the present Genesee River; south of it a point is thus designated,
_fontaine d'eau qui brule_, "spring of water which burns." Cf. the
_fontaine brulante_ on Bellin's map in Charlevoix's _Nouv. France_,
tome i., p. 440. René de Galinée, in his journal of La Salle's voyage
(1669-70), also mentions this spring, as situated four leagues south of
Sonnontouan. Marshall, commenting on this in his pamphlet, _De la Salle
among the Senecas_, p. 23, _note_, describes the spring (one of many
in Western New York), in which an inflammable gas rises from the water,
and is readily lighted with a match.
At Sonnontouan was located the Jesuit mission of La Conception.
36 (p. 117).--A similar description of Ataentsic and Jouskeha is
given by Sagard (_Canada_, Tross ed., pp. 452-455), from whom Brébeuf
seems to have obtained part of the information given in the text--two
sentences being the same, word for word, as in Sagard--an appropriation
easily explained, in view of Brébeuf's recent arrival among the Hurons,
and consequent difficulties in obtaining a knowledge of their beliefs.
Sagard says that they told him that "this God Youskeha existed before
this Universe, which, with all that was therein, he had created; that,
although he grew old, like all things in this world, he did not lose
his being and his power; and that, when he became old, he had power to
rejuvenate himself in a moment, and to transform himself into a young
man of twenty-five or thirty years; thus he never died, and remained
immortal, although, like other human beings, he was to some extent
subject to corporeal necessities."
Lafitau (_Mœurs des Sauvages_, t. i., pp. 244, 401) also mentions
Ataentsic--"the Queen of the Manes"--but names her grandson
Tharonhiaouagon. Parkman thinks this latter personage (also written
Tarenyowagon) was a divinity peculiar to the Iroquois Five Nations.
Brinton discusses these legends at length in _American Hero-Myths_
(Phila., 1882), pp. 53-62; and also in _Myths of the New World_
(3rd ed.), pp. 156, 203-205; in the latter work, he considers that
Taronhiawagon was but Jouskeha (Ioskeha) under another name, and
explains the stories of all these deities as myths of the Sun and Moon,
of Night and Day, of the conflict between light and darkness. Cf.
Parkman's _Jesuits_, lxxv.-lxxvii., and the outline of Huron cosmogony
given by Hale in _Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, vol. i., pp. 177-183; see
also Cusick's account of the creation, in Beauchamp's _Iroquois Trail_,
pp. 1-5.
37 (p. 121).--For references on the subject of the immortality of
souls, see vol. vi., _note_ 17.
38 (p. 125).--Scanonaenrat (where was the mission of St. Michael)
was one of the largest towns of the Huron country--itself comprising
the entire nation of the Tohontahenrats. It was on the forest trail
leading from the upper mission towns in Tiny township to Teanaustayé
(St. Joseph), and about 1¼ leagues from the latter (_Relation_ for
1639). Du Creux's map places it at a short distance northwest of the
small body of water now known as Orr Lake; and there are extensive
remains in the tract between this lake and the modern village of
Waverley that correspond very well with the numerous references to
St. Michael in the _Relations_. Here have been found, in a space
about two miles square, traces of a large town, and of half a dozen
others, smaller, but similar. With each of these sites there is,
instead of the usual ossuary, a cemetery of isolated graves. In this
respect the Tohontahenrats appear to have differed from the other
Huron nations, who adopted the ossuary almost to the exclusion of
every other mode of burial. One small ossuary, however, was found in
this tract in 1895 (_Ontario Archæol. Rept._, 1894-95, p. 42). Among
its contents were four brass finger-rings, on which can be distinctly
seen the cross and the initials I. H. S. Patches of ground strewn with
iron tomahawks--indubitable signs of Indian conflict--are common in
this neighborhood, confirming the Jesuits' accounts of the battles
of 1648-50, when seven hundred Huron warriors were quartered here
(_Relation_ for 1649, chap. iii.), and suggesting other conflicts which
these chroniclers had probably overlooked in the general confusion of
that period. Several farms in the first concession of Medonté township
(lots 68 to 74 inclusive), in the immediate neighborhood of St.
Michael, abound in this class of relics. Dr. Taché's location of this
mission town, as given in the map of the Huron country in Parkman's
_Jesuits_, is several miles from the correct position.--A. F. HUNTER.
39 (p. 125).--_Lake of the Hiroquois_: see vol. i., _note_ 67.
40 (p. 135).--See Hunter's note on the Tobacco Nation, vol. v., _note_
18. Hale found, in 1872-74 (_Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore_, vol. i., p. 178),
among the Wyandots of the Anderdon Reserve, "the most archaic form of
the Huron-Iroquois speech that had yet been discovered. I believe it
to be the dialect which was spoken by the tribe formerly known to the
French colonists as the 'Tobacco People' (Nation du Petun), but among
the Hurons and Iroquois as the Tionontates (corrupted by the English to
Dionondaddies), which means, apparently, 'people beyond the hills.'"
41 (p. 139).--_Neutral Nation_ (Atiwandaronks): see _note_ 34, _ante_.
Their villages were situated north of Lake Erie, mainly on the western
side of Niagara (Onguiaahra) River. The Récollet La Roche-Daillon,
writing in 1627, says (Shea's _Le Clercq_, vol. i., pp. 265, 266) that
the Neutrals had then twenty-eight towns, cities, and villages, under
one renowned chief, Souharissen, who "acquired this honor and power
by his courage, and by having been repeatedly at war with seventeen
nations that are their enemies, and taken heads or brought in prisoners
from them all." Coyne writes us: "The early reports and maps show
clearly that they occupied the entire north shore of Lake Erie, from
river to river, besides extending a short distance east of the Niagara.
There can be no reasonable doubt that the numerous earthworks and
village sites from Detroit to Buffalo, on the north shore, are remains
of the Neutral tribes or nation. Sanson's map of 1656, and Du Creux's
of 1660, are perfectly clear on this point, and entirely consistent
with Lalemant's relation of the visit of Brébeuf and Chaumonot to this
nation in 1640-41, as well as with Champlain's brief reference and
Daillon's letter describing his sojourn there in 1626-27." Beauchamp
writes: "A fort and cemetery in Cambria, Niagara county, I consider
a town of the Neutrals. It contains French articles, and there were
no Seneca towns in that vicinity at any time." Cf. the description
of these remains given by O. Turner, in _Pioneer History of Holland
Purchase_ (Buffalo, 1850), pp. 26-28.
Morgan says (_Iroq. League_, p. 41, _note_): "The Neuter nation
were known to the Iroquois as the 'Cat Nation'--the word itself,
Je-go-sa-sa, signifying 'a wild cat' Charlevoix has assigned this name
to the Eries." Marshall thinks, in his _Niagara Frontier_ (rev. ed.,
Buffalo, 1881), p. 6, that "the Neutral Nation were called Kah-kwas by
the Senecas, and were exterminated by them as early as 1651." Beauchamp
differs from this opinion, saying: "On the map of 1680, the Kakouagoga,
'a nation destroyed,' is placed near Buffalo, but no mention is made of
the Eries; for this reason I think Marshall mistaken in identifying the
Kah-kwas with the Neutrals."
For a more detailed account of this tribe, see Harris's
_Flint-Workers_, cited in _note_ 34, _ante_; and Coyne's _Country of
the Neutrals_.
42 (p. 139).--The village of Onentisati (Onnentisati) was situated
about midway on the west side of Tiny township. In the Ontario
Archæological Museum are some relics taken from a bone-pit at the
supposed site of Onentisati--three portions of beavers' jaws with
teeth, two bone awls, one trumpet-mouthed pipe-head, and one of
cylindrical shape.--A. F. HUNTER.
43 (p. 141).--François Petit-Pré was one of the Jesuit engagés; he
remained with the missionaries in the Huron country during several
years, and was the only Frenchman at the mission who escaped the
pestilence of 1637. The registers of Three Rivers mention him as
present there in 1635, and again in 1641. The river Petit-Pré, in
Montmorency county, Que. (granted to Jean de Lauson, in 1652), may have
been named for him.
44 (p. 157).--Julien Perrault arrived in Canada April 30, 1634, and,
with André Richard, was sent to the Cape Breton mission. He must have
returned to France within a year, for his name does not appear in the
list given by Le Jeune at the end of the _Relation_ for 1635, nor is
his name mentioned elsewhere in the _Relations_.
45 (p. 157).--For various names applied to Cape Breton Island, see
vol. ii., _note_ 62. For its history, with copious bibliographical and
statistical notes, see Bourinot's valuable monograph, _Historical and
Descriptive Account of the Island of Cape Breton_ (Montreal, 1892).
An excellent map of the island is given at the end of Brown's _Cape
Breton_.
46 (p. 157).--_Chibou_: also known as Grand Chibou or Cibou; the inland
estuary or lake now called Bras d'Or, which extends from the eastern
to the southwestern part of the island, almost severing it in two. The
name Bras d'Or is modern (perhaps a corruption of Labrador, the name,
given the inlet on old charts, both French and English). See Bourinot's
_Cape Breton_, p. 93; and Brown's _Cape Breton_, pp. 2, 5, 77.
47 (p. 159)--_Marmot_: either the hoary marmot (see vol. vi., _note_
22), or the allied species, _Arctomys monax_, commonly called
"woodchuck," which abounds throughout the northern United States and
Canada.
_Parrot fish_: a name given to various species of the families
_Labridæ_ and _Scaridæ_, from their brilliant colors, or the peculiar
shape of the head. Most of these species belong to tropical or
semi-tropical regions, but several are found along the northern
Atlantic coast. That mentioned in the text may be the cunner or
blue-perch, _Ctenolabrus adspersus_.
48 (p. 185).--For origin of the term "patriarch," as applied to
priests, see vol. i, pp. 161, 163, and _note_ 25.
49 (p. 215).--The war here referred to was a part of the Thirty Years'
War. Gustavus Adolphus, the leader of the Protestant alliance, was
killed at the battle of Lutzen, Nov. 16, 1632. Richelieu had, in
1631, formed a treaty of alliance between France and Sweden; this
was renewed in 1633, with Oxenstiern, the successor of Gustavus; and
France, in accordance therewith, gave moral and financial support to
the Protestants in their struggle against Austria and Spain. Finally,
in May, 1635, France, having formed an alliance with Holland, declared
war against Spain, and the allied armies invaded the Netherlands; while
other French armies were sent into Lorraine, Germany, and Italy. Thus
scattered, and often under inefficient commanders, the armies of France
could accomplish little; and for years the war continued with but
slight advantage for either side. Not until Oct. 24, 1648, was the long
conflict ended by the treaty of Westphalia.
50 (p. 217).--The death of Champlain, who had long been governor of New
France (see vol. ii., _note_ 42), occurred Dec. 25, 1635. His successor
was Charles Huault de Montmagny, a chevalier of the military order
of St. John of Jerusalem, more commonly known as Knights of Malta.
His commission was dated March 10, 1636; but Sulte (_Can.-Français_,
vol. ii., p. 59) notes that certain official "acts" of the Hundred
Associates, dated at Paris Jan. 15, 1636, mention Montmagny as
"governor for the said company, under the authority of the king and of
the cardinal duke of Richelieu, of Quebec and of other places on the
river St. Lawrence." This would imply that the Associates had appointed
him to this post in anticipation of Champlain's death, or possibly to
supersede the latter. He arrived at Quebec on June 11 following.
The praises lavished by the missionaries upon Montmagny seem largely
justified by his conduct as governor, and by the opinions of other
historians. He was a man of great personal courage, executive ability,
good judgment, and profound piety. He was a warm friend and supporter
of the Jesuit missions, as also of the new religious colony founded
at Montreal, which he escorted thither in May, 1642. Montmagny's
commission was renewed June 6, 1645. Eleven months later, he received
from the Company of New France a concession of land at Rivière du Sud,
1½ leagues along the St. Lawrence, and four leagues in depth; also of
two islands in the same river, Île aux Oies and Île aux Grues.
Recalled to France, Montmagny left Canada Sept. 23, 1647. He remained
at Paris at least four years; Ferland (_Cours d'Histoire_, vol. i.,
p. 363, _note_) cites a MS. of Aubert de la Chesnaye as stating that
Montmagny spent the last years of his life with a relative at St.
Christopher's, W.I., but thinks there is no proof of the correctness of
this assertion.
51 (p. 217).--Pierre Chastellain and Charles Garnier arrived at
Quebec with Montmagny, June 11, 1636; and on July 21 they left Three
Rivers with the Indian trading canoes, to join the mission in the
Huron country. Both were attacked by the smallpox in the following
September, but in due time recovered their health. Chastellain labored
at Ihonatiria about two years; was at Ossossané in 1638-39; then at St.
Joseph (Teanaustayé). In November, 1640, he was left in sole charge
of the residence of Ste. Marie-on-the-Wye, and was there in 1644. The
_Journ. des Jésu._ mentions him as officiating at Quebec from December,
1650, to March, 1664. The Hurons called him Arioo.
52 (p. 217).--Charles Garnier was born May 25, 1606, and became a
Jesuit novice Sept. 5, 1624, at Paris. His studies were pursued at
Clermont, 1626-36, except while he was an instructor at Eu (1629-32).
In 1636 he came to Canada (see _note_ 51, _ante_), and labored among
the Hurons. In November, 1639, he went with Isaac Jogues on a mission
to the Tobacco Nation; but this tribe feared them as sorcerers, owing
to the calumnies of certain Hurons, and after a few months the Jesuits
were driven away, and obliged to return to the Huron missions. A year
later, Garnier, with Pierre Pijart, made another though similarly
unavailing attempt to reach this tribe. But in 1647 a third effort
proved successful, and Garnier, with several assistants, established
in the Tobacco Nation two missions, St. Jean and St. Mathias. These
were highly prosperous until Dec. 7, 1649, when the town of Etarita
(St. Jean) was destroyed by an Iroquois band, most of the inhabitants
killed or made prisoners, and Garnier himself slain. The _Relation_ for
1650 (chap. iii.) gives a long account of the life, death, character,
and devoted piety of this missionary. Among the Hurons he was known
as Ouaracha (Waracha). Two of his brothers were also priests--Henry a
Carmelite, and Joseph a Capuchin.
53 (p. 219).--Upon the death of Champlain (see _note_ 50, _ante_), a
temporary successor was appointed, Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur
de Chasteaufort, the commandant of the new post at Three Rivers,
whose commission had been for some time in the hands of Le Jeune--the
former, according to Kingsford (_Canada_, vol. i., p. 149), having
"been appointed to act as Governor in case of any extraordinary event.
The Jesuit Father had accordingly possessed the unusual power of
superseding Champlain, when he had deemed it advisable." Chasteaufort
accordingly administered the affairs of the colony until the arrival of
Montmagny (June, 1636). He then resumed command of the post at Three
Rivers, where he still was in February, 1638.
54 (p. 221).--M. de Courpon was admiral of the fleet of Canada in 1641.
Sulte says (_Can.-Français_, vol. ii, p. 119, _note_) that De Courpon,
in that year, gave his own surgeon to Maisonneuve for the new colony at
Montreal.
55 (p. 221).--Nicolas Adam, four days after his arrival (June 12,
1636), was seized by a fever which brought on a stroke of paralysis,
disabling his hands and feet. In the _Relation_ for 1637 (chap. xv.)
he relates how he was cured, after an illness of three months, by a
novena of communions in honor of the Virgin. He remained at Notre-Dame
des Anges, giving religious instruction to the residents there. In the
summer of 1642, he returned to France, at the command of his superiors;
according to Rochemonteix (_Jésuites_, vol. i., p. 433, _note_),
because he could not learn the Indian language.
56 (p. 221).--Ambroise Cauvet, a lay brother, is mentioned by _Journ.
des Jésu._ as at Quebec in 1645, 1646, and 1648, employed in various
ways as a domestic and artisan; he returned to France Sept. 18, 1657.
57 (p. 221).--The Norman families of Le Gardeur and Le Neuf (allied
by marriage) came together to Canada with Montmagny (June, 1636), and
were prominent and influential among the early colonists. Catherine de
Cordé, widow of René le Gardeur, sieur de Tilly, came with two sons
and a daughter; and Jeanne le Marchant, widow of Mathieu le Neuf de
Hérisson, brought two sons and two daughters. Some of these had also
wives and children; in all, they numbered 18 persons; Sulte gives a
list of their names and relationships in _Can.-Français_, vol. ii.,
p. 60. The remainder of the 45 persons mentioned in the text probably
included their servants, and families brought over as colonists.
Pierre le Gardeur, sieur de Repentigny, (born about 1610?) had at this
time three children, and fixed his residence at Quebec. During 1642-47,
he was commander of the Canadian fleet of the Hundred Associates;
and in his care Dauversière placed the provisions, arms, and other
supplies purchased by the latter for the colony of Montreal (1642).
In the autumn of 1644, Le Gardeur and Jean Paul Godefroy (afterwards
his son-in-law), went to France as delegates from the inhabitants of
Canada, to obtain from the government some restriction of the fur-trade
monopoly hitherto enjoyed by the Company of New France; they also
requested that Récollets might be sent to Canada as parish priests,
for the benefit of the French population--the Jesuits being mainly
missionaries to the Indian tribes. The latter effort failed; but the
fur trade was ceded by the company to the French colonists of the St.
Lawrence valley; the latter were obliged to support their government,
the garrisons, and the religious establishments, and to pay the
company 1,000 pounds of beaver skins annually as a seignorial rent.
For particulars of this arrangement, see Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire_,
vol. i., pp. 338, 339; the royal decree confirming it (dated March
6, 1645) is given in _Édits du Conseil du Roi concernant le Canada_
(Quebec, 1854), pp. 28, 29. Other decrees (March 27, 1647, and March
5, 1648) reorganized the government, and granted a considerable degree
of autonomy to the inhabitants.--See Ferland, _ut supra_, pp. 356-358,
363-365; and Sulte's _Can.-Français_, vol. iii., pp. 7, 8, 14; cf.
Faillon's _Col. Fr._, vol. ii., pp. 92-94.
Pierre le Gardeur had done much to bring about these political changes;
but, for some reason, he opposed the new ordinances, so strongly that
he was superseded in the command of the fleet. Departing immediately
afterwards for Canada, he died at sea (July, 1648), from an epidemic
disease that prevailed on shipboard. He had obtained from the Company
of New France (April 16, 1647) two concessions on the St. Lawrence--the
seigniory of Lachenaye, and that afterwards known as Cournoyer,
opposite Three Rivers.
58 (p. 221).--Jacques le Neuf de la Poterie (born 1606) came to Canada
in 1636, with Pierre le Gardeur, whose sister Marguerite was his wife
(see _note_ 57, _ante_). In the preceding January, De la Poterie had
obtained a grant of the seigniory of Portneuf, above Quebec, on which
he made improvements, and where at first he resided. He was governor
of Three Rivers during November, 1645-August, 1648; June, 1650-August,
1651; September, 1652-July, 1653; and July, 1658-December, 1662. In
1649, he purchased a fief at Three Rivers from Champflour; and in
the same year he obtained a grant of the Isle aux Cochons, at the
mouth of the St. Maurice River. About this time, he was active in the
organization of a volunteer militia. In 1665, De Mézy (then governor of
New France) a few days before his death gave De la Poterie a commission
appointing the latter as his successor, in case of that event; but the
council refused to recognize his authority, excepting over the militia.
In October, 1666, he went to France; but it is not known whether he
returned thence.
Sulte says (_Can.-Français_, vol. vii., p. 42) that the Le Neuf family
became extinct after the conquest of Canada.
59 (p. 227).--Concerning the Marquis de Gamache, see vol. vi., _note_ 9.
60 (p. 227).--Various acts of the Hundred Associates, from 1634
to 1647, are signed by Lamy (L'Amy), "for the company;" but other
information regarding him is not available.
61 (p. 229).--This was Emery de Caen; concerning his indemnification
for losses incurred at the capture of Quebec by Kirk, see vol. iv., p.
258, _note_ 21; and vol. vii., _note_ 18.
62 (p. 235).--Marie Madeleine de Wignerod (Vignerot) was the daughter
of René de Wignerod, marquis du Pont de Courlai (who died in 1625), and
of Françoise Duplessis, sister of Cardinal Richelieu. About 1620, Marie
became the wife of Antoine de Beauvoir de Roure, marquis de Combalet;
two years later, an officer in the Huguenot war, he fell in battle at
Montpellier. His widow refused to marry again, and devoted her time and
fortune to works of piety and charity. Le Jeune's _Relation_ for 1635
directed her attention to the Canadian missions, and his suggestion
as to the foundation of a hospital at Quebec at once appealed to her
heart--an impression doubtless strengthened by the counsel of Vincent
de Paul, who was an intimate friend of the Cardinal. She offered to
send thither, at her own expense, some Hospital nuns from Dieppe; the
Company of New France granted them lands; and the undertaking was aided
not only by Madame de Combalet, but by Richelieu himself, who also gave
his niece (1638) the estate of Aiguillon, and conferred upon her the
title of duchess. After various delays, the Hotel-Dieu of Quebec was
established in 1639. The Duchess d'Aiguillon continued for many years
to aid this and other charitable enterprises; she died April 17, 1675.
63 (p. 237).--_Montmartre_: an eminence on the western side of Paris,
about three hundred feet in height; so called (Lat. _mons martyrum_)
because St. Denis, bishop of Paris in the third century, and two
other Christians, were beheaded at the foot of the hill. The Chapel of
Martyrs built here was still visible in the seventeenth century; and in
it Ignatius Loyola pronounced his first vows, Aug. 15, 1534. The church
of St. Pierre de Montmartre, evidently the one referred to in the text,
was built in the twelfth century, by Louis VI. It served as a chapel
for the Benedictine convent also founded by that monarch, and rebuilt
by Louis XIV.; this was a "royal convent," the abbess being appointed
by the king, not elected by the nuns. During the Reign of Terror, the
abbess and all the inmates of this house were guillotined. A costly
church has recently been erected on the highest point of Montmartre,
where formerly stood temples dedicated to Mars and Mercury.
The heights of Montmartre were long famous for quarries of gypsum
(hence the name "plaster of Paris"). Here, too, was begun the Communist
insurrection of 1871.--See Hare's _Walks in Paris_ (N.Y. and London,
1888), pp. 481-486.
64 (p. 237).--Concerning the Ursulines, see vol. v., _note_ 3. Sulte
says (_Can.-Français_, vol. ii., p. 67): "The seigniory of Ste.-Croix,
in Lotbinière county, measuring one league of frontage by six in
depth, was granted Jan. 15, 1637, by the company, to Jean de Beauvais,
commissary of the French marine, in order to found at Quebec a convent
of Ursuline nuns."