The first and second class entrances are separated. At 9 o’clock sharp
the bell rang to warn the visitors away. At 9 1/30, the pier was full
of people. White handkerchiefs were waved; ribbons and flowers of
different colors are seen here and there.
May 24—Arrived in Liverpool.
A RIZAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. “El Embarque: Himno á la Flota de Magellanes.” (The Departure: Hymn
to Magellan’s Fleet.)
This poem seems to have been dated December 5, 1875, but according to
Rizal’s friends, Vicente Elio and Mariano Ponce, it was written in
1874. It was first published in “La Patria,” Manila, December 30, 1899.
2. “Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en Dar la Vuelta al Mundo.” (And
He Is Spanish: Elcano, the First to Go Around the World.)
A poem in couplets. Dated December 5, 1875.
3. “El Combate: Urbistondo, Terror de Jolo.” (The Battle: Urbistondo,
the Terror of Jolo.)
A romance, dated December 5, 1875.
4. “Un Diálogo Alusivo á la Despedida de los Colegiales.” (A Dialogue
Embodying His Farewell to the Collegians.)
Rizal mentions this poem as having been delivered toward the end of his
course at the Ateneo, which would mean March, 1876.
5. “Al Niño Jesús.” (To the Child Jesus.)
A poem dated Manila, November 14, but the year is not given. Supposed
to have been written in 1876.
6. “Un Recuerdo á Mi Pueblo.” (A Remembrance to My Town.)
Poem offered by the author at one of the sessions of the Academy of
Literature of the Ateneo. First published in “La Patria,” December 30,
1899. Written about 1876.
7. “Alianza Intima entre la Religión y la Buena Educación.” (Intimate
Bond between Religion and Good Education.)
Dated April 1, 1876.
8. “Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la Patria.” (Through Education the
Country Receives Light.)
Poem written about April 1, 1876. First published in “El Renacimiento,”
January 2, 1906.
9. “El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prisión de
Boabdil.” (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the
Imprisonment of Boabdil.)
Poem dated Manila, December 3, 1876.
10. “La Conquista de Granada: Abre la Ciudad sus Puertas á los
Vencedores.” (The Conquest of Granada: Let the City Open Its Gates to
the Conquerors.)
Legend in verse; dated December 3, 1876.
11. “En Año de 1876 á 1877.”
Written by Rizal between 1876 and 1877. A sketch of the history of
Spanish literature.
12. “Cuaderno de Varias Preguntas Escritas por J. R. Mercado.”
(Copy-book of various questions written by J. R. Mercado.)
Notes on history.
13. “Colón y Juan II.” (Columbus and John II.)
Lyric poem composed at the Ateneo.
14. “El Heróismo de Colón.” (The Heroism of Columbus.)
Epic canto, dated December 8, 1877.
15. “Leyenda, Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha.” (Reading, the Great
Consolation in the Worst Misfortune.)
Poem written at the Ateneo, probably 1877.
16. “A la Juventud Filipina.” (To the Philippine Youth.)
The ode that contains the oblation, “My Fatherland.” First published in
the “Revista del Liceo de Manila, 1879.”
16 b. “A la Juventud Filipina.” (To the Philippine Youth.)
Translation of the foregoing into Tagalog verse by Honorio Lopez, in
the booklet “Ang Buhay ni Dr. José Rizal,” of which Lopez was the
author.
17. “Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma.” (Abd-el-Azis and Mohammed.)
Historical romance, read at the Ateneo by Manuel Fernández y Maniung,
December 8, 1879, at the meeting in honor of the Ateneo’s patron saint.
18. “A Filipinas.” (To the Philippines.)
A sonnet dated February, 1880, and written in the album of the Society
of Sculptors, now extinct. First published in the “Independencia,”
December 29, 1898.
19. “El Consejo de los Dioses.” (The Council of the Gods.)
An allegory written in praise of Cervantes and for the celebration of
his anniversary. First published in the “Revista del Liceo,” 1880.
19 b. “El Consejo de los Dioses.”
The foregoing translated into Tagalog by Pascual H. Poblete, 1905.
20. “Junto al Pasig.” (Beside the Pasig.)
Melodrama in verse. First published in “La Patria,” December 30, 1902.
20 b. “Junto al Pasig.”
Part of the first scene of the foregoing as sung by students in a
religious procession, November 27, 1904. The music was composed by Blas
de Echegoyen.
20 c. “Sa Virgen ng Antipolo.”
Translation into Tagalog verse of the children’s chorus in “Junta al
Pasig,” by Honorio Lopez.
21. “Al M. R. P. Pablo Ramon, Rector del Ateneo, en sus Dias.” (To his
Reverence Pablo Ramon, Rector of the Ateneo.)
An ode dated January 25, 1881.
22. “A la Virgen Maria.” (To the Virgin Mary.)
A sonnet first published by “La Alborada,” Manila, December 30, 1901.
23. “Memorias Intimas.” (Intimate Memories.)
Impressions since leaving Calamba, May 1, 1882, and until May 3, 1883.
24. “El Amor Patrio.” (Love for the Fatherland.)
Article published under the pseudonym “Laong Laan” in the “Diariong
Tagalog,” Manila, August 20, 1882—the first article he wrote in Europe.
24 a. “Ang Pag Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.”
Tagalog translation of the foregoing and printed at the same time.
25. “Los Viajes.” (The Voyages.)
Article in “Diariong Tagalog,” 1882.
25 b. “Ang Pangingibang Lupa.”
Tagalog translation of the foregoing and printed at the same time.
26. “Me Piden Versos!” (You Ask Me for Verses.)
Poem, for which see Appendix. Dated Madrid, Oct 7, 1882. First printed
in “La Solidaridad.”
26 b. “Pinatutula Ako!”
Tagalog translation of foregoing.
27. “Las Dudas.” (Doubts.)
Article published under the pseudonym “Laong Laan” in Madrid, November
7, 1882.
28. “Revista de Madrid.” (Review of Madrid.)
An article dated Madrid, November 29, 1882, written under the name
“Laong Laan” for the “Diariong Tagalog” and returned because that
journal had ceased to exist.
29. “P. Jacinto: Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila.” (P. Jacinto:
Memories of a Student of Manila.)
Refers to himself. Written after his arrival in Madrid, 1882.
30. “La Instrucción.” (Instruction.)
Probably written after his arrival in Madrid in 1882.
31. “Apuntes de Obstetricia.” (Notes on Obstetrics.)
Found in a copy-book.
32. “Apuntes clínicos.” (Clinical Notes.)
Madrid, not dated.
33. “Lecciones de Clínica Médica.” (Lessons in Medical Clinical
Procedure.)
Madrid, October 4, 1883, to May 29, 1884.
34. “Filipinas Desgraciada.” (The Unfortunate Philippines.)
Article describing the calamities of 1880–82. Written in Madrid.
35. “Discurso-Brindis.” (Reply to a Toast.)
Speech at the Café de Madrid night of December 31, 1883.
36. A historical novel, unfinished.
Five chapters. He began to write it in Madrid while a student there. It
has no title.
37. “A la Señorita C. O. y R.” (To Miss Consuelo Ortiga y Rey.)
Poem written in Madrid, August 22, 1883, first published in “El
Renacimiento,” December 29, 1904.
38. “Sobre el Teatro Tagalo.” (On the Tagalog Theater.)
Written May 6, 1884, refuting an attack made by Manuel Lorenzo d’ Ayot.
Published in Madrid.
39. “Discurso-Brindis.” (Reply to a Toast.)
Speech made in Madrid, June 25, 1884, which received great newspaper
notoriety.
40. “Costumbres Filipinas: un Recuerdo.” (Philippine Customs: a
Memory.)
An incomplete article, written in Madrid, 1884 or 1885.
41. “La Fête de Saint Isidro.”
Not dated. Written in French.
42. “Notes on Field Fortifications.”
Written in English about 1885. Found in a clinic note-book.
43. “Llanto y Risas.”
An uncompleted article, written in Madrid between 1884 and 1886.
44. “Memorias de un Gallo.” (Memories of a cock.)
Incomplete. Mutilated.
45. “Apuntes de Literatura Española, de Hebreo, y de Arabe.” (Notes on
Spanish, Hebrew, and Arabian Literature.)
Not dated. Notes in a copy-book.
46. “Semblanzas de Algunos Filipinos Compañeros en Europa.”
Closely Noted Observations on Certain Filipinos Then Residing in
Europe.
47. “Estado de Religiosidad de los Pueblos en Filipinas.” (Religious
State of the Towns in the Philippines.)
Unpublished.
48. “Pensamiento de un Filipino.” (Thoughts of a Filipino.)
An unpublished article, date unknown.
49. “Un Librepensador.” (A Free-Thinker.)
An unpublished article. Probably written in Madrid.
50. “Los Animales de Juan.” (John’s Animals.)
An unpublished story.
51. “A S....” (To S——)
Poem dated November 6, ——.
52. “A....” (To ——)
Poem, not dated; rough draft.
53. “Mi Primer Recuerdo: Fragmento de Mis Memorias.” (My First
Recollection: Fragments of My Memories.)
All these last few works seem to have been written while Rizal was a
student in Madrid.
54. “Juan Luna.”
Article, published in the “Revista Hispano-Americana,” of Barcelona,
February 28, 1886, carrying a front-page portrait of the great Filipino
painter.
55. “A las Flores de Heidelberg.” (To the Flowers of Heidelberg.) Poem
dated Heidelberg, April 22, 1886. Signed “Laong Laan,” first published
in “La Solidaridad.”
56. “Madrid.”
An epistolary chronicle, written in French from Germany in 1886. First
published in “Nuestro Tiempo” in February, 1905.
57. “Crítica Literaria.”
Not dated. Criticisms in French on “Tartarin sur les Alpes” and “Le
Pistolet de la Petit Baronne.” Germany, 1886.
58. “Essai sur Pierre Corneille.”
In French. Germany, 1886.
59. “Tinipong Karunungan ng Kaibigan Ng mga Taga Rhin.”
Beginning of a translation of a book by Hebel into Tagalog.
60. “Une Soirée chez M. B....”
Written in Berlin, in French. Unpublished sketch. No date.
61. “Noli Me Tangere.” Berlin, March, 1887.
His first complete novel.
61 b. “Noli Me Tangere.”
Second edition, Manila, Chofre & Co., 1899.
61 c. “Noli Me Tangere.”
Third edition, Valencia, Sempere, 1902. Somewhat shortened and with
mutilations.
61 d. “Noli Me Tangere.”
Fourth edition, Barcelona, Maucci, 1903. With a short prologue by Ramon
Sempau.
61 e. “Au Pays des Moines.”
French translation of 61 by Henri Lucas and Ramon Sempau. Paris, 1899.
With a few notes.
61 f. “An Eagle’s Flight.”
Abbreviated English translation. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.,
1900.
61 g. “Friars and Filipinos.”
Another English translation, somewhat fuller than 61 f, by F. E.
Gannet. New York, 1907.
61 h. German translation of “Noli Me Tangere.”
Never finished, by Dr. Blumentritt.
61 i. “Noli Me Tangere.”
Tagalog translation by Paciano Rizal, brother of the author. Rizal
himself revised and corrected the sheets.
61 j. “Noli Me Tangere.”
Tagalog translation by P. H. Poblete.
61 k. “Noli Me Tangere.”
Cebuana translation by Vicente Sotto.
61 l. “Tulang na sa ‘Noli.’”
The song from Chap. XXIII translated into Tagalog by M. H. del Pilar.
1888.
61 m. “Noli Me Tangere” (Extracts).
Translations of chapters, paragraphs, and sentences into many dialects
in broadside form for general distribution in the islands.
61 n. “Ang ‘Noli Me Tangere.’”
Playlet performed on Rizal’s birthday. Mentioned in “El Renacimiento,”
Manila, 1905.
61 o. “The Social Cancer.”
A complete English Version of “Noli Me Tangere,” from the Spanish of
José Rizal by Charles Derbyshire (with a life of Rizal), Manila,
Philippine Education Company, 1912.
62. “Histoire d’ une Mère.”
A Tale of Andersen’s. Translation from German to French. Berlin, March
5, 1887.
63. “Tagalische Verskunst.”
Work read before the Ethnographical Society of Berlin, April, 1887, and
published the same year, by that society.
63 b. “Arte Métrica del Tagalog.” (Metrical Art of the Tagalogs.)
Spanish translation, made by Rizal, of the foregoing work. Amplified.
64. “Autocrítica de ‘Noli Me Tangere.’” (Self-Criticism of “Noli Me
Tangere.”)
An unpublished article in French.
65. “An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. James Thompson.” By
Patrick Murdoch.
A study in English literature. 1887. Unpublished.
66. “Deducciones. El, segun El, Por un Pigmeo.” (Deductions, by
himself, a pigmy.)
Published in “España en Filipinas,” Madrid, April, 1887.
67. “Dudas.” (Doubts.)
Madrid, May 28, 1887. Published in “España en Filipinas.”
68. “En las Montañas.” (In the Mountains.)
Poem written in Germany in 1887.
69. “El Historiador de Filipinas Fernando Blumentritt.” (The Historian
of the Philippines, Fernando Blumentritt.)
July 7, 1887. “España en Filipinas.”
70. “De Heidelberg á Leipzig, Pasando por el Rhin.” (From Heidelberg to
Leipzig, along the Rhine.)
Notes of travel.
71. “De Marsella á Manila.” (From Marseilles to Manila.)
Notes of travel.
72. “Traducción de Poesías Alemanes al Tagalo.” (Translation of German
Poems into Tagalog.)
Done in Calamba about 1887 or 1888. Unpublished.
73. “Guillermo Tell: Trahediang Tinula ni Schiller sa Wikang Aleman.”
(William Tell.)
Tagalog translation in which he used the new method of spelling.
74. “Informe al Administrador de Hacienda pública de la Laguna acerca
de la Hacienda de los PP. Dominicos en Calamba.” (Report to the
Administrator of Public Finance of La Laguna about the Estate of the
Dominican Friars in Calamba.)
Rizal’s report in the tax fight. It was signed by the justice of the
peace, the board of officers, and seventy leading men of the Calamba
district. Mr. Ponce describes it as the first stone thrown in the
bitter contest that ensued between the village and the powerful
religious corporation. It was published as an appendix to “La Soberanía
Monacal,” by M. H. del Pilar. The date was early in 1888.
75. “Diario de Viaje a Través de Norte-America.” (Diary of Trip across
North America.)
April–May of 1888. See Appendix.
76. “Notas, en Colaboración con el Dr. A. B. Meyer y el Dr. F.
Blumentritt, á un Códice Chino de la Edad Media, Traducido al Aleman
por el Dr. Hirth.” (Notes, Collaborated with Dr. A. B. Meyer and Dr. F.
Blumentritt, on an old Chinese Manuscript of the Middle Ages,
Translated into German by Dr. Hirth.)
Published in “La Solidaridad,” April 30, 1889.
77. “Specimens of Tagal Folk-Lore.”
London, May, 1889. “Trübner’s Record.” Composed of three parts:
proverbial sayings, puzzles, verses.
78. “La Verdad para Todos.” (The Truth for All.)
Article. Barcelona, May 31, 1889. Published in “La Solidaridad.”
79. “Barrantes y el Teatro Tagalo.” (Barrantes and the Tagalog
Theater.)
Article, published in “La Solaridad,” Barcelona, June, 1889.
80. “Two Eastern Fables.”
In “Trübner’s Record,” London, June, 1889. English.
81. “La Visión de Fr. Rodríguez.” (The Vision of Friar Rodriguez.)
Barcelona, 1889. Under the pseudonym “Dimas Alang,” a booklet published
surreptitiously.
81 b. “The Vision of Friar Rodriguez.”
English version made by F. M. de Rivas and published in the book “The
Story of the Philippine Islands” by Murat Halstead, Chicago, 1898.
82. A novel in Spanish.
No title. Rizal began it in 1889, left unfinished.
83. “Por Teléfono.” (By Telephone.)
Under the pseudonym “Dimas Alang,” a handbill published
surreptitiously.
84. “Verdades Nuevas.” (New Truths.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Barcelona, July 31, 1889.
85. “Una Profanación.” (A profanation.)
Anonymous article. “La Solaridad,” July 31, 1889. In this he told of
the disinterring by the friars of the body of Herbosa.
86. “Diferencias.” (Differences.)
An article in “La Solidaridad,” Barcelona, September 15, 1889.
87. “Filipinas dentro de Cien Años.” (The Philippines a Century Hence.)
Four articles in “La Solidaridad,” 1889 and 1890.
88. “A Nuestra Querida Madre Patria!!! España!!!” (To Our Beloved
Mother-Country!!! Spain!!!)
Proclamation in sheet form, three columns. Paris, 1889. Ironical.
89. “A La Patria.” (To the Home-Land.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, November 15, 1889.
90. “Inconsecuencias.” (Inconsequences.)
Article against “El Pueblo Soberano” of Barcelona. Madrid, November 30,
1889.
91. “En la Ausencia.” (Absence.)
A poem written in Paris, 1889.
92. “Sa Mga Kababay-ang Dalaga sa Malolos.”
A letter headed “Europe, 1889.”
93. “Notas a la Obra, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, por el Dr.
Antonio de Morga.” (Notes to Happenings in the Philippines by Dr.
Antonio de Morga.)
Prologue by Professor Blumentritt. December, 1889.
94. “Ingratitudes.” (Ingratitudes.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” January 15, 1890.
95. “Al Excmo. Sr. D. Vicente Barrantes.” (To his Excellency Sr. D.
Vicente Barrantes.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, February 15, 1890.
96. “Sin Nombre.” (Without Name.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, February 28, 1890.
97. “Filipinos en el Congreso.” (Filipinos in the Assembly.)
“La Solidaridad,” March 31, 1890.
98. “Seamos Justos.” (Let Us Be Just.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, April 15, 1890.
99. “Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagalog.” (On the new
spelling of the Tagalog language.)
“La Solidaridad,” April 15, 1890.
99 b. “Die Transcription des Tagalog von Dr. José Rizal.”
Translated into German by F. Blumentritt with comments.
100. “Cosas de Filipinas.” (Things Philippine.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, April 30, 1890.
100 b. “Más sobre el Asunto de Negros.” (More Concerning the Affair in
Negros.)
Second part of the above article appearing May 15, 1890.
101. “Una Esperanza.” (A Hope.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, July 15, 1890.
102. “Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos.” (Filipino Indolence.)
“La Solidaridad,” Madrid, July–September 15, 1890.
103. “Venganzas Cobardes.” (Cowardly Vengeance.)
Anonymous article. “La Solidaridad,” August 31, 1890.
104. “A la memoria de José Maria Panganiban.” (To the Memory of José
Maria Panganiban.)
A meditation in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, September 30, 1890.
105. “Una Contestación á Isabelo de los Reyes.” (An Answer to Isabelo
de los Reyes.)
Article in “La Solidaridad,” Madrid, October, 1890.
106. “Las Luchas de Nuestros Días.” (The strifes of Our Day.)
Two criticisms of the work “Pi y Margall” appearing in “La
Solidaridad,” Madrid, November 30, 1890.
107. “Como Se Gobiernan las Filipinas.” (How the Philippines Are
Governed.)
“La Solidaridad,” December 15, 1890.
108. “A Mi Musa.” (To My Muse.)
Poem under the pseudonym “Laong Laan,” published in “La Solidaridad,”
Madrid, December 31, 1890.
109. “Mariang Makiling.”
Legend. Under the pseudonym “Laong Laan,” published in “La
Solidaridad,” December 31, 1890.
109 b. “Mariang Makiling.”
Tagalog translation of the foregoing. This was the last work that Rizal
did for “La Solidaridad.”
110. “Discurso en el Banquete de la Colonia Filipina de Madrid en la
Noche del 31 de Diciembre de 1890.” (Speech at the Banquet of the
Philippine Colony of Madrid, held in that city on the Evening of
December 31, 1890.)
111. “El Filibusterismo: Novela Filipina.” (Filibusterism.)
Ghent, 1891. First edition, rare. Fragments were published by papers in
Spain in 1891.
111 b. “El Filibusterismo.”
Second edition. Manila, Chofre & Co., 1900.
111 c. “El Filibusterismo.”
Tagalog translation by P. H. Poblete, 1904.
111 d. “El Filibusterismo: Novela Filipina.”
Third edition. Prologada y anotada por W. E. Retana. Barcelona, de
Henrich and Company. 1908.
111 e. “The Reign of Greed.”
A complete English version of “El Filibusterismo,” from the Spanish of
José Rizal by Charles Derbyshire. Manila, Philippine Education Company,
1912.
112. “Diario de Viaje de Marsella a Hong-Kong.” (Diary of a Voyage from
Marseilles to Hong-Kong.)
Unpublished. Written in 1891.
113. “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao.”
Tagalog translation of the Rights of Man proclaimed by the French
revolutionists of 1789. This was probably done during his stay in
Hong-Kong and is what the Filipinos call a “proclamation.”
114. “A la Nación Española.” (To the Spanish Nation.)
Hong-Kong, 1891. An undated proclamation, written in Hong-Kong about
November, 1891. Refers to the land question in Calamba.
115. “Sa Mga Kababayan.”
Sheet printed in Hong-Kong in December, 1891. It deals with the land
question of Calamba.
116. “La Exportación del Azucar Filipino.” (Exportation of Philippine
Sugar.)
An article printed in Hong-Kong about 1892.
117. “Estatutos y Reglamentos de la Liga Filipina.” (Statutes and Rules
of the Philippine League.)
Written in Hong-Kong, 1892.
118. “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol.” (A Visit to Victoria Jail.)
Written in Hong-Kong in March, 1892, describing his visit to the city
jail.
119. “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par des Families des Iles
Philippines.” (Colonization of British North Borneo by families from
the Philippine Islands.)
He also did this work in Spanish.
119 b. “Proyecto de Colonización del British North Borneo por
Filipinos.”
An elaboration of the same idea. No date, but it is known that he wrote
this at about the time of his trip to Borneo in April, 1892.
120. “La Mano Roja.” (The Red Hand.)
Sheet printed in Hong-Kong, June, 1892, calling attention to the number
of fires started intentionally in Manila.
120 b. “Ang Mapulang Kamay.”
Translation of above, published in 1894.
121. “A los Filipinos! (Testamento público.)” (To the Filipinos.)
Dated at Hong-Kong, June 20, 1892. Published in various newspapers of
the country. The address to his countrymen to be made public in case of
his death.
122. “Notas de Sucesos desde su Desembarco en Manila, Procedente de
Hong-Kong, hasta su Deportación y Llegada a Dapitan. 1892.” (Notes of
Events from his Landing in Manila Arriving from Hong-Kong up to his
Deportation and Arrival at Dapitan, 1892.)
123. “Cartas Filosofico-Religiosas de Controversia con el P. Pablo
Pastells, S. J.” (Letters of His Philosophical-Religious Controversy
with P. Pablo Pastells, S. J.)
124. “Etnografia de la Isla de Mindanao.” (Ethnography of the Island of
Mindanao.)
Translated from the German of F. Blumentritt.
125. “Ampliación a Mi Mapa.” (Enlargement of My Map.)
Map of the Island of Mindanao, translated into Spanish by Rizal and
dedicated to F. Blumentritt.
126. “Estudios sobre la Lengua Tagala.” (Studies on the Tagalog
Tongue.)
Written in Dapitan in 1893 and first published in “La Patria” of Manila
in 1899.
126 b. “Manga Pag-Aaral sa Wikang Tagalog na Sinulat ni Dr. José
Rizal.”
Tagalog translation of the foregoing by Honorio Lopez.
127. “Canto del Viajero.” (Song of the Traveler.)
Poem written in Dapitan. First published in 1903.
128. “Dapitan.”
Introduction to a work which was never followed up.
129. “Avesta: Vendidad.”
An uncompleted Spanish translation.
130. “Fragmentos de una Novela Inédita y sin Concluir.” (Fragments of
an Incomplete and Unpublished Novel.)
Written in Dapitan. Fragments of a novel.
131. “Makamisa.”
Verses beginning a novel in Tagalog. Never completed.
132. “Sociedad de Agricultores Dapitanos.” (Society of Dapitan
Farmers.)
Statutes and by-laws, Dapitan, 1895.
133. “Mi Retiro: A Mi Madre.” (My Retirement: To My Mother.)
Poem written in Dapitan, 1895. First published in “República Filipina”
in 1898.
133 b. “Ang Ligpit Kong Pamumuhay: Sa Aking Ina.”
Tagalog translation of the above by Honorio Lopez.
134. “Himno a Talisay.” (Hymn to Talisay.)
Composed in Dapitan, October 13, 1895.
135. “La Curación de los Hechizados.” (The Cure for the Bewitched.)
An article believed to be unpublished.
136. “Comparative Tagalog Grammar.”
Written in English. Incomplete.
137. “Datos para Mi Defensa.” (Points for My Defense.)
Written in Santiago Prison, December 12, 1896.
138. “Manifiesto—a Algunos Filipinos.” (Manifesto—To Certain
Filipinos.)
Manila, Santiago Prison, December 15, 1896. This was published by many
newspapers in the country.
139. “Adiciones a Mi Defensa.” (Additions to My Defense.)
Manila, December 26, 1896.
140. “Ultimo pensamiento.” (Last Thoughts.)
The poem written in the chapel, a few nights before his death. The
original manuscript was unsigned and written on ordinary ruled paper.
Alcohol stains (from the lamp) can still be seen on the original where
it blurred the ink. The above title was given to the poem by Mr. Ponce.
Under the title “Ultimo Adiós” (My Last Farewell) it was published in
“La Independencia,” September 25, 1898.
It has been translated into many languages, including the island
dialects, French, English, German, Chinese, and Japanese.
141. “French Composition Exercises,” by José Rizal, B. A., Ph. M., L.
C. M. (Madrid), Postgraduate student in Paris, Leipzig, Heidelberg,
Berlin and London. Manila, 1912. Philippine Education Company.
142. “The Indolence of the Filipino,” by José Rizal, translated by
Charles Derbyshire, edited by Austin Craig, Manila, 1913.
143. “Rizal’s Own Story of His Life.” National Book Company, 1918.
Contains also “Rizal’s First Reading Lesson,” “Rizal’s Childhood
Impressions,” “The Spanish Schools of Rizal’s Boyhood,” “The Turkey
That Caused the Calamba Land Trouble,” “Mariang Makiling,” and other
short pieces.
144. “Manila en 1872.”
An article by Rizal discovered after his death and published in the
Manila “Citizen,” January 9, 1919.
145. “Cartas á un Jesuita.”
Another posthumous article, published in the Manila “Citizen,” February
7, 1919.
The following books and articles relating to Rizal may also be noted:
“The Story of Rizal,” Hugh Clifford, “Blackwood’s,” November, 1902.
“Rizal’s Views on Race Differences,” “Popular Science Monthly,” July,
1902.
“The Future of the Philippines,” M. F. Steele, “The Nation,” March 27,
1902.
“A Filipino That Died for His Country,” “Literary Digest,” July 26,
1919.
“Rizal’s Picture of the Philippines under Spain,” “Review of Reviews,”
May, 1913.
“The Martyred Novelist of the Philippines,” “Current Opinion,” April,
1913.
“The Malay Novelist,” “The Nation,” January 9, 1913.
“The Composite Rizal,” “The Nation,” April 10, 1913.
“The Life of José Rizal, a Chronology by Austin Craig,” “The Manila
Independent,” December 31, 1921.
“Autógrafos de Rizal,” Fernando Canon, “The Manila Independent,”
December 31, 1921.
“Páginas Inéditas de Rizal” (Dapitan), “Dia Filipino,” Manila, June 19,
1918.
“Rizal en Hong-Kong,” by Vicente Sotto, in “Renacimiento Filipino,”
Manila, July 7, 1913.
“Rizal’s Story of His Life,” the Manila “Citizen,” August and
September, 1918.
“Rizal and Philippine Nationalism,” by José Melencio, the Manila
“Citizen,” February 21, 1919.
“Rizal as a Historian,” by Austin Craig, “Philippine Herald,” Manila,
July 10, 1921.
“The Song of the Wanderer,” translated by Arthur Ferguson, “Dia
Filipino,” June, 1918.
“The Song of the Wanderer,” translated by Charles Derbyshire,
“Philippine Journal of Education,” Manila, December, 1919.
“To My Muse,” translated by Charles Derbyshire, “Philippine Journal of
Education,” December, 1919.
“To the Flowers of Heidelberg,” translated by Charles Derbyshire,
“Philippine Journal of Education,” December, 1919.
“Rizal as a Poet,” by Eliseo Hervas, “Philippine Journal of Education,”
1919.
“Inspiring Traits of Rizal’s Character,” by Ignacio Villamor,
“Philippine Journal of Education,” December, 1919.
“Rizal as a Patriot, Author, and Scientist,” by former Governor-General
Francis Burton Harrison, “Philippine Journal of Education,” December,
1919.
“Rizal as a Scientist,” Benito Soliven, “Philippine Journal of
Education,” December, 1919.
“Rizal’s Character,” by T. H. Pardo de Tavera, published by the Manila
Filatélica, 1918.
“The Story of José Rizal,” by Austin Craig, published by the Philippine
Education Publishing Company, 1909.
“Revista Filipina,” Manila, December, 1916, a Rizal number, with
articles by Mariano Ponce, Epifanio de los Santos, and others.
“Murió el Doctor Rizal Cristianamente? Reconstitución de las Ultimas
Horas de Su Vida.” Estudio Histórico por Gonzalo M. Piñana, Barcelona,
1920.
NOTES
[1] Craig, p. 83; Derbyshire, p. xvi. Blair and Robertson, “The
Philippine Islands,” Vol. LII, p. 170.
[2] “Noli Me Tangere,” Chap. LVII.
[3] Created after one of the many insurrections and contributing to the
causes of the insurrection of 1872. Craig, p. 80.
[4] Craig, pp. 86–87.
[5] Born 1792, died 1872. He was once governor of Hong-Kong.
[6] Craig, p. 88.
[7] The ease with which false accusations could be manufactured, as
Rizal showed afterward in his novels, was a valid asset in Spanish
supremacy.
[8] Rizal, in his “Boyhood Story,” merely says her innocence was shown
and she was released. It was Dr. Craig that, investigating the facts on
the spot, came upon the incident of the dance and the pardon. At the
time Rizal could hardly have published it.
[9] Retana, p. 15; Craig, Chap. II.
[10] Rizal, “Childhood Impressions,” p. 1.
[11] About seven thousand in all, including rocks and reefs.
[12] In “El Progreso Material,” “The National Forum,” July, 1922.
[13] To be discussed in a later chapter.
[14] Craig and Benitez, “Philippine Progress Prior to 1898.”
[15] Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and the Recollect Fathers.
Compare Barrows, “History of the Philippines,” p. 121.
[16] Fernández, “A Brief History of the Philippines,” p. 136.
[17] The Philippine Independence Mission of 1922 estimated the number
at one hundred, great and small.
[18] Barrio: hamlet. Most Philippine farmers live gregariously.
[19] From 1844 to 1850. He was one of the reforming governor-generals
and left a name more revered than the others.
[20] Retana, pp. 14–15.
[21] Craig, pp. 61, 63.
[22] Derbyshire.
[23] College of Santa Rosa.
[24] Rizal’s “Boyhood Story,” “The First Reading Lesson.”
[25] Craig, p. 78.
[26] Azotea: the roof of the porch of a Philippine house, usually at
the rear.
[27] His “Boyhood Story,” p. 4.
[28] Sinamay: a native cloth woven of abaca (hemp) and sometimes of the
fiber that is called “pineapple.”
[29] Mabolo: the date-plum, a reddish fruit, looking something like an
apple, but turnip-shaped.
[30] The Jesuits were not one of the four orders that figure so
conspicuously in this story. They had been banished from the
Philippines as from Spain in 1767, and all their insular property,
valued at 3,320,000 pesos, was confiscated by the Government. In 1852
another royal decree allowed them to return, but they never regained
their former prominence and power.
[31] Craig, p. 82.
[32] Craig, p. 83; Derbyshire, p. xvi; Fernández, p. 226.
[33] Retana, pp. 18, 19.
[34] See Dr. Blumentritt’s article, Appendix D.
[35] Dr. Blumentritt; see Appendix D.
[36] “Blackwood’s,” November, 1902, p. 620.
[37] “Boyhood Story,” p. vi.
[38] “Boyhood Story,” p. 19.
[39] With a girl older than he was and already engaged to another. She
seems to have been something of a flirt. A few years afterward he wrote
(apparently for himself) an account of his feelings and sufferings in
those days. Mariano Ponce, his friend and confidant, published the
document in the “Revista Filipina,” December, 1916. It shows Rizal to
have been a poetical and dreamy lover. When he discovered the hopeless
nature of his attachment he wandered alone in the woods, given up to a
melancholy conviction of misfortune, but recovered in time to fall in
love again and learn the reality of his forebodings.
[40] The professor speaks these words in the vulgar dialect.
[41] “El Filibusterismo,” Chap. XIII. Derbyshire’s translation.
[42] “Boyhood Story”: v.
[43] Craig, p. 92.
[44] These poems are printed by Retana, pp. 26–29. A translation of one
of them is attempted for the first time in the Appendix A of this work.
[45] London, 1875.
[46] Craig, p. 95.
[47] Craig, pp. 696–98.
[48] Rizal’s “Boyhood Story.”
[49] Retana, p. 31.
[50] See Appendix A.
[51] Craig, pp. 109–110.
[52] “Fair hope of my fatherland.”
[53] See Appendix A.
[54] Craig, p. 109.
[55] It was founded in 1603, only thirty-three years after the capture
of Manila and the beginning of the Spanish domination.
[56] Retana.
[57] Craig, p. 109; Retana, pp. 34–35.
[58] His father’s sore difficulties, to be described later, were then
beginning. Mr. Mercado continued to send money regularly to José
through Mr. Rivera, the detour being necessary to protect himself.
[59] Craig, p. 111; Retana, pp. 56 and 57.
[60] Craig, p. 117; Retana, p. 59; Derbyshire, p. xxvii.
[61] While he was in the Philippines on the occasion of his first
return there, 1887, he had with him a considerable collection of books
in many languages but scarcely any in Spanish. A friend once called his
attention to this fact and asked why he omitted Spanish books. “Well,”
said Rizal, in his quiet way but with a twinkle in his eyes, “if they
can’t read them they will not borrow them, will they?”
[62] Fernando Canon, Manila “Citizen,” December 31, 1921.
[63] Craig, p. 99.
[64] Craig, p. 76.
[65] Senator Sandiko’s recollections.
[66] Retana, p. 99.
[67] Craig, p. 126; Retana, pp. 103–105.
[68] For example, “The Flowers of Heidelberg,” printed in “La
Solidaridad,” December 15, 1889.
[69] Mr. Derbyshire, a discriminating critic, calls it “a story
pulsating with life.”
[70] Compare Derbyshire, p. xxxi.
[71] “Noli Me Tangere,” Chaps. LII and LVII.
[72] To western readers this will seem impossible. There are, however,
attested instances of the savage practice.
[73] A vein of strange coincidence that seems almost like some
intuition runs through Rizal’s novels. What happened to the ashes of
the elder Ibarra in the story is exactly what happened a few years
later to the ashes of Rizal’s brother-in-law.
[74] “The letter enters with the blood.” This was the favorite motto of
Dr. Cruz, master of the school at Biñan, the first that Rizal attended.
The protest here against corporal punishment in schools is doubtless
sharpened from Rizal’s own experiences.
[75] “Noli Me Tangere,” Chap. XIX, Derbyshire’s translation.
[76] “Noli Me Tangere,” Chap. L, Derbyshire’s translation.
[77] Retana prints the original of this letter (in French) at pp.
125–126.
[78] For most of the information we have of this interesting young
woman we are indebted to Miss Salud Sevilla of the College of
Education, University of the Philippines, who traced her story and
verified and illuminated the incidents here related.
[79] Retana, pp. 79–90, cites other references to letters received from
and written to Leonora, indicating a prosperous correspondence.
[80] Craig, pp. 217–218.
[81] Miss Sevilla.
[82] Miss Sevilla.
[83] Craig, p. 219, and Miss Sevilla.
[84] A fact communicated by Mr. Fernando Canon.
[85] The title-page bears this imprint: “Berlin, Berliner
buchdruckerei-actien-geselschaft.”
[86] Mr. Canon’s manuscript.
[87] Retana gives the findings and the letter of the archbishop, pp.
128–130.
[88] Derbyshire, p. xxxiii.
[89] Craig, p. 131; Retana, p. 135.
[90] Craig, p. 133.
[91] By this time, no doubt, he surmised that his love-affair had gone
wrong, but he had no final confirmation of this misadventure until he
reached Manila.
[92] Mr. Canon’s manuscript.
[93] Derbyshire, p. xxxiv.
[94] Craig, p. 137; Retana, pp. 144–145.
[95] It is customary to pretend otherwise, but this is the real heart
of modern imperialism.
[96] Derbyshire, p. xxxiv.
[97] Craig, p. 138.
[98] It is the whole philosophy of “Noli Me Tangere.”
[99] Ladrones and Carolines were groups of islands in the South Seas
that Spain owned and misgoverned.
[100] Craig, p. 140.
[101] Retana, p. 150. He sees nothing remarkable in these suddenly
cordial relations.
[102] Rizal’s diary: see Appendix E. Retana (p. 152) prints a letter
from Rizal to his friend Mariano Ponce in which he allows himself a
little sarcasm about some of these experiences.
[103] Published in Mexico in 1609. De Morga had been in the Philippines
from 1595 to 1605. Retana, pp. 172–173.
[104] This is confirmed by the recent investigations of Craig and
Benitez, “Philippine Progress Prior to 1898.” No one denied or denies
the existence of uncivilized or scantly civilized tribes in the
interior. De Morga was speaking about the people near the coast.
Skepticism about early Filipino civilization is a necessary waiter at
the heels of whomsoever wishes to defend imperialism.
De Morga’s work, newly translated, is printed in Blair and Robertson,
Vol. XV.
[105] Craig, p. 146.
[106] Retana, p. 193.
[107] The office of the governor-general at Malacañan, Manila, has one
painting by Luna that, if he had never painted anything else, would be
enough to insure his fame.
Juan Luna was also a sturdy patriot. In 1897 he was arrested in Manila
for conspiring in behalf of his country’s independence and by a narrow
chance missed the firing-squad. After six months close imprisonment he
was released and escaped from the country but returned and was present
when the Spanish domination came to an end. (Foreman, p. 394.) His
career was picturesque. He had been born in as poor a home as any in
the Philippines and had begun life as a sailor. The city of Barcelona
purchased and still has one of his paintings that had been awarded a
prize at the Madrid Salon.
[108] Mr. Derbyshire says it was thrown to the dogs, but this must be a
figure of speech. It seems to have been exposed until buried in
unconsecrated ground.
[109] Craig, p. 154; Retana, p. 195.
[110] Craig, p. 170.
[111] Rizal’s own account, “The Turkey That Caused the Calamba Land
Trouble.”
[112] Craig, p. 164.
[113] Retana, pp. 226–227, assumes to defend Weyler on the ground that
he was “upholding judicial authority.” This must be a recrudescence of
Retana’s press-agent days.
[114] “La Solidaridad” was started by Graciano Lopez Jaena at
Barcelona. Del Pilar took charge of it in October, 1887, and moved it
to Madrid to be nearer the centers of action. Compare Blair and
Robertson, Vol. LII, p. 176.
[115] Retana, p. 199; Blair and Robertson, Vol. LII, p. 178.
[116] “The Reign of Greed” (“El Filibusterismo”), pp. 86–87;
Derbyshire’s translation.
[117] Between “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo” is a vast
difference. We speak of novels. In “Noli Me Tangere” all is fresh,
ingenuous, impetuous; it is a novel that impresses one in such a way
that it is never forgotten; it is a work of feeling. “El
Filibusterismo” is a work of deep thought, and in literature it must be
remembered that sentiment is preferred to thought. “Noli Me Tangere” is
a picture of the whole country, rich in color and in fantasy, entwined
with the dreams of a delicate poetry. “El Filibusterismo” came to be a
series of philosophical-political treatises with a novelistic trend;
every speech that appears in the work ends in a patriotic dissertation.
“Noli Me Tangere” is the unbosoming of an enlightened poet,
passionately patriotic, artistically revolutionary. “El Filibusterismo”
is a series of meditations; it lacks the admixture of humor, of
semi-sweet irony that produces such an effect in the first book. It
despises the attacks of the religious fanatics, threatens with
Voltairian sharpness. The ambient air of the tropics is not felt,
charged full of melancholy, which is to be breathed in “Noli Me
Tangere.” Rizal wrote his first novel having constantly before his
dreamy fantasy the vision of his country as it was. In the second he
wrote thinking of the redemption of his race, elevating the philosopher
above the artist. “Noli Me Tangere” is a novel; “El Filibusterismo” is
a tract on the national anarchy. Retana, p. 201.
[118] It was published in Ghent. The title-page bears this imprint:
“Gent: Boekdrukkerij F. Meyer-Van Loo, Vlaanderstraat, 67. 1891.” Rizal
was now able to defray from his own means the cost of publication. The
Madrid newspaper, “El Nuevo Régimen,” published in October, 1891,
“extensive extracts” from the novel; so did “La Publicidad” of
Barcelona. Not a line of it was printed in the Philippines until 1900.
Four years later it was translated into Tagalog.
[119] “Filipinas dentro de Cien Años,” in “La Solidaridad,” 1889–90.
We note that when Rizal discusses the possibility of future
independence for his people he sets it as a century hence. We need not
take him literally, nor on the other hand need we say his title was
merely hypocritical and he was insidiously inciting his people to think
of immediate independence; we shall be fairer to survey his writings as
a whole, probably reaching the conclusion that the independence of his
people was constantly in his mind, but sober reason warned him to
restrain his and their youthful impatience on that subject. Blair and
Robertson, “The Philippine Islands,” Vol. LII, pp. 202–203.
[120] In his pretty little romance, “Mariang Makiling,” he utters this
protest against forced military service in the Philippines and
indicates the effect it had on the people:
“Meanwhile, the time of the Spanish army’s conscription came. God
knows the young men dreaded it, and how their mothers hated it!
Youth, home, family, feelings, and sometimes honor itself,
good-bye! Seven or eight years of such soldier life was
brutalizing. The military despotism relied upon the lash. Such a
prospect seemed to the youth a long night that would sap away the
fairest portion of his life. In it would be horrible nightmares,
and from it he would awake old, useless, corrupted, bloody, and
cruel. So dreaded was the draft that some have been known to cut
off their two fingers in order to exempt themselves from military
service. Others pulled out their front teeth (in the days when the
cartridge had to be bitten off). Still others fled to the mountains
and became bandits. Not a few even committed suicide.”—Dr. Craig’s
translation.
[121] Retana, pp. 181–182.
[122] “French Composition Exercises,” by José Rizal, B.A., Ph.M.,
L.C.M. (Madrid), Postgraduate student in Paris, Leipzig, Heidelberg,
Berlin and London. Our copy is published by the Philippine Education
Company, Manila, 1912.
[123] Craig, “Rizal as a French Student,” printed as an Appendix to the
“French Composition Exercises.”
[124] “La Indolencia de los Filipinos,” translated by Dr. Craig,
Manila, 1913.
[125] Pages 11–12.
[126] Page 13.
[127] Page 15.
[128] Page 17.
[129] Page 18.
[130] Page 22.
[131] Page 23.
[132] Page 26.
[133] Page 26.
[134] Page 27.
[135] Page 30.
[136] Page 37.
[137] Page 38.
[138] “The Outlook for the Philippines,” Chap. X.
[139] Flat-horned buffalo, the beast of burden in the Philippines.
[140] Page 49.
[141] Page 56.
[142] These and the succeeding particulars are communicated or verified
by friends that knew him in Madrid at this time, had been in the
university with him or observed him later.
[143] In a letter to the present authors.
[144] See Appendix A.
[145] Mr. Canon; also Craig.
[146] The letter will be found in a later chapter.
[147] Craig, p. 165. On Retana’s return from the Philippines he became
connected with “La Politica de España en Filipinas,” an organ of
reaction and most furiously opposed by “La Solidaridad.” From 1895 to
1898 he was the chief editor of this virulent sheet, which was
undoubtedly maintained by the friars as their mouthpiece in the
capital. Compare Blair and Robertson, Vol. LII, p. 164.
[148] Retana, p. 195.
[149] For a collection of astounding facts bearing upon the disregard
of this part of the oath reference may be had to Foreman, “The
Philippine Islands,” pp. 202–204.
[150] Chap. IV and X.
[151] As will appear later, this was either prevision or a knowledge of
governor-generals so accurate it is almost phenomenal.
[152] Chap. XI.
[153] Chap. XVIII.
[154] Convento: priest’s house.
[155] Chap. XXX.
[156] Chap. XXVII.
[157] Chap. XXXIII–XXXV.
[158] Chap. XXXIX.
[159] Retana, pp. 194–195. He dwells with sympathy upon Rizal’s
unselfish devotion to his family.
[160] Craig, pp. 172–174; Retana, pp. 231–233.
[161] Craig, p. 182; Retana, p. 235.
[162] They bear the same date, June 20, 1892. Retana, p. 243.
[163] Retana prints the Spanish original at p. 243.
[164] Dr. Craig’s translation, pp. 176–179.
[165] Craig, p. 179.
[166] Craig, p. 182.
[167] The Economic Society of Friends of the Country was established by
Governor-General Basco in 1780. It was about as radical, revolutionary,
and dangerous as Despujol himself.
[168] It appears that the first members he enrolled were friends of his
in the masonic lodge, which probably gave rise to the story that La
Liga Filipina was a masonic organization. Rizal had been warmly
welcomed by his brother masons at Manila and was pleasantly astonished
to find the lodge so large and flourishing.
The Constitution of the Liga declared these to be its Ends:
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and
homogeneous body.
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of industry, agriculture, and commerce.
5. The study and application of reforms.
The motto was “Unus instar omnium.” (One like all.)
[169] The idea of such a society originated with José Maria Basa, one
of the remarkable Filipinos then refugees in Hong-Kong. He mentioned it
to Rizal and suggested a constitution, which Rizal, with his trained
intellect, quickly formulated.
[170] Retana, pp. 252–253, says it had spread into the provinces before
the Spanish Government was well aware of what was going on.
[171] “Rizal’s Own Story,” p. 53.
[172] Craig, p. 190; Derbyshire, p. xxxvii. Mr. Derbyshire calls the
decree of banishment “a marvel of sophistry.” Retana’s version, pp.
254–255, justifies this verdict.
[173] Petates: bed-mats. Mattresses were little used in the
Philippines.
[174] Once more, justice à la espagnole in the Philippines. Dr. Craig
has the full story.
[175] Practicante: practitioner in surgery and medicine.
[176] Craig, p. 196.
[177] Craig, p. 198.
[178] Dr. Craig, p. 223, has photographic reproductions of some of
these.
[179] “Another famous and well-known water supply is that of Dapitan,
Mindanao, designed and constructed by Dr. José Rizal during his
banishment in that municipality by the Spanish authorities.... This
supply comes from a little mountain stream across the river from
Dapitan and follows the contour of the country for the whole distance.
When one considers that Dr. Rizal had no explosives with which to blast
the hard rocks, and no resources save his own ingenuity, one cannot
help but honor a man that against adverse conditions had the courage
and tenacity to construct this aqueduct, which had for its bottom the
fluted tiles from the houseroofs and was covered with concrete made
from lime burned from sea coral. The length of this aqueduct is several
kilometers, and it winds in and out among the rocks and is carried
across gullies in bamboo pipes upheld by rock or brick piers to the
distributing reservoir.”—Quarterly Bulletin, Department of Public
Works, October, 1912.
[180] Mr. Soliven, “Rizal as a Scientist.”
In about three years he sent to the museum at Dresden nine mammals,
thirteen birds, forty-five reptiles, nine fishes, 240 insects,
sixty-eight crustaceans, and other invertebrates.
[181] Craig, pp. 148–149.
[182] Printed by Retana, pp. 328–329.
[183] See Appendix A.
[184] He refers to the long contest between the orders and the part of
the clergy (largely native) that was outside of the orders, called “the
secular clergy.” What he means is to end the power of the orders to
fill the parish appointments. In this conversation, Carnicero seems to
be leading him to speak of the friars—the most perilous of topics.
[185] Retana, p. 327.
[186] Dr. Craig’s translation, first printed with his “Rizal’s Own
Story.”
[187] Rizal to his mother.
[188] Retana, p. 338.
[189] Craig, p. 103.
[190] Retana, p. 338.
[191] Craig, p. 272.
[192] Craig, p. 214; Retana, pp. 339–340.
[193] Craig, p. 215; Derbyshire, p. xlvii.
[194] Retana, p. 248, hails him as “Grand figure!”
[195] Fernández, p. 241.
[196] Fernández, p. 240.
[197] Retana, p. 342.
[198] Craig, p. 224; also, Retana, p. 342.
[199] Dr. Blumentritt had been so resentful of the injustice of which
Rizal was a victim that he had endeavored to have the German Government
protest against Rizal’s deportation. Retana, p. 316.
[200] Retana prints this at p. 349.
[201] Retana, pp. 347–348.
[202] Derbyshire, p. xii.
[203] Fernández, p. 244.
“The ordinary prisons were more than full, and about 600 suspects were
confined in the dungeons of Fort Santiago at the mouth of the Pasig
river, where a frightful tragedy occurred. The dungeons were
overcrowded ... the Spanish sergeant on duty threw his rug over the
only light and ventilating shaft and in a couple of days carts were
seen by many citizens carrying away the dead, calculated to number
seventy. Provincial governors and parish priests seemed to regard it as
a duty to supply the capital with batches of ‘suspects’ from their
localities. In Vigan, where nothing had occurred, many of the heads of
the best families and moneyed men were arrested and brought to Manila.
They were bound hand and foot and carried like packages of merchandise
in the hold. I happened to be on the quay when the steamer discharged
her living freight with chains and hooks to haul up and swing out the
bodies like bales of hemp.... I was informed by my friend the Secretary
of the Military Court that 4,377 individuals were awaiting trial by
court martial.”—John Foreman, “The Philippine Islands,” pp. 375, 377.
In September alone thirty-seven men were shot after summary trials.
Compare Blair and Robertson, Vol. LII, p. 191.
[204] Foreman, p. 376.
[205] Craig, pp. 229–230; Blair and Robertson, Vol. LII, p. 190.
[206] Foreman, p. 376.
[207] Retana, p. 351. “No! Prófugo? No! Me declararían cómplice del
levantamiento!”
[208] Craig, p. 231; Derbyshire, p. xliii.
[209] His old friend, Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor of London, was the
author of this plan. It went so far that all the papers were drawn up
and signed. Retana prints them at pp. 352–353.
[210] Craig, p. 234.
[211] Dr. Craig’s translation.
[212] Craig, p. 237.
[213] The other, in rime, excellently done by Mr. Derbyshire, will be
found in the Appendix. The blank verse translation printed above was
once heard in the American House of Representatives and gave rise to a
memorable scene. A debate was on concerning Philippine independence. In
a speech of great power and eloquence, Representative Cooper, of
Wisconsin, supported the plea of the Filipinos. In the course of his
argument he told how he had indifferently picked up at a book-stall a
book containing the farewell poem of José Rizal, of whom he knew next
to nothing; how he had read it and been so seized with its beauty that
he had bought the book and committed the poem to memory. Then he
recited it. After the first few lines a profound silence fell upon the
chamber, unbroken to the end. As Mr. Cooper uttered the last great line
in this wonderful composition, there was an exhibition of emotion
unwonted in that place. One of the oldest and most famous
representatives, little given to sentiment, afterward admitted that the
poem and Mr. Cooper’s speech had converted him to the Philippine cause.
He said that a race capable of producing a man of such character and
attainments was a race entitled to and capable of its freedom.
[214] Retana, p. 417. The newspaper represented was the “Herald” of
Madrid.
[215] His letters show this.
[216] Craig, p. 244.
Mr. Derbyshire (p. xlvi) does not indorse this opinion, and Retana (p.
287) recounts a discussion between Rizal and a Jesuit priest in which
Rizal seemed to repudiate the doctrine of the eucharist. But Dr. Craig
came to the conclusion that in faith Rizal never wavered from the
foundation principles of the church. Whosoever reads now attentively
the passages in his writings that seem to express his convictions on
this subject can hardly fail to be impressed with the noble and exalted
piety that breathes through them and is not likely to believe that this
could be otherwise than sincere.
[217] Craig, p. 244.
[218] This would be insisted upon first of all.
[219] The obvious lies that have been piled high over all these matters
must fill every investigator with disgust. The friars promptly issued
(from Barcelona) what purported to be a circumstantial account of
Rizal’s last hours. Almost every statement in it susceptible of any
examination has been shown to be false, or impossible. The liars have
even managed to make doubtful the ecclesiastical marriage with
Josephine. They said that the record of it was in Manila Cathedral, but
it is not and never has been discovered. They said that Rizal signed in
a book of devotions his full acceptance of the articles of faith and
gave it to his sister. His sister afterward could not recall having
seen it and it was never found. They said that he was fully reconciled
to the church, but his burial was not in accordance with the church’s
rites.
One fact about the matter and only one seems reasonably certain. If
Rizal had signed any document that could have been of the slightest use
to the governing Interests it would have been exhibited and used at
that time so perilous to Spain. A great rebellion was on; the immediate
impulse to it was resentment against the ill treatment of Rizal and the
inspiration of freedom. Anything in the nature of a retraction from him
would have been worth to the Spanish cause more than the strength of
many brigades. The mysterious document he was alleged to have signed
has mysteriously disappeared. The friars said they took it to the
Ateneo, and thence sent it by messenger to the archbishop, to be
deposited in the archiepiscopal records. There all trace of it was
lost—if there ever was such a paper. It was for Spain, if these
accounts have any truth, the most valuable thing in all the
Philippines, and the cunning persons that had (again by these accounts)
produced a jewel of such price immediately allowed it to slip into the
gutter. Not unless they had all gone mad.
The whole subject, which might well be considered as extraneous to the
real significance of Rizal’s life and death, was revived in 1920 by the
appearance in Barcelona of a brochure by Gonzalo M. Piñana entitled
“Murió el Doctor Rizal Cristianamente?” (Did Doctor Rizal Die a
Christian?), with the subtitle of “Reconstruction of the Last Hours of
his Life: a Historical Study.” Unfortunately, the book renewed a futile
discussion without adding a line to the available information about it.
Mr. Piñana gathered the newspaper reports current at the time of
Rizal’s death, used the statements of the friars already discredited,
and reprinted the assertions that for twenty-four years had been made
on one side and repudiated on the other. He satisfied himself that
Rizal died a Christian, but everybody else had long before been
satisfied of that fact. But while he added nothing to the store of
human wisdom on these subjects, Mr. Piñana reminds us of an incident
that is well worth preserving. Among the persons moved by the tragedy
to sympathy with the condemned man was the attorney-general of the
Philippines, Señor Castaño, who said to him:
“Rizal, you love passionately your mother and your country. Both are
Catholic. Do you not think it will be very hard for you to die outside
of their chosen religion?” To which Rizal replied:
“Mr. Attorney-General, you may be sure that I have no intention of
closing the gates of eternity upon myself.” Piñana, p. 79.
[220] Craig, p. 240.
[221] Retana, p. 428.
[222] Clifford, in “Blackwood’s Magazine.”
[223] Retana, p. 429.
[224] Retana, p. 431; Craig, p. 248. The details of the last scene in
Retana’s account followed here were supplied to him by Dr. Saura, who
said he followed the death-march and tried to hear all that was said.
[225] Foreman, “The Philippine Islands.” p. 386.
[226] Retana, pp. 430–432; Craig, pp. 247–250; Derbyshire, pp.
xlvii–xlix; Clifford in “Blackwood’s Magazine”; Mr. Tavera’s
corrections; Piñana; Foreman, Chap. XXII.
[227] Craig, p. 251.
[228] Craig, p. 259.
[229] He rose from the ranks to the grade of brigadier-general.
[230] General Monet (Spanish) operated in the north against the rebels
with Spanish and native auxiliary forces. He attacked the armed mobs in
Zambales province, where encounters of minor importance took place
almost daily, with no decisive victory for either party. He showed no
mercy and took no prisoners; his troops shot down or bayoneted rebels,
non-combatants, women and children indiscriminately. Tillage was
carried on at the risk of one’s life, for men found going out to their
lands were seized as spies and treated with the utmost severity as
possible sympathizers with the rebels. He carried this war of
extermination up to Ilocos, where, little by little, his forces
deserted him. His auxiliaries went over to the rebels in groups. Even a
few Spaniards passed to the other side, and, after a protracted
struggle which brought no advantage to the government, he left
garrisons in several places and returned to Manila.—Foreman, p. 390.
[231] Treaty of Biacnabato.
[232] Fernández, p. 251.
“That Spanish circles in Manila as well as the Filipinos were in
expectation, late in 1897, and early in 1898, of the announcement of
some comprehensive scheme of Philippine reform is apparent from the
press of that time.”—Blair and Robertson, Vol. LII, pp. 200–201.
[233] For a full account of these difficulties, see “The Outlook for
the Philippines,” pp. 77–98.
[234] Barrows, “History of the Philippines,” p. 308.
[235] Incredible as it may seem, when the first anniversary of his
death came, December 30, 1897, the implacable Interests made it an
occasion of public holiday and rejoicing.
[236] With other evidences of gratitude the legislature sought to
bestow a pension on Rizal’s mother. The character of this extraordinary
woman was revealed again in her response. She declined the pension on
the ground that it would lower the standard of patriotism observed in
her family. The Rizals, she said, did not serve Filipinas for money.
José Rizal’s father died soon after José’s murder. His mother lived to
see the Spanish flag pulled down and the power of the friars
annihilated. Paciano Rizal was living in 1923, a prosperous farmer.
Mrs. José Rizal joined the insurgent army after her husband’s death and
for a short time appeared with rifle in hand in the trenches. Soon
afterward she retired to a hospital, where she served for a time as a
nurse. She then made her way to Manila, where she had a heated
interview with Governor-General de Rivera.—(Foreman, p. 388.)
“What did you go to Imus for?” inquired the general.
“What did you go there for?” rejoined Josephine.
“To fight,” said the general.
“So did I,” said Josephine.
“Will you leave Manila?” asked the general.
“Why should I?” asked Josephine.
“The friars will not leave you alone if you stay there, and they will
bring false evidence against you. I have no power to overrule theirs.”
“Then what is the use of being governor-general?”
Because of her adopted father’s nationality, she was now under American
protection; otherwise she would have experienced the vengeful feeling
that still possessed the reigning powers. She made her way to
Hong-Kong, where, after a time, she remarried and so passed from
history.
[237] In the life of Rizal the note of physical love is scarcely
perceived. Don Isabelo de los Reyes has written:
“I have said that he sacrificed even his natural passions for his
country, because if Rizal would have stretched forth his hand for
better favor from the Philippines, he would easily have received it;
and yet he did not marry, undoubtedly so as not to bring misfortune on
his family because of the horrible end which he foresaw, and only ‘in
articulato mortis’ married a foreigner who had been his sweetheart.
Thus he made patent the fact that he did not hate the white race, as
his enemies the priests claimed. They are very much interested in
having it believed that the insurrectionists do not hate them directly,
but the entire white race, which is a calumny, as are so many others
that they are wont to invent to help obtain their ends.”—Retana, p.
338.