[1] Other English names are windhover and standgale (the last often
corrupted into stonegale and stannell).
KESWICK, a market town in the Penrith parliamentary division of
Cumberland, England, served by the joint line of the Cockermouth Keswick
& Penrith, and London & North-Western railways. Pop. of urban district
(1901), 4451. It lies in the northern part of the Lake District, in an
open valley on the banks of the river Greta, with the mountain of
Skiddaw to the north and the lovely lake of Derwentwater to the south.
It is much frequented by visitors as a centre for this famous
district--for boating on Derwentwater and for the easy ascent of
Skiddaw. Many residences are seen in the neighbourhood, and the town as
a whole is modern. Fitz Park, opened in 1887, is a pleasant recreation
ground. The town-hall contains a museum of local geology, natural
history, &c. In the parish church of Crosthwaite, ¾ m. distant, there is
a monument to the poet Southey. His residence, Greta Hall, stands at the
end of the main street, close by the river. Keswick is noted for its
manufacture of lead pencils; and the plumbago (locally wad) used to be
supplied from mines in Borrowdale. Char, caught in the neighbouring
lakes, are potted at Keswick in large quantities and exported.
KESWICK CONVENTION, an annual summer reunion held at the above town for
the main purpose of "promoting practical holiness" by meetings for
prayer, discussion and personal intercourse. It has no denominational
limits, and is largely supported by the "Evangelical" section of the
Church of England. The convention, started in a private manner by Canon
Harford-Battersby, then vicar of Keswick, and Mr Robert Wilson in 1874,
met first in 1875, and rapidly grew after the first few years, both in
numbers and influence, in spite of attacks on the alleged
"perfectionism" of some of its leaders and on the novelty of its
methods. Its members take a deep interest in foreign missions.
In the _History of the C.M.S._, vol. iii. (by Eugene Stock), the
missionary influence of the "Keswick men" in Cambridge and elsewhere
may be readily traced. See also _The Keswick Convention_: its
_Message, its Method and its Men_, edited by C. F. Harford (1906).
KET (or KETT), ROBERT (d. 1549), English rebel, is usually called a
tanner, but he certainly held the manor of Wymondham in Norfolk. With
his brother William he led the men of Wymondham in their quarrel with a
certain Flowerden, and having thus come into prominence, he headed the
men of Norfolk when they rose in rebellion in 1549 owing to the
hardships inflicted by the extensive enclosures of common lands and by
the general policy of the protector Somerset. A feast held at Wymondham
in July 1549 developed into a riot and gave the signal for the outbreak.
Leading his followers to Norwich, Ket formed a camp on Mousehold Heath,
where he is said to have commanded 16,000 men, introduced a regular
system of discipline, administered justice and blockaded the city. He
refused the royal offer of an amnesty on the ground that innocent and
just men had no need of pardon, and on the 1st of August 1549 attacked
and took possession of Norwich. John Dudley, earl of Warwick, marched
against the rebels, and after his offer of pardon had been rejected he
forced his way into the city, driving its defenders before him. Then,
strengthened by the arrival of some foreign mercenaries, he attacked the
main body of the rebels at Dussindale on the 27th of August. Ket's men
were easily routed by the trained soldiery, and Robert and William Ket
were seized and taken to London, where they were condemned to death for
treason. On the 7th of December 1549 Robert was executed at Norwich, and
his body was hanged on the top of the castle, while that of William was
hanged on the church tower at Wymondham.
See F. W. Russell, _Kett's Rebellion_ (1859), and J. A. Froude,
_History of England_, vol. iv. (London, 1898).
KETCH, JOHN (d. 1686), English executioner, who as "Jack Ketch" gave the
nickname for nearly two centuries to his successors, is believed to have
been appointed public hangman in the year 1663. The first recorded
mention of him is in _The Plotters Ballad, being Jack Ketch's
incomparable Receipt for the Cure of Traytorous Recusants and Wholesome
Physick for a Popish Contagion_, a broadside published in December 1672.
The execution of William, Lord Russell, on the 21st of July 1683 was
carried out by him in a clumsy way, and a pamphlet is extant which
contains his "Apologie," in which he alleges that the prisoner did not
"dispose himself as was most suitable" and that he was interrupted while
taking aim. On the scaffold, on the 15th of July 1685, the duke of
Monmouth, addressing Ketch, referred to his treatment of Lord Russell,
the result being that Ketch was quite unmanned and had to deal at least
five strokes with his axe, and finally use a knife, to sever Monmouth's
head from his shoulders. In 1686 Ketch was deposed and imprisoned at
Bridewell, but when his successor, Pascha Rose, a butcher, was, after
four months in the office, hanged at Tyburn, Ketch was reappointed. He
died towards the close of 1686.
KETCHUP, also written _catsup_ and _katchup_ (said to be from the
Chinese _kôe-chiap_ or _kê-tsiap_, brine of pickled fish), a sauce or
relish prepared principally from the juice of mushrooms and of many
other species of edible fungi, salted for preservation and variously
spiced. The juices of various fruits, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and
especially green walnuts, are used as a basis of ketchup, and shell-fish
ketchup, from oysters, mussels and cockles, is also made; but in general
the term is restricted to sauces having the juice of edible fungi as
their basis.
KETENES, in chemistry, a group of organic compounds which may be
considered as internal anhydrides of acetic acid and its substitution
derivatives. Two classes may be distinguished: the aldo-ketenes,
including ketene itself, together with its mono-alkyl derivatives and
carbon suboxide, and the keto-ketenes which comprise the dialkyl
ketenes. The aldo-ketenes are colourless compounds which are not capable
of autoxidation, are polymerized by pyridine or quinoline, and are inert
towards compounds containing the groupings C:N and C:O. The keto-ketenes
are coloured compounds, which undergo autoxidation readily, form ketene
bases on the addition of pyridine and quinoline, and yield addition
compounds with substances containing the C:N and C:O groupings. The
ketenes are usually obtained by the action of zinc on ethereal or ethyl
acetate solutions of halogen substituted acid chlorides or bromides.
They are characterized by their additive reactions: combining with water
to form acids, with alcohols to form esters, and with primary amines to
form amides.
_Ketene_, CH2:CO, was discovered by N. T. M. Wilsmore (_Jour. Chem.
Soc._, 1907, vol. 91, p. 1938) among the gaseous products formed when
a platinum wire is electrically heated under the surface of acetic
anhydride. It is also obtained by the action of zinc on bromacetyl
bromide (H. Staudinger, _Ber._ 1908, 41, p. 594). At ordinary
temperatures it is a gas, but it may be condensed to a liquid and
finally solidified, the solid melting at -151° C. It is characterized
by its penetrating smell. On standing for some time a brown-coloured
liquid is obtained, from which a colourless liquid boiling at 126-127°
C., has been isolated (Wilsmore, ibid., 1908, 93, p. 946). Although
originally described as acetylketen, it has proved to be a cyclic
compound (Ber., 1909, 42, p. 4908). It is soluble in water, the
solution showing an acid reaction, owing to the formation of
aceto-acetic acid, and with alkalis it yields acetates. It differs
from the simple ketenes in that it is apparently unacted upon by
phenols and alcohols. _Dimethyl ketene_, (CH3)2C:CO1 obtained by the
action of zinc on [alpha]-brom-isobutyryl bromide, is a yellowish
coloured liquid. At ordinary temperatures it rapidly polymerizes
(probably to a tetramethylcylobutanedione). It boils at 34° C (750
mm.) (Staudinger, Ber. 1905, 38, p. 1735; 1908, 41, p. 2208). Oxygen
rapidly converts it into a white explosive solid. _Diethyl ketene_,
(C2H5)2C:CO, is formed on heating diethylmalonic anhydride
(Staudinger, ibid.). _Diphenyl ketene_, (C6H5)2C:CO, obtained by the
action of zinc on diphenyl-chloracetyl chloride, is an orange-red
liquid which boils at 146° C. (12 mm.). It does not polymerize.
Magnesium phenyl bromide gives triphenyl vinyl alcohol.
KETI, a seaport of British India, in Karachi district, Sind, situated on
the Hajamro branch of the Indus. Pop. (1901), 2127. It is an important
seat of trade, where seaborne goods are transferred to and from river
boats.
KETONES, in chemistry, organic compounds of the type R·CO·R´, where R,
R´ = alkyl or aryl groups. If the groups R and R´ are identical, the
ketone is called a _simple_ ketone, if unlike, a _mixed_ ketone. They
may be prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols; by the addition
of the elements of water to hydrocarbons of the acetylene type RC CH; by
oxidation of primary alcohols of the type RR´CH·CH2OH:RR´·CH·CH2OH -->
R·CO·R´ + H2O + H2CO2; by distillation of the calcium salts of the fatty
acids, C_(n)H_(2n)O2; by heating the sodium salts of these acids
C_(n)H_(2n)O2 with the corresponding acid anhydride to 190° C. (W. H.
Perkin, _Jour. Chem. Soc._, 1886, 49, p. 322); by the action of
anhydrous ferric chloride on acid chlorides (J. Hamonet, _Bull. de la
soc. chim._, 1888, 50, p. 357),
2C2H5COCl --> C2H5·CO·CH(CH3)·COCl
--> C2H5·CO·CH(CH3)·CO2H --> C2H5·CO·CH2·CH3;
and by the action of zinc alkyls on acid chlorides (M. Freund, Ann.,
1861, 118, p. 1), 2CH3COCl + ZnC(H3)2 = ZnCl2 + 2CH3·CO·CH3. In the last
reaction complex addition products are formed, and must be quickly
decomposed by water, otherwise tertiary alcohols are produced (A. M.
Butlerow, _Jahresb._, 1864, p. 496; _Ann._ 1867, 144, p. 1). They may
also be prepared by the decomposition of ketone chlorides with water; by
the oxidation of the tertiary hydroxyacids; by the hydrolysis of the
ketonic acids or their esters with dilute alkalis or baryta water (see
ACETO-ACETIC ESTER); by the hydrolysis of alkyl derivatives of acetone
dicarboxylic acid, HO2C·CH2·CO·CHR·CO2H; and by the action of the
Grignard reagent on nitriles (E. Blaise, _Comptes rendus_, 1901, 132, p.
38),
R·CN + R´M_(g)I --> RR´C:N·M_(g)I --> R·CO·R´ + NH3 + M_(g)I·OH.
The ketones are of neutral reaction, the lower members of the series
being colourless, volatile, pleasant-smelling liquids. They do not
reduce silver solutions, and are not so readily oxidized as the
aldehydes. On oxidation, the molecule is split at the carbonyl group and
a mixture of acids is obtained. Sodium amalgam reduces them to secondary
alcohols; phosphorus pentachloride replaces the carbonyl oxygen by
chlorine, forming the ketone chlorides. Only those ketones which contain
a methyl group are capable of forming crystalline addition compounds
with the alkaline bisulphites (F. Grimm, _Ann._, 1871, 157, p. 262).
They combine with hydrocyanic acid to form nitriles, which on hydrolysis
furnish hydroxyacids,
(CH2)2CO --> (CH3)2C·OH·CN --> (CH3)2·C·OH·CO2H;
with phenylhydrazine they yield hydrazones; with hydrazine they yield in
addition ketazines RR´·C:N·N:C·RR´ (T. Curtius), and with hydroxylamine
ketoximes. The latter readily undergo the "Beckmann" transformation on
treatment with acid chlorides, yielding substituted acid amides.