when the individual is aware of being the subject of an experiment, the
evolution of the somnambulic condition is greatly facilitated. Thus, one
of the most recent methods, consists in merely sitting, for half an hour
or more, with the back towards the patient. Attention, curiosity, and
expectation, are thus excited, and a susceptible person soon begins to
manifest some of the numerous and various forms of the hypnotic state.
Heidenhain caused one of his students thus to go to sleep in broad
daylight, by simply assuring him that he should hypnotize him from a
distance at a particular hour of the afternoon. The monks of Mt. Athos
were accustomed to hypnotize themselves by fixing their eyes and their
thoughts upon the navel; hence the reputation of omphaloscopy as an aid to
ecstatic meditation.
The duration of hypnotic sleep is as variable as that of its prototype in
natural somnambulism. The patient usually wakes spontaneously, after a few
minutes or hours. Sometimes, however, the period of insensibility is
greatly prolonged. If it be desirable to awaken the subject of experiment,
a simple reversal of the movements by which sleep was induced may suffice.
The paroxysm may be terminated by almost any sudden and energetic appeal
to the senses, like an electric shock, a sudden illumination of the eye
with vivid light, or a sharp puff of air upon the face.
The simplest phenomena connected with the hypnotic state are those
transferences of cerebral perceptions which have been investigated by the
Society for Psychical Research.[92] Certain sensitive persons, when
blindfolded, are capable of reproducing with considerable accuracy visual
images that have been impressed upon the mind of another. The sensitive
subject is blindfolded and placed before a table with pencil and paper.
Another person then goes out of the room, and gazes at some kind of
drawing, geometrical figure, or other object selected without possibility
of collusion with the subject of experiment. This person then returns to
the room, and places his hand upon the head of the subject, at the same
time fixing his attention upon the mental picture of the object. Presently
the blindfolded subject takes the pencil and reproduces on paper a rough
drawing of the object in question. In some cases it is found possible to
effect this transfer of impressions without actual physical contact,--the
agent merely standing behind the sensitive subject and concentrating his
thought upon the selected object. Closely akin to this is the method of
muscle-reading, popularly known as _mind-reading_. The sensitive is
blindfolded, and then presses against his forehead the hand of the person
by whom he is to be guided. Almost immediately a tremor pervades his
muscles, and he yields all his movements to the guiding influence of the
individual with whom he is in contact. If now an object be concealed in
any place that is known to the agent, the concentration of that person’s
attention upon the hiding place suffices to direct the “mind-reader,” who
immediately drags his companion to the given locality.
The explanation of these phenomena consists in a recognition of the fact
that certain persons are gifted with nervous organs which are sensitive
and responsive to nervous impulses and muscular movements that are too
delicate for recognition by the percipient apparatus of ordinary mankind.
The more complicated forms of artificial somnambulism result from the
complication and exaggeration of the results of this inordinate
sensitiveness through the agency of artificial sleep. As in natural
somnambulism, so in the hypnotic state, certain organs become totally
anæsthetic, while the sensibility of others is wonderfully exalted.
Cutaneous sensation may be completely abolished, and the patient may
become utterly insensible to every painful impression. The reflex
functions may be either suppressed or exaggerated, and the special senses
of sight and hearing may be exalted to the highest degree. While in this
condition the hyperæsthetic condition of the brain renders the subject
peculiarly susceptible to impressions from the will of another, so that
all his actions are obedient to the guiding influence of the person under
whose control he has passed.
According to Charcot,[93] three principal types of artificial somnambulism
may be remarked among the hysterical subjects upon whom he experimented:
(1) the _cataleptic_, (2) the _lethargic_, and (3) the _somnambulic_. Of
these the first may be developed primarily by any abrupt and powerful
impression upon a sensory organ. Gazing upon a brilliant light, fixing the
eyes upon a piece of polished metal, or upon the shining eyes of a second
person, the sudden clangor of a Chinese gong, may suffice to induce the
cataleptic state. Dumontpallier[94] reports the case of a young woman who
accidentally hypnotized herself by gazing into the mirror before which she
was dressing her hair. This cataleptic state may also be secondarily
induced by merely opening the eyes of a patient in whom a condition of
hypnotic lethargy has been previously developed. If only one eye be thus
opened, the corresponding side of the body alone becomes cataleptic.
Closing the eyes causes the disappearance of this symptom, with complete
restoration of the purely lethargic state. During the cataleptic condition
the several tendinous reflexes disappear, neuro-muscular
hyper-excitability ceases, the skin becomes insensible, but the special
senses, particularly those of sight and hearing, maintain a partial
activity. In this half-awakened state the senses may become avenues of
suggestion from without for the production of movements; but, if left to
themselves, the limbs remain motionless.
The _lethargic state_ may be induced by simply pressing together the
eyelids of the subject, or by causing him to fix his gaze upon some
definite object. The paroxysm begins with a deep inspiration, causing a
peculiar laryngeal sound, followed sometimes by the appearance of a little
foam on the lips. The eyelids are either wholly or partially closed, and
are in a state of continual tremulous motion. The eyeballs are generally
turned upwards and inwards. The muscles are completely relaxed. The
tendinous reflexes are exaggerated; pressure over a muscle, or upon a
nerve, arouses a peculiar contracture of synergic muscles and groups of
muscles that are supplied by the excited nerve trunk. The facial muscles,
however, do not thus become contractured; they merely contract during the
application of the stimulus. If the lethargic subject be rendered
cataleptic by opening the eyes, these contractures persist even after
waking; and they can only be dispelled by renewing the lethargic state
before resorting to pressure upon the antagonistic muscles--the process by
which contractures peculiar to this species of lethargy may always be
annulled. By the approach of a magnet to a contractured limb, the rigidity
may be completely transferred to the corresponding muscles upon the
opposite side of the body. If upon a limb of a lethargic subject who has
been rendered cataleptic by opening the eyes, an Esmarch’s band be
applied, pressure over the bloodless muscles excites no contracture until
the band is removed. A contracture is then developed, and it may be
transferred to the opposite limb by the approach of a magnet. To this
phenomenon has been applied the term _latent contracture_.
The extraordinary muscular excitability manifested by these subjects is
further illustrated by an observation recorded by Dumontpallier.[95] If
one end of an India rubber tube, half an inch in diameter, and five or six
yards in length, be applied over a muscle in the leg, and if the other end
be in like manner connected with a watch, every movement of the second
hand will be followed by a slight contraction in the muscle. The same
result follows connection with the wire of a telephone; and, if a
microphone be introduced into the circuit, the incidence of a ray of light
upon the instrument, or even its reflection from the conjunctival surface
of the eye of a spectator, will arouse a responsive muscular contraction.
Charcot has also seen muscular motion upon the opposite side of the body
when a mild galvanic current was applied to the parietal surface of the
skull, presumably over the motor centres of the corresponding half of the
brain.
During these manifestations of muscular hyper-excitability, there is
complete insensibility to pain, but the senses of sight and hearing seem
to preserve some degree of activity. The subject, however, does not often
exhibit any susceptibility to influence by suggestion.
The _somnambulic state_ may be directly induced by fixed attention with
the eyes, by feeble and monotonous excitement of the senses, by passing
the hands over the face and arms of the subject, and by many other
processes of analogous character. This variety constitutes the ordinary
form of hypnotic sleep. It may be very easily developed during either the
lethargic or the cataleptic state as a consequence of pressure or of
gentle friction upon the top of the head. Thus Heidenhain, in the course
of his experiments, caused muscular paralysis by rubbing the scalp.
Friction of one side of the head occasioned paralysis of the opposite side
of the body without notable affection of the consciousness of the subject.
The eyes and the eyelids behave as in the lethargic state. The subject
seems to be asleep, but there is less muscular relaxation than in the
lethargic variety. There is no exaggeration of the tendinous reflexes, and
muscular hyper-excitability is absent. But by lightly touching or
breathing upon the surface of a limb, its muscles may be thrown into a
condition of rigidity which differs from the contracture of the lethargic
state, in the fact that it does not yield to excitement of the
antagonistic muscles, though yielding readily to a sudden repetition of
the same form of excitement by which it was originally produced. Thus a
subject under my own observation who, by pressure upon the eyeballs, was
rendered insensible to every form of painful stimulation, would
immediately pass into a state of perfect rigidity, if his limbs and body
were rubbed for a few seconds with the palm of the hand. While in this
condition, if the heels were placed upon a chair and the back of the head
upon another, not only could the entire weight of the body be thus
supported, but also the additional weight of another full-grown man,
sitting upon his body, without causing any more yielding than if it had
been a log of wood that was lying across the chairs. From the immobility
of the cataleptic state this rigidity differs by its greater degree of
resistance to passive motion. Though insensibility to pain may be
perfectly developed in this state, there is generally an exalted condition
of certain forms of cutaneous sensibility, and of the muscular sense.
Strange perversions of other special senses are sometimes remarked. Thus,
Cohn[96] discovered that a patient who was naturally color-blind, was
able, when unilaterally hypnotized, “to distinguish colors which were
otherwise undistinguishable.” Conversely, when the cataleptic state is
induced, the healthy eye becomes incapable of discerning colors. Spasm of
accommodation is also present, and is one of the earliest demonstrable
symptoms of the hypnotic condition.
These remarkable exaggerations and perversions of sensibility have been
the cause on the one hand, of much skepticism regarding the verity of the
phenomena of hypnotism, and, on the other, of much credulity, extending
even to a belief in the existence of supernatural and miraculous powers.
The extraordinary character of these experiences is well illustrated by
the following letter from Lieut. J. M. Brooke, of the United States Navy,
to President Wayland, of Brown University. It may be found in “Wayland’s
Intellectual Philosophy.”
“WASHINGTON, Oct. 27th, 1851.
“SIR--It affords me pleasure to comply with your request, made through
my brother William, relative to some experiments performed on board
the United States steamer ‘Princeton,’ in the latter part of the year
1847, she being then on a cruise in the Mediterranean. Nathaniel
Bishop, the subject of the experiments, was a mulatto, about
twenty-six years of age, in good health, but of an excitable
disposition. The first experiment was of the magnetic or mesmeric
sleep, which overpowered him in thirty minutes from the commencement
of the passes made in the ordinary way, accompanied with a steadfast
gaze and effort of the will that he should sleep.
“In this state he was insensible to all voices but mine, unless I
directed or willed him to hear others; he was also insensible to such
amount of pain as one might inflict without injury, that is, what
would have been pain to another. He would obey my directions to
whistle, dance or sing. When aroused from this sleep he had no
recollection of what occurred while in it. That such an influence
could be exerted, I was already aware, having previously witnessed
satisfactory experiments. Of clairvoyance I had never been convinced;
indeed, considered it nothing but a sort of dreaming produced by the
will of the operator. I became aware of its truth rather through
accident than design.
“It happened, one day, that some of my brother officers asked a
question which the others could not answer. Bishop, who had been a few
moments before in a mesmeric sleep, gave the desired information,
speaking with confidence and apparent accuracy. As the information
related to something which it seemed almost impossible to know without
seeing, we were very much surprised. It struck me that he might be
clairvoyant; and I at once asked him to tell me the time by a watch
kept in the binnacle, on the spar or upper deck, we being on the berth
or lower deck. He answered correctly, as I found upon looking at the
watch, allowing eight or nine seconds for time occupied in getting on
deck. I then asked him many questions with regard to objects at a
distance, which he answered, and, as far as I could ascertain,
correctly.
“For example, one evening, while at anchor in the port of Genoa, the
captain was on shore. I asked Bishop, in the presence of several
officers, where the captain then was. He replied, ‘At the opera with
Mr. Lester, the consul.’ ‘What does he say?’ I inquired. Bishop
appeared to listen, and in a moment replied: ‘The captain tells Mr.
Lester that he was much pleased with the port of Xavia; that the
authorities treated him with much consideration.’ Upon this, one of
the officers laughed, and said that when the captain returned he would
ask him. He did so, saying, ‘Captain, we have been listening to your
conversation while on shore.’ ‘Very well,’ remarked the captain,
‘what did I say?’ expecting some jest. Then the officer repeated what
the captain had said of Xavia and its authorities. ‘Ah,’ said the
captain, ‘who was at the opera? I did not see any of the officers
there.’ The lieutenant then explained the matter. The captain
confirmed its truth, and seemed much surprised, as there had been no
other communication with the shore during the evening. I may remark
that we touched at several ports between Xavia and Genoa.
“On another occasion, an officer being on shore, I directed Bishop to
examine his pockets; he made several motions with his hands, as if
actually drawing something from the officer’s pockets, saying, ‘Here
is a handkerchief and a box; what a curious thing! full of little
white sticks with blue ends. What are they, Mr. Brooke?’ I replied,
‘Perhaps they are matches.’ ‘So they are,’ he exclaimed. My companion,
expecting the officer mentioned, went on deck, and meeting him at the
gangway, asked, ‘What have you in your pockets?’ ‘Nothing,’ he
replied. ‘But have you not a box of matches?’ ‘Oh, yes!’ said he. ‘How
did you know it? I bought them just before I came on board. The
matches are peculiar, made of white wax with blue ends.’
“The surgeons of the ‘Princeton’ ridiculed these experiments, upon
which I requested one of them (Farquharson) to test for himself, which
he consented to do. With some care he placed Bishop and myself in one
corner of the apartment, and then took a position some ten feet
distant, concealing between his hands a watch, the long hand of which
traversed the dial. He first asked for a description of the watch. To
which Bishop replied, ‘’Tis a funny watch, the second hand jumps.’
“The doctor then asked him to tell the minute and second, which he
did; directly afterwards exclaiming, ‘The second hand has stopped!’
which was the case, Dr. Farquharson having stopped it. ‘Well,’ said
the doctor, ‘to what second does it point, and to what hour, and what
minute is it now?’ Bishop answered correctly, adding, ‘’Tis going
again.’ He then told twice in succession the minute and second.
“The doctor was convinced, saying that it was contrary to reason, but
he must believe. I then proposed that the doctor should mark; and
directed Bishop to look in his mother’s house, in Lancaster, Pa.,
(where he had never been) for a clock; he said there was one, and told
the time by it; one of the officers calculated the difference in time
for the longitudes of Lancaster and Genoa, and the clock was found to
agree within five minutes of the watch time.”
Such clairvoyance is very rare; in fact, it is difficult, at first
thought, to believe in its existence. Nor should its alleged possession
be credited in any instance until all possibility of deception has been
excluded. The example just related seems to be, in this respect, one of
the best, for the reason of its occurrence in a little group of men whose
isolation and thorough acquaintance with each other must have reduced the
chances of simulation to the lowest degree. When carefully considered,
moreover, it is apparent that the exaltation of the functions of sight and
of hearing in this case was not different in kind or in degree from that
that has already been recorded in connection with certain cases of natural
somnambulism and of dreaming. The condition of the brain is probably
identical in all such instances; it is the mode of its induction that is
subject to variation. The remarkable feature of the hypnotic state
consists in its production at the pleasure of either the subject or of the
agent under whose control he has passed; whereas the phenomena of natural
somnambulism and of the clairvoyant dream occur only during sleep, and
independently of the will of the patient.
Another singular fact in this connection is the receptivity of the
hypnotized brain for suggestions from the minds of other persons. Usually,
the patient is insensible to all communications which do not emanate from
the agent by whom he is held in control; but in certain cases it is
probable that the brain is more or less open to impressions of a
particular sort from any source. Numerous examples illustrate the manner
in which the course of an ordinary dream may be thus directed. The
hypnotic dream is far more easily modified by suggestions from without.
The simplest examples of this are exhibited by the hypnotized subject who
walks, jumps, lies down, executes every variety of pantomime, in obedience
to the commands of his director. Somewhat more complicated are the actions
that are developed through excitement of the imitative faculties. Every
movement of the director _that can be perceived by the subject_ will be at
once reproduced. Dr. Fischer relates[97] the case of a patient who,
although exceedingly ignorant of the art of music, was able, during the
hypnotic paroxysm, to sing with Jenny Lind all kinds of songs, so
accurately that it was impossible to distinguish their separate voices.
Expression of the various emotions and passions may also be provoked by
merely placing the subject in the several attitudes characteristic of such
feelings.
In the lower grades of the hypnotic state, consciousness is not abolished,
and the subsequent recollection of events during the experience may be
quite perfect. In such cases illusions and hallucinations, that were
excited by suggestions from the controlling mind of another, survive in
memory, and become the causes of serious delusion. Witness, for example,
the manner in which excitable people, partially hypnotized in a so-called
“spiritual circle,” believe in the reality of the illusions which have
occupied their powers of perception during a “seance.” To this inferior
grade of self-induced hypnotism belong all those conditions of sensory
hyperæsthesia by means of which certain persons are enabled to read the
hidden thoughts of others. This capacity is, essentially, a mere
exaltation of that power which all mankind shares in a greater or less
degree. In every instance it has been remarked that the ordinary “medium”
can only respond correctly to questions for which the true answer is
present in the mind of the questioner. To all other interrogatories the
replies are delivered purely under the influence of random suggestion. In
some cases the pathway of communication lies through actual bodily
contact, as in ordinary “mind-reading,” where the invisible molecular
oscillations of the muscular elements of one person serve to guide the
perceptions and movements of another. But, more frequently, the
transmission of ideas is effected through the action of the facial and
ocular muscles. From these organs of expression the “table-rapper,” or the
“planchette-writer,” reads the unspoken thoughts of the questioner, in a
manner very like, yet vastly more delicate than that by which deaf mutes
are taught to interpret the movements of the lips of persons with whom
they converse. This fact is clearly illustrated by the experience of
Maury,[98] in an interview with a celebrated table-rapper who, without the
slightest hesitation, made known to him the age, name, and date of death
of a brother whom he had lost. She also gave the same information
regarding his father, and pronounced the names of other persons upon whom
he had fixed his attention. But, if he turned away his face, or if he
concealed his eyes so that the woman could no longer scrutinize their
expression, her responses became entirely uncertain and destitute of
conformity with fact.
The induction of the hypnotic state, if not too often repeated, is
sometimes of considerable service in the relief of various functional
disorders of a painful character. This fact, enthusiastically announced,
many years ago, by Dr. Braid, has recently been freshly brought forward
through the experiments of Fischer,[99] Wiehe,[100] Rieger,[101] and
others. In our own country this method of treatment has not yet been
adopted by many in the medical profession, though its efficacy in a
particular class of cases is not denied. Outside of professional circles,
however, it is exploited to a considerable extent under the strange
misnomer of Metaphysical Healing. But, as De Watteville has truly
remarked,[102] “the time is near when the curative influence of hypnotism
will be submitted to the same scrutiny as its physiological and
psychological import has undergone.”
THE END.
INDEX.
Acids, 71
hydrobromic, 88
hydrochloric, 72
hydrocyanic, 100
hydrocyanic, in gastric disease, 103
lactic, 72
nitric, 72
nitro-muriatic, in hepatic insomnia, 103
phosphoric, 72
Aconite, 63, 93, 100
Africa, maladie du sommeil of, 30
winds from the deserts of, effect of, 46
Africans, habits of, regarding sleep, 40
victims of the maladie du sommeil, 30
Alcohol, 76
effect of, upon the brain, 54
in angina pectoris, 99
in asthma, 101
in chorea, 110
in dyspepsia, 103
in fever, 105
in hepatic diseases, 102
Allen, Prof. J. Adams, case of somnambulism observed by, 185
Allix, observations of, regarding bodily temperature in sleep, 7
Allix and Hohl, observations of, regarding the pulse in sleep, 6
Aloetic purgatives in insanity, 94
Ammonia, in fever, 105
Amyl nitrite, 84
in angina pectoris, 99
in asthma, 101
Anæmia of the brain, 53
Anæsthetics, 75
Angelic visitors, delusions regarding, 129
Angina pectoris, 99
Anti-spasmodic effects of belladonna, 69
Apparent death, 34
crucial test of, 35
Arabia, effects of wind from the deserts of, 46
Arago, observations of, regarding atmospheric electricity, 46
Arsenic, in asthma, 101
Atropia, 69
Atropine, use of, with opiates, 87
Artificial sleep, effect of, upon the process of oxidation, 9
mode of production of, 22
Artificial somnambulism, 214
cataleptic form of, 219
lethargic form of, 220
recollection of the events of, 227
somnambulic form of, 222
three varieties of, 219
Assafœtida, use of, in insomnia, 110
Assimilation, rate of, in sleep, 5
Association of ideas, cessation of, in sleep, 3
effect of, 123
Asphyxia, 100
Asthma, insomnia caused by, 101
relieved by atropine, 69
relieved by chloroform, 82
relieved by ether, 82
relieved by iodide of potassium, 110
relieved by lobelia, 71
relieved by stramonium, 71
relieved by tobacco, 71
Atmospheric electricity, effects of, 46
Australia, effect of winds from the deserts of, 46
Azam, a case of somnambulic life observed by, 208
Bachelder, Dr. G. H., observations of, on the maladie du sommeil, 32
Baillarger, hallucination excited by dreaming, 126
Ball and Chambard, classification of the varieties of somnambulism, 169
Baths, use of, as nervous stimulants, 60
cold, 73, 95
in fever, 104
in insomnia, 112
in scarlet fever, 76
shower, 95
warm, 94
Bartholow, on the use of phosphorus, 71
Beard and Rockwell, on the use of electricity, 62
Beer, effect of, 76
Belladonna, 69, 100
use of, in asthma, 101
use of, in fever, 104
use of, in hepatic diseases, 102
Bismuth, use of, in gastric diseases, 103
Bladder, insomnia in irritability of, 90
Blisters, use of, in rheumatism, 106
Blood, control of its circulation by the nervous system, 26
Bombardment, sleep during, 1
Boussingault, experiments of, on the process of oxidation in the
tissues, 9
observations of, on respiration in sleep, 6
observations of, regarding the bodily temperature in sleep, 7
Brain, consequences of inordinate excitability of, 159, 161
exalted receptivity of, during the waking state, 150
exalted susceptibility of, in sleep and dreaming, 144, 150
the, its division into separate mechanisms, 13
the, a reservoir of sensory impressions, 124
Brandy, use of, in wakefulness, 77
Bromide of potassium, use of, in insanity, 95
of sodium, use of, in chronic alcoholism, 97
of sodium, use of, in delirium tremens, 98
Bromides, the, 88
use of, in convulsions, 110
use of, in delirium, 77
use of, in fever, 104
use of, in night terrors, 112
use of, in pregnancy, and after parturition, 109
use of, with chloral and morphia, 86
Brooke, Lieut. J. M., observations of, regarding hypnotic clairvoyance,
224
Bronchitis, insomnia caused by, 100
insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80
Brunton, Dr. T. Lauder, his theory of counter-irritation, 62
Butylchloral hydrate, 83
Buschick, experience of, in waking before earthquakes, 144
Caffeine, effect of, upon the brain, 54
Camphor, 67
use of, in asphyxia, 100
use of, in fevers, 105
use of, in the insomnia of cachexia, 108
use of, after parturition, 109
Cannabin, 69
Cannabin tannate, 68
Cannabis indica, 68
anti-aphrodisiac effect of, 69
use of, in delirium tremens, 98
use of, in fever, 104
use of, in insanity, 96, 97
use of, in pregnancy, 109
use of, as a substitute for hyoscyamus, 113
Cantharides, 63
Capsicum, 63
Capsicum, use of, in the insomnia of delirium tremens, 77, 98
Carbolic acid, vapor of, for relief of cough, 100
Carbon, oxidation of, during sleep, 7
Carbonic acid gas, discharge of, during sleep, 9
Cardiac debility, use of butylchloral in, 83
Cardiac disease, insomnia of, treated with paraldehyde, 80
treated with digitalis, 66
Cardiac dyspnœa, relieved with opiates, 87, 98
Cardiac neuralgia, 99
Carotid arteries, compression of, for relief of insomnia, 25, 27, 57
Cataleptic form of artificial somnambulism, 219
Catarrh, nasal, effect of sleep upon, 8
Caton, Judge John D., on the difficulty of sleep during the continuous
daylight of summer in Norway, 40
Cerebral activity, effect of, upon bodily temperature, 8
Cerebral anæmia and its cause during sleep, 25, 28
use of phosphorus for, 71
Cerebral circulation, dependence of consciousness upon, 25, 27
during sleep, observations upon, by Professor Mosso, 26
Cerebral exhaustion, benefited by the use of phosphorus, 71
in fever, 105
Cerebral hyperæmia, effects of, 145
insomnia of, treatment with paraldehyde, 80
Cerebral irritation in cachectic states, 108
Cerebro-spinal meningitis, use of opiates in, 93
Cerebro-spinal weakness, 110
Change of life, use of valerian during, 68
Chicago, embarkation from, 45
the great fire in, 40
Child-birth, insomnia after, 81
Chloral, 82
Chloral hydrate, influence of, upon oxidation in the tissues, 9
association of, with morphia and bromides, 86
use of, in angina pectoris, 99
use of, in asthma, 101
use of, in cachexias with insomnia, 109
use of, in chorea, 110
use of, in chronic alcoholism, 97
use of, in delirium tremens, 98
use of, in fevers, 104
use of, in hepatic diseases, 102
use of, in insanity, 95
use of, in meningitis, 94
use of, in night terrors, 112
use of, in respiratory diseases, 100
Chlorodyne, 82
use of, in syphilitic neuralgia, 107
Chloroform, 81
use of, in asthma, 101
use of, in convulsions, 110
spirit of, in the treatment of fevers, 105
Chossat, observations of, on the temperature of pigeons, 7
Circulation of blood, its regulation by the nervous system, 26
disorders of, 52
modified by counter-irritation, 63
state of, during sleep, 6
Clairvoyance, hypothetical explanation of, 148
in dreams, 146, 148, 149
in dreaming, and in natural somnambulism, 226
in the hypnotic state, 224
Clark, observations of, on the sleeping dropsy, 30
Codeia, 85
Codeine, 88
Coffee, effects of, upon the brain, 54
Cold, a nervous sedative, 73
Cold baths, 73
Cold, excessive, a cause of stupor, 47
Colic, uterine, relief of, 81
Color-blindness, effect of hypnotism upon, 223
Coma, 32
Coniine, 91
Conium, 90, 95
Consciousness, duration of the sensations required for its excitement, 23
state of, during sleep, 14
Convulsions, excited by compression of the carotid arteries, 27
treatment of, 110
Cough, spasmodic, treatment with spirit of chloroform, 82
Counter irritants, 62
Croton oil, 63
Cups, counter irritation with, 63, 93
Curci, observations of, regarding belladonna, 69
regarding morphia, 85
Cutaneous disorders, causes of insomnia, 55
DaCosta, on lithæmia, 106
Darkness, favorable to sleep, 18
Day and night, alternation of, a cause of sleep, 17
Death, apparent, 34
test of, 35
Degeneration of the brain, 55
Demme, observations of, on bodily temperature in sleep, 7
Delirium, 54
excited by hyoscyamus, 70
excited by stramonium, 71
of exhaustion, 77
treatment of, with musk, 67
Delirium tremens, treatment of, with alcohol, 77
with bromides, 89
with capsicum, 77
with chloral, 82
with digitalis, 67
Delusions, caused by dreams, 128
Depressing emotions, a cause of sleep, 19
Diagram, illustrating the stages of sleep, 4
the varieties of somnambulism, 172
Digitalis, indirectly hypnotic effect of, 66
treatment of delirium tremens with, 98
Diminution of energy, represented by sleepiness, 2
Disease and dissolution, revival of memory in, 165
Dover’s powder, 67, 100, 104, 110, 112
Double consciousness, 204, 206
Dreams, 116
analysis of, 133
at the moment of waking, 14
brevity of, 15
causes of, 118
cause of special vividness of, 134
clairvoyant, 146, 148, 149
coherence of, 131
definition of, 120
dependence of, upon partial sleep of the brain, 11
duration of, 135
excited by gustatory sensation, 43, 125, 130
by heat, 43
by painful diseases, 141
by sensory impressions during sleep, 29
by sounds, 41
incoherence of, 133
intellectual combinations in, 131
mode of their production, 124
primitive belief in the divine origin of, 160
prophetic, 142, 143
recollection of, 140
relation of, to depth of sleep, 4
relation of, to waking hallucinations, 126
resemblance of, to the mental processes of insanity, 133
revival of memory in, 162
somnambulic, 178
state of volition during, 141
suggested by external impulses, 125, 130
theory of, 116
waking, 123
Dropsy, treatment of, with digitalis, 66
Dumontpallier, case of self-hypnotism related by, 219
Duration of sleep, 110
Dyspnœa, cardiac, 98
treatment of, with digitalis, 66
Dyspeptic insomnia, 104
East Indies, climate of, a cause of insomnia, 44
Eggs, as an article of food, 66
Electrical test of apparent death, 35
Electricity, atmospheric, 46
use of, 62, 63
Emphysema, insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80
Energy, diminution of, represented by sleepiness, 2
renewal of, by sleep, 5
Epilepsy, double consciousness in, 205
Ether, hypnotic effect of, 81
inhalation of, 98
use of, in asthma, 101
use of, in convulsions, 110
use of, in irritative cough, 100
Ether, compound spirit of, 81
use of, in delirium tremens, 98
use of, in hepatic diseases, 102
Excrementitious substances, causes of insomnia, 55
Exhaustion, a cause of sleep, 19
relief of with alcoholic stimulants, 76
states of, 64
use of musk in, 68
Exner, experiments of, to test the possibility of dreamless sleep, 14
Eye, state of its secretions during sleep, 8
Facial neuralgia, treatment of, with butylchloral, 83
Fainting, a counterfeit of sleep, 25
Fatigue, a cause of sleep, 19
Fatigue theory of sleep, 20
Fevers, eruptive, treatment of with musk, 68
infective, 57
typhoid, 57
treatment of with cold baths, 73
Flaxseed tea, 100
Florida, climate of, in insomnia, 114
Fonssagrives, observations of, regarding atmospheric electricity and
insomnia, 46
Food, lack of, a cause of insomnia, 63
Foot-baths, hot, in the treatment of insomnia, 93, 94
Force, fluctuations of, 15
kinetic, 15
potential, 15
Frank, J. P., case of somnambulism related by, 195
Functional nervous disorders, treatment of with hypnotism, 229
Gairdner, W. T., case of somnambulic lethargy reported by, 174
Gastro-intestinal glands, state of their secretions during sleep, 8
Gelsemium, 90
treatment of fever with, 104
use of, in the wakefulness of children, 112
Generation of ideas, relation of, to molecular movements in the brain, 24
Grasset, case of somnambulism related by, 177
Guérin, observations of, on the _maladie du sommeil_, 30
Guiana, delusions among the Indians of, founded upon dreams, 128
travels in, 42
Guy, observations of, regarding the pulse in sleep, 7
Hallucination, case of, related by Dr. E. H. Clarke, 156
experienced by Sir Edmund Hornby, 150
production of, by drugs, 120
sometimes excited by dreams, 126, 150
Hamilton, Sir William, experiments of, on the possibility of dreamless
sleep, 14
Hasheesh, visions excited by, 120
Hayes, Dr. P. S., case of lucid lethargy reported by, 35
Headache, 54
Hearing, persistence of during sleep, 41
sense of, during sleep, 11
Heart, pulsation of, in sleep, 6
Heat, a cause of insomnia, 44
a nervous stimulant, 59
effects of excessive, 47
liberation of, during sleep, 9
Heidenhain, observations of, on hypnotism, 214
Helmholtz, observations of, on liberation of heat during sleep, 9
Hemicrania, treatment of, with butylchloral, 83
Henneberg, experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
Hibernation, phenomena of, 48
Hoffmann’s anodyne, 81
Hohl and Allix, observations of, on the pulse in sleep, 6
Holland, Sir Henry, observations of, regarding the loss of memory during
exhaustion, 209
Hops, 90
treatment of chronic alcoholism with, 97
Hornby, Sir Edmund, experience of hallucination, 150
Horsford’s Acid Phosphate, 72
Horvath, observations of, on the temperature of hibernating marmots, 8
Hunger, 2
Hydrobromic acid, 88
Hydrochloric acid, useful in atonic dyspepsia, 72
Hydrocyanic acid, 100
in gastric diseases, 103
Hyosciamia, 70, 96
Hyosciamine, 70
Hyoscyamus, 70
use of, after parturition, 109
use of, in asthma, 101
use of, in fever, 104
use of, in hepatic diseases, 102
use of, in insanity, 96
use of, in insomnia of children, 112
use of, in renal diseases, 102
Hyperæmia of the brain, 52, 54, 110
Hypnagogic hallucinations, 3, 4
Hypnagogic state, 2
Hypnotic sleep, duration of, 217
Hypnotic sleep, clairvoyance in, 224
condition of the special senses in, 223
conditions favorable to, 214
exaltation of the imitative faculty during, 227
methods of inducing, 215
perception during, 149
Hypnotism, 214
likeness of, to somnambulism, 203
observations of Braid, 214, 229
observations of Charcot, 214, 219, 221
observations of Cohn, 223
observations of De Watteville, 229
observations of Dumontpallier, 219, 221
observations of Fischer, 150, 227
observations of Harting, 215
observations of Heidenhain, 214, 215, 216, 222
observations of Milne-Edwards, 215
observations of Rieger, 229
observations of Wiehe, 229
receptivity of the brain to suggestions during, 226
suggestion of ideas during, 226
therapeutical use of, 228
Hysteria, a cause of double consciousness, 205
Hysterical excitement, treatment of, 68
Ice-cap, in the treatment of acute affections of the brain, 93
Iceland moss, for the relief of cough, 100
Ideas, their dependence upon molecular movements in the brain, 24
Illusions, excited by disease and by drugs, 120, 122
Imagination, persistence of, in sleep, 3
Imitative faculties, exaltation of, in hypnotic states, 227
Immermann, on cold baths, 73
Impulses to violence during somnambulism, 193
Im Thurn, Everard F., on dreams among the Indians of Guiana, 128
Indians, of Guiana, magic practices among, 42
Inflammations affecting the brain, 54
Inhalations, medicated, 100
Injuries of the brain, 55
Insanity, 54, 57, 70, 133
Insomnia, 38
Insomnia, causes of, 39
caused by aortic obstruction, 84
caused by asthma, 101
caused by cardiac disorders, 51
caused by cold, 47
caused by contagia of animal origin, 55
caused by cutaneous disorders, 49, 55
caused by dyspepsia, 51
caused by electrical disturbances, 46
caused by excrementitious substances, 55
caused by fatigue, 78
caused by heat, 44, 46
caused by heat and humidity, 44
caused by icterus, 49
caused by inflammations, 50
caused by insects, 49
caused by itching in myelitis, 49
caused by itch-mite, 49
caused by light, 39
caused by malaria, 72
caused by meningitis, 50
caused by miasms, 55
caused by morbid states of the central nervous organs, 51
caused by neuralgia, 50
caused by neuritis, 50
caused by neuromata, 50
caused by oxaluria, 72
caused by pain, 49
caused by parasites, 49
caused by periostitis, 50
caused by phosphatic diathesis, 72
caused by pneumogastric disorder, 51
caused by poisons, 55
caused by products of putrefaction, 55
caused by respiratory disorders, 51
caused by rheumatic diathesis, 72
caused by sounds, 41
caused by smells, 42
caused by stramonium, 71
caused by sympathetic nerve disorder, 50
Insomnia, occurrence of, after childbirth, 81
occurrence of, after parturition, 109
occurrence of, during acute affections of the brain, 92
occurrence of, during bronchitis, 80
occurrence of, during cardiac diseases, 66, 80, 87
occurrence of, during change of life in women, 84
occurrence of, during childhood, 110
occurrence of, during chorea, 110
occurrence of, during chronic alcoholism, 97
occurrence of, during chronic phthisis, 84
occurrence of, during delirium tremens, 87, 90, 97
occurrence of, during diseases of the heart and blood-vessels, 98
occurrence of, during diseases of the liver, 102
occurrence of, during diseases of the respiratory organs, 99
occurrence of, during disorders of nutrition, 107
occurrence of, during dysmenorrhœa, 84
occurrence of, during emphysema, 80
occurrence of, during febrile conditions and fevers, 87, 104
occurrence of, during gastric and intestinal disorders, 87, 103
occurrence of, during gout and rheumatism, 103, 107
occurrence of, during headache, 84
occurrence of, during hysteria, 81, 89
occurrence of, during insanity, 94
occurrence of, during irritability of the bladder, 90
occurrence of, during irritability of the sexual organs, 90
occurrence of, during irritative dyspepsia, 90
occurrence of, during jaundice, 80
occurrence of, during lithæmia, 106, 107
occurrence of, during mania, 87, 89, 90
occurrence of, during melancholia, 96
occurrence of, during mental exhaustion, 89
occurrence of, during nervous disorders, 80
occurrence of, during neuralgia, 84
occurrence of, during old age, 78, 113
occurrence of, during opium habit, 84
occurrence of, during paretic dementia, 96
occurrence of, during phthisis, 80, 87
occurrence of, during pregnancy, 89, 109
occurrence of, during the puerperal state, 89
occurrence of, during renal diseases, 101
occurrence of, during rheumatism and gout, 105, 107
occurrence of, during sexual excitement, 89
occurrence of, during spasmodic diseases, 109
occurrence of, during states of exhaustion, 67
occurrence of, during syphilis, 106, 107
Insomnia, relation of, to states of the cerebral circulation, 57
relief of, by compression of the carotid arteries, 25
Iodide of potassium, treatment of asthma with, 110
Ipecac, treatment of asthma with, 101
Irritability of the brain, 53, 54
Itching of eczema, relieved with cannabis indica, 69
Jacobi, A., on wakefulness of children, 111
Japanese, use of massage among, 61
Jaundice, insomnia of, treatment with paraldehyde, 80
Jessen, case of hallucination caused by dreaming, 127
Joseph, St., dreams of, 142, 160
Judgment, suspension of, during sleep, 3
Kohlschütter, experiments of, to measure the depth of sleep, 16
Koumiss, 64
Lactic acid, hypnotic effects of, 72
Lactate of sodium, hypnotic effects of, 20, 72
Lactucarium, 88
Latent contracture, 221
Leeches, use of, 63, 93, 94
Lethargic form of artificial somnambulism, 220
Lethargy, 33
produced by excessive cold, 48
Lewin, observations of, on respiration during sleep, 6
experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
Liebermeister, experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
Life, normal, 4
possibility of intermissions in its active manifestation, 15
Light, interference of, with sleep, 40, 41
Liquors, effects of, 76
Lithæmia, a cause of insomnia, 106
Lithium bromide, 88
Lobelia, anti-spasmodic effects of, 71, 101
Lomi-lomi, 61
Lucid lethargy, 35
contrasted with somnambulic lethargy, 176
Lupulin, 90
Macario, case of somnambulism, reported by, 192
Mackinac, voyage to, 45
Macnish, case of somnambulic life, reported by, 206
Maladie du sommeil, 30
Malaria, treatment of insomnia, caused by, 72
Mania, use of chloral in, 82
Marmot, hibernation of, 48
temperature of, during hibernation, 8
Massage, 60, 109
Matter and mind, communication between, 22
Maury, A., classification of the varieties of somnambulism, 168
experience of, with table-rapping, 228
theory of, regarding forgetfulness of the events of somnambulism, 211
Measles, use of baths in, 74
Meat juice, 66
Memory, effect of physical exhaustion, 209
exaltation of, in somnambulism, 187
persistence of, in sleep, 3
relation of, to phenomena of somnambulism, 192
revival of, during disease and dissolution, 165
revival of, during dreaming, 162
Meningitis, 54, 57
Mental activity during sleep, 14
Mesnet, case of somnambulism related by, 196
Metaphysical healing, 229
Michigan, Lake, voyage upon, 45
Northern, summer climate of, favorable to sleep, 45
Milk, peptonized, 64
Mind and matter, communication between, 22
alternate states of action and repose, 15
sleep of, 15
state of, during sleep, 14
Mind-reading, 218, 227
Minnesota, summer climate of, favorable to sleep, 45
Mitchell, S. Weir, observations of, regarding effect of variable
barometric pressure, 47
Molecular movement, its relation to the generation of ideas, 24
Moral responsibility in somnambulism, 203
Morphia, 97, 98, 100, 101
Morphine, influence of, on oxidation in the tissues, 10
Mosso, Professor, on the circulation of blood during sleep, 26
on respiration during sleep, 5
Mouth, condition of, during sleep, 8
Muscles, effect of sleep upon, 12
fibrillary twitching of, during sleep, 3
Muscle-reading, 218
Musk, 67, 100, 105
Mustard, 63
Nasal catarrh, state of secretion during sleep, 8
Narcotic stupor, 29
Nerves, of common sensation, affections of, 39, 49
pneumogastric, 51
sympathetic, affections of, causes of insomnia, 50
Nervous disorders, insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80
hypnotic treatment of, 229
Nervous irritation, effect of, on tissue change, 10
sedatives, 58, 59
stimulants, 58, 59
system, its control over the circulatory apparatus, 26
Neuralgia, cardiac, 99
treatment of, with alcohol, 77
treatment of, with belladonna, 69
treatment of, with preparations of valerian, 68
Neurasthenic patients, 66
New Providence, climate of, beneficial in insomnia, 114
Night and day, alternation of, a cause of sleep, 17
Night terrors, 179
treatment of, 89, 112
Nitric acid, 72
Noctambulism, 169
Noise, sleep prevented by, 41
North China Herald, criticism of Sir E. Hornby’s narrative, 155
Norway, difficulty of sleeping during the summer, 40
Nutrition, effect of sleep upon, 5, 9
disorders of, 52
Obersteiner, his theory of sleep, 20
Odors, effect of, upon sleep, 11
Old age, decline of life in, 113
Omphaloscopy, 217
Opium and opiates, 84, 98
Opiates, use of, in treatment of cachexias, 108
use of, in treatment of fever, 104, 105
use of, in treatment of gastric disease, 103
use of, in treatment of insanity, 96
use of, in treatment of renal diseases, 102
use of, in treatment of rheumatism, 105
Oxaluria, insomnia caused by, 72
Oxygen, absorption of, during sleep, 9
Ozone, use of, in the treatment of asthma, 101
Pacific Islanders, habits of, regarding sleep in the daytime, 40
use of massage among, 61
Pain, a cause of sleep, 19
Paraldehyde, 79, 95, 97, 108
Paregoric, 100
Perception, effect of, upon nervous tissue, 10
duration of, necessary to arouse consciousness, 23
range of, circumscribed by sleep, 12
transfer of, in telepathy and hypnotism, 217
Percussion, 61
Perspiration, secretion of, during sleep, 9
Pettenkofer, experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
experiments of, on respiration in sleep, 6
Pettenkofer and Voit, on tissue changes, 10
Pflüger, hypothesis of, regarding the cause of sleep, 21
Phosphatic diathesis, a cause of insomnia, 72
Phosphoric acid, 72
Phosphorus, 71
Phthisis, cough of, relieved with lactucarium, 88
insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80
treatment of, with opiates, 87
Physiological activity, reduction of, during sleep, 5
Physiological cause of somnambulism, 180
Planchette-writing, 228
Pleuritic pain, 99
Pneumogastric nerves, insomnia caused by affections of, 51
Pneumonia, 68, 100
Porter, effects of, 76
Potassium bromide, 88
Preyer, his theory of sleep, 20
Psychical Research, Society for, investigations by, 149, 217
Pulse, state of, during sleep, 6
Punkah, use of, to promote sleep, 44
Quetelet, observations of, on respiration during sleep, 5
Quinine and opium, use of, in fever, 104
Reasoning powers, arrest of, during sleep, 3
Recollection of the events of artificial somnambulism, 227
of the events of natural somnambulism, 188
Reflex movements during sleep, 12
Refrigeration, threefold effect of, 49
Relation between molecular movement and the generation of ideas, 24
Respiration during sleep, 5
Revelation through dreams, 160
Revery, nature of, 120
Rheumatic diathesis, a cause of insomnia, 72
Rosenthal, observations of, regarding lethargy, 33, 34
observations regarding apparent death, 35
Rush, Dr., observations of, on the revival of memory in dissolution, 165
Sailors, sleeping during a bombardment, 1
Sailor-boy, sleeping on a mast, 1
Salicylic acid, treatment of rheumatism with, 106
Saliva, secretion of, during sleep, 8
Samuel the prophet, dream of, 129
Sandwich Islands, climate of, for relief of insomnia, 114
Scarlet fever, treatment of, with baths, 74, 75
Scharling, observations of, regarding bodily temperature during sleep, 7
experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
Screaming fits of children, 112
Secretion, state of, during sleep, 8
Sedatives, nervous, 59, 73
Self-hypnotism, 219
Sensory excitement, effect of, upon the cerebral circulation, 27, 28
Sensory organs, condition of, during somnambulism, 191
Sexual organs, irritability of, 90
Shampooing, 61
Simon, P. Max, case of somnambulism related by, 182
dream related by, 142
Sleep, affected by certain winds, 45
artificial, mode of its production, 22
caused by the alternation of day and night, 17
caused by depressing emotions, 19
caused by exhaustion, 19
caused by fatigue, 19
caused by painful impressions, 19
caused by the venereal act, 19
definition of, 1
dreamless, 14
duration of, 4, 110
effects of its invasion upon the intellectual faculties, 13
effect of, upon consciousness, 13, 14
fatigue theory of, 20
favored by darkness, 18
favored by the suppression of sensation, 18
hindered by heat, 44
hindered by light, 39
hindered by smells, 42
hindered by sounds, 41
introductory stage of, 2
invasion of, 10, 117
measure of its depth by the experiments of Kohlschütter, 16
Obersteiner’s theory of, 20
Pflüger’s hypothesis regarding the cause of, 21
preceded by sleepiness, 2
Preyer’s theory of, 20
rapid induction of, in certain cases, 24
relation between the duration of, and the average length of the night,
17
stages of, 4
the cause of, 29
unequal incidence of, upon different portions of the brain, 13
Sleep-drunkenness, 180, 181
Sleepiness, precursive of sleep, 2
Sleeping dropsy, 30
Sleeplessness, causes of, 39
Smells, abolition of sleep by, 42
Smile, during sleep, 12
Smith, E., experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
Snoring, occasional interruption of sleep by, 11
Society for Psychical Research, investigations by, 149, 217
Sodium bromide, 88
Somniation, 169
Somnambulic dreams, 171, 178, 181
recollections of, 188
Somnambulic form of artificial somnambulism, 222
Somnambulic lethargy, 171, 173
contrasted with lucid lethargy, 176
Somnambulic life, 169, 204
a case of, 206
a case of, related by Azam, 208
a case of, related by Macnish, 206
Somnambulism, 166
artificial, 214
case of, related by Prof. J. Adams Allen, 185
case of, related by J. P. Frank, 195
case of, related by Macario, 192
case of, related by Mesnet, 196
case of, related by P. Max Simon, 182
causes of, 166
condition of sensory organs during, 191
dependence of, upon partial sleep of the brain, 11
likeness of, to hypnotism, 203
moral responsibility in, 203
phenomena of, 167, 210
physiological cause of, 180
relation of memory with events of, 192
varieties of, according to A. Maury, 168
varieties of, according to Ball and Chambard, 169
varieties of, diagrammatically exhibited, 172
violent impulses during, 193
Somnolence, 30
Somnolentia, 180, 181
Sound, effect of, to hinder sleep, 42
effect of, to induce sleep, 42
Spasmodic croup, 110
Special sense organs, affections of, 39
Special senses, condition of, during invasion of sleep, 11
perversion of, during the hypnotic state, 223
Spinal cord, irritability of, 110
reflex energy of, during sleep, 3
Spinal irritation, 62
Spirit of chloroform, 81
Spiritual circle, manifestations in, 227
Stewart, Dugald, observation of, 43
Stimulants after parturition, 109
in fever, 105
nervous, 59
Stramonium, 70, 101
Strümpell, observations of, regarding sleep produced by suppression of
sensation, 18
Strychnia, 105
Stupor produced by excessive heat or cold, 47
Subsultus tendinum, treatment of, with musk, 67
Suction, involuntary, during infantile sleep, 12
Suppression of sensation, a cause of sleep, 18
Swedish movement cure, 61
Sympathetic nerves, affections of, 39, 50
Table-rapping, method of communication in, 228
Tannate of cannabin, 68
Tartar emetic, use of, in asthma, 101
use of, in delirium tremens, 98
use of, in fever, 104
use of, with opium, 108
Taste, relation of, to insomnia, 43
Tea, effect of, upon the brain, 54
Telegraphy without a wire, through water, 147
Telepathy, investigation of, by the Society for Psychical Research, 149
Temperature, of the body, during sleep, 7
sense of, 43
Thapsia, 63
Theory of sleep, Obersteiner’s, 20
Pflüger’s, 21
Preyer’s, 20
Thirst, 2
Thompson, Sir William, his doctrine concerning a sixth sense, 43
Tickling, effect of during sleep, 12
Tobacco, anti-spasmodic effect of, 71, 99, 101
Transfer of perceptions, 217
Trousseau, observations of, on the pulse during sleep, 6
Tuberculosis of the cerebral membranes, 55
Tully’s Powder, 67
Tumors of the brain, 55
Turkish baths, 60
Turpentine, 63
Typhoid fever, insomnia during, 64
treatment of, with baths, 74
treatment of, with musk, 68
treatment of, with Tully’s Powder, 67
Typhus fever, treatment of, with musk, 68
Unconsciousness, produced by compression of the carotid arteries, 27
relation of, to modifications of the cerebral circulation, 25
Urea, elimination of, during sleep, 9
Urine, secretion of, during sleep, 9
Uterine colic, 81
Valerian, 68, 109
Valerianate of ammonia, 68
of zinc, 68
Venereal act, a cause of sleep, 19
Vierordt, observations of, on the duration of sleep, 110
Visions, character of, 119
of the ancient prophets, 161
Voit, observations of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9
on respiration during sleep, 6
Volition, cessation of, during sleep, 3
Wakefulness, 38
causes of, 39
dependence of, upon instability of cerebral protoplasm, 22
Warburton, Rev. Canon, clairvoyant dream of, 146
Weariness, a cause of sleep, 1
Wharton and Stillé, on sleep-drunkenness, 181
Whooping-cough, treatment of, with belladonna, 69
Wind, effect of, upon sleep, 45
Wine, effects of, 76
use of, in the insomnia of old age, 78
Ziemssen, von, on the use of baths, 73
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Rosenbach, _Zeitschr. f. klin. med._ 1881. _Brain_, Vol. IV, p. 138.
[2] Alfred Maury, _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, Chap. IV.
[3] Hermann’s _Handbuch der Physiologie_, Vol. IV, Part II, p. 98.
[4] _Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten_, Vol. I, p. 346.
[5] _Handbuch der Physiologie_, Vol. IV, Pt. II, p. 217.
[6] _Op. cit._, pp. 142 and 456.
[7] _Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd._, Art. SOMMEIL, pp. 277.
[8] Quoted by Vierordt, _Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten_, Vol. I, p. 307.
[9] _Dic. Encyc. des. Méd._, Ie série, t. XV, p. 75.
[10] _Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten_, Vol. I, p. 383.
[11] _Carpenter’s Physiology_, 8th edition, p. 560.
[12] _Handbuch der Physiologie_, Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 297.
[13] Quincke, _Archiv. f. Experim. Pathol._, Vol. VII, p. 115.
[14] _Carpenter’s Physiology_, 8th edition, p. 526, _Handbuch der
Kinderkrankheiten_, 2d edition, Vol. I, p. 373.
[15] _Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd._, IIIe Série, Vol. X, p. 268.
[16] _Handbuch der Physiologie_, Vol. V, p. 142-156.
[17] Kohlschütter, _Messungen der Festigkeit des Schlafes. Dissert._
Leipzig, 1862, _und Zeitschrift f. rat. Med._, 1863. Quoted, Hermann’s
_Handbuch der Physiologie_, Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 295.
[18] _Obersteiner, Zur Theorie des Schlafes, Zeitschr. f. Psych._ XXIX.
_Preyer, Ueber die Ursachen des Schlafes._ Vortrag. Stuttgart bei Enke.
1877, und centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss. 1875. S. 577.
[19] _Theorie des Schlafes._ Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. X, 468.
[20] _Artificial Anæsthesia and Anæsthetics_, pp. 15-17.
[21] _Carpenter’s Physiology_, 8th ed., p. 852.
[22] _Sulla Circolazione del Sangue nel Cervello dell’Uomo._ Abstract in
_Brain_, Vol. IV, p. 100.
[23] _Transactions of the London Epidemiological Society_, Vol. I, p. 116.
[24] _De la maladie du sommeil_, 1869.
[25] _The Medical Record_, July 1, 1882, p. 23.
[26] _Real. Encyc. der ges. Heilkunde_, VIII, 276.
[27] _Op. cit._ p. 276.
[28] _A Summer in Norway_, by John Dean Caton, pp. 251 and 311.
[29] A. Maury, op. cit., p. 156.
[30] _Among the Indians of Guiana._ By Everard F. Im Thurn.
[31] _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 154.
[32] _Nature_, Vol. XXIX, pp. 438-462.
[33] _Ganot’s Physics._
[34] _Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd._, Art. CLIMAT.
[35] _Comptes-rendus Acad. des Sci._, 1840, t. XI, p. 823.
[36] _Am. Journ. Med. Sci._, April, 1877, p. 305.
[37] A remarkable illustration of this will be found related in _The
Lancet_, July 26, 1884, p. 112.
[38] _Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd._, Art. FROID, p. 139.
[39] _Medical and Surgical Electricity_, 4th ed., p. 413.
[40] _Nature_, March, 1883.
[41] _Lo Sperimentale_, April, 1884.
[42] _Artificial Anæsthesia and Anæsthetics_, pp. 20-28. William Wood &
Co., New York, 1881.
[43] _Bull. gén. de Thérap._, 1884, 2º Livr.
[44] _Centralblatt für klin. med._, 1884. Nr. 12.
[45] _The National Dispensatory_, 1884, p. 433.
[46] _Deutsche Med. wochenschr._, 1883, Nr. 49.
[47] _Lo Sperimentale_, April, 1884.
[48] _The National Dispensatory_, 1884, p. 993.
[49] Kiernan, _Journ. Nerv. and Mental Diseases_, Vol. X, p. 234.
[50] _Psychological Medicine_, Bucknill and Tuke, 4th ed., p. 731.
[51] _Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases._
[52] _Ringer’s Therapeutics_, 10th ed., p. 421.
[53] C. H. Jones, _Functional Nervous Disorders_, p. 284.
[54] _Am. Jour. Med. Sci._, Oct., 1881, p. 313.
[55] _Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten_, Vol. I., p. 214.
[56] _Op. cit._, Vol. I., Pt. 2, p. 153.
[57] Herbert Spencer, _First Principles_, p. 486.
[58] A. Maury. _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 154.
[59] _On Intelligence_, p. 61.
[60] Wharton and Stillé’s _Medical Jurisprudence_, Third Edition, Vol. I,
p. 482.
[61] _Among the Indians of Guiana._ By Everard F. Im Thurn. London: 1883,
p. 344.
[62] A. Maury, _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 219 et seq.
[63] _Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Mind._ Philadelphia, 1866, pp.
394-398.
[64] _Le Monde des Rêves_, p. 88.
[65] _Op. cit._, p. 91.
[66] _The Nineteenth Century_, July, 1884, p. 71.
[67] _Nature_, October, 16, 1884, p. 596.
[68] _Lebensmagnetismus oder Hypnotismus_, von Dr. E. L. Fischer, pp.
71-73.
[69] _The Nineteenth Century_, July, 1884, p. 89.
[70] _Visions: A Study of False Sight_, p. 39.
[71] _Inquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers_, tenth edition, p.
283.
[72] _Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind_, p.
277.
[73] _Loc. cit._
[74] _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 248.
[75] _Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd._, Article SOMNAMBULISME NATUREL.
[76] _The Lancet_, Dec. 22, 1883, p. 1,078, and Jan. 5, 1884, p 5.
[77] _Brain_, Jan., 1884, p. 454.
[78] _Medical Jurisprudence_, 3d ed., Vol. I, pp. 464-471.
[79] _Le Monde des Rêves_, p. 257.
[80] _Chicago Medical Journal_, 1869, p. 650.
[81] Maury, _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 234.
[82] _Pathologie interne._
[83] _L’ Union Médicale_, July 21st and 23d, 1874.
[84] _Chicago Journ. of Nervous and Mental Diseases_, Vol. II, p. 48.
[85] _Loc. cit._
[86] _Philosophy of Sleep_, p. 167.
[87] _Revue Scientifique_, May 20, Sept. 16, 1876; Dec. 22, 1877; March 8,
1879.
[88] Vol. III, p. 584.
[89] _Chapters on Mental Physiology_, p. 160.
[90] _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 226.
[91] _Lancet_, July 29, 1882, p. 164.
[92] _Transactions of the Society_, etc., Vols. I, II, III.
[93] _Le Progrès Médical_, Feb. 18, 1882, p. 124.
[94] _Le Progrès Médical_, March 25, 1882, p. 223.
[95] _Le Progrès Médical_, Jan. 14, 1882, p. 25.
[96] _Brain_, Vol. III, p. 394.
[97] _Op. cit._, p. 18.
[98] _Le Sommeil et les Rêves_, p. 361.
[99] _Op. cit._
[100] _Berlin. Klin. Wochenschr_, January, 1884.
[101] _Der Hypnotismus_, Jena, 1884.
[102] _Brain_, July, 1884, p. 278.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
Subscripted characters are indicated by _{subscript}.