[1] The word dotterel seems properly applicable to a single species
only, the _Charadrius morinellus_ of Linnaeus, which, from some of
its osteological characters, may be fitly regarded as the type of a
distinct genus, _Eudromias_. Whether any other species agree with it
in the peculiarity alluded to is at present uncertain.
[2] A single example is said to have been shot near Christchurch, in
Hampshire, England, in April 1857 (_Ibis_, 1862, p. 276).
KILLIECRANKIE, a pass of Perthshire, Scotland, 3¾ m. N.N.W. of Pitlochry
by the Highland railway. Beginning close to Killiecrankie station it
extends southwards to the bridge of Garry for nearly 1½ m. through the
narrow, extremely beautiful, densely wooded glen in the channel of which
flows the Garry. A road constructed by General Wade in 1732 runs up the
pass, and between this and the river is the railway, built in 1863. The
battle of the 27th of July 1689, between some 3000 Jacobites under
Viscount Dundee and the royal force, about 4000 strong, led by General
Hugh Mackay, though named from the ravine, was not actually fought in
the pass. When Mackay emerged from the gorge he found the Highlanders
already in battle array on the high ground on the right bank of the
Girnaig, a tributary of the Garry, within half a mile of where the
railway station now is. Before he had time to form on the more open
table-land, the clansmen charged impetuously with their claymores and
swept his troops back into the pass and the Garry. Mackay lost nearly
half his force, the Jacobites about 900, including their leader. Urrard
House adjoins the spot where Viscount Dundee received his death-wound.
KILLIGREW, SIR HENRY (d. 1603), English diplomatist, belonged to an old
Cornish family and became member of parliament for Launceston in 1553.
Having lived abroad during the whole or part of Mary's reign, he
returned to England when Elizabeth came to the throne and at once began
to serve the new queen as a diplomatist. He was employed on a mission to
Germany, and in conducting negotiations in Scotland, where he had
several interviews with Mary Queen of Scots. He was knighted in 1591,
and after other diplomatic missions in various parts of Europe he died
early in 1603. Many of Sir Henry's letters on public matters are in the
Record Office, London, and in the British Museum. His first wife,
Catherine (c. 1530-1583), daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke (1504-1576),
tutor to Edward VI., was a lady of talent.
Another celebrated member of this family was Sir ROBERT KILLIGREW (c.
1579-1633), who was knighted by James I. in the same year (1603) as his
father, Sir William Killigrew. Sir William was an officer in Queen
Elizabeth's household and a member of parliament; he died in November
1622. Sir Robert was a member of all the parliaments between 1603 and
his death, but he came more into prominence owing to his alleged
connexion with the death of Sir Thomas Overbury. A man of some
scientific knowledge, he had been in the habit of supplying powders to
Robert Carr, earl of Somerset, but it is not certain that the fatal
powder came from the hands of Killigrew. He died early in 1633, leaving
five sons, three of whom attained some reputation (see below).
KILLIGREW, THOMAS (1612-1683), English dramatist and wit, son of Sir
Robert Killigrew, was born in Lothbury, London, on the 7th of February
1612. Pepys says that as a boy he satisfied his love of the stage by
volunteering at the Red Bull to take the part of a devil, thus seeing
the play for nothing. In 1633 he became page to Charles I., and was
faithfully attached to the royal house throughout his life. In 1635 he
was in France, and has left an account (printed in the _European
Magazine_, 1803) of the exorcizing of an evil spirit from some nuns at
Loudun. In 1641 he published two tragi-comedies, _The Prisoners_ and
_Claracilla_, both of which had probably been produced before 1636. In
1647 he followed Prince Charles into exile. His wit, easy morals and
accommodating temper recommended him to Charles, who sent him to Venice
in 1651 as his representative. Early in the following year he was
recalled at the request of the Venetian ambassador in Paris. At the
Restoration he became groom of the bedchamber to Charles II., and later
chamberlain to the queen. He received in 1660, with Sir William
Davenant, a patent to erect a new playhouse, the performances in which
were to be independent of the censorship of the master of the revels.
This infringement of his prerogative caused a dispute with Sir Henry
Herbert, then holder of the office, but Killigrew settled the matter by
generous concessions. He acted independently of Davenant, his company
being known as the King's Servants. They played at the Red Bull, until
in 1663 he built for them the original Theatre Royal in Drury Lane.
Pepys writes in 1664 that Killigrew intended to have four opera seasons
of six weeks each during the year, and with this end in view paid
several visits to Rome to secure singers and scene decorators. In 1664
his plays were published as _Comedies and Tragedies_. _Written by Thomas
Killigrew._ They are _Claracilla_; _The Princess, or Love at First
Sight_; _The Parson's Wedding_; _The Pilgrim_; _Cicilia and Clorinda, or
Love in Arms_; _Thomaso, or the Wanderer_; and _Bellamira, her Dream, or
Love of Shadows_. _The Parson's Wedding_ (acted c. 1640, reprinted in
the various editions of Dodsley's _Old Plays_ and in the _Ancient
British Drama_) is an unsavoury play, which displays nevertheless
considerable wit, and some of its jokes were appropriated by Congreve.
It was revived after the Restoration in 1664 and 1672 or 1673, all the
parts being in both cases taken by women. Killigrew succeeded Sir Henry
Herbert as master of the revels in 1673. He died at Whitehall on the
19th of March 1683. He was twice married, first to Cecilia Crofts, maid
of honour to Queen Henrietta Maria, and secondly to Charlotte de Hesse,
by whom he had a son Thomas (1657-1719), who was the author of a
successful little piece, _Chit-Chat_, played at Drury Lane on the 14th
of February 1719, with Mrs Oldfield in the part of Florinda.
Killigrew enjoyed a greater reputation as a wit than as a dramatist.
Sir John Denham said of him:--
Had Cowley ne'er spoke, Killigrew ne'er writ,
Combined in one, they'd made a matchless wit.
Many stories are related of his bold speeches to Charles I. Pepys
(Feb. 12, 1668) records that he was said to hold the title of King's
Fool or Jester, with a cap and bells at the expense of the king's
wardrobe, and that he might therefore revile or jeer anybody, even the
greatest, without offence.
His elder brother, Sir WILLIAM KILLIGREW (1606-1695), was a court
official under Charles I. and Charles II. He attempted to drain the
Lincolnshire fens, and was the author of four plays (printed 1665 and
1666) of some merit.
A younger brother, Dr HENRY KILLIGREW (1613-1700), was chaplain and
almoner to the duke of York, and master of the Savoy after the
Restoration. A juvenile play of his, _The Conspiracy_, was printed
surreptitiously in 1638, and in an authenticated version in 1653 as
_Pallantus and Eudora_. He had two sons, HENRY KILLIGREW (d. 1712), an
admiral, and JAMES KILLIGREW, also a naval officer, who was killed in an
encounter with the French in January 1695; and a daughter, ANNE
(1660-1685), poet and painter, who was maid of honour to the duchess of
York, and was the subject of an ode by Dryden, which Samuel Johnson
thought the noblest in the language.
A sister, ELIZABETH KILLIGREW, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount
Shannon, and became a mistress of Charles II.
KILLIN, a village and parish of Perthshire, Scotland, at the
south-western extremity of Loch Tay, 4 m. N.E. of Killin Junction on a
branch line of the Callander & Oban railway. Pop. of parish (1901),
1423. It is situated near the confluence of the rivers and glens of the
Dochart and Lochay, and is a popular tourist centre, having
communication by steamer with Kenmore at the other end of the lake, and
thence by coach to Aberfeldy, the terminus of a branch of the Highland
railway. It has manufactures of tweeds. In a field near the village a
stone marks the site of what is known as Fingal's Grove. An island in
the Dochart (which is crossed at Killin by a bridge of five arches) is
the ancient burial-place of the clan Macnab. Finlarig Castle, a
picturesque mass of ivy-clad ruins, was a stronghold of the Campbells of
Glenorchy, and several earls of Breadalbane were buried in ground
adjoining it, where the modern mausoleum of the family stands. Three
miles up the Lochay, which rises in the hills beyond the forest of
Mamlorn and has a course of 15 m., the river forms a graceful cascade.
The Dochart, issuing from Loch Dochart, flows for 13 m. in a
north-easterly direction and falls into Loch Tay. The ruined castle on
an islet in the loch once belonged to the Campbells of Lochawe.
KILLIS, a town of N. Syria, in the vilayet of Aleppo, 60 m. N. of Aleppo
city. It is situated in an extremely fertile plain, and is completely
surrounded with olive groves, the produce of which is reckoned the
finest oil of all Syria; and its position on the carriage-road from
Aleppo to Aintab and Birejik gives it importance. The population
(20,000) consists largely of Circassians, Turkomans and Arabs, the town
lying just on the northern rim of the Arab territory. As Killis lies
also very near the proposed junction of the Bagdad and the Beirut-Aleppo
railways (at Tell Habesh), it is likely to increase in importance.
KILLYBEGS, a seaport and market town of county Donegal, Ireland, in the
south parliamentary division, on the north coast on Donegal Bay, the
terminus of the Donegal railway. Pop. (1901), 607. It derives some
importance from its fine land-locked harbour, which, affording
accommodation to large vessels, is used as a naval station, and is the
centre of an important fishery. There is a large pier for the fishing
vessels. The manufacture of carpets occupies a part of the population,
employing both male and female labour--the productions being known as
Donegal carpets. There are slight remains of a castle and ancient
church; and a mineral spring is still used. The town received a charter
from James I., and was a parliamentary borough, returning two members,
until the Union.
KILLYLEAGH, a small seaport and market town of county Down, Ireland, in
the east parliamentary division, on the western shore of Strangford
Lough. Pop. (1901), 1410. Linen manufacture is the principal industry,
and agricultural produce is exported. Killyleagh was an important
stronghold in early times, and the modern castle preserves the towers of
the old building. Sir John de Courcy erected this among many other
fortresses in the neighbourhood; it was besieged by Shane O'Neill
(1567), destroyed by Monk (1648), and subsequently rebuilt. The town was
incorporated by James I., and returned two members to the Irish
parliament.
KILMAINE, CHARLES EDWARD (1751-1799), French general, was born at Dublin
on the 19th of October 1751. At the age of eleven he went with his
father, whose surname was Jennings, to France, where he changed his name
to Kilmaine, after a village in Mayo. He entered the French army as an
officer in a dragoon regiment in 1774, and afterwards served as a
volunteer in the Navy (1778), during which period he was engaged in the
fighting in Senegal. From 1780 to 1783 he took part in the War of
American Independence under Rochambeau, rejoining the army on his return
to France. In 1791, as a retired captain, he took the civic oath and was
recalled to active service, becoming lieutenant-colonel in 1792, and
colonel, brigadier-general, and lieutenant-general in 1793. In this last
capacity he distinguished himself in the wars on the northern and
eastern frontiers. But he became an object of suspicion on account of
his foreign birth and his relations with England. He was suspended on
the 4th of August 1793, and was not recalled to active service till
1795. He then took part in the Italian campaigns of 1796 and 1797, and
was made commandant of Lombardy. He afterwards received the command of
the cavalry in Bonaparte's "army of England," of which, during the
absence of Desaix, he was temporarily commander-in-chief (1798). He died
on the 15th of December 1799.
See J. G. Alger, _Englishmen in the French Revolution_ (1889); Eugène
Fieffé, _Histoire des troupes étrangères au service de France_ (1854);
Etienne Charavay, _Correspondance de Carnot_, tome iii.
KILMALLOCK, a market town of county Limerick, Ireland, in the east
parliamentary division, 124¼ m. S.W. of Dublin by the Great Southern &
Western main line. Pop. (1901), 1206. It commands a natural route (now
followed by the railway) through the hills to the south and south-west,
and is a site of great historical interest. It received a charter in the
reign of Edward III., at which time it was walled and fortified, and
entered by four gates, two of which remain. It was a military post of
importance in Elizabeth's reign, but its fortifications were for the
most part demolished by order of Cromwell. Two castellated mansions are
still to be seen. The church of St Peter and St Paul belonged to a
former abbey, and has a tower at the north-west corner which is a
converted round tower. The Dominican Abbey, of the 13th century, has
Early English remains of great beauty and a tomb to Edmund, the last of
the White Knights, a branch of the family of Desmond intimately
connected with Kilmallock, who received their title from Edward III. at
the battle of Halidon Hill. The foundation of Kilmallock, however, is
attributed to the Geraldines, who had several towns in this vicinity.
Eight miles from the town is Lough Gur, near which are numerous stone
circles and other remains. Kilmallock returned two members to the Irish
parliament.
KILMARNOCK, a municipal and police burgh of Ayrshire, Scotland, on
Kilmarnock Water, a tributary of the Irvine, 24 m. S.W. of Glasgow by
the Glasgow & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 35,091. Among the
chief buildings are the town hall, court-house, corn-exchange (with the
Albert Tower, 110 ft. high), observatory, academy, corporation art
gallery, institute (containing a free library and a museum), Kay
schools, School of Science and Art, Athenaeum, theatre, infirmary,
Agricultural Hall, and Philosophical Institution. The grounds of
Kilmarnock House, presented to the town in 1893, were laid out as a
public park. In Kay Park (48¾ acres), purchased from the duke of
Portland for £9000, stands the Burns Memorial, consisting of two storeys
and a tower, and containing a museum in which have been placed many
important MSS. of the poet and the McKie library of Burns's books. The
marble statue of the poet, by W. G. Stevenson, stands on a terrace on
the southern face. A Reformers' monument was unveiled in Kay Park in
1885. Kilmarnock rose into importance in the 17th century by its
production of striped woollen "Kilmarnock cowls" and broad blue bonnets,
and afterwards acquired a great name for its Brussels, Turkey and
Scottish carpets. Tweeds, blankets, shawls, tartans, lace curtains,
cottons and winceys are also produced. The boot and shoe trade is
prosperous, and there are extensive engineering and hydraulic machinery
works. But the iron industry is prominent, the town being situated in
the midst of a rich mineral region. Here, too, are the workshops of the
Glasgow & South-Western railway company. Kilmarnock is famous for its
dairy produce, and every October holds the largest cheese-show in
Scotland. The neighbourhood abounds in freestone and coal. The burgh,
which is governed by a provost and council, unites with Dumbarton, Port
Glasgow, Renfrew and Rutherglen in returning one member to parliament.
Alexander Smith, the poet (1830-1867), whose father was a lace-pattern
designer, and Sir James Shaw (1764-1843), lord mayor of London in 1806,
to whom a statue was erected in the town in 1848, were natives of
Kilmarnock. It dates from the 15th century, and in 1591 was made a burgh
of barony under the Boyds, the ruling house of the district. The last
Boyd who bore the title of Lord Kilmarnock was beheaded on Tower Hill,
London, in 1746, for his share in the Jacobite rising. The first edition
of Robert Burns's poems was published here in 1786.
KILMAURS, a town in the Cunningham division of Ayrshire, Scotland, on
the Carmel, 21½ m. S. by W. of Glasgow by the Glasgow & South-Western
railway. Pop. (1901), 1803. Once noted for its cutlery, the chief
industries now are shoe and bonnet factories, and there are iron and
coal mines in the neighbourhood. The parish church dates from 1170, and
was dedicated either to the Virgin or to a Scottish saint of the 9th
century called Maure. It was enlarged in 1403 and in great part rebuilt
in 1888. Adjoining it is the burial-place of the earls of Glencairn, the
leading personages in the district during several centuries, some of
whom bore the style of Lord Kilmaurs. Their family name was Cunningham,
adopted probably from the manor which they acquired in the 12th century.
The town was made a burgh of barony in 1527 by the earl of that date.
Burns's patron, the thirteenth earl, on whose death the poet wrote his
touching "Lament," sold the Kllmaurs estate in 1786 to the marchioness
of Titchfield.
KILN (O.E. _cylene_, from the Lat. _culina_, a kitchen, cooking-stove),
a place for burning, baking or drying. Kilns may be divided into two
classes--those in which the materials come into actual contact with the
flames, and those in which the furnace is beneath or surrounding the
oven. Lime-kilns are of the first class, and brick-kilns, pottery-kilns,
&c., of the second, which also includes places for merely drying
materials, such as hop-kilns, usually called "oasts" or "oast-houses."
KILPATRICK, NEW, or EAST, also called BEARSDEN, a town of
Dumbartonshire, Scotland, 5½ m. N.W. of Glasgow by road, with a station
on the North British railway company's branch line from Glasgow to
Milngavie. Pop. (1901), 2705. The town is largely inhabited by business
men from Glasgow. The public buildings include the Shaw convalescent
home, Buchanan, Retreat, house of refuge for girls, library, and St
Peter's College, a fine structure, presented to the Roman Catholic
Church in 1892 by the archbishop of Glasgow. There is some coal-mining,
and lime is manufactured. Remains of the Wall of Antoninus are close to
the town. At Garscube and Garscadden, both within 1½ m. of New
Kilpatrick, are extensive iron-works, and at the former place coal is
mined and stone quarried.
KILPATRICK, OLD, a town of Dumbartonshire, Scotland, on the right bank
of the Clyde, 10½ m. N.W. of Glasgow by rail, with stations on the North
British and Caledonian railways. Pop. (1901), 1533. It is traditionally
the birthplace of St Patrick, whose father is said to have acted there
as a Roman magistrate. Roman remains occur in the district, and the Wall
of Antoninus ran through the parish. To the north, occupying an area of
about 6 m. from east to west and 5 m. from north to south run the
Kilpatrick Hills, of which the highest points are Duncomb and Fynloch
Hill (each 1313 ft.).
KILRUSH, a seaport and watering-place of county Clare, Ireland, in the
west parliamentary division, on the north shore of the Shannon estuary
45 m. below Limerick. Pop. of urban district (1901), 4179. It is the
terminus of a branch of the West Clare railway. The only seaport of
importance in the county, it has a considerable export trade in peat
fuel, extensive fisheries, and flagstone quarries; while general fairs,
horse fairs and annual agricultural shows are held. The inner harbour
admits only small vessels, but there is a good pier a mile south of the
town. Off the harbour lies Scattery Island (_Inis Cathaigh_), where St
Senan (d. 544) founded a monastery. There are the remains of his oratory
and house and of seven rude churches or chapels, together with a round
tower and a holy well still in repute. The island also received the
epithet of Holy, and was a favourite burial-ground until modern times.
KILSYTH, a police burgh of Stirlingshire, Scotland, on the Kelvin, 13 m.
N.N.E. of Glasgow by the North British railway, and close to the Forth
and Clyde canal. Pop. (1901), 7292. The principal buildings are the town
and public halls, and the academy. The chief industries are coal-mining
and iron-works; there are also manufactures of paper and cotton, besides
quarrying of whinstone and sandstone. There are considerable remains of
the Wall of Antoninus south of the town, and to the north the ruins of
the old castle. Kilsyth dates from the middle of the 17th century and
became a burgh of barony in 1826. It was the scene of Montrose's defeat
of the Covenanters on the 15th of August 1645. The town was the centre
of remarkable religious revivals in 1742-3 and 1839, the latter
conducted by William Chalmers Burns (1815-1868), the missionary to
China.
KILT, properly the short loose skirt or petticoat, reaching to the knees
and usually made of tartan, forming part of the dress of a Scottish
Highlander (see COSTUME). The word means that which is "girded or tucked
up," and is apparently of Scandinavian origin, cf. Danish _kilte_, to
tuck up. The early kilt was not a separate garment but was merely the
lower part of the plaid, in which the Highlander wrapped himself,
hanging down in folds below the belt.
KILWA (Quiloa), a seaport of German East Africa, about 200 m. S. of
Zanzibar. There are two Kilwas, one on the mainland--Kilwa Kivinje; the
other, the ancient city, on an island--Kilwa Kisiwani. Kilwa Kivinje, on
the northern side of Kilwa Bay, is regularly laid out, the houses in the
European quarter being large and substantial. The government house and
barracks are fortified and are surrounded by fine public gardens. The
adjacent country is fertile and thickly populated, and the trade of the
port is considerable. Much of it is in the hands of Banyans. Kilwa is a
starting-point for caravans to Lake Nyasa. Pop. about 5000. Most of the
inhabitants are Swahili.
Kilwa Kisiwani, 18 m. to the south of the modern town, possesses a deep
harbour sheltered from all winds by projecting coral reefs. The island
on which it is built is separated from the mainland by a shallow and
narrow channel. The ruins of the city include massive walls and
bastions, remains of a palace and of two large mosques, of which the
domed roofs are in fair preservation, besides several Arab forts. The
new quarter contains a customs house and a few Arab buildings. Pop.
about 600. On the island of Songa Manara, at the southern end of Kilwa
Bay, hidden in dense vegetation, are the ruins of another city, unknown
to history. Fragments of palaces and mosques in carved limestone exist,
and on the beach are the remains of a lighthouse. Chinese coins and
pieces of porcelain have been found on the sea-shore, washed up from the
reefs.
The sultanate of Kilwa is reputed to have been founded about A.D. 975
by Ali ibn Hasan, a Persian prince from Shiraz, upon the site of the
ancient Greek colony of Rhapta. The new state, at first confined to
the town of Kilwa, extended its influence along the coast from
Zanzibar to Sofala, and the city came to be regarded as the capital of
the Zenj "empire" (see ZANZIBAR: "Sultanate"). An Arab chronicle gives
a list of over forty sovereigns who reigned at Kilwa in a period of
five hundred years (cf. A. M. H. J. Stokvis, _Manuel d'histoire_,
Leiden, 1888, i. 558). Pedro Alvares Cabral, the Portuguese navigator,
was the first European to visit it. His fleet, on its way to India,
anchored in Kilwa Bay in 1500. Kilwa was then a large and wealthy
city, possessing, it is stated, three hundred mosques. In 1502 Kilwa
submitted to Vasco da Gama, but the sultan neglecting to pay the
tribute imposed upon him, the city in 1505 was occupied by the
Portuguese. They built a fort there; the first erected by them on the
east coast of Africa. Fighting ensued between the Arabs and the
Portuguese, the city was destroyed; and in 1512 the Portuguese, whose
ranks had been decimated by fever, temporarily abandoned the place.
Subsequently Kilwa became one of the chief centres of the slave trade.
Towards the end of the 17th century it fell under the dominion of the
imams of Muscat, and on the separation in 1856 of their Arabian and
African possessions became subject to the sultan of Zanzibar. With the
rest of the southern part of the sultan's continental dominions Kilwa
was acquired by Germany in 1890 (see AFRICA, § 5; and GERMAN EAST
AFRICA).
KILWARDBY, ROBERT (d. 1279), archbishop of Canterbury and cardinal,
studied at the university of Paris, where he soon became famous as a
teacher of grammar and logic. Afterwards joining the order of St Dominic
and turning his attention to theology, he was chosen provincial prior of
his order in England in 1261, and in October 1272 Pope Gregory X.
terminated a dispute over the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury by
appointing Kilwardby. Although the new archbishop crowned Edward I. and
his queen Eleanor in August 1274, he took little part in business of
state, but was energetic in discharging the spiritual duties of his
office. He was charitable to the poor, and showed liberality to the
Dominicans. In 1278 Pope Nicholas III. made him cardinal-bishop of Porto
and Santa Rufina; he resigned his archbishopric and left England,
carrying with him the registers and other valuable property belonging to
the see of Canterbury. He died in Italy on the 11th of September 1279.
Kilwardby was the first member of a mendicant order to attain a high
position in the English Church. Among his numerous writings, which
became very popular among students, are _De ortu scientiarum_, _De
tempore_, _De Universali_, and some commentaries on Aristotle.
See N. Trevet, _Annales sex regum Angliae_, edited by T. Hog (London,
1845); W. F. Hook, _Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury_, vol. iii.
(London, 1860-1876); J. Quétif and J. Échard, _Scriptores ordinis
Predicatorum_ (Paris, 1719-1721).
KILWINNING, a municipal and police burgh of Ayrshire, Scotland, on the
right bank of the Garnock, 24 m. S.W. of Glasgow by the Caledonian
railway, and 26¾ m. by the Glasgow & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901),
4440. The chief buildings include the public library, the Masonic hall
and the district hospital. The centre of interest, however, is the
ruined abbey, originally one of the richest in Scotland. Founded about
1140 by Hugh de Morville, lord of Cunninghame, for Tyronensian monks of
the Benedictine order, it was dedicated to St Winnin, who lived on the
spot in the 8th century and has given his name to the town. This
beautiful specimen of Early English architecture was partly destroyed in
1561, and its lands were granted to the earl of Eglinton and others.
Kilwinning is the traditional birthplace of Scottish freemasonry, the
lodge, believed to have been founded by the foreign architects and
masons who came to build the abbey, being regarded as the mother lodge
in Scotland. The royal company of archers of Kilwinning--dating, it is
said, as far back as 1488--meet every July to shoot at the popinjay. The
industry in weaving shawls and lighter fabrics has died out; and the
large iron, coal and fire-clay works at Eglinton, and worsted spinning,
employ most of the inhabitants. About a mile from Kilwinning is Eglinton
Castle, the seat of the earls of Eglinton, built in 1798 in the English
castellated style.
KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, 1ST EARL OF (1826-1902), English statesman,
was born on the 7th of January 1826, being the eldest son of the Hon.
Henry Wodehouse and grandson of the 2nd Baron Wodehouse (the barony
dating from 1797), whom he succeeded in 1846. He was educated at Eton
and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a first-class degree in
classics in 1847; in the same year married Lady Florence Fitzgibbon (d.
1895), daughter of the last earl of Clare. He was by inheritance a
Liberal in politics, and in 1852-1856 and 1859-1861 he was under
secretary of state for foreign affairs in Lord Aberdeen's and Lord
Palmerston's ministries. In the interval (1856-1858) he had been
envoy-extraordinary to Russia; and in 1863 he was sent on a special
mission to Copenhagen on the forlorn hope of finding a peaceful solution
of the Schleswig-Holstein question. The mission was a failure, but
probably nothing else was possible. In 1864 he became under secretary
for India, but towards the end of the year was made Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland. In that capacity he had to grapple with the first
manifestations of Fenianism, and in recognition of his vigour and
success he was created (1866) earl of Kimberley. In July 1866 he vacated
his office with the fall of Lord Russell's ministry, but in 1868 he
became Lord Privy Seal in Mr Gladstone's cabinet, and in July 1870 was
transferred from that post to be secretary of state for the colonies. It
was the moment of the great diamond discoveries in South Africa, and the
new town of Kimberley was named after the colonial secretary of the day.
After an interval of opposition from 1874 to 1880, Lord Kimberley
returned to the Colonial Office in Mr Gladstone's next ministry; but at
the end of 1882 he exchanged this office first for that of chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster and then for the secretaryship of state for
India, a post he retained during the remainder of Mr Gladstone's tenure
of power (1882-1886, 1892-1894), though in 1892-1894 he combined with it
that of the lord presidency of the council. In Lord Rosebery's cabinet
(1894-1895) he was foreign secretary. Lord Kimberley was an admirable
departmental chief, but it is difficult to associate his own personality
with any ministerial act during his occupation of all these posts. He
was at the colonial office when responsible government was granted to
Cape Colony, when British Columbia was added to the Dominion of Canada,
and during the Boer War of 1880-81, with its conclusion at Majuba; and
he was foreign secretary when the misunderstanding arose with Germany
over the proposed lease of territory from the Congo Free State for the
Cape to Cairo route. He was essentially a loyal Gladstonian party man.
His moderation, common sense, and patriotism had their influence,
nevertheless, on his colleagues. As leader of the Liberal party in the
House of Lords he acted with undeviating dignity; and in opposition he
was a courteous antagonist and a critic of weight and experience. He
took considerable interest in education, and after being for many years
a member of the senate of London University, he became its chancellor in
1899. He died in London on the 8th of April 1902, being succeeded in the
earldom by his eldest and only surviving son, Lord Wodehouse (b. 1848).
KIMBERLEY, a town of the Cape province, South Africa, the centre of the
Griqualand West diamond industry, 647 m. N.E. of Cape Town and 310 m.
S.W. of Johannesburg by rail. Pop. (1904), 34,331, of whom 13,556 were
whites. The town is built on the bare veld midway between the Modder and
Vaal Rivers and is 4012 ft. above the sea. Having grown out of camps
formed round the diamond mines, its plan is very irregular and in
striking contrast with the rectangular outline common to South African
towns. Grouped round market square are the law courts, with a fine clock
tower, the post and telegraph offices and the town-hall. The public
library and the hospital are in Du Toits Pan Road. In the district of
Newton, laid out during the siege of 1899-1900, a monument to those who
fell during the operations has been erected where four roads meet. Siege
Avenue, in the suburb of Kenilworth, 250 ft. wide, a mile and a quarter
long, and planted with 16 rows of trees, was also laid out during the
siege. In the public gardens are statues of Queen Victoria and Cecil
Rhodes. The diamond mines form, however, the chief attraction of the
town (see DIAMOND). Of these the Kimberley is within a few minutes' walk
of market square. The De Beers mine is one mile east of the Kimberley
mine. The other principal mines, Bultfontein, Du Toits Pan and
Wesselton, are still farther distant from the town. Barbed wire fencing
surrounds the mines, which cover about 180 acres.
The Kaffirs who work in the mines are housed in large compounds. Wire
netting is spread over these enclosures, and every precaution taken to
prevent the illicit disposal of diamonds. Ample provision is made for
the comfort of the inmates, who in addition to food and lodging earn
from 17s. to 24s. a week. Most of the white workmen employed live at
Kenilworth, laid out by the De Beers company as a "model village."
Beaconsfield, near Du Toits Pan Mine, is also dependent on the diamond
industry.
Kimberley was founded in 1870 by diggers who discovered diamonds on the
farms of Du Toits Pan and Bultfontein. In 1871 richer diamonds were
found on the neighbouring farm of Vooruitzight at places named De Beers
and Colesberg Kopje. There were at first three distinct mining camps,
one at Du Toits Pan, another at De Beers (called De Beers Rush or Old De
Beers) and the third at the Colesberg Kopje (called De Beers New Rush,
or New Rush simply). The Colesberg Kopje mine was in July 1873 renamed
Kimberley in honour of the then secretary of state for the colonies, the
1st earl of Kimberley, by whose direction the mines were--in 1871--taken
under the protection of Great Britain. Kimberley was also chosen as the
name of the town into which the mining camps developed. Doubt having
arisen as to the rights of the crown to the minerals on Vooruitzight
farm, litigation ensued, ending in the purchase of the farm by the state
for £100,000 in 1875. In 1880 the town was incorporated in Cape Colony
(see GRIQUALAND). In 1874 a great part of the population left for the
newly discovered gold diggings in the Lydenburg district of the
Transvaal, but others took their place. Among those early attracted to
Kimberley were Cecil Rhodes and "Barney" Barnato, who in time came to
represent two groups of financiers controlling the mines. The
amalgamation of their interests in 1889--when the De Beers group
purchased the Kimberley mine for £5,338,650--put the whole diamond
production of the Kimberley fields in the hands of one company, the De
Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd., so named after the former owners of the
farms on which are situated the chief mines. Kimberley in consequence
became largely dependent on the good-will of the De Beers corporation,
the town having practically no industries other than diamond mining.
Horse-breeding is carried on to a limited extent. The value of the
annual output of diamonds averages about £4,500,000. The importance of
the industry led to the building of a railway from Cape Town, opened in
1885. On the outbreak of war between the British and the Boers in 1899
Kimberley was invested by a Boer force. The siege began on the 12th of
October and lasted until the 15th of February 1900, when the town was
relieved by General Sir John French. Among the besieged was Cecil
Rhodes, who placed the resources of the De Beers company at the disposal
of the defenders. In 1906 the town was put in direct railway
communication with Johannesburg, and in 1908 the completion of the line
from Bloemfontein gave Natal direct access to Kimberley, which thus
became an important railway centre.
KIMERIDGIAN, in geology, the basal division of the Upper Oolites in the
Jurassic system. The name is derived from the hamlet of Kimeridge or
Kimmeridge near the coast of Dorsetshire, England. It appears to have
been first suggested by T. Webster in 1812; in 1818, in the form
Kimeridge Clay, it was used by Buckland. From the Dorsetshire coast,
where it is splendidly exposed in the fine cliffs from St Alban's Head
to Gad Cliff, it follows the line of Jurassic outcrop through Wiltshire,
where there is a broad expanse between Westbury and Devizes, as far as
Yorkshire, there it appears in the vale of Pickering and on the coast in
Filey Bay. It generally occupied broad valleys, of which the vale of
Aylesbury may be taken as typical. Good exposures occur at Seend, Calne,
Swindon, Wootton Bassett, Faringdon, Abingdon, Culham, Shotover Hill,
Brill, Ely and Market Rasen. Traces of the formation are found as far
north as the east coast of Cromarty and Sutherland at Eathie and
Helmsdale.
In England the Kimeridgian is usually divisible into an Upper Series,
600-650 ft. in the south, dark bituminous shales, paper shales and
clays with layers and nodules of cement-stones and septaria. These
beds merge gradually into the overlying Portlandian formation. The
Lower Series, with a maximum thickness of 400 ft., consists of clays
and dark shales with septaria, cement-stones and calcareous "doggers."
These lithological characters are very persistent. The Upper
Kimeridgian is distinguished as the zone of _Perisphincles biplex_,
with the sub-zone of _Discina latissima_ in the higher portions.
_Cardioceras alternans_ is the zonal ammonite characteristic of the
lower division, with the sub-zone of _Ostrea deltoidea_ in the lower
portion. _Exogyra virgula_ is common in the upper part of the lower
division, and the lower part of the Upper Kimeridgian. A large number
of ammonites are peculiar to this formation, including _Reineckia
eudoxus_, _R. Thurmanni_, _Aspidoceras longispinus_, &c. Large
dinosaurian reptiles are abundant, _Cetiosaurus_, _Gigantosaurus_,
_Megalosaurus_, also plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs; crocodilian and
chelonian remains are also found. _Protocardia striatula_, _Thracia
depressa_, _Belemnites abreviatus_, _B. Blainvillei_, _Lingula
ovalis_, _Rhynchonella inconstans_ and _Exogyra nana_ are
characteristic fossils. Alum has been obtained from the Kimeridge
Clay, and the cement-stones have been employed in Purbeck; coprolites
are found in small quantities. Bricks, tiles, flower-pots, &c., are
made from the clay at Swindon, Gillingham, Brill, Ely, Horncastle, and
other places. The so-called "Kimeridge coal" is a highly bituminous
shale capable of being used as fuel, which has been worked on the
cliff at Little Kimeridge.
The "Kimeridgien" of continental geologists is usually made to contain
the three sub-divisions of A. Oppel and W. Waagen, viz.:--
/ Upper (Virgulian) with _Exogyra virgula_
Kimeridgien < Middle (Pteroceran) with _Pteroceras oceani_
\ Lower (Astartian) with _Astarte supracorallina_;
but the upper portion of this continental Kimeridgian is equivalent to
some of the British Portlandian; while most of the Astartian
corresponds to the Corallian. A. de Lapparent now recognizes only the
Virgulian and Pteroceran in the Kimeridgien. Clays and marls with
occasional limestones and sandstones represent the Kimeridgien of most
of northern Europe, including Russia. In Swabia and some other parts
of Germany the curious ruiniform marble _Felsenkalk_ occurs on this
horizon, and most of the Kimeridgien of southern Europe, including the
Alps, is calcareous. Representatives of the formation occur in
Caucasia, Algeria, Abyssinia, Madagascar; in South America with
volcanic rocks, and possibly in California (Maripan beds), Alaska and
King Charles's Land.
See "Jurassic Rocks of Britain," vols. v. and i., _Memoirs of the
Geological Survey_ (vol. v. contains references to literature up to
1895). (J. A. H.)
KIMHI, or QIMHI, the family name of three Jewish grammarians and
biblical scholars who worked at Narbonne in the 12th century and the
beginning of the 13th, and exercised great influence on the study of the
Hebrew language. The name, as is shown by manuscript testimony, was also
pronounced _Kamhi_ and further mention is made of the French surname
Petit.
JOSEPH KIMHI was a native of southern Spain, and settled in Provence,
where he was one of the first to set forth in the Hebrew language the
results of Hebraic philology as expounded by the Spanish Jews in their
Arabic treatises. He was acquainted moreover with Latin grammar, under
the influence of which he resorted to the innovation of dividing the
Hebrew vowels into five long vowels and five short, previous grammarians
having simply spoken of seven vowels without distinction of quantity.
His grammatical textbook, _Sefer Ha-Zikkaron_, "Book of Remembrance"
(ed. W. Bacher, Berlin, 1888), was marked by methodical
comprehensiveness, and introduced into the theory of the verbs a new
classification of the stems which has been retained by later scholars.
In the far more ample _Sefer Ha-Galuy_, "Book of Demonstration" (ed.
Matthews, Berlin, 1887), Joseph Kimhi attacks the philological work of
the greatest French Talmud scholar of that day, R. Jacob Tam, who
espoused the antiquated system of Menahem b. Saruq, and this he
supplements by an independent critique of Menahem. This work is a mine
of varied exegetical and philological details. He also wrote
commentaries--the majority of which are lost--on a great number of the
scriptural books. Those on Proverbs and Job have been published. He
composed an apologetic work under the title _Sefer Ha-Berith_ ("Book of
the Bond"), a fragment of which is extant, and translated into Hebrew
the ethico-philosophical work of Bahya ibn Paquda ("Duties of the
Heart"). In his commentaries he also made contributions to the
comparative philology of Hebrew and Arabic.
MOSES KIMHI was the author of a Hebrew grammar, known--after the first
three words--as _Mahalak Shebile Ha-daat_, or briefly as _Mahalak_. It
is an elementary introduction to the study of Hebrew, the first of its
kind, in which only the most indispensable definitions and rules have a
place, the remainder being almost wholly occupied by paradigms. Moses
Kimhi was the first who made the verb _paqadh_ a model for conjugation,
and the first also who introduced the now usual sequence in the
enumeration of stem-forms. His handbook was of great historical
importance as in the first half of the 16th century it became the
favourite manual for the study of Hebrew among non-Judaic scholars (1st
ed., Pesaro, 1508). Elias Levita (q.v.) wrote Hebrew explanations, and
Sebastian Münster translated it into Latin. Moses Kimhi also composed
commentaries to the biblical books; those on Proverbs, Ezra and Nehemiah
are in the great rabbinical bibles falsely ascribed to Abraham ibn Ezra.
DAVID KIMHI (c. 1160-1235), also known as _Redaq_ (= R. David Kimhi),
eclipsed the fame both of his father and his brother. From the writings
of the former he quotes a great number of explanations, some of which
are known only from this source. His _magnum opus_ is the _Sefer
Miklol_, "Book of Completeness." This falls into two divisions: the
grammar, to which the title of the whole, _Miklol_, is usually applied
(first printed in Constantinople, 1532-1534, then, with the notes of
Elias Levita, at Venice, 1545), and the lexicon, _Sefer Hashorashim_,
"Book of Roots," which was first printed in Italy before 1480, then at
Naples in 1490, and at Venice in 1546 with the annotations of Elias. The
model and the principal source for this work of David Kimhi's was the
book of R. Jonah (Abulwalid), which was cast in a similar bipartite
form; and it was chiefly due to Kimhi's grammar and lexicon that, while
the contents of Abulwalid's works were common knowledge, they themselves
remained in oblivion for centuries. In spite of this dependence on his
predecessors his work shows originality, especially in the arrangement
of his material. In the grammar he combined the paradigmatic method of
his brother Moses with the procedure of the older scholars who devoted a
close attention to details. In his dictionary, again, he recast the
lexicological materials independently, and enriched lexicography itself,
especially by his numerous etymological explanations. Under the title
_Et Sofer_, "Pen of the Writer" (Lyk, 1864), David Kimhi composed a sort
of grammatical compendium as a guide to the correct punctuation of the
biblical manuscripts; it consists, for the most part, of extracts from
the _Miklol_. After the completion of his great work he began to write
commentaries on portions of the Scriptures. The first was on Chronicles,
then followed one on the Psalms, and finally his exegetical
masterpiece--the commentary on the prophets. His annotations on the
Psalms are especially interesting for the polemical excursuses directed
against the Christian interpretation. He was also responsible for a
commentary on Genesis (ed. A. Günsburg, Pressburg, 1842), in which he
followed Moses Maimonides in explaining biblical narratives as visions.
He was an enthusiastic adherent of Maimonides, and, though far advanced
in years, took an active part in the battle which raged in southern
France and Spain round his philosophico-religious writings. The
popularity of his biblical exegesis is demonstrated by the fact that the
first printed texts of the Hebrew Bible were accompanied by his
commentary: the Psalms 1477, perhaps at Bologna; the early Prophets,
1485, Soncino; the later Prophets, ibid. 1486.
His commentaries have been frequently reprinted, many of them in Latin
translations. A new edition of that on the Psalms was begun by
Schiller-Szinessy (_First Book of Psalms_, Cambridge, 1883). Abr.
Geiger wrote of the three excursuses Kimhis in the Hebrew periodical
_Ozar Nehmad_ (vol. ii., 1857 = A. Geiger, _Gesammelte Schriften_, v.
1-47). See further the _Jewish Encyclopedia_. (W. Ba.)
KIN (O.E. _cyn_, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages,
cf. Du. _kunne_, Dan. and Swed. _kön_, Goth _kuni_, tribe; the Teutonic
base is _kunya_; the equivalent Aryan root _gan_-to beget, produce, is
seen in Gr. [Greek: genos], Lat. _genus_, cf. "kind"), a collective word
for persons related by blood, as descended from a common ancestor. In
law, the term "next of kin" is applied to the person or persons who, as
being in the nearest degree of blood relationship to a person dying
intestate, share according to degree in his personal estate (see
INTESTACY, and INHERITANCE). "Kin" is frequently associated with "kith"
in the phrase "kith and kin," now used as an emphasized form of "kin"
for family relatives. It properly means one's "country and kin," or
one's "friends and kin." Kith (O.E. _cyððe_ and _cyð_, native land,
acquaintances) comes from the stem of _cunnan_, to know, and thus means
the land or people one knows familiarly.
The suffix -_kin_, chiefly surviving in English surnames, seems to
have been early used as a diminutive ending to certain Christian names
in Flanders and Holland. The termination is represented by the
diminutive -_chen_ in German, as in _Kindchen_, _Häuschen_, &c. Many
English words, such as "pumpkin," "firkin," seem to have no diminutive
significance, and may have been assimilated from earlier forms, e.g.
"pumpkin" from "pumpion."
KINCARDINESHIRE, or THE MEARNS, an eastern county of Scotland, bounded
E. by the North Sea, S. and S.W. by Forfarshire, and N.W. and N. by
Aberdeenshire. Area, 243,974 acres, or 381 sq. m. In the west and
north-west the Grampians are the predominant feature. The highest of
their peaks is Mount Battock (2555 ft.), where the counties of Aberdeen,
Forfar and Kincardine meet, but there are a score of hills exceeding
1500 ft. in height. In the extreme north, on the confines of
Aberdeenshire, the Hill of Fare, famous for its sheep walks, attains an
altitude of 1545 ft. In the north the county slopes from the Grampians
to the picturesque and finely-wooded valley of the Dee, and in the south
it falls to the Howe (Hollow) of the Mearns, which is a continuation
north-eastwards of Strathmore. The principal rivers are Bervie Water (20
m. long), flowing south-eastwards to the North Sea; the Water of Feugh
(20 m.) taking a north-easterly direction and falling into the Dee at
Banchory, and forming near its mouth a beautiful cascade; the Dye (15
m.) rising in Mount Battock and ending its course in the Feugh; Luther
Water (14 m.) springing not far from the castle of Drumtochty and
meandering pleasantly to its junction with the North Esk; the Cowie (13
m.) and the Carron (8½ m.) entering the sea at Stonehaven. The Dee and
North Esk serve as boundary streams during part of their course, the one
of Aberdeenshire, the other of Forfarshire. Loch Loirston, in the parish
of Nigg, and Loch Lumgair, in Dunnottar parish, both small, are the only
lakes in the shire. Of the glens Glen Dye in the north centre of the
county is remarkable for its beauty, and the small Den Fenella, to the
south-east of Laurencekirk, contains a picturesque waterfall. Its name
perpetuates the memory of Fenella, daughter of a thane of Angus, who was
slain here after betraying Kenneth II. to his enemies, who (according to
local tradition) made away with him in Kincardine Castle. Excepting in
the vicinity of St Cyrus, the coast from below Johnshaven to Girdle Ness
presents a bold front of rugged cliffs, with an average height of from
100 to 250 ft., interrupted only by occasional creeks and bays, as at
Johnshaven, Gourdon, Bervie, Stonehaven, Portlethen, Findon, Cove and
Nigg.
_Geology._--The great fault which traverses Scotland from shore to
shore passes through this county from Craigeven Bay, about a mile
north of Stonehaven, by Fenella Hill to Edzell. On the northern side
of this line are the old crystalline schists of the Dalradian group;
on the southern side Old Red Sandstone occupies all the remaining
space. Good exposures of the schists are seen, repeatedly folded, in
the cliffs between Aberdeen and Stonehaven. They consist of a lower
series of greenish slates and a higher, more micaceous and schistose
series with grits; bands of limestone occur in these rocks near
Bunchory. Besides the numerous minor flexures the schists are bent
into a broad synclinal fold which crosses the county, its axis lying
in a south-westerly-north-easterly direction. Rising through the
schists are several granite masses, the largest being that forming the
high ground around Mt Battock; south of the Dee are several smaller
masses, some of which have been extensively quarried. The lower part
of the Old Red Sandstone consists of flags, red sandstones and purple
clays in great thickness; these are followed by coarse conglomerates,
well seen in the cliff at Dunnottar Castle, with ashy grits and some
thin sheets of diabase. The diabase forms the Bruxie and Leys Hills
and some minor elevations. Above the volcanic series more red
sandstones, conglomerates and marls appear. The Old Red Sandstone is
folded synclinally in a direction continuing the vale of Strathmore;
south of this is an anticline, as may be seen on the coast between St
Cyrus and Kinneff. Glacial striae on the higher ground and débris on
the lower ground show that the direction taken by the ice flow was
south-eastward on the hills but as the shore was approached it
gradually took on an easterly and finally a northerly direction.
_Climate and Agriculture._--The climate is healthy, but often cold,
owing to the exposure to east winds. The average temperature for the
year is 45° F., for July 58°, and for January 37°. The average annual
rainfall is 34 in. Much of the Grampian territory is occupied by
grouse moors, but the land by the Dee, in the Howe and along the
coast, is scientifically farmed and yields well. The soil of the Howe
is richer and stronger than that in the Dee valley, but the most
fertile region is along the coast, where the soil is generally deep
loam resting on clay, although in some places it is poor and thin, or
stiff and cold. Oats are the principal crop, wheat is not largely
grown, but the demands of the distillers maintain a very considerable
acreage under barley. Rather more than one-tenth of the total area is
under wood. Turnips form the main green crop, but potatoes are
extensively raised. A little more than half the holdings consist of 50
acres and under. Great attention is paid to livestock. Shorthorns are
the most common breed, but the principal home-bred stock is a cross
between shorthorned and polled, though there are many valuable herds
of pure polled. Cattle-feeding is carried on according to the most
advanced methods. Blackfaced sheep are chiefly kept on the hill runs,
Cheviots or a cross with Leicesters being usually found on the lowland
farms. Most of the horses are employed in connexion with the
cultivation of the soil, but several good strains, including
Clydesdales, are retained for stock purposes. Pigs are also reared in
considerable numbers.
_Other Industries._--Apart from agriculture, the principal industry is
the fishing, of which Stonehaven is the centre. The coast being
dangerous and the harbours difficult in rough weather, the fishermen
often run great risks. The village of Findon (pron. _Finnan_) has
given its name to the well-known smoked haddocks, which were first
cured in this way at that hamlet. The salmon fisheries of the sea and
the rivers yield a substantial annual return. Manufactures are of
little more than local importance. Woollens are made at Stonehaven,
and at Bervie, Laurencekirk and a few other places flax-spinning and
weaving are carried on. There are also some distilleries, breweries
and tanneries. Stonehaven, Gourdon and Johnshaven are the chief ports
for seaborne trade.
The Deeside railway runs through the portion of the county on the
northern bank of the Dee. The Caledonian and North British railways
run to Aberdeen via Laurencekirk to Stonehaven, using the same metals,
and there is a branch line of the N.B.R. from Montrose to Bervie.
There are also coaches between Blairs and Aberdeen, Bervie and
Stonehaven, Fettercairn and Edzell, Banchory and Birse, and other
points.
_Population and Government._--The population was 35,492 in 1891, and
40,923 in 1901, when 103 persons spoke Gaelic and English. The chief town
is Stonehaven (pop. in 1901, 4577) with Laurencekirk (1512) and Banchory
(1475), but part of the city of Aberdeen, with a population of 9386, is
within the county. The county returns one member to parliament, and
Bervie, the only royal burgh, belongs to the Montrose group of
parliamentary burghs. Kincardine is united in one sheriffdom with the
shires of Aberdeen and Banff, and one of the Aberdeen sheriffs-substitute
sits at Stonehaven. The county is under school-board jurisdiction. The
academy at Stonehaven and a few of the public schools earn grants for
higher education. The county council hands over the "residue" grant to
the county secondary education committee, which expends it in technical
education grants. At Blairs, in the north-east of the shire near the Dee,
is a Roman Catholic college for the training of young men for the
priesthood.
_History._--The annals of Kincardineshire as a whole are almost blank.
The county belonged of old to the district of Pictavia and apparently
was overrun for a brief period by the Romans. In the parish of
Fetteresso are the remains of the camp of Raedykes, in which, according
to tradition, the Caledonians under Galgacus were lodged before their
battle with Agricola. It is also alleged that in the same district
Malcolm I. was killed (954) whilst endeavouring to reduce the unruly
tribes of this region. Mearns, the alternative name for the county, is
believed to have been derived from Mernia, a Scottish king, to whom the
land was granted, and whose brother, Angus, had obtained the adjoining
shire of Forfar. The antiquities consist mostly of stone circles,
cairns, tumuli, standing stones and a structure in the parish of
Dunnottar vaguely known as a "Picts' kiln." By an extraordinary
reversion of fortune the town which gave the shire its name has
practically vanished. It stood about 2 m. N.E. of Fettercairn, and by
the end of the 16th century had declined to a mere hamlet, being
represented now only by the ruins of the royal castle and an ancient
burial-ground. The Bruces, earls of Elgin, also bear the title of earl
of Kincardine.
See A. Jervise, _History and Traditions of the Lands of the Lindsays_
(1853), _History and Antiquities of the Mearns_ (1858), _Memorials of
Angus and the Mearns_ (1861); J. Anderson, _The Black Book of
Kincardineshire_ (Stonehaven, 1879); C. A. Mollyson, _The Parish of
Fordoun_ (Aberdeen, 1893); A. C. Cameron, _The History of Fettercairn_
(Paisley, 1899).
KINCHINJUNGA, or KANCHANJANGA, the third (or second; see K2) highest
mountain in the world. It is a peak of the eastern Himalayas, situated
on the boundary between Sikkim and Nepal, with an elevation of 28,146
ft. Kinchinjunga is best seen from the Indian hill-station of
Darjeeling, where the view of this stupendous mountain, dominating all
intervening ranges and rising from regions of tropical undergrowth to
the altitude of eternal snows, is one of the grandest in the world.
KIND (O.E. _ge-cynde_, from the same root as is seen in "kin," _supra_),
a word in origin meaning birth, nature, or as an adjective, natural.
From the application of the term to the natural disposition or
characteristic which marks the class to which an object belongs, the
general and most common meaning of "class," genus or species easily
develops; that of race, natural order or group, is particularly seen in
such expressions as "mankind." The phrase "payment in kind," i.e. in
goods or produce as distinguished from money, is used as equivalent to
the Latin _in specie_; in ecclesiastical usage "communion in both kinds"
or "in one kind" refers to the elements of bread and wine (Lat.
_species_) in the Eucharist. The present main sense of the adjective
"kind," i.e. gentle, friendly, benevolent, has developed from the
meaning "born," "natural," through "of good birth, disposition or
nature," "naturally well-disposed."
KINDERGARTEN, a German word meaning "garden of children," the name given
by Friedrich Froebel to a kind of "play-school" invented by him for
furthering the physical, moral and intellectual growth of children
between the ages of three and seven. For the theories on which this type
of school was based see FROEBEL. Towards the end of the 18th century
Pestalozzi planned, and Oberlin formed, day-asylums for young children.
Schools of this kind took in the Netherlands the name of "play school,"
and in England, where they have especially thriven, of "infant schools"
(q.v.). But Froebel's idea of the "Kindergarten" differed essentially
from that of the infant schools. The child required to be prepared for
society by being early associated with its equals; and young children
thus brought together might have their employments, especially their
chief employment, play, so organized as to draw out their capacities of
feeling and thinking, and even of inventing and creating.
Froebel therefore invented a course of occupations, most of which are
social games. Many of the games are connected with the "gifts," as he
called the simple playthings provided for the children. These "gifts"
are, in order, six coloured balls, a wooden ball, a cylinder and a cube,
a cube cut to form eight smaller cubes, another cube cut to form eight
parallelograms, square and triangular tablets of coloured wood, and
strips of lath, rings and circles for pattern-making. In modern
kindergartens much stress has been laid on such occupations as
sand-drawing, modelling in clay and paper, pattern-making, plaiting, &c.
The artistic faculty was much thought of by Froebel, and, as in the
education of the ancients, the sense of rhythm in sound and motion was
cultivated by music and poetry introduced in the games. Much care was to
be given to the training of the senses, especially those of sight, sound
and touch. Intuition or first-hand experience (_Anschauung_) was to be
recognized as the true basis of knowledge, and though stories were to be
told, instruction of the imparting and "learning-up" kind was to be
excluded. Froebel sought to teach the children not what to think but how
to think, in this following in the steps of Pestalozzi, who had done for
the child what Bacon nearly two hundred years before had done for the
philosopher. Where possible the children were to be much in the open
air, and were each to cultivate a little garden.
The first kindergarten was opened at Blankenburg, near Rudolstadt, in
1837, but after a needy existence of eight years was closed for want
of funds. In 1851 the Prussian government declared that "schools
founded on Froebel's principles or principles like them could not be
allowed." As early as 1854 it was introduced into England, and Henry
Barnard reported on it that it was "by far the most original,
attractive and philosophical form of infant development the world has
yet seen" (_Report to Governor of Connecticut_, 1854). The great
propagandist of Froebelism, the Baroness Berta von Marenholtz-Bülow
(1811-1893), drew the attention of the French to the kindergarten from
the year 1855, and Michelet declared that Froebel had "solved the
problem of human education." In Italy the kindergarten was introduced
by Madame Salis-Schwabe. In Austria it is recognized and regulated by
the government, though the Volks-Kindergärten are not numerous. But by
far the greatest developments of the kindergarten system are in the
United States and in Belgium. The movement was begun in the United
States by Miss Elizabeth Peabody in 1867, aided by Mrs Horace Mann and
Dr Henry Barnard. The first permanent kindergarten was established in
St Louis in 1873 by Miss Susan Blow and Dr W. T. Harris. In Belgium
the mistresses of the "Écoles gardiennes" are instructed in the "idea
of the kindergarten" and "Froebel's method," and in 1880 the minister
of public instruction issued a programme for the "Écoles Gardiennes
Communales," which is both in fact and in profession a kindergarten
manual.
For the position of the kindergarten system in the principal countries
of the world see _Report of a Consultative Committee upon the School
Attendance of Children below the Age of Five_, English Board of
Education Reports (Cd. 4259, 1908); and "The Kindergarten," by Laura
Fisher, _Report of the United States Commissioner for Education for
1903_, vol. i. ch. xvi. (Washington, 1905).
KINDI [ABU YUSUF YA'QUB IBN ISHAQ UL-KINDI, sometimes called
pre-eminently "The Philosopher of the Arabs"] flourished in the 9th
century, the exact dates of his birth and death being unknown. He was
born in Kufa, where his father was governor under the Caliphs Mahdi and
Harun al-Rashid. His studies were made in Basra and Bagdad, and in the
latter place he remained, occupying according to some a government
position. In the orthodox reaction under Motawakkil, when all philosophy
was suspect, his library was confiscated, but he himself seems to have
escaped. His writings--like those of other Arabian philosophers--are
encyclopaedic and are concerned with most of the sciences; they are said
to have numbered over two hundred, but fewer than twenty are extant.
Some of these were known in the middle ages, for Kindi is placed by
Roger Bacon in the first rank after Ptolemy as a writer on optics. His
work _De Somniorum Visione_ was translated by Gerard of Cremona (q.v.)
and another was published as _De medicinarum compositarum gradibus
investigandis Libellus_ (Strassburg, 1531). He was one of the earliest
translators and commentators of Aristotle, but like Farabi (q.v.)
appears to have been superseded by Avicenna.
See G. Flügel, _Al Kindi genannt der Philosoph der Araber_ (Leipzig,
1857), and T. J. de Boer, _Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam_
(Stuttgart, 1901), pp. 90 sqq.; also ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY. (G. W. T.)
KINEMATICS (from Gr. [Greek: kinêma], a motion), the branch of mechanics
which discusses the phenomena of motion without reference to force or
mass (see MECHANICS).
KINETICS (from Gr. [Greek: kinein], to move), the branch of mechanics
which discusses the phenomena of motion as affected by force; it is the
modern equivalent of dynamics in the restricted sense (see MECHANICS).
KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888), English writer on ancient gems, was
born at Newport (Mon.) on the 5th of September 1818. He entered Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1836; graduated in 1840, and obtained a
fellowship in 1842; he was senior fellow at the time of his death in
London on the 25th of March 1888. He took holy orders, but never held
any cure. He spent much time in Italy, where he laid the foundation of
his collection of gems, which, increased by subsequent purchases in
London, was sold by him in consequence of his failing eyesight and was
presented in 1881 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. King was
recognized universally as one of the greatest authorities in this
department of art. His chief works on the subject are: _Antique Gems,
their Origin, Uses and Value_ (1860), a complete and exhaustive
treatise; _The Gnostics and their Remains_ (2nd ed. by J. Jacobs, 1887,
which led to an animated correspondence in the _Athenaeum_); _The
Natural History of Precious Stones and Gems and of the Precious Metals_
(1865); _The Handbook of Engraved Gems_ (2nd ed., 1885); _Early
Christian Numismatics_ (1873). King was thoroughly familiar with the
works of Greek and Latin authors, especially Pausanias and the elder
Pliny, which bore upon the subject in which he was most interested; but
he had little taste for the minutiae of verbal criticism. In 1869 he
brought out an edition of Horace, illustrated from antique gems; he also
translated Plutarch's _Moralia_ (1882) and the theosophical works of the
Emperor Julian (1888) for Bonn's Classical Library.
KING, CLARENCE (1842-1901), American geologist, was born at Newport,
Rhode Island, U.S.A., on the 6th of January 1842. He graduated at Yale
in 1862. His most important work was the geological exploration of the
fortieth parallel, of which the main reports (1876 and 1877) comprised
the geological and topographical atlas of the Rocky Mountains, the Green
River and Utah basins, and the Nevada plateau and basin. When the United
States Geological Survey was consolidated in 1879 King was chosen
director, and he vigorously conducted investigations in Colorado, and in
the Eureka district and on the Comstock lode in Nevada. He held office
for a year only; in later years his only noteworthy contribution to
geology was an essay on the age of the earth, which appeared in the
annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1893. He died at
Phoenix, Arizona, on the 24th of December 1901.
KING, EDWARD (1612-1637), the subject of Milton's _Lycidas_, was born in
Ireland in 1612, the son of Sir John King, a member of a Yorkshire
family which had migrated to Ireland. Edward King was admitted a
pensioner of Christ's College, Cambridge, on the 9th of June 1626, and
four years later was elected a fellow. Milton, though two years his
senior and himself anxious to secure a fellowship, remained throughout
on terms of the closest friendship with his rival, whose amiable
character seems to have endeared him to the whole college. King served
from 1633 to 1634 as praelector and tutor of his college, and was to
have entered the church. His career, however, was cut short by the
tragedy which inspired Milton's verse. In 1637 he set out for Ireland to
visit his family, but on the 10th of August the ship in which he was
sailing struck on a rock near the Welsh coast, and King was drowned. Of
his own writings many Latin poems contributed to different collections
of Cambridge verse survive, but they are not of sufficient merit to
explain the esteem in which he was held.
A collection of Latin, Greek and English verse written in his memory
by his Cambridge friends was printed at Cambridge in 1638, with the
title _Justa Edouardo King naufrago ab amicis moerentibus amoris et_
[Greek: mneias charin]. The second part of this collection has a
separate title-page, _Obsequies to the Memorie of Mr Edward King, Anno
Dom. 1638_, and contains thirteen English poems, of which _Lycidas_[1]
(signed J. M.) is the last.