Tierra Del Fuego appears as if a mountain region had been partly
submerged in the ocean, so that deep inlets and bays occupy the place
where valleys would have existed had its base still been above the sea.
The greater portion of the mountainsides are covered, from the water's
edge upwards to the elevation of 1500 feet, by one wide-extending forest
of evergreen beeches. Scarcely a level spot is to be found throughout
the whole country; and so dense is the wood, and encumbered by the
trunks of fallen trees and waterfalls, that it is scarcely possible to
penetrate it. Here and there on the western side, and in the Strait of
Magellan, the forest disappears, and magnificent glaciers extend down to
the very water's edge. The mountains on the north side rise to the
height of 4000 feet, with one peak above 6000 feet high, covered with a
mantle of perpetual snow; while numerous cascades pour their waters
through the woods into the narrow channel below. It is scarcely
possible to imagine anything more beautiful than the beryl-like blue of
these glaciers, especially contrasted with the dead white of the upper
expanse of snow.
The inhabitants of this region are among the lowest in the scale of
human beings, living in wretched hovels, composed often merely of boughs
and leaves, their only clothing scanty pieces of skin, worn on one side,
to defend themselves from the icy winds.
These evergreen forests, consisting of only two or three species of
trees, with several Alpine plants growing on the heights above them,
continue round the coast for six hundred miles or more northward of Cape
Horn, till, in the more northern and warmer latitudes, they give place
to semi-tropical vegetation. Now stately trees of various kinds appear,
with smooth and highly-coloured bark, loaded with parasitical plants;
while large and elegant ferns, and numerous and arborescent grasses,
entwine the trees into one entangled mass. Palm-trees appear in
latitude 37 degrees; and an arborescent grass, very like the bamboo,
three degrees further north.
In many places the ocean washes the base of the Andes, or huge spurs
project from the mountains; and in others a narrow belt alone is left
between them and the water. The whole of Chili, indeed, consists of a
narrow strip of land between the Cordilleras and the Pacific; while this
strip is often traversed by several mountain lines, which in some parts
run parallel to the great range. Extending to the south, between these
outer lines and the main Cordilleras, we find a succession of level
basins, generally blending into each other by narrow passages.
In the neighbourhood of Valparaiso, above which Aconcagua (23,000 feet
in height) looks down on the Pampas on one side and the blue Pacific on
the other, is the beautiful valley of Guillota, thoroughly irrigated and
brought under cultivation. It has, during the whole summer, the hot sun
striking down from a cloudless sky. It is only in these parts where the
nature of the streams affords means of irrigation that vegetation can
exist.
Further north, the western shore is in many parts very arid; and about
latitude 20 degrees south the burning desert commences, extending 540
leagues--almost to the Gulf of Guayaquil--and varying in width from
three to twenty leagues. Over this region of death, heaps of stone or
mounds of sand are alone seen, except where, at wide intervals, some
mountain stream, fed by the melting snows of the lofty peaks, finds its
way into the ocean. It is only in the neighbourhood of these rivers
that man can venture to take up his abode. On the banks of most of them
have been built the few cities which exist near the sea in Peru. For
some miles the traveller finds not a drop of water, no trace of
vegetation. His weary horse sinks, overcome with the pangs of thirst
and the fatigue of dragging its limbs through the soft sand. Through
this region the mule can alone be trusted, as, like the camel of the
Eastern desert, it will longer endure fatigue and want of water. Here,
as in the deserts of Africa, violent winds stir up the sand, forming
vast columns, as terrible in their effects as the flames of the prairie.
Rising to a hundred feet in height, they are seen approaching, whirling
through the air, till the unhappy traveller finds himself surrounded by
an overwhelming mass, and, unable to breathe, sinks exhausted on the
ground. Flight alone can save him. Many have here perished. On
several occasions, troops attempting to cross the desert have been
overwhelmed. Others have lost their way when traversing the sandy
plains, and have wandered about, in vain seeking for water to quench
their burning thirst. On one side is the salt ocean, on the other the
rocky precipices of the mountains. Wandering on for hours and hours, at
length, exhausted, they have abandoned themselves to despair. These
sand-storms occur more especially during the heats of summer, so
completely altering the appearance of the country, by covering it with
large hillocks, that the most experienced guides find it at times
impossible to discover their way; and perhaps, when searching for it,
another storm arises, and once more spreads the mounds over the level
plain.
In some places the whole soil is covered with a thick crust of salt,
white and hard, giving the country the appearance of being covered with
snow. For months and months together, in many parts not a drop of rain
falls. At length a shower descends, and, as if by magic, the grass
springs up in spots where not a blade was before visible; and for a
short time the whole country puts on a green mantle, soon, however, to
be withered up by the burning heat.
Northward of this desert region, the land on the shores of the Gulf of
Guayaquil and its neighbourhood is covered with the richest vegetation,
supported by the numerous streams which descend from the Andes of Quito
and Columbia.