1890. `The Argus,' June 14, p. 4, col. I_Austral English

"Those of the leaden hue are red gums."

Rough Gum--

1833. C. Sturt, `Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. iii. p. 118:

"The rough-gum abounded near the creek."

Rusty Gum--

1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 48:

"The range was openly timbered with white gum, spotted gum,

Iron-bark, rusty gum and the cypress pine."

Salmon Gum--

1893. `The Australasian,' Aug. 3, p. 252, col. 4:

"The chief descriptions are salmon, morrel and white gums, and

gimlet-wood. The bark of the salmon gum approaches in colour

to a rich golden brown, but the satin-like sheen on it has the

effect of making it several shades lighter, and in the full

glare of the sun it is sufficiently near a rich salmon tint to

justify its name."

Silver Gum--

1888. D. Macdonald, `Gum Boughs,' p. 113:

"When so many of our Australian trees were named `gums,' a

distinguishing prefix for each variety was clearly necessary,

and so the words red, blue, yellow, white and scarlet, as

marking some particular trait in the tree, have come into

everyday use. Had the pioneer bush botanist seen at least one

of those trees at a certain stage in its growth, the term

`silver gum' would have found expression."

Spotted Gum--

1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 11:

"Ironbark ridges here and there with spotted gum . . .

diversified the sameness."

Swamp Gum--

1853. `Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van

Diemen's Land,' vol. ii, p. 132 [James Mitchell, On the

Strength of Timber, etc., read Nov.12, 1851]:

"The Swamp Gum grows to the largest size of any of this family

in Van Diemen's Land. Its growth is nearly twice as rapid as

that of the Blue Gum: the annular layers are sometimes very

large; but the bark, and the whole tree indeed, is so like the

Blue Gum, as not to be easily distinguished from it in outward

appearance. It grows best in moist places, which may probably

have given rise to its name. Some extraordinary dimensions

have been recorded of trees of this species. I lately measured

an apparently sound one, and found it 21 feet in circumference

at 8 feet from the ground and 87 feet to the first branches.

Another was 18 1/2 feet in circumference at 10 feet from the

ground, and 213 feet to the highest branch or extreme top.

A third reached the height of 251 feet to the highest branch:

but I am told that these are pigmies compared to the giants of

even the Blue Gum species found in the southern districts."

1880. Garnet Watch, `Victoria in 1880,' p. 100:

"Groups of native trees, including the black wattle, silver

box, messmate, stringy bark, and the picturesque but less

useful swamp gum."

Water Gum--

1847. L. Leichhhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 387:

"Long hollows surrounded with drooping tea-trees and the white

watergums."

Weeping Gum--

1852. Mrs. Meredith, `My Home in Tasmania,' vol. i. p. 169:

"A kind of Eucalyptus, with long drooping leaves, called

the `Weeping Gum,' is the most elegant of the family."

White Gum--

1827. Vigors and Horsfield, `Transactions of Linnaean

Society,' vol. xv. p, 278:

"The natives tell me that it [the ground-parrot] chiefly

breeds in a stump of a small White Gum-tree."

1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 48:

"The range was openly timbered with white gum."

1889. J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 471:

"E. leucoxylon, F. v. M. The `blue or white gum' of South

Australia and Victoria is a gum-tree with smooth bark and

light-coloured wood (hence the specific name). The flowers and

fruit of E. leucoxylon are very similar to those of

E. sideroxylon, and in this way two trees have been

placed under one name which are really quite distinct. Baron

Mueller points out that there are two well-marked varieties of

E. leucoxylon in Victoria. That known as `white-gum'

has the greater portion of the stem pale and smooth through the

outer layers of the bark falling off. The variety known

chiefly as the `Victorian Ironbark,' retains the whole bark on

the stem, thus becoming deeply fissured and furrowed, and very

hard and dark coloured."

Yellow Gum--

1848. T. L. Mitchell, `Tropical Australia,' p. 107:

"We this day passed a small group of trees of the yellow gum,

a species of eucalyptus growing only on the poor sandy soil

near Botany Bay, and other parts of the sea-coast near Sydney."

York Gum--

1846. J. L. Stokes, `Discoveries in Australia,' vol. II. c. iv.

p. 132:

"York gum . . . abundant in York on good soil."

<hw>Gum-</hw> (In Composition). See Gum.

1862. H. C. Kendall, `Poems,' p. 134:

"I said to myself in the gum-shadowed glen."

1868. W. L. Carleton, `Australian Nights,' p. 1:

"To see the gum-log flaming bright

Its welcome beacon through the night."

1890. `The Argus,' August 2, p. 4, col. 3:

"Make a bit of a shelter also. You can always do it with

easily-got gum-boughs."

1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Colonial Reformer,' c. xvii. p. 201:

"The edge of the long, black, gum-shrouded lagoon."

<hw>Gummy</hw>, n. name given to a shark of Victorian

and Tasmanian waters, Mustelus antarcticus, Gunth., and

called Hound (q.v.) in New South Wales, Victoria, and

New Zealand. The word Gummy is said to come from the

small numerous teeth, arranged like a pavement, so different

from the sharp erect teeth of most other sharks. The word

Hound is the Old World name for all the species of the

genus Mustelus. This fish, says Hutton, is much eaten

by the Maoris.

<hw>Gum-sucker</hw>, n. slang for Victorian-born, not

now much used; but it is not always limited to Victorians.

1827. P. Cunningham, `Two Years in New South Wales,'

vol. i. p. 201:

"The acacias are the common wattles of this country; from their

trunks and branches clear transparent beads of the purest

Arabian gum are seen suspended in the dry spring weather, which

our young currency bantlings eagerly search after and regale

themselves with."

[The practice of `gum-sucking' is here noticed, though the word does

not occur.]

1855. W. Howitt, `Two Years in Victoria,' vol. i. p. 24:

"If he had not been too 'cute to be bitten twice by the

over-'cute `gumsuckers,' as the native Victorians are called."

1890. `Quiz `(Adelaide), Dec. 26:

"Quiz will take good care that the innocent Australians are not

fooled without a warning. Really L. and his accomplices must

look upon gumsuckers as being pretty soft."

<hw>Gunyah</hw>, n. aboriginal name for a black-fellow's

hut, roughly constructed of boughs and bark; applied also to

other forms of shelter. The spelling varies greatly: in

Col. Mundy's book (1855) there are no fewer than four forms.

See Humpy and Gibber. What Leichhardt saw (see

quotation 1847) was very remarkable.

1798. D. Collins, `Account of English Colony in New South

Wales,' in an aboriginal vocabulary of Port Jackson, p. 610:

"Go-nie--a hut."

1830. R.Dawson, `Present State of Australia,' p. 70:

"One of their gunyers (bark huts)."

Ibid. p. 171:

"A native encampment, consisting of eight or ten `gunyers.'

This is the native term for small huts, which are supported

by three forked sticks (about three feet long) brought together

at the top in a triangular form: the two sides towards the wind

are covered by long sheets of bark, the third is always left

open to the wind."

1833. C. Sturt, `Southern Australia,' vol. I. c. ii. p. 78:

"We observed a fresh-made gunneah (or native hut)."

1839. T. L. Mitchell, `Three Expeditions into the Interior

of Eastern Australia,' c. ii. p. 35:

"Three huts, or gunyahs, consisted of a few green boughs, which

had just been put up for shelter from the rain then falling."

1845. J. O. Balfour, `Sketch of New South Wales,' p. 10:

"Their only habitation . . . is formed by two sheets of bark

stripped from the nearest tree, at the first appearance of a

storm, and joined together at an angle of 45 degrees. This,

which they call a gunnya, is cut up for firewood when the

storm has passed."

1846. C. P. Hodgson, `Reminiscences of Australia,' p. 238:

"Behind appears a large piece of wood hooded like a `gunnya'

or `umpee.'"

1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 290:

"We saw a very interesting camping place of the natives,

containing several two-storied gunyas."

1852. `Settlers and Convicts; or, Recollections of Sixteen

Years' Labour in the Australian Backwoods,' p. 211:

"I coincided in his opinion that it would be best for us to

camp for the night in one of the ghibber-gunyahs. These are

the hollows under overhanging rocks."

1852. G. C. Mundy, `Our Antipodes,' ed. 1855, p. 164:

"A sloping sheet of bark turned from the wind--in bush lingo,

a break-weather--or in guneeahs of boughs thatched with grass."

[p. 200]: "Guneah." [p. 558]: "Gunneah." [p. 606]: "Gunyah."

1860. G.Bennett, `Gatherings of a Naturalist,' p. 114

[Footnote]:

"The name given by the natives to the burrow or habitation of

any animals is `guniar,' and the same word is applied to our

houses."

1880. P. J. Holdsworth, `Station, Hunting':

"hunger clung

Beneath the bough-piled gunyah."

1885. R. M. Praed, `Australian Life,' p. 19:

"The sleepy blacks came out of their gunyahs." [p. 52]:

"A gunya of branches."

1890. Lyth, `Golden South,' c. ii. p. 16:

"Where this beautiful building now stands, there were only the

gunyahs or homes of the poor savages."

1890. A. J. Vogan, `Black Police,' p. 98:

"One of the gunyahs on the hill. . . . The hut, which is

exactly like all the others in the group,--and for the matter of

that all within two or three hundred miles,--is built of sticks,

which have been stuck into the ground at the radius of a common

centre, and then bent over so as to form an egg-shaped cage,

which is substantially thatched on top and sides with herbage

and mud."

<hw>Gunyang</hw>, n. the aboriginal word for the

Kangaroo Apple (q.v.), though the name is more

strictly applied not to Solanum aviculare, but to

S. vescum.

1877. F. von Muller, `Botanic Teachings,' p. 106:

"The similarity of both [S. vescum and S.

aviculare] to each other forbids to recommend

the fruit of the Gunyang as edible."

1878. W. R. Guilfoyle, `Australian Botany,' p. 73:

"Kangaroo Apple, Solanum aviculare. . . . The Gunyang

(Solanum vescum) is another variety found in Victoria."

1888. D. Macdonald, `Gum Boughs,' p. 222:

"A couple of tiny streams trickle across the plains to the sea,

a dwarfed ti-tree, clinging low about the ground, like the

gunyang or kangaroo apple, borders the banks."

<hw>Gurnard</hw>, n. i.q. Gurnet (q.v.).

<hw>Gurnet</hw>, n. The species of Trigla found

in British waters, called Gurnards are of the family of

Cottidae. The word Gurnet is an obsolete or

provincial form of Gurnard, revived in Australia, and applied

to the fish Centropogon scorpoenoides, Guich., family

Scorpoenidae. The original word Gurnard is

retained in New Zealand, and applied to the new species

Trigla kumu (kumu being the Maori name), family

Cottidae. The Flying Gurnet is Trigla

polyommata, Richards., found on all the Australian coasts

from New South Wales to Western Australia, family

Cottidae. It is a distinct species, not included in the

British species. They have large pectoral fins, but are not

known to possess the power of supporting themselves in the air

like the "flying fish" which belong to other genera. Sir

Fredk. McCoy says that Sebastes Percoides, Richards., is

called Gurnet, or Garnet-perch, by the fishermen and dealers,

as well as the more common Neosebastes scorpoenoides,

Guich., and Scorpoena panda, Richards.

<hw>Gutter</hw>, n. in Australian goldmining, "the lower

and auriferous part of the channel of an old river of the

Tertiary period " (`Century'). "The lowest portion of a lead.

A gutter is filled with auriferous drift or washdirt,

which rests on the palaeozoic bed-rock." (Brough

Smyth, `Glossary of Mining Terms.')

1864. J. Rogers, `New Rush,' p. 55:

"Duffers are so common And golden gutters rare."

1871. J. J. Simpson, `Recitations,' p. 23:

"Privations and hardships you all have to suffer

Ere you can expect to get on to the gutter."

1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Miner's Right,' c. viii. p. 81:

"If we happened to drop right down on the `gutter' or main

course of the lead, we were all right."

1890. `Goldfields of Victoria,' p.23:

"The Company . . . are putting in a drive to strike the old

Shakspeare gutter."

1891. `The Australasian,' Nov. 21, p. 1015:

"Evidently both claims had been driving for a `gutter.' One

of them had got to the end of its tether before reaching it."

<hw>Gutter-flags</hw>, n. Flags fixed on the surface to

denote where the course of a gutter or lead underground has

been discovered." (Brough Smyth, `Glossary of Mining Terms.')

<hw>Gweeon</hw>, n. a stone tomahawk of the aborigines.

Gweh-un, in Mukthang language, Gippsland. Apparently a

remnant of a term occurring along the east side of Australia;

Burgoin, New South Wales; bulgoon and

balgon, Burdekin River, Queensland; related to

balgoungo, to chop.

<hw>Gymnobelideus</hw>, n. the scientific name of the

genus confined to Australia of Squirrel Phalangers, or

Squirrel Opossums, as they have been called. See

Opossum. The name was given by Sir Frederick McCoy in

1867. Only two specimens have been found, and they are in the

Melbourne Museum of Natural History. There is only one

species, G. leadbeateri, M'Coy. In general form they

resemble the so-called Australian Flying Squirrel

(q.v.), save for the absence of the parachute. They have large

naked ears. (Grk. gymnos, naked, and Latin,

belideus, the Flying-Phalanger or Squirrel.)

<hw>Gymnorrhina</hw>, n. the scientific name of the

Australian genus of Piping Crow-Shrikes, called locally

by the vernacular name of Magpies (q.v.). They have the

nostrils and beak unfeathered. (Grk. gymnos, naked, and

rhis, nose.) For the species see under Magpie.

<hw>Haddock</hw>, n. The New Zealand Haddock is

Gadus australis, Hutton, Pseudophycis barbatus,

Gunth., and Merlucius gayi, Guich., or australis,

Hutton, all belonging to the family Gadidae or

Cod-fishes. The European species of Merlucius is known

as the "Hake."

<hw>Haeremai</hw>, interj. Maori term of welcome,

lit. come hither; haere is the verb. It has been

colloquially adopted.

1769. J. Hawkesworth, `Voyages,' vol. iii. p. 229 (ed. 1785):

"When they came near enough to be heard, they waved their

hands, and called out `Horomai.' These ceremonies we were

told were certain signs of their friendly disposition."

1832. `Henry Williams' Journal,' in H. Carleton's `Life of

Henry Williams,' p. 112:

"After breakfast we went to them all; they were very glad to

see us, and gave us the usual welcome, `Haeremai! Haeremai!'"

1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' p. 249:

"As I ascended the steep hill with my train, scarcely any

greeting was addressed to me, no shouts of haeremai, so

universal a welcome to the stranger, were to be heard."

1863. F. E. Maning (The Pakeha-Maori ), `Old New

Zealand,' p. 14:

"The boat nears the shore, and now arises from a hundred voices

the call of welcome, `Haere mai! haere mai! hoe mai!' Mats,

hands, and certain ragged petticoats all waving in the air in

sign of welcome. Then a pause. Then, as the boat came nearer,

another burst of haere mai! But unaccustomed as I was then to

the Maori salute, I disliked the sound. There was a wailing,

melancholy cadence that did not strike me as being the

appropriate note of welcome."

1867. F. Hochstetter, `New Zealand,' (English edition) p. 438:

"Rev. Mr. Chapman received me at his garden gate with a hearty

welcome, the natives shouted their friendly `haeremai,' and ere

long we were all in comfortable shelter beneath the missionary's

roof."

1883. F. S. Renwick, `Betrayed,' p. 34:

"Haire mai ho! 'tis the welcome song

Rings far on the summer air."

<hw>Hair-trigger</hw>, n. a Tasmanian name for any plant

of genus Stylidium. Called also Trigger-plant,

and Jack in a Box (q.v.).

1852. Mrs. Meredith, `My Home in Tasmania,' vol. ii. p. 71:

"The Stylidium, or as we named it, the `Hair-trigger,'

is common all over the colony."

<hw>Haka</hw>, n. Maori word for a dance.

1845. E. J. Wakefield, `Adventures in New Zealand,' p. 198:

"A haka was now performed by about one hundred and fifty men

and women. They seated themselves in ranks in one of the

courtyards of the pa, stripped to the waist. An old

chieftainess, who moved along the ranks with regular steps,

brandishing an ornamental spear in time to her movements, now

recited the first verse of a song in a monotonous, dirge-like

measure. This was joined in by the others, who also kept time

by quivering their hands and arms, nodding their heads and

bending their bodies in accordance with each emphasis and

pause."

1852. G. C. Mundy, `Our Antipodes,' c. xvi. p. 409 (3rd ed.

1855):

"I witnessed a national spectacle which was new to me--a sort

of incantation performed by women alone--the haka, I think it

is called."

1872. A.Domett, `Ranolf,' XV. c. vi. p. 242:

"The haka-dances, where she shone supreme."

1873. `Appendix to Journal of House of Representatives,' G. I,

B., p. 8:

"Thursday was passed by them [the natives] in feasting and

hakas."

1883. F. S. Renwick, `Betrayed,' p. 34:

"A rushing throng in the furious haka share."

1896. `Otago Witness,' Jan. 23, p. 50, col. 5:

"He also received a visit from three or four hostile natives,

who, with blood-curdling yells, duly performed the indispensable

haka."

<hw>Hakea</hw>, n. the scientific name given, in honour

of Baron Hake of Hanover, to "a large Australian genus of

plants belonging to the follicular section of the

Proteaceae, tribe Grevilleae, and distinguished

from Grevillea by its axillary inflorescence and samaroid

seeds. The species, nearly 100 in number [Maiden's index to

`Useful Native Plants' gives sixteen], are all evergreen

shrubs, or small trees, with alternate coriaceous, variously

lobed, often spiny leaves. They are ornamental in cultivation,

and several have acquired special names--H. ulicina,

Native Furze; H. laurina, Cushion-flower;

H. acicularis (Lissosperma), Native Pear;

H. flexilis, Twine-bush." (`Century.')

1877. F. v. Muller, `Botanic Teachings,' p. 50:

"Proteaceae are more extensively still represented in

Victoria by the well known genera Grevillea and Hakea, the

former dedicated to the Right Hon. C. F. Greville, of

Paddington, the latter genus named in honour of Baron Hake, of

Hanover, both having been alike patrons of horticulture at the

end of the last century."

1897. `The Australasian,' Jan. 30, p. 226, col. 3:

"Recently, according to `Nature,' Mr. G. M. Thomson, an eminent

authority on New Zealand botany, has shown that one of the

genera, namely Hakea, though absent at present from the islands

[of New Zealand], formerly existed there. Plant remains were

found at St. Bathans, in a bed of clay, which have been

identified by him as Hakea. The question of the identification

of fossil plants is always a difficult one, but as Mr. Thomson

announces that he has obtained fruit capsules and leaves there

can be but little doubt as to the correctness of his

determinations. Hitherto the genus has been regarded as

Australian only, and about 100 species are known, of which no

less than 65 are West Australian. It would seem then that the

Hakeas had obtained a footing in Eastern Australia before the

connection with New Zealand had disappeared, and that probably

the genus is a far older one than had been anticipated. Why,

after finding its way to New Zealand, it should have died out

there is a question to which no answer can as yet be supplied."

<hw>Hand-fish</hw>, n. a Tasmanian fish,

Brachionichthys hirsutus, Lacep., family

Pediculati. The name is used in the northern hemisphere

for a different fish, which is also called there the

Frog-fish and Toad-fish. The name arises from a

fancied resemblance of the profile of the fish to a human hand.

It is also called Frog-fish and Tortoise-shell

fish. Mrs. Meredith calls it Tortoise-shell Fish

from its colour, when figuring it in `Tasmanian Friends and

Foes' under its former scientific name of Cheironectes

Politus. The surface of its skin is hirsute with minute

spines, and the lobe at the end of the detached filament of the

dorsal fin--called the fintacle--hangs loose. The scientific

names of the genus are derived from Grk. brachiown,

"the arm," and cheir, "the hand." The armlike

pectoral fins are used for holding on to stones or seaweed.

1850. `Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van

Diemen's Land,' Jan. 9, vol. i. p. 268:

"A little spotted fish belonging to the genus Chironectes

. . . Mr. Champ writes thus respecting the frog fish:--

`It was found in the sea at Port Arthur by a person

who was with me, and when caught had all the appearance of

having four legs, from the position and shape of the fins; the

two longest of which, from the sort of elbow in them, and the

division into (rays) what resemble fingers, seem to form a

connecting link between fins and legs or arms.'"

1880. Mrs.'Meredith, `Tasmanian Friends and Foes,' p. 249:

"It has fins like feet; one small pair where pectoral fins

usually are, and a larger pair, with absolute elbows to them,

and apparently shoulder-blades too, only those do not belong to

the fore pair of feet! A very antipodean arrangement truly!

The markings on the body and on the delicate pellucid fins

are like tortoise-shell."

<hw>Hand, Old</hw>, n. one who has been a convict.

1861. T. McCombie, `Australian Sketches,' p. 141:

"The men who have been convicts are termed `old hands';

they are mostly rude, rough men, with no moral principle or

religious feeling, and who have little sympathy for humanity."

1865. J. O. Tucker, `Australian Story,' c. i. p. 85:

"Reformed convicts, or, in the language of their proverbial

cant, `old hands.'"

1865. F. H. Nixon, `Peter Perfume,' p. 102:

"`Boshman' in the old-hand vernacular signifies a fiddler."

["Bosh in gypsy means music and also violin." -Barrere and

Leland.]

1885. J. Rae, `Chirps by an Australian Sparrow,' p. 99:

"The old hands were quite tidy too

With hats of cabbage-tree."

<hw>Hang up</hw>, v. to tie up a horse.

1860. W. Kelly, `Life in Victoria,' p. 49 [Footnote]:

"In Melbourne there are posts sunk in the ground almost

opposite every door. . . . Fastening your horse to one

of these posts is called `hanging him up.'"

1885. H. Finch-Hatton, `Advance Australia,' p. 32:

"We got off, hung our horses up to a tree."

1890. E. W. Hornung, `Bride from the Bush,' p. 296:

"The mail-boy is waiting impatiently in the verandah,

with his horse `hung up' to one of the posts."

<hw>Hapalote</hw>, n. Anglicized form of Hapalotis

(Grk. hapalos, soft, and 'ous, 'owtis) ear),

a peculiar Australian genus of rodents of the mouse family.

They are called Jumping Mice, and have soft ears,

and enlarged hind limbs like the jerboa, but are not

marsupial like the kangaroo. There are many species.

<hw>Hapu</hw>, n. Maori word for sub-tribe; sometimes

even, family.

1857. C. Hursthouse, `New Zealand, the Britain of the South,'

vol. i. p. 162:

"The 70,000 semi-civilised natives now in New Zealand are

divided into some dozen chief tribes, and into numerous

sub-tribes and `harpu.'"

1873. `Appendix to Journals of House of Representatives,'

vol. iii. G. 7, p. 87:

"Were not all your hapu present when the money was paid? My

hapu, through whom the land Nvas claimed, were present: we

filled the room."

1882. T. H. Potts, `Out in the Open,' p. 171:

"An important structure that engaged the united labours of the

hapu."

1887. J. White, `Ancient History of the Maori,' vol. i. p. 290:

"Each of which is subdivided again into Hapu, or smaller

communities."

1891. Rev. J. Stacks, `Report of Australasian Association

for the Advancement of Science,' vol. iii. sect. G. p. 378:

"On arriving in New Zealand, or Ao-tea-roa, the crews of the

colonizing fleet dispersed themselves over the length and

breadth of these islands, and formed independent tribes or

nations, each of which was divided into hapus and the hapus

into families."

<hw>Hapuku</hw>, n. Maori name for a fish, Oligorus

gigas, Gunth., called later Polyprion prognathus

(see quotation, 1895), pronounced hapuka, frequently

corrupted into habuka, the Groper (q.v.). It is

variously called a Cod, a Perch and a

Sea-Perch. See quotations.

1845 (about). `New Plymouth's National Song,' Hursthouse's

`New Zealand,' p 217:

"Lowing herds on every side,

Hapuka in every tide."

1855. Rev. R. Taylor, `Te Ika a Maui, p. 411:

"Hapuku, or whapuku, commonly called the cod, but a much richer

fish in flavour: externally it more resembles the salmon, and

is known in New Holland as the dew or Jew-fish. It attains

a large size and is considered the best fish of New Zealand."

1862. Anon., `From the Black Rocks on Friday,' `All the Year

Round,' May 17, 1862, No. 160:

"A kind of codfish called by the natives whapuku or hahpuka."

1878. P. Thomson, `Transactions of New Zealand Institute,'

vol. XI. art. lii. p. 383:

"The hapuka, or groper, was in pretty regular supply."

1880. Guenther, `Study of Fishes,' p. 392:

"The second (Oligorus gigas) is found in the sea, on the coast

of New Zealand, and called by the Maoris and colonists `Hapuku'

. . . Dr. Hector, who has had opportunities of examining it in

a fresh state, has pointed out anatomical differences from the

Murray Cod."

1880. W. Colenso, `Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,'

vol. XIII. art. ii. p. 46:

"A feast of good things prepared--eels, and hapuku (codfish),

and taro."

1884. W. D. Hay, in the `Field,' May 10, p. 637, col. 1:

"The pakirikiri(Percis colias) is the fish to which

settlers in the north of New Zealand generally give the name of

whapuka."

1895. `Oxford English Dictionary' (s.v.Cod):

"In New Zealand, a serranoid fish Polyprion prognathus,

called by the Maories hapuku."

<hw>Hardhead</hw>, n, the English sportsman's name for the

ruddy duck (Erismatura rubida). Applied by sportsmen in

Australia to the White-eyed Duck, Nyroca australis,

Gould. See Duck.

<hw>Hardwood</hw>, n. The name is applied to many

Australian timbers something like teak, but especially to

Backhousia bancroftii, F. v. M. and Bailey,

N.O. Myrtaceae. In Tasmania, it means any gum-timber

(Eucalyptus). It is in constant and universal use for

building and fencing in Australia.

1888. Candish, `Whispering Voices,' p. 108:

"Sitting on a block of hardwood . . . is the gray-haired

forest feller."

1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Miner's Right,' c. iii. p. 24:

"It was a hammer-like piece of hardwood above a plate of tin."

1891. Rolf Boldrewood, `Sydney-side Saxon,' p. 93:

"A hardwood slab-door weighs a goodish deal, as any one may

find out that has to hump it a hundred yards."

Hardyhead, n. name given in Sydney to the fish

Atherina pinguis, Lacep., family Atherinidae.

<hw>Hare-Kangaroo</hw>, n. a small Kangaroo, resembling

the British hare. Called also Hare-Wallaby. The

scientific name is Lagorchestes (q.v.).

1871. G. Krefft, `Mammals of Australia':

"The Hare-kangaroos, so called from their resemblance to that

well known rodent, are the fleetest of the whole tribe, and

though they do not exceed a common hare in bulk, they can make

clear jumps of eight and ten feet high."

<hw>Hare-Wallaby</hw>, n. See Hare-Kangaroo,

Wallaby, and Lagorchestes.

<hw>Harlequin-Pigeon</hw>, n. formerly referred to

the genus Peristera, but now to the genus Phaps.

It is commonly called in the interior the "flock" pigeon.

1847. L. Leichhardt, `Overland Expedition,' p. 296:

"Large flocks of Peristera histrionica (the harlequin-

pigeon) were lying on the patches of burnt grass on the plains."

<hw>Harmonic Thrush</hw>, n. See Port Jackson

Thrush.

<hw>Harpagornis</hw>, n. a scientific name for a partly

fossilised, huge raptorial bird of New Zealand. From Greek

HARPA? harpax robbing, and 'ornis, a bird.

1878. A. Newton, `Encyclopaedia Britannica,' vol. iii. p. 731:

"There is a harpagornis, a bird of prey of stature sufficient

to have made the largest dinornis its quarry."

<hw>Harrier</hw>, n. English bird-name (that which

harries), assigned in New Zealand to Circus gouldii,

Bonap. (also called Swamp-hawk), and in Australia to

C. assimilis, Jard. and Selb., or C. approximans,

Bonap., called Spotted Harrier.

1888. W. L. Buller, `Birds of New Zealand,' vol. i. p. 206:

"Circus Gouldi, Bonap., New Zealand harrier, or Gould's

harrier."

<hw>Hat, Black</hw>, n. slang for a new immigrant.

1887. R. M. Praed, `Longleat of Kooralbyn,' c. xxviii. p. 277:

"Lord! if I were Mr. Dyson Maddox, I'd never let it be said

that a black hat had cut me out sweetheartin'."

1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `Colonial Reformer,' c. iii. p. 21:

"A `black hat' in Australian parlance means a new arrival."

<hw>Hat, Old</hw>. See Old-hat.

<hw>Hatter</hw>. (1) A solitary miner--miner who works without

a mate partner: sc. one who has everything under his own hat.

1869. Brough Smyth, `Goldfields of Victoria,' p. 613

(`Glossary of Mining Terms'):

"One who works alone. He differs from the fossicker who rifles

old workings, or spends his time in trying abandoned washdirt.

The hatter leads an independent life, and nearly always holds a

claim under the bye-laws."

1884. R. L. A.Davies, `Poems and Literary Remains,' p. 267:

"Oh, a regular rum old stick; . . . he mostly works a `hatter.'

He has worked with mates at times, and leaves them when the

claim is done, and comes up a `hatter' again. He's a regular

old miser."

1890. Rolf Boldrewood, `The Miner's Right,' p. 37:

"Instead of having to take to fossicking like so many `hatters'

--solitary miners."

(2) By extension to other professions.

1893. `The Herald' (Melbourne), Aug. 28, p. i. col. 7:

"He had been a burglar of the kind known among the criminal

classes as `a hatter.' That is to say, he burgled `on his own

hook,' never in a gang. He had never, he told me, burgled with

a companion."

<hw>Hatteria</hw>, n. scientific name for a genus of

reptiles containing a Lizard peculiar to New Zealand, the only

living representative of the order Rhynchocephalinae.

See Tuatara.

<hw>Hatting</hw>, quasi pres. partic., solitary mining.

See Hatter.

1891. `The Age,' Nov. 25, p. 6, col. 7:

"Two old miners have been hatting for gold amongst the old

alluvial gullies."

<hw>Hat-tree</hw>, n. name given to a species of

Sterculia, the Bottle-trees (q.v.).

<hw>Hau-hau</hw>, n. a Maori superstition. This

superstition arose in Taranaki in 1864, through the crazy

fancies of the chief Te Ua, who communed with angels and

interpreted the Bible. The meaning of the word is obscure, but

it probably referred to the wind which wafted the angels to the

worshippers whilst dancing round an erect pole. Pai Marire was

another name for the superstition, and signifies "good and

peaceful." (See Gudgeon's `War in New Zealand,' p. 23 sq.;

also Colenso's pamphlet on `Kereopa,' p. 4.)

<hw>Hawk</hw>, n. This common English bird-name is

applied in Australia to many species--

Brown-Hawk--

Hieracadiea orientalis, Sehl.

Crested-H.--

Baza subcristata, Gould.

Eagle-H.--

Another name for Wedge-tailed Eagle. (See Eagle

and Eagle-hawk.)

Fish-H.--

Another name for Osprey. (See Fish-hawk.)

Gos-H.--

Astur approximans, V. and H.

Grey Gos-H.--

A. cinereus, Vieill.

Lesser Gos-H.--

A. cruentus, Gould.

Lesser White Gos-H.--

A. leucosomus, Sharpe.

Red Gos-H.--

A. radiatus, Lath.

Sparrow-H.--

Accipiter cirrhocephalus, Vieill.

Striped Brown-H.--

Hieracidea berigora, V. and H. [See Berigora.]