aminta ayant aimé
amonta devant aimer
amata étant aimé
amita (ayant été) aimé
amota devant être aimé
mi estas aminta j'ai aimé
vi estis aminta vous aviez aimé
li estas amanta il est aimant
ŝi estis amata elle était en train d'être aimée
ni estos amintaj nous aurons aimé
vi estas amataj vous êtes aimés
ili estas amitaj ils ont été aimés
mi estus aminta j'aurais aimé
vi estus amita vous auriez été aimé
li estas foririnta il s'en est allé
ili estus foririntaj il s'en seraient allés
ESPERANTO GERMAN
amanta liebend
aminta der geliebt hat
amonta der lieben wird
amata der geliebt wird
amita der geliebt worden ist
amota der geliebt werden soll
mi estas aminta ich habe geliebt
vi estis aminta Sie hatten geliebt
li estas amanta er ist liebend
ŝi estis amata sie war im Zuge geliebt zu werden
ni estos amintaj wir werden geliebt haben
vi estas amataj Sie werden geliebt
ili estas amitaj sie sind geliebt worden
mi estus aminta ich würde geliebt haben
vi estus amita Sie würden geliebt worden sein
li estas foririnta er ist fortgegangen
ili estus foririntaj sie würden fortgegangen sein
* * * * *
This chapter on labour-saving may fitly conclude with an estimate
of the amount of mere memorizing work to be done in Esperanto.
Since this is almost _nil_ for grammar, syntax, and idiom, and
since there are no irregularities or exceptions, the memory work
is, broadly speaking, reduced to learning the affixes, the table
of correlatives, and a certain number of new roots. This number is
astonishingly small. Here is an estimate made by Prof. Macloskie,
of Princeton, U.S.A.:
Number of roots new to an English boy without Latin, about 600*
" " " " " with " " 300
" " " a college teacher " 100
*i.e. about one-third of the whole number in the _Fundamento_.
IV
HOW ESPERANTO CAN BE USED AS A CODE LANGUAGE TO
COMMUNICATE WITH PERSONS WHO HAVE NEVER LEARNT IT
Technically speaking, Esperanto combines the characteristics of an
inflected language with those of an agglutinative one. This means that
the syllables used as inflexions (_-o_, _-a_, _-e_, _-as_, _-is_, _-os_,
_-ant-_, _-int-_, _-ont-_, etc.), being invariable and of universal
application, can also be regarded as separate words. And as separate
words they all figure in the dictionary, under their initial letters.
Thus anything written in Esperanto can be deciphered by the simple
process of looking out words and parts of words in the dictionary. For
examples, see pieces 1 and 2 in the specimens of Esperanto, pp. 167-8
[Part IV, Chapter II], and read the Note at the beginning of Part IV. As
the Esperanto dictionary only consists of a few pages, it can be easily
carried in the pocket-book or waistcoat pocket.
Thus, while to the educated person of Aryan speech Esperanto presents
the natural appearance of an ordinary inflected language, one who
belongs by speech to another lingual family, or any one who has never
heard of Esperanto, can regard every inflected word as a compound of
invariable elements. By turning over very few pages he can determine
the meaning and use of each element, and therefore, by putting them
together, he can arrive at the sense of the compound word, e.g.
_lav'ist'in'o_. Look out _lav-_, and you find "wash"; look out _-ist_,
and you find it expresses the person who does an action; look out _-in_,
and you find it expresses the feminine; look out _-o_, and you find it
denotes a noun. Put the whole together, and you get "female who does
washing, laundress."
Suppose you are going on an ocean voyage, and you expect to be shut up
for weeks in a ship with persons of many nationalities. You take with
you keys to Esperanto, price one halfpenny each, in various languages.
You wish to tackle a Russian. Write your Esperanto sentence clearly
and put the paper in his hand. At the same time hand him a Russian key
to Esperanto, pointing to the following paragraph (in Russian) on the
outside:
"Everything written in the international language can be translated by
the help of this vocabulary. If several words together express but a
single idea, they are written in one word, but separated by apostrophes;
e.g. _frat'in'o_, though a single idea, is yet composed of three words,
which must be looked for separately in the vocabulary."
After he has got over his shock of surprise, your Russian, if a man of
ordinary education, will make out your sentence in a very short time by
using the key.
As an example Dr. Zamenhof gives the following sentence: "Mi ne
sci'as kie mi las'is la baston'o'n: Ĉu vi ĝi'n ne vid'is?" With the
vocabulary this sentence will work out as follows:
Mi mi = I I
ne ne = not not
sci'as sci = know
as = sign of present tense do know
kie kie = where where
mi mi = I I
las'is las = leave
is = sign of past tense have left
la la = the the
baston'o'n baston = stick
o = sign of a noun
n = sign of objective case stick
ĉu ĉu = whether, sign of question whether
vi vi = you you
ĝi'n ĝi = it
n = sign of objective case it
ne ne = not not
vid'is vid = leave
is = sign of past tense have seen
It is obvious that no natural language can be used in the same way as a
code to be deciphered with a small key.
German French
Ich I je I
weiss white ne not
nicht not sais ?
wo where pas step
ich I où where
den ? j'ai ?
Stock stick laissé ?
gelassen dispassionate la the
habe: property: canne: reed:
haben to have ne not
Sie she, they, you, l'avez ?
ihn ? vous you
nicht not pas step
gesehen ? vu ? ?
If your Russian wishes to reply, hand him a Russian-Esperanto
vocabulary, pointing to the following paragraph on the outside:
"To express anything by means of this vocabulary, in the international
language, look for the words required in the vocabulary itself; and for
the terminations necessary to distinguish the grammatical forms, look in
the grammatical appendix, under the respective headings of the parts of
speech which you desire to express."
The whole of the grammatical structure is explained in a few lines in
this appendix, so the grammar can be looked out as easily as the root
words.
PART IV
SPECIMENS OF ESPERANTO, WITH GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
NOTE
The best way of learning Esperanto is to begin at once to read the
language. Do not trouble to learn the grammar and list of suffixes by
themselves first. All this can be picked up easily in the course of
reading.
In the following specimens the first two pieces are marked for
beginners. Each part of a word marked off by hyphens is to be looked out
separately in the vocabulary. By the time the beginner has read these
two pieces carefully in this way he will know the grammar, and have a
fair idea of the structure of the language and the use of affixes.
In order to save time in looking out words, and so quicken the process
of learning, the English translation of the third piece is given
in parallel columns. Therefore in this piece only the principal
words, which might be unfamiliar to English readers, are given in the
vocabulary. Word-formation and some points of grammar are explained in
the notes.
To get a practical grasp of Esperanto, cover the left-hand (Esperanto)
column with a piece of paper after reading it, and re-translate the
English into Esperanto, using the notes. After half an hour per day of
such exercise for two or three weeks, an ordinary educated person will
know Esperanto pretty well.
N.B.—It is very important to acquire a correct pronunciation at the
start. Study the pronunciation rules, and practise reading aloud before
beginning to translate. _Read slowly._
I
PRONUNCIATION
_Vowels_
There are no long and short, open and closed, vowels: just five simple,
full-sounding vowels, always pronounced the same. English people must be
particularly careful to make them sufficiently full.
_a_ as _a_ in Engl. "father."
_e_ " _ey_ " " "they."
_i_ " _ee_ " " "eel."
_o_ " _o_ " " "hole," inclining to _o_ in Engl. "more."
(English speakers find it hard to pronounce
a true _o_.)
_u_ " _oo_ " " "moon."
In short, the vowels are as in Italian.
_Diphthongs_
_aj_ as _eye_ in Engl. "eye."
_oj_ " _oy_ " " "boy."
_aŭ_ " _ow_ " " "cow."
(_eŭ_ " _e...w_ " " "g_e_t _w_et": this sound does not
often occur.)
_Consonants_
These are pronounced as in English, except the following:
_c_ as _ts_ in Engl. "bits."
_ĉ_ " _ch_ " " "church."
_g_ " _g_ " " "give."
_ĝ_ " _g_ " " "gentle."
_ĥ_ " _ch_ " Scotch "loch," or German "ich."
_j_ " _y_ " Engl. "yes."
_ĵ_ " _s_ " " "pleasure."
_ŝ_ " _sh_ " " "shilling."
_ŭ_ " _w_ " " "cow" (only occurs in the diphthongs
_aŭ_ and _eŭ_).
_Accent_
Always upon the last syllable but one.
_Example_
The first few lines of piece I in the following specimens may be thus
figured for English readers:
Gayseenyóroy—mee noon déeros ahl vee káylkine vórtoyn Ayspayráhntay.
Mee kraydahs kay vee ówdos, kay Ayspayráhnto áystahs tray fahtséelah ki
baylsónah léengvo.
N.B.—The precise sound of _e_ is between _a_ in "b_a_le" and _e_ in
"b_e_ll."
II
SPECIMENS OF ESPERANTO
1. PAROL-AD-O
Ge-sinjor-o-j—mi nun dir-os al vi kelk-a-j-n vort-o-j-n Esperant-e. Mi
kred-as ke vi aŭd-os, ke Esperant-o est-as tre facil-a kaj bel-son-a
lingv-o. Ver-e, ĝi est-as tiel facil-a, sonor-a kaj simpl-a, ke oni
tut-e ne hav-as mal-facil-ec-o-n por lern-i ĝi-n. La lern-ant-o-j
pov-as ordinar-e kompren-i, leg-i, skrib-i kaj parol-i ĝin en tre
mal-long-a temp-o. La fakt-o ke Esperant-o en-hav-as tre mal-mult-a-j-n,
vokal-a-j-n son-o-j-n, kaj ke la vokal-o-j est-as ĉiu-j long-a-j kaj
plen-son-a-j, est-ig-as ĝin mult-e pli facil-a ol la ali-a-j lingv-o-j,
ĉiu por aŭ-d-i, ĉiu por el-parol-i.
Mi kred-as ke mal-long-a lern-ad-o est-os sufiĉ-a por vi-n
kompren-ig-i, ke la hom-o-j de ĉiu-j naci-o-j pov-as inter-parol-i
Esperant-e sen mal-facil-ec-o.
Mi ne de-ten-os vi-n pli long-e. Fin-ant-e, mi las-os kun vi du
fraz-et-o-j-n: unu-e, por la ideal-ist-o-j, kiu-j cel-as unu frat-ec-o-n
inter la popol-o-j de ĉiu land-o, la Esperant-a-n deviz-o-n—"Dum ni
spir-as ni esper-as": du-e, por la hom-o-j praktik-a-j la praktik-a-n
konsil-o-n—"Lern-u Esperant-o-n."
2. LA MAR-BORD-IST-O-J: ALEGORI-ET-O
Ĉirkaŭ grand-a mez-ter-a mar-o viv-is mult-a-j popol-o-j. Ili hav-is
mult-a-n inter-a-n komerc-o-n. Ĉar la mar-o est-is oft-e mal-trankvil-a
kaj ili hav-is nur mal-grand-a-j-n ŝip-o-j-n, ili vetur-is laŭ-long-e
la mar-bord-o, neniam perd-ant-e la ter-o-n el la vid-o.
Cert-a hom-o el-pens-is ŝip-o-n, kiu ir-is per vapor-o. Li dir-is al la
mar-bord-ist-o-j: "Jen, ni met-u ni-a-n mon-o-n kun-e, kaj ni konstru-u
grand-a-j-n vapor-ŝip-o-j-n. Tiel ni vetur-os rekt-e trans la mar-o unu
al ali-a-n; kaj ni far-os pli da komerc-o en mal-pli da temp-o." Sed la
mar-bord-ist-o-j pli am-is ĉirkaŭ-ir-i en mal-grand-a-j ŝip-o-j, kiel
ili kutim-is. La el-pens-int-o ne hav-is sufiĉ-e da mon-o por konstru-i
grand-a-n vapor-ŝip-o-n, kiu tre mult-e en-hav-os kaj tre rapid-e
vojaĝ-os; tial li dev-is vetur-ad-i en si-a mez-grand-a vapor-ŝip-o,
kiu tamen almenaŭ rekt-e ir-is ĉie-n. Sed la mar-bord-ist-o-j
daŭr-ig-is rem-i kaj vel-i ĉirkaŭ-e.
3. NESAĜA GENTO: AN UNWISE[1] RACE:
ALEGORIO AN ALLEGORY
Malproksime, en nekonata lando, Far[2] away, in an unknown[3]
vivis sovaĝa gento. Ili loĝis en land, there lived a savage race,
la mezo de vasta ebenaĵo, izolata They dwelt in the midst of a
de la ekstera mondo. Unuflanken vast plain,[4] cut off from the
homo dek tagojn vojaĝante venus outer[5] world. Towards one
al montegaro: aliflanke staris side[6] a man journeying[7] ten
granda lago kaj senlimaj marĉoj. days[8] would come to a big
Tiel oni vivadis trankvile laŭ mountain-range[9]; on the other
patra kutimo, tute senzorga pri side stood a great lake and
la ago kaj faro de aliaj homgentoj boundless[10] swamps. Thus[11]
transmontanaj. En somero estis they lived[12] quietly after
varmege, kaj ĉiu vintro ŝajnis the manner of their fathers,
pli malvarma ol la antaŭa; sed caring nothing[13] for the way
la tero estis fruktodona, ĝi of life[14] of other men beyond
donis al ili sufiĉe da greno the hills. In summer it was
por manĝi, kaj la riveroj kaj very hot,[15] and every winter
riveretoj plene provizis puran seemed colder than the last;
trinkaĵon. but the earth was fertile, it
gave them enough corn[16] to
eat, and the streams and rivers
furnished abundance of pure water
to drink.[17]
[1]Unwise. Wise = _saĝa_; _ne_ = not. [2]Far. Near = _proksim-e_
(_e_ = adverbial ending). To be near = _proksimi_. _Mal-_ is a
prefix denoting the opposite. [3]Unknown. To know = _koni_. Pres.
part. pass. _-at-_ Negative = _ne_. (_bona_ = good; _malbona_ =
bad; _nebona_ = not good.) [4]Plain. Flat = _eben-a_. _aĵ_ is
a suffix denoting something made from or possessing the quality
of. [5]Outer. Outside (preposition) = _ekster_. _a_ denotes an
adjective. [6]Towards one side. Side = _flank-o_. _e_ denotes an
adverb; _flanke_ = "sidely," i.e. at the side, _n_ denotes motion
towards. [7]Journeying. This participial phrase qualifies the verb,
_venus_, like an adverb. In Esperanto the participle therefore takes
an _e_ which denotes an adverb. [8]Ten days, i.e. for the duration
of ten days. Duration of time is put in the accusative case. [9]Big
mountain-range. Mountain = _mont-o_. _eg_ is a suffix denoting
bigness; _ar_ is a suffix denoting a collection. [10]Boundless. Limit
= _lim-o_. Without = _sen_. [11]Thus. See p. 193 [Part IV, Chapter V]
for correlatives. [12]They lived. To live = _viv-i_. _ad_ is a suffix
denoting continued action. [13]Caring nothing. Care = _zorg-o_.
_Sen_ = without. _a_ denotes an adjective. [14]Way of life. Lit. the
acting and doing. [15]It was very hot. In such impersonal uses of
the adjective, the adverbial form is used. [16]Enough corn, _da_ is
used after words of quantity. _Sufiĉan grenon_ would also be right.
[17]Water to drink. Lit. drink-stuff, or drink-thing.
Tiel ili vivadis ne malfeliĉe, Thus they lived not unhappily,
kaj ilia vivo estis la vivo and their life was the life of
de la prapatroj, ĉar ili ne their forefathers, for they knew
sciis kiel ĝin plibonigi. not how to better[1] it. But
Sed mankis en ilia lando unu in their land one thing[2] was
aĵo, kaj pro tiu ĉi manko lacking; and for[3] lack of this
ili multe suferis: en la tuta they suffered greatly: there
lando ĉeestis nenia ŝirmilo, was[4] no shelter[5] in all the
ĉu kontraŭ la suno en somero, land, whether against the sun in
ĉu por forteni la vintrajn summer, or to keep off[6] the
ventojn. Ĉiuflanke la tero estis winter winds. On every side the
plata; kaj kvankam la greno ground was flat; and although corn
kaj ĉiuspecaj legomoj kreskis and all kinds of[7] vegetables
bone, arboj estis nekonataj. Eĉ grew well, trees were unknown.
la malproksima montaro staris Even the distant mountains stood
tutnuda; kaj kiam la ventoj all bare; and when the winds blew
blovis forte el ĝiaj neĝoj, la strong from amidst their[8] snows,
mizeruloj tremetis pro malvarmeco, the poor folk shivered for cold,
kaj ne povis eĉ en siaj dometoj and could not get comfortable[9]
komfortiĝi, ĉar la penetranta even in their cottages, for the
enfluo de malvarma aero stele penetrating draught of the cold
eniris ĝis la familian kamenon. air crept[10] right in to the
family fireside.
[1]Better. Good = _bon-a_; better = _pli bona_; suf. _-ig_ is
causative. [2]One thing. The concrete suffix _-aĵ_ by itself may be
used to express "thing." Of course it takes the substantival ending
_o_. [3]For lack. Esperanto is absolutely precise in the use of
prepositions according to sense. No idiom. In this it differs from
all other languages. Here "for" means "by reason of." [4]There was.
_Est-i_ = to be; _ĉe_ = at; _ĉeesti_ = to be present. [5]Shelter.
To shelter = _ŝirm-i_; _il_ is a suffix expressing instrument.
[6]Keep off. To hold = _ten-i_; away = _for_. [7]All kinds of.
Kind = _spec-o_; all = _ĉiu_. _a_ is adjectival ending. [8]Their
snows. Whose snows? The mountains'. Therefore _ĝiaj_, referring
to _montaro_. If "their" referred to "winds," it would be _siaj_.
[9]Get comfortable. Comfort(able) = _komfort-o_; suf. _iĝ_ denotes
becoming. [10]Crept in. To steal = _ŝtel-i_; _-e_ makes it an
adverb.
Nu okazis ke certa knabo, pensema Now, it happened that a certain
preter siaj jaroj, komencis boy, thoughtful[1] beyond his
pripensi tiun ĉi mizeran staton. years, began to think over this
Li vivis kun sia vidvina patrino, wretched state of things. He
kiu havis du infanetojn krom lived with his[2] widowed mother,
Namezo (tiel nomiĝis la knabo). who had two little children
Ili estis tre malriĉaj, kaj devis besides Namezo (this was the lad's
senĉese labori por nutri sin name[3]). They were very poor,
mem kaj la infanojn. La vidvino and were obliged to work hard
ne havis pli ol kvardek jarojn, without stopping to get food for
sed Namezo rimarkis ke vespere, themselves and the children. The
post la taga laboro, ŝi ŝajnis widow was not more than forty, but
tute lacega, kaj kelkajn jarojn Namezo noticed that of an evening,
post la morto de sia edzo ŝi after the day's work, she seemed
ekmaljuniĝis. Ofte la knabo diris quite tired out,[4] and a few
al ŝi, ke ŝi devus pli ripozi, years[5] after her husband's death
sed ĉiumatene post la nokto ŝi she grew old all at once.[6] Often
havis mienon tiel same lacegan the boy told her she ought to take
kiel vespere; kaj ŝi plendis ke more rest, but every morning[7]
la trablovaj ventoj suferigis sin she had the same worn-out look as
nokte per reŭmatismaj doloroj, in the evening; and she complained
kaj somere ŝi ne povis dormi pro that the winds blowing through of
varmeco. Tiam la knabo turnis a night plagued[8] her with[9]
la okulojn ekster sia hejmo kaj rheumatic pains, and in summer
rigardis ĉirkaŭen. Li vidis ke she could not sleep because of
ĉiuflanke estis tiel same: la the heat. Then the boy turned his
geviroj frue maljuniĝis kaj multe eyes outwards from his home and
suferis. Li pensis, "Baldaŭ estos looked around him. He saw that on
al mi ankaŭ simile; la juneco every side it was the same[10]:
estas mallonga kaj labora, kaj la men and women[11] grew old early
vivo estas longa kaj ĉagrena." and suffered much. He thought,
Fine li malgajadis. "Soon it will be the same with me;
youth[12] is short and full of
work, and life is long and full of
trouble." At last he became gloomy
altogether.[13]
[1]Thoughtful. To think = _pens-i_; suf. _-em_ denotes propensity.
[2]With his widowed mother, i.e. his own = _sia_. [3]This was
his name. To name = _nom-i_; with suf. _-iĝ_ = to get named,
to be called. [4]Tired out. Tired = _lac-a_; suf. _-eg_ denotes
intensity. [5]A few years. Accusative of time. [6]She grew old all
at once. Young = _jun-a_; old = _maljuna_; suf. _-iĝ_ denotes
becoming; prefix _ek-_ denotes beginning, or sudden action. [7]Every
morning = _ĉiumatene_. "The whole morning" would be _la tutan
matenon_. [8]Plagued. To suffer = _sufer-i_; suf. _-ig_ is causative;
_suferigi_ = to cause to suffer. [9]With... pains. Think of the
sense. "With" = by means of. [10]It was the same. Impersonal: use
the adverbial form in _-e._ [11]Men and women. Pref. _ge-_ denotes
both sexes. [12]Youth. Young = _juna_; suf. _-ec_ denotes abstract.
[13]Became gloomy altogether. Gay = _gaj-a_; gloomy = _malgaja_; suf.
_-ad_ denotes continuance.
Vintro forpasis, somero alvenis. Winter passed away, summer came
Unu nokton la knabo estis kuŝanta on. One night the boy was lying
en sia lito: li estis laboreginta in his bed: he had been working
en la kampoj, kaj estis tre laca, hard[1] in the fields, and was
sed ju pli li penis ekdormi, very tired, but the more he
des pli li obstine vekiĝadis. tried to go to sleep[2] the
La tutan fajran tagon la suno wider awake he grew. All through
estis malsupren brilinta sur la the long fiery day the sun had
tegmenton de la dometo, tiel ke la been beating down[3] on the roof
kuŝejo nun similis fornon. Namezo of the cottage, so that the
pensis kaj turniĝis, returniĝis sleeping-place[4] was now like an
kaj repensis; la samaj pensoj, oven. Namezo thought and tossed,
ĉiam ronde revenantaj, iĝis tossed and thought again; the same
turmento. Fine li ekdormetis, sed thoughts, always coming round in
la konfuzigaj pensoj, ĉiam la a circle, became[5] a torture.
pensoj, ruladis eĉ en lia dormo At length he fell into a light
senkompate tra lia cerbo. sleep,[6] but the distracting[7]
thoughts, always the thoughts,
kept rolling[8] through his brain
pitilessly, even in his sleep.
Subite ekfalis sur lin granda All at once a great peace fell
paco. Li ŝajnis stari sur monta upon him. He seemed to be standing
pinto. Laceco kaj zorgo ne estis on a mountain-peak. Weariness[9]
plu. Ĉirkaŭe vasta soleco. Li and care were no more. Around
kaj la monto—krom tio ekzistis vast solitude. He and the
nenio, kaj li estis kontenta. mountain—there was nought else,
and he was glad.
Al li, tiel lukse enspiranta la While he thus breathed in the
freŝan aeron, alvenis fluge fresh air with delight, a white
blanka birdo. Ĝi aperis, li ne bird came flying.[10] It appeared,
sciis kiel, el la ĉirkaŭanta he knew not how, out of the
soleco, kaj metiĝis apud li sur surrounding solitude,[11] and came
la montan pinton. Ĝi komencis and perched[12] beside him on the
paroli, kaj en lia sonĝo tio ĉi mountain-top. It began to speak,
neniel lin surprizis. and in his dream this[13] in no
way[14] astonished him.
[1]He had been working hard. Pluperfect, lit. he was having worked.
Suf. _-eg_ denotes intensity. [2]To go to sleep. To sleep = _dorm-i_;
pref. _ek-_ denotes beginning. [3]Down. Above = _supr-e_; below =
_malsupre_; _n_ denotes motion. [4]Sleeping-place. To lie = _kuŝi_;
suf. _-ej_ denotes place. [5]Became. Suf. _-iĝ_ denotes becoming;
here used as a separate verb. [6]Fell into a light sleep. To sleep
= _dorm-i_; suf. _-et_ denotes light sleep; pref. _ek-_ denotes
beginning. [7]Distracting. Confused = _konfuz-a_; suf. _-ig_ denotes
causation, confusion-causing. [8]Kept rolling. To roll = _rul-i_;
suf. _-ad_ denotes continuance. [9]Weariness. Tired = _lac-a_; suf.
_-ec_ denotes abstract. [10]Came flying. To fly = _flug-i_; root
_flug-_ with adverbial ending _-e_ = flyingly. [11]Solitude. Alone =
_sol-a_; suf. _-ec_ denotes abstract. [12]Came and perched. The idea
of motion is conveyed by the accusative (_-n_) _pinton_. [13]This.
Use neuter form in _-o_, because it stands alone. "This dream" = _tiu
ĉi sonĝo_. [14]In no way. See table of correlatives, p. 193 [Part
IV, Chapter V].
"Homa knabo," diris la birdo, "Mortal[1] boy," said the bird,
faligante en lian manon semon dropping[2] a seed into his hand
el sia beko, "prenu tiun ĉi from its beak, "take this seed:
semon: metu ĝin en la teron: put it in the ground: care for
prizorgu ĝin, flegu ĝin, kaj it, tend it, and keep tending it.
flegadu ĝin. Post tempo plenigota In the fulness of time there will
leviĝos el tiu ĉi semo kreskaĵo rise[3] from this seed such[5] a
tia, kian la viaj ĝis nun ne growth[4] as[5] your people[6]
vidis. La aliaj homoj nomas ĝin never yet saw. Other peoples call
_arbon_. Ĝi estos granda; kaj en it a _tree_. It will be big; and
la venontaj jaroj, se oni deve in future[7] years, if it is duly
ĝin flegos, naskiĝos el ĝi tended, there will spring from it
arbaroj, kiuj estos ŝirmilo por groves,[8] which will give shelter
la homaro, kaj por multaj aliaj to men and women, and will be
celoj utilos. Sed flegi ĝin oni useful for many other ends. But
devos, ĉar sen homa penado nenio tended it must be, for without
al homoj prosperas." man's striving nothing turns out
well for men."
Namezo volis respondi, sed dum Namezo was about to reply, but
li levis la manon por rigardi la as he raised his hand to look at
semon, estis al li kvazaŭ li the seed, he seemed to turn[9]
turniĝis, la kapo malsupren: la head downwards: the mountain
monto malaperis, kaj li disappeared,[10] and he
falis... falis... falis.... fell... fell... fell....
[1]Mortal. Man = _hom-o_; ending _-a_ makes it an adj. [2]Dropping.
To fall = _fal-i_; suf. _-ig_ denotes causing to fall. [3]Rise. To
raise = _lev-i_; suf. _-iĝ_ makes it intransitive. [4]A growth.
To grow = _kreski_; "grow-thing" — _kresk-aĵ-o_. [5]Such...as.
_Tia...kia_ (= Latin _talis...qualis)._ See table of correlatives,
p. 193 [Part IV, Chapter V]. [6]Your people. You = _vi_; _-a_ makes
it an adj. [7]Future. Future participle active of _ven-i_ = about
to come. [8]Groves. Tree = _arb-o_; suf. _-ar_ denotes a collection
of trees. [9]To turn. _Turn-i_ is transitive; suf. _-iĝ_ makes it
intransitive. [10]Disappeared. To appear = _aper-i_; pref. _mal-_
denotes opposite.
Tiam li estis denove veka en la Then he was awake again in the
forna dometo, sed li ne povis sin oven-like[1] hut, but he could
malhelpi, rigardi sian manon, por not refrain[2] from[3] looking at
vidi ĉu la semo enestis. Semo his hand, to see if the seed was
neestis: kaj la pensoj rekomencis in it. There was no seed; and the
ruladi tra lia cerbo—tamen ne plu thoughts began to roll through
la antaŭaj turmentigaj pensoj, his brain again—yet no longer
sed novaj esperplenaj pensoj, ĉar the old[4] worrying thoughts,
li kredis, pasie kredis, ke estas but new thoughts full of hope,
ja ia veraĵo en lia sonĝo. for he believed, passionately
believed, that there was indeed
some truth[5] in his dream.
Kaj nun la morgaŭa tago And now the new day began to dawn.
eklumiĝis. Li leviĝis kaj iris He got up and went about his work,
al sia laboro, kaj tiun ĉi tagon and this day and many succeeding
kaj multajn sekvantajn tagojn li days he went on working as usual,
laboradis kiel kutime, parolante speaking to no one about his dream
al neniu pri la sema sonĝo. of the seed.
Sed kiam la tempo de rikolto But when harvest-time was over,
forpasis, li aĉetis dudektagan he bought food[6] enough for
nutraĵon kaj donis al la patrino twenty days and gave his mother
sian restan ŝparaĵon el la the rest[7] of his harvest-tide
rikolta tempo (ĉar vi scias, savings[8] (for you know that
ke en la sezono de rikolto bona in the harvest season a good
laboristo gajnas pli ol alitempe), workman[9] earns more than at
dirante ke li devos vojaĝi, kaj other times), saying that he
forestos dudek tagojn. La patrino must[10] go on a journey, and
miregis, ĉar neniam antaŭe li would[10] be away for twenty days.
estis lasinta ŝin eĉ unu tagon; His mother wondered greatly, for
sed li estis bona filo, kaj ŝi he had never left[11] her before
kontraŭstaris lin en nenio. even for a single day; but he was
a good son to her, and she did not
thwart him in anything.
[1]Oven-like. Oven = _forn-o_; ending _-a_ makes it an adjective.
[2]Refrain. To help = _help-i_; to hinder = _malhelpi_; to hinder
himself = _malhelpi sin._ [3]Refrain from looking. In Esperanto use
the simplest construction possible, _as long as it is clear_. The
simple infinitive _rigardi_ is clear after _malhelpi sin._ [4]The
old thoughts. Before = _antaŭ_; ending _-a_ makes it an adjective.
[5]Truth. Think of the sense. Here truth = "true-thing," so use
suf. _-aĵ_. "Truth" = abstract virtue = _vereco_. [6]Food. To feed
= _nutr-i_; suf. _-aĵ_ denotes stuff. [7]The rest of. The rest =
_rest-o_; ending _-a_ makes it an adjective = remaining. [8]Savings.
To save up = _ŝpar-i_; _ŝpar-aĵ-o_ = save-thing (i.e. sav_ed_
thing). [9]Workman. To work = _labor-i_; suf. _-ist_ denotes the
agent. [10]He _must_ go... and _would_ be away. Esperanto syntax
is perfectly simple. Just use the tense which the speaker would use,
here the future; or any tense, so long as the meaning is clear.
[11]He had left. Pluperfect = "he was having left," _esti_ with past
part. _active_. _Li estis lasita_ would mean "he had been left."
Li forvojaĝis do, kaj post kvin So he journeyed forth, and in five
tagoj li ekvidis malproksime sur days he began to see far off on
la horizonto blankan nubon, kiu the horizon a white cloud, which
dum la morgaŭa tago montriĝis turned out[1] in the course of the
kiel monta pinto. Namezo salutis next day to be a mountain-peak.
ĝin, kaj de tiu momento, sen ia Namezo saluted it, and from that
dubo, direktis sian iron tra la moment, without any doubt, bent
ebenaĵo ĉiam al ĝi. his course[2] across the plain
constantly towards it.
Kiam li alvenis piedon de When he came to the foot[3] of
la montoj, la deka tago jam the mountains, the tenth[4] day
finiĝis. Efektive li estis grave was already drawing to an end.
trompiĝinta pri la distanco. Indeed, Namezo had been greatly
Neniam antaŭe li vidis monton, mistaken[5] in the distance. He
kaj tial, kiam li ekvidis la had never seen a mountain before,
pinton meze de la vojaĝo, li and so, when he caught sight of
kredis ke li ĵus alvenas, kaj the peak half-way, he thought
marŝis pli malrapide. Tri tagojn he was just getting there, and
li pensis ĉiumatene, "Mi estos walked slower. For three days he
hodiaŭ vespere ĉe la montpiedo; thought every morning, "I shall
morgaŭ mi suprenrampos ĝis la be at the foot of the mountains
pinton." Sed nun li sciis, ke li this evening; to-morrow I'll
estas malfrua. Li formanĝis jam climb[6] to the top." But now
la duonon de sia provizaĵo, kaj he knew that he was late.[7] He
dum la lastaj mejloj li ekvidis had already eaten up half[8] of
ke lia pinto estas parto de vasta his provisions,[9] and for the
senlima montegaro, ke ĝi ankoraŭ last few miles he was beginning
malproksimas kaj li tute ne tiel to see that his peak was part
facile supreniros. Li kalkulis ke of a boundless mountain-range,
almenaŭ oktaga nutraĵo estos that it was still far off and
necesa por reiri hejmen de la he would by no means get up so
piedo de la montaro, kaj tiom easily. He calculated that at
li tie enterigis por la returna least eight days' food would be
vojaĝo. Sekve restis nur dutaga needed to get home from the foot
manĝaĵo por la suprena kaj of the mountain-range, and he
malsuprena montiro. buried[10] that amount[11] there
for the return journey. Thus only
two days' provision was left for
the ascent and descent of the
mountain.
[1]Turned out to be. To show = _montr-i_; with suf. _-iĝ,
montriĝ-i_ = to show itself, to become shown. [2]His course. To go
= _ir-i_; ending _-o_ makes it a substantive = a going. [3]To the
foot. Motion; use the _-n_ case. [4]Tenth. Ten = _dek_; to form the
ordinal numbers add _-a_ to the cardinal. [5]Mistaken. To deceive
= _tromp-i_; suf. _-iĝ_ makes it intransitive. [6]Climb. _Supr-a,
-e, -en_ = upper, above, upwards. [7]Late. Early = _fru-a_; pref.
_mal_- denotes opposite. [8]Half. Two = _du_; suf. _-on_ denotes
fractions. cf. _kvarono_ = quarter. [9]Provisions. Provide-stuff
(i.e. provid_ed_ stuff). [10]Buried. Earth = _ter-o_; in = _en_; suf.
_-ig_ denotes causing to be. [11]That amount. _Tiom_. See the table
of correlatives, p. 193 [Part IV, Chapter V].
Tre frue do li ekiris la dekunuan Very early, then, on the
tagon, kaj penadis ĉiutage eleventh[1] day he set out, and
supren. Vespere li vidis ke li toiled the whole day upwards.
ankoraŭ havas plenan tagvojaĝon In the evening he saw that he
ĝis la pinton, kaj tiel li devos still had a full day's journey
tre ŝpareme uzi sian restan to the top, and so he must be
provizaĵon. La dekdua tago estis very sparing[2] in the use of his
tre doloriga. La monto fariĝis remaining stores. The twelfth day
kruta; li devis rapidi; kaj li was very painful.[3] The mountain
terure malsatis pro ekmankanta grew[4] steep; he had to press on;
manĝaĵo. Malgraŭ ĉio li and he was terribly hungry,[5]
alvenis montpinton je la noktiĝo. as the food was beginning to
La subita ekscito, kune kun la give out. In spite of all, he
laceco kaj malsato, estis tro: en reached the top at nightfall.[6]
la momenta de sukceso li falis en The sudden excitement, with his
sveno sur la teron. weariness and hunger, was too
much: in the moment of success he
fell to the ground in a swoon.
Jen, dum li kuŝis senkonscie, And lo! as he lay unconscious,
aperis la duan fojon la sama there appeared to him for the
vidaĵo. Birdo blanka alflugis, second time the same vision.[7]
metis en lian manon semon, kaj A white bird flew up, put a seed
diris la samajn vortojn. Denove into his hand, and said the same
li levis la manon, kaj denove li words. Again he raised his hand,
ŝajnis renversiĝi, kaj falis... and again he seemed to turn over,
falis... falis.... and fell... fell... fell....
Rekonsciiĝinte, li trovis sin When he came to himself,[8] he
kuŝanta trankvile apud la loko was lying quietly in the very
mem, kie li enterigis sian place where he had buried his
returnan provizaĵon antaŭ la food for the home journey before
supreniro. Li kuŝis sur dolĉa the ascent. He was lying on soft
herbo, kaj sentis sin korpe tute grass, and his body felt free from
mallacigata, kaj granda paco its tiredness,[9] and in his soul
regis en lia animo. Tuj kiam li reigned a great peace. As soon as
malfermis la okulojn, li rigardis he opened[10] his eyes, he looked
en sian manon, kaj tiun ĉi fojon in his hand, and this time the
la semo enestis. seed was there.
[1]Eleven = _dek-unu_; add _-a_ to make the ordinal. 20 = _dudek_.
[2]Sparing. To save = _ŝpar-i_; suf. _-em_ denotes propensity.
[3]Painful. Pain = _dolor-o_; suf. _-ig_ denotes causation; ending
_-a_ makes it an adjective. [4]Grew. To make = _far-i_; suf. _-iĝ_
denotes becoming made, growing. [5]Hungry. Satisfied = _sat-a_;
pref. _mal-_ denotes the opposite. To be hungry = _mal-sat-i_.
[6]Nightfall. Night = _nokt-o_; suf. _-iĝ_ denotes becoming.
[7]Vision. See(n)-thing; _vid-i_ = to see; with suffix _-aĵ_.
[8]When he came to himself. Conscious = _konsci-a_; prefix _re-_
denotes back again; suffix _-iĝ_ denotes becoming. [9]Free from
tiredness. Tired = _lac-a_; _mal-_ denotes opposite; _-ig_ denotes
causing to be. [10]Opened. To shut = _ferm-i_; to open = _malfermi_.
Longa, labora kaj preskaŭ A long, laborious descent from
sennutra malsupreniro de la the mountain-top almost without
montpinto jam ne necesis, kaj la food was now no longer needful,
hejmvojaĝo trans la ebenaĵo and on the home journey across
prosperis, tiel ke Namezo staris the plain all went well, so that
baldaŭ ree en la patrina dometo. Namezo soon stood again in his
La vilaĝanoj kunvenis amase kaj mother's[1] cottage. The villagers
multe demandis pri lia vojaĝo, flocked in crowds[2] and asked
ĉar neniu el ili estis iam tiel many questions about his journey,
malproksimen foririnta de la for none of them had ever been
hejmo. Namezo ĉion rakontis, so far from home. Namezo told
kaj montris la semon kiun li them everything, and showed the
devos planti. La najbaroj komence seed which he was to plant. At
kredis, ke li volas mirigi ilin, first the neighbours thought he
kiel la vojaĝistoj amas fari, kaj was trying to astonish[3] them,
ili ridis pri liaj rakontaĵoj. as travellers are wont to do,
Sed, kiam ili vidis ke li estis and they laughed at his tales.
serioza, ili ekkoleriĝis kaj But when they saw that he was in
volis forpreni lian semon kaj earnest, they got in a rage,[4]
detrui ĝin. "'_Arbo_' estas and wanted to take away his seed
sensencaĵo," ili diris; "ne and destroy it. "A '_tree_' is
povas ekzisti alia kreskaĵo, foolishness,"[5] they said; "no
krom la rikoltoj kaj la legomoj other plant can exist, except the
kiujn ni kaj niaj patroj jam crops and vegetables that we and
ĉiam kreskigis. Estas neeble our fathers have always grown.
ke io alia kresku kaj iĝu pli It is impossible for anything
granda." Kaj unuj diris ke li else to grow and become[6] bigger
estas vana sonĝisto, kaj aliaj than they." And some said that he
ke li frenezas. Sed lia patrino was an idle dreamer, and others
kuraĝigis lin. that he was mad. But his mother
encouraged him.
[1]Mother's. Father = _patr-o_; suf. _-in_ denotes feminine; ending
_-a_ makes it an adjective. [2]In crowds. Crowd = _amas-o_; ending
_-e_ makes it an adverb. [3]Astonish. To wonder = _mir-i_; suf. _-ig_
makes it transitive. [4]Got in a rage. Anger = _koler-o_; pref. _ek-_
denotes beginning; suf. _-iĝ_ denotes becoming. [5]Foolishness.
Sense = _senc-o_; without = _sen_; suf. _-aĵ_ = without-sense-stuff.
[6]Become. Suf. _-iĝ_ is here used alone as a verb = to become.
Kaj Namezo timis por sia semo, kaj And Namezo feared for his seed,
pripensis kiel li povos savi ĝin and thought how he could save it
de la najbaroj kiam ĝi ekkreskos. from the neighbours when it began
Kaj li eliris el la vilaĝo nokte, to grow up. And he went out of the
kaj plantis ĝin malproksime de village by night, and planted it
ĉiuj domoj, apud rivereto en far away from all the houses, by
malleviĝo de la tero, kie oni a little stream in a hollow[1] of
ĝin ne vidos ĝis ĝi estos tre the ground, where it would not be
granda. Kaj komence li iris tien seen till it grew very big. And at
nur nokte; sed, ĉar li ne parolis first he went there only by night;
plu pri sia semo, la vilaĝanoj but, as he said no more about his
forgesis la aferon, tiel ke li seed, the villagers forgot the
povis eliri el la vilaĝo vespere matter, so that he could go out of
post sia taglaboro kiam li volis, the village in the evenings after
kaj neniu zorgis pri tio, kien his day's work whenever he liked,
li iras. Sed li ne kuraĝis ĝin and nobody troubled about where
transplanti apud sian dometon, he was going.[2] But he did not
timante ke oni difektu ĝin aŭ dare to transplant it to his own
ŝerce aŭ malice, kaj sekve cottage, fearing that they would
restis por li la granda laborado damage it in jest or malice, and
iri, kiam li estis jam laca, so the hard work remained for him
malproksimen por flegi ĝin. of going a long way to look after
it, when he was already tired.
[1]A hollow. To raise = _lev-i_; suf _-iĝ_ makes it intransitive;
pref. _mal-_ denotes the opposite; ending _-o_ makes it a noun.
[2]Where he was going. "Where" here = "whither," therefore add _-n_,
which denotes motion.
Jaroj forpasadis: Namezo Years passed away: Namezo grew
grandiĝis, sed lia kreskaĵo up,[1] but his plant would not
ne volis grandiĝi. Multfoje grow up too. Many a time he
li malesperis, vidante ke ĝi despaired,[2] seeing that it
kvazaŭ ne kreskadis plu, aŭ seemed as though it had given up
ke ĝi en somero havis velkan growing, or that it had a faded
mienon. Multajn vintrojn ĝi look in summer. Many winters it
preskaŭ mortis per frosto. Sed nearly died of the frosts. But he
li persistis, kaj ĉiuokaze li persevered, and in every case[3]
provis ian novan flegon, ĉar he tried some new treatment,
neniam antaŭe en la tuta lando for never before in the whole
oni kreskigis tielan plantaĵon. land had any one grown[4] such a
Iatempe li metis sterkon: tiam li plant. At one time he would put
subdrenis la teron, ĉirkaŭhakis on manure; then he tried draining
la branĉetojn, aŭ ŝirmis la the ground, pruning the shoots,
burĝonojn kontraŭ la ventoj. or protecting the buds against
Ree, vidante ke malgraŭ ĉio la the winds. Again, seeing that
arbeto ne prosperis, li pretigis in spite of all the little tree
novan teraĵon kaj transplantis did not flourish, he prepared[5]
ĝin, antaŭe enpluginte alispecan a new soil-bed and transplanted
teron. Li eksperimentis per seka, it, having first ploughed in
poste per malseka, subtero: a different kind of earth. He
unuvorte, li senĉese penadis, experimented with dry, and then
diversigante konstante la with damp, sub-soil: in short, he
kondiĉojn ĝis li ĝuste trafos. toiled ceaselessly, constantly
Fine, kiam li jam de longe estis varying[6] the conditions till he
plenaĝa, lia deziro plenumiĝis: should hit off the right thing.
tie, apud la rivereto staris At last, when he had long come to
granda belkreska _arbo_. be a grown man,[7] his desire was
fulfilled:[8] there beside the
stream stood a fine big _tree_.
[1]Grew up. Big = _grand-a_; suf. _-iĝ_ denotes becoming.
[2]Despaired. To hope = _esper-i_; pref. _mal-_ denotes opposite.
[3]In every case. To happen = _okaz-i_; any or all = _ĉiu_;
ending _-e_ makes it adverbial = "any-happening-ly," i.e. whatever
happened. [4]Grown. To grow (intrans.) = _kresk-i_; suf. _-ig_ makes
it transitive. [5]Prepared. Ready = _pret-a_; suf. _-ig_ = to make
ready. [6]Varying. Diverse = _divers-a_; suf. _-ig_ = to render
diverse. [7]A grown man. Age = _aĝ-o_; full = _plen-a_; ending _-a_
denotes adj. [8]Was fulfilled. To fulfil = _plenum-i_; _-iĝ_ denotes
becoming.
En somero, kiam la folioj estis In summer, when it was in full
plenaj, li kondukis tien kelkajn leaf, he took his friends there,
amikojn, kaj ili ĝojis sidantaj and they rejoiced sitting in the
vespere sub la freŝa ombro. En cool shade at evening. In autumn
aŭtuno ili kolektis la semujojn, they collected the pods,[1] took
portis ilin en la vilaĝon, kaj them to the village, and tried to
penis decidigi la vilaĝanojn get the villagers to plant the
planti la semaron apud siaj seed by their homes, to give them
dometoj, por havi ŝirmilon. Sed shelter. But the villagers would
la vilaĝanoj ne volis. not have them.
Unu diris, "Arbo estas neebla."* One said, "A tree is
impossible."[2]
Kaj Namezo respondis, "Arbo And Namezo answered, "A tree
ekzistas. Venu kun mi, kaj mi exists. Come with me, and I will
vidigos vin." show[3] you."
Sed li diris, "Arbo estas neebla." But he said, "A tree is
impossible."
*For this and the following objections of the villagers, compare
Part I., chap. xv., pp. 54-6.
[1]Pods. Seed = _sem-o_; suf. _-uj_ denotes that which contains.
[2]Impossible. Suf. _-ebl_ denotes possibility, and can, like all
suffixes, be used by itself. _Ne-ebl-a_ = not possible. [3]Show.
To see = _vid-i_; with suf. _-ig_ = to cause to see.
Ree Namezo diris, "Se vi nur tiom Again Namezo said, "If you will
da peno faros, kiom necesas por only take as much trouble[1] as
eliri el la vilaĝo, mi montros is necessary to go out of the
al vi arbon, sub kiu miaj amikoj village, I will show you a tree,
kaj mi ŝirmiĝas ĉiuvespere. under which my friends and I take
Venu nur kaj provu se ĝi plaĉos shelter every evening. Only just
ankaŭ al vi." come and try whether it pleases
you also."
Sed li diris, "Mi ne volas eliri. But he said, "I will not go out. A
Arbo estas neebla." tree is impossible."
Alia diris, "Mi vidis vian arbon, Another said, "I have seen your
kaj mi trovas ĝin tute senutila." tree, and I consider it perfectly
useless."
Kaj Namezo respondis, "Kial?" And Namezo answered, "Why?"
Kaj li diris, "Niaj patroj ne And he said, "Our fathers had no
havis arbon." trees."
Namezo diris, "Niaj patroj suferis Namezo said, "Our fathers suffered
pro manko de ŝirmado." from want of shelter."
Kaj li diris, "Tial mi ankaŭ And he said, "Therefore I too will
suferos." suffer."
Alia diris, "Ni havas ja sufiĉe Another said, "We have enough
da kreskaĵoj. Niaj rikoltoj kaj plants. Our crops and vegetables
legomoj provizas nutraĵon, kaj la provide food, and our gay flowers
belaj floroj ĉarmas la okulon. charm the eye. Another growing
Alia kreskaĵo estus superflua." thing would be superfluous."
[1]Trouble. To try = _pen-i_; ending _-o_ makes it a substantive =
trying, effort.
Kaj Namezo respondis, "Bone. Niaj And Namezo answered, "Good. The
ĝisnunaj kreskaĵoj plenumas la plants we have already[1] fulfil
ĉefajn bezonojn de la homaro. the chief needs of mankind.
Manĝo kaj certa ornamo estas Food and some ornament are
necesaĵoj por la homa naturo, necessities[2] for human nature,
kaj por tiuj ĉi uzoj ni havas and for these uses we have the
rikoltojn kaj florojn. Sed la vivo crops and flowers. But life would
estus pli plezura se ni estus pli be pleasanter if we were better
bone ŝirmataj. Tiun ĉi apartan sheltered. This special service[3]
servon prezentas la arboj, kaj ni is done by the trees, and we can
povos ĝui ĝin sen fordoni la enjoy it without foregoing the
profiton de floro kaj rikolto. Ne, advantage of flower and crop.
plue, niaj rikoltoj, ŝirmataj Nay, more, our crops, sheltered
de la montaj ventoj, pli facile from the winds that blow from the
maturiĝos: tiel ni havos pli da mountains, will ripen[4] more
tempo por la plezurigaj laboroj, easily: thus we shall have more
kaj la floroj estos ankoraŭ pli time for the work that brings
belaj." pleasure,[5] and the flowers will
be even more lovely."
Kaj li diris, "Tagmeze, kiam la And he said, "At noon,[6] when the
suno brilas, mi kuŝas inter sun shines warm, I lie amidst the
la altstaranta greno. Tiu ĉi deep standing corn. This shelter
ŝirmilo sufiĉas. Ni havas is enough. We have plants enough.
sufiĉe da kreskaĵoj. Arbo A tree is not a plant; it is a
ne estas kreskaĵo; ĝi estas monster. Go to the devil!"
monstro. Iru diablon!"
Kaj Namezo iris al la diablo, And Namezo went to the devil,
ĉar li estis preta iri kien ajn, for he was ready to go anywhere,
plivole ol daŭrigi paroli kun la rather than continue to talk to
vilaĝanoj. the villagers.
Li diris, "Via diabla Moŝto, la He said, "Your devilish Majesty,
vilaĝanoj naŭzadas min, kaj mi the villagers make me sick,[7] and
estas laca je mia vivo. Faru el mi I am tired of[8] my life. Do with
kion vi volas." me as you will."
[1]The plants we have already. Lit. our till-now plants.
[2]necessities. Necessary = _neces-a_: with suf. _-aĵ_ = necessary
things. [3]Service. To serve = _serv-i_; ending _-o_ makes it
a substantive. [4]Ripen. Ripe = _matur-a_; suf. _-iĝ_ denotes
becoming. [5]Work that brings pleasure. Pleasure = _plezur-o_;
suf. _-ig_ denotes causing to be. [6]Noon. Day = _tag-o_; middle =
_mez-o_; ending _-e_ is adverbial. [7]Make me sick. To make sick =
_naŭz-i_; _-ad_ denotes continuation. [8]Tired of. The preposition
_je_ is used when no other preposition exactly fits.
Respondis la diablo, "Mi ne The devil made answer, "I
povas ion fari por vi, mizerulo! can do nothing for you, poor
La vilaĝanoj estas venkintaj wretch![1] The villagers have
min; kaj mi retiras min de la beaten me; and I am retiring from
aferoj. Neniam, eĉ en miaj plej business. Never, even in my most
eltrovemaj tagoj, mi elpensis ingenious[2] days, did I invent
tiel mortigan turmenton por such a deadly[3] torment for a
progresema homo, kiel sukcesi en progressive man, as to succeed in
la produkto de profitiga uzilo, producing a beneficial[4] device,
kaj tiam devi penadi, por igi and then have to keep striving to
siajn kunulojn alpreni ĝin. get his fellows[5] to adopt it.
Reiru al la vilaĝanoj kaj donu Go back again to the villagers,
al ili miajn respektplenajn and give them my respectful
komplimentojn." compliments."
Pezakore, Namezo reiris hejmen, Heavy at heart, Namezo went home
kaj envoje li renkontis again, and on the way he fell
vilaĝanaron portantan hakilojn. in with a band of villagers[6]
Li demandis kial ili portas carrying axes.[7] He asked why
hakilojn. they were carrying axes.
"Por dehaki la arbon," respondis "To cut down the tree," replied
la grupestro; "ni timas ke ĝi the leader of the band[8]; "we are
etendiĝos sur la tutan landon. afraid that it will spread and
Se oni prenos la fruktetojn kaj fill the whole land. If the people
plantos ilin apud sia loĝejo, la take the fruits and plant them at
arboj entrudos sin en la kampojn their own homes,[9] trees will
kaj en la florbedojn, kaj elpuŝos encroach upon the fields and upon
la aliajn kreskaĵojn." the flower-beds, and will drive
out the other plants."
[1]Wretch. Misery = _miser-o_; suf. _-ul_ denotes having the quality
of. [2]Ingenious. To find = _trov-i_; out = _el_; suf. _-em_ denotes
propensity or aptitude. [3]Deadly. To die = _mort-i_; suf. _-ig_
denotes to cause to die. [4]Beneficial. Profit-causing; suf. _-ig_.
[5]Fellows. With = _kun_; suf. _-ul_ denotes state or quality. [6]A
band of villagers. Suf. _-ar_ denotes a collection. [7]Axes. To hew
= _hak-i_; suf. _-il_ denotes instrument. [8]Leader of the band.
Band = _grup-o_; suf. _-estr_ enotes chief of. [9]Homes. To dwell =
_loĝ-i_; suf. _-ej_ denotes place.
"Sed vi tute ne devos planti "But you must not plant the trees
la arbojn en la kampoj kaj in the fields and flower-beds,"
florbedoj," diris Namezo. La arboj said Namezo. "Trees have a
havas utilon diferencan de la different use from other plants,
aliaj kreskaĵoj kaj oni plantos and they will be planted in quite
ilin en aparta loko. Se okaze arbo separate places. If by chance a
altrudos sin inter la rikoltojn, tree pushes itself in amongst the
oni elradikos ĝin tuj, antaŭ ol crops, it will be rooted out at
ĝi grandiĝos." once, before it gets big."
"Ne, arbo estas danĝera," kriis "No, trees are dangerous," cried
la hakilistoj; kaj Namezo devis the men with the axes;[1] and
alvoki siajn amikojn por defendi Namezo had to call up his friends
la arbon. to defend the tree.
Poste Namezo iris hejmen kaj After this Namezo went home and
enfermis sin en sia dometo. Lia shut himself up in his cottage.
patrino estis jam de longe morta, His mother was by this time
kaj la gefratoj jam edziĝis, kaj long dead, and his brother and
li vivadis sole. Sed li nun ne sister[2] were now married,[3]
povis eĉ resti sola. Venis la and he lived all alone. But now
saĝuloj de la vilaĝo, kaj ili he could not even remain alone.
kriadis tra la fenestro, "Arbo The wise men of the village came
estas bona ideo, sed vi kreskigis along, and they kept shouting
vian arbon malprave. Lasu nin do through the window, "Trees are a
flegi ĝin laŭ nia bontrovo, good idea, but you have grown your
kaj ni baldaŭ plibonigos ĝin, tree the wrong way. So let us look
tiel ke ĝi estos vere alpreninda after it as we see fit, and we'll
arbo." soon improve[4] it, so that it
shall be a tree really fit for us
to take to."[5]
[1]The men with the axes. To hew = _hak-i_; _-il_ denotes instrument;
_-ist_ denotes agent. [2]Brother and sister. Prefix _ge-_ denotes
both sexes. [3]Were married. Husband (wife) = _edz_ (_in_) _-o_;
suffix _-iĝ_ denotes becoming. [4]Improve. Good = _bon-a_; more
= _pli_; _-ig_ denotes causation. [5]Fit to take to. To take =
_pren-i_; to = _al_; _-ind_ denotes worthy.
Kaj al ili Namezo respondis And to these Namezo answered
nenion. Li sciis ke li estis nothing. He knew that he had given
doninta grandan parton de sia a great part of his life to making
vivo por eksperimenti kaj estis experiment and had produced a
produktinta belkreskan arbon, dum well-grown tree, while the clever
la lertuloj nun estis vidantaj men were now seeing a tree for
arbon je la unua fojo, kaj tute the first time, and were wholly
malsciis la malfacilecojn kiujn ignorant of the difficulties that
oni devas venki, kaj eĉ ne had to be overcome, and did not
komprenis la demandon kiun ili even understand the question they
entreprenis solvi. Sed li sciis were undertaking to solve. But
ankaŭ ke tiela konsidero estas he also knew that to clever men
por lertuloj malpli ol nenio. such a consideration is less than
Estis malutile argumenti kun nothing. It was no good to argue
ili, ĉar ili ne sciis ke ili ne with them, for they did not know
scias, kaj tio ĉi estas plej that they did not know, and this
malfacila lerni. Tial li lasis is the hardest thing to learn. So
ilin paroladi, kaj flegis sian he let them keep on talking, and
arbon kiel antaŭe. "Ĉar," tended his tree as before. "For,"
li diris al si mem, "kiam la said he to himself, "when the tree
arbo estos disvastiĝinta kaj has spread and multiplied after
multobliĝinta laŭspece tra its kind throughout the land, from
la lando, per la grada sperto many men's gradual experience
de multaj homoj fariĝos arba there will arise a science of
scienco, kaj tial ni fine ellernos trees, and thus we shall in the
la plej bonan flegmanieron." end find out the best way of
Ankaŭ li pensis, "la diablo estis tending them." Also he thought,
prava: la diablo estas lertulo." "The devil was right: the devil is
a clever man."
Iom poste alvenis en la vilaĝon Now, some time after there arrived
homoj el aliaj lokoj, kunportantaj in the village men from other
diversajn semojn. Ĉiu el ili places, bringing with them various
laŭdis sian propran semon, seeds. Each of them praised his
dirante ke li estas kreskiginta own seed, telling how he had grown
belan arbon el tia semo, kaj a fine tree from such seed, and
postulante ke la vilaĝanoj plantu urging the villagers to plant his
nur liajn semojn. Tiam iuj diris, seeds only. Then certain of them
"Ni metu ĉiujn la diversajn said, "Let us put all the divers
semojn kunen, kaj ni kreskigu el seeds together, and let us grow
ili unu bonan arbon." Kaj tiuj from them one good tree." And
ĉi petis Namezon ke li neniigu these begged Namezo to destroy[1]
sian arbon kaj pistu ĝiajn semojn his own tree and pound its seeds
kaj almiksu ilin en la kunmetatan and stir them into the compound
semaĵon, por ke unu bona arbo seedstuff, that one good tree
elkresku. might grow out of it.
Tiel ili babiladis kaj bataladis Thus they babbled and kept
inter si; kaj ili ĉirkaŭ iradis quarrelling among themselves;
en la vilaĝo, montrante modelojn and they went round about in the
de siaj arboj kaj pruvante, ĉiu village showing models of their
ke la sia estas la plej bona. Kaj trees and proving each that his
fine la vilaĝanoj enuiĝis kaj own was the best. And at last
denove volis dehaki ĉiun kaj the villagers grew weary of it,
ĉies arbon. and wanted again to hew down
every tree, no matter to whom it
belonged.[2]
[1]Destroy. Nothing = _neni-o_; suf. _-ig_ denotes causation. [2]No
matter to whom it belonged. Lit. every one's.
Sed Namezo kaj liaj amikoj havis But Namezo and his friends had
jam du aŭ tri grandajn arbojn, by this time two or three big
kaj ĝis nun prosperis al ili trees, and up to this day they
defendi ilin kontraŭ la atakoj de have succeeded in defending them
la vilaĝanoj. Kaj ĉiam, kiam la against the villagers' attacks.
vetero estas varmega, ili sidas And always, when the weather is
sub la arboj vespere kaj ĝuas very hot, they sit under their
la freŝecon. Tamen ili havas trees in the evening and enjoy the
nur duonan profiton el ili, ĉar coolness. Yet have they only half
la vilaĝanoj malpermesas planti profit by them, for the villagers
ian arbon en la vilaĝo, kaj tial forbid them to plant any tree
la arbanoj devas ĉiufoje marŝi in the village, and so the tree
malproksimen kaj aparte viziti people have to walk a long way
siajn arbojn, anstataŭ havi ilin each time and have to make special
apud siaj pordoj. visits to their trees, instead of
having them at their doors.
Kaj la plej granda parto de la And the greater part of the
vilaĝanoj, malgraŭ ke oni povas villagers, though the trees are
facile piediri al la arboj, diras within a walk, still say, "Trees
ankoraŭ, "Arbo estas neebla." are impossible."
Kaj la diablo ridas. And the devil laughs.
III
GRAMMAR
1. There is one definite article, _la_, invariable. There is no
indefinite article.
2. Nouns always end in _-o_. Ex. _patro_ = father.
3. Adjectives always end in _-a_. Ex. _patra_ = paternal.
4. The plural of nouns, adjectives, participles, and pronouns (except
only the personal pronouns) ends in _j_. Ex. _patroj_ = fathers; _bonaj
patroj_ = good fathers.
5. The accusative (objective) case always ends in _-n_. Ex. _Mi amas
mian bonan patron_ = I love my good father. _Ni amas niajn bonajn
patrojn_ = we love our good fathers.
6. Adverbs always end in _-e_. Ex. _bone_ = well; _patre_ = paternally.
(There are a few non-derived adverbs without the ending _-e_, as _jam,
ankaŭ, tiel, kiel_).
7. The personal pronouns are:
mi = I ŝi = she ni = we
vi = you ĝi = it vi = you
li = he oni = one ili = they
Also a reflexive pronoun, _si_, which always refers to the subject of
its own clause.
All these pronouns form the accusative case by adding _-n_.
8. The verb has no separate ending for person or number.
The present ends in _-as_. Ex. _mi amas_ = I love.
The past ends in _-is_. Ex. _vi amis_ = you loved.
The future ends in _-os_. Ex. _li amos_ = he will love.
The conditional ends in _-us_. Ex. _ni amus_ = we should love.
The imperative ends in _-u_. Ex. _amu_ = love! _ni amu_ = let us love.
This form also serves for subjunctive. Ex. _Dio ordonas ke ni amu unu
la alian_ = God commands us to love one another.
The infinitive ends in _-i_. Ex. _ami_ = to love.
There are three active participles.
The present participle active is formed by _-ant_. Ex. _amanta_ =
loving; _amanto_ = a lover.
The past participle active is formed by _-int_. Ex. _aminta_ = having
loved; _la skribinto_ = the author (lit. the man who has written).
The future participle active is formed by _-ont_. Ex. _amonta_ = being
about to love.
There are three passive participles.
The present participle passive is formed by _-at_. Ex. _amata_ = being
loved.
The past participle passive is formed by _-it_. Ex. _amita_ = having
been loved.
The future participle passive is formed by _-ot_. Ex. _amota_ = being
about to be loved.
All compound tenses, as well as the passive voice, are formed by the
verb _esti_ (to be) with a participle. Compound tenses are employed only
when the simple forms are inadequate. Ex. _mi estas aminta_ = I have
loved (lit. I am having loved); _vi estis aminta_ = you had loved (lit.
you were having loved); _ili estas amataj_ = they are loved; _ŝi estas
amita_ = she has been loved; _ni estis amitaj_ = we had been loved; _ili
estos amintaj_ = they will have loved; _ŝi estus aminta_ = she would
have loved; _mi estus amita_ = I should have been loved.
IV
LIST OF AFFIXES
I. _Prefixes_
_bo-_ denotes relation by marriage: _bopatro_ = father-in-law.
_dis-_ denotes dissemination, division: _dismeti_ = to put apart, about,
in pieces.
_ek-_ denotes sudden action or beginning: _ekdormi_ = to fall asleep;
_ekiri_ = to start.
_ge-_ denotes both sexes: _gepatroj_ = parents; _geviroj_ = men and
women.
_mal-_ denotes the opposite: _bona_ = good; _malbona_ = bad.
_re-_ denotes back, again: _repagi_ = to repay; _rekomenci_ = to begin
again.
II. _Suffixes_
_-ad_ denotes continuation: _penadi_ = to keep striving, to make
continued effort.
_-aĵ_ denotes something concrete, made of the material, or possessing
the qualities of the root to which it is attached: _bovo_ = ox;
_bovaĵo_ = beef; _okazi_ = to happen; _okazaĵoj_ = happenings, events.
(For English speakers a good rule is to add "thing" or "stuff" to the
English word; _propra_ = one's own, _propraĵo_ = own-thing, property;
_vidindaĵoj_ = see-worthy-things, notable sights. N.B.: _-aĵ_ added
to transitive verbal stems generally has a passive sense: _tondi_ =
to clip, _tondaĵo_ = clipped-thing, clippings; whereas _tondilo_ =
clipping-thing, shears.) See Zamenhof's explanation of -aĵ, _La Revuo_,
Vol. I., No. 8 (April), pp. 374-5.
_-an_ denotes an inhabitant, member, or partisan: _urbano_ = a
town-dweller; _Kristano_ = a Christian.
_-ar_ denotes a collection: _vortaro_ = a dictionary; _arbaro_ = a
forest; _homaro_ = mankind.
_-ĉj_ denotes masculine affectionate diminutives: _paĉjo_ = daddy;
_Arĉjo_ = Archie.
_-ebl_ denotes possibility: _kredebla_ = credible.
_-ec_ denotes abstract quality: _boneco_ = goodness.
_-eg_ denotes great size or intensity: _grandega_ = enormous;
_varmega_ = intensely hot.
_-ej_ denotes place: _lernejo_ = a learn-place, a school.
_-em_ denotes propensity to: _lernema_ = studious; _kredema_ =
credulous.
_-er_ denotes one out of many, or a unit of a mass: _sablero_ = a grain
of sand; _fajrero_ = a spark.
_-estr_ denotes a chief or leader: _lernejestro_ = a head master.
_-et_ denotes diminution: _infaneto_ = a little child; _varmeta_ =
warmish.
_-id_ denotes the young of, descendant of: _bovido_ = a calf.
_-ig_ denotes causation: _bonigi_, _plibonigi_ = to make good, to
improve; _mortigi_ = to kill; _venigi_ = to cause to come, to send for.
_-iĝ_ denotes becoming, and has a passive signification: _saniĝi_,
_resaniĝi_ = to get well (again); _paliĝi_ = to grow pale;
_troviĝi_ = to be found, occur.
_-il_ denotes an instrument: _razilo_ = a razor.
_-in_ denotes feminine: _patrino_ = mother; _bovino_ = cow.
_-ind_ denotes worthiness: _laŭdinda_ = laudable, praiseworthy.
_-ing_ denotes a holder: _kandelingo_ = a candlestick; _glavingo_ =
scabbard.
_-ist_ denotes profession or occupation; _maristo_ = a sailor;
_bonfaristo_ = a benefactor.
_-nj_ denotes feminine affectionate diminutives: _Manjo_ = Polly;
_patrinjo_ (or _panjo_) = mamma.
_-uj_ denotes containing or producing: _inkujo_ = inkpot; _Anglujo_ =
England.
_-ul_ denotes characteristic: _timulo_ = a coward: _avarulo_ = a miser.
[The suffix _-aĉ_ (not in the _Fundamento_) is coming into use as a
pejorative (= Italian _-accio_): _ridi_ = to laugh; _ridaĉi_ = to grin,
sneer.]
V
TABLE OF CORRELATIVE WORDS
DEMONSTRA- RELATIVE NEGATIVE. UNIVERSAL. INDEFINITE.
TIVE. AND INTER-
ROGATIVE.
PERSON* tiu kiu neniu ĉiu iu
that who, no one every, all, some,
which every one some one
THING* tio kio nenio ĉio io
that what, nothing everything something
(thing) which
QUALITY tia kia nenia ĉia ia
that kind what kind no, each, every any, some
of a of a no kind of kind of kind of
TIME tiam kiam neniam ĉiam iam
then when never always ever, at
some time
PLACE tie kie nenie ĉie ie
there where nowhere everywhere somewhere
MANNER tiel kiel neniel ĉiel iel
thus, so how in no way in every way in some way,
somehow
MOTIVE tial kial nenial ĉial ial
therefore why for no for all for some
reason reasons reasons
QUANTITY tiom kiom neniom ĉiom iom
so/as much how much none the whole somewhat,
so/as many how many amount a certain
amount
POSSESSION ties kies nenies ĉies ies
of that whose, nobody's everybody's somebody's
of which
In the demonstrative column, to express "this" instead of "that,"
add _ĉi_.
*N.B.—_Tiu_, _kiu_, etc., are used in agreement with a noun expressed,
even when it does not represent a person.
Ex. _Tiu libro, kiun mi legis_ = that book which I read. _Tiuj ĉi
floroj_ = these flowers.
_Tio_, _kio_, etc., are used when there is no noun, so that they stand
alone.
Ex. _Tio estas vera_ = that is true; _kion vi diris?_ = what did you
say? _Tio ĉi estas pli granda ol tio_ = this is bigger than that.
N.B.—In memorizing the above, it is well to remember that _t_ =
demonstrative, _k_ = relative-interrogative, _ĉ_ = distributive, _i_ =
indefinite, _nen_ = negative.
VI
VOCABULARY
= A =
-a = termination of adjectives.
aĉet-i = to buy.
-ad = suffix denoting continued action.
aer-o = air.
ag-i = to act.
-aĵ = suffix denoting concrete substance.
ajn = (what)ever; _kiu ajn_, whoever.
al = to.
ali-a = other.
almenaŭ = at least.
alt-a = high.
am-i = to love.
amas-o = crowd, mass.
ankaŭ = also.
ankoraŭ = still.
anstataŭ = instead of.
-ant = present participle active.
antaŭ = before (time and place).
apart-a = special.
apud = at.
-ar = suffix denoting a collection.
arb-o = tree.
-as = ending of present tense.
aŭd-i = to hear.
= B =
baldaŭ = soon.
bed-o = flower bed.
bel-a = fine, beautiful.
bezon-o = need.
blank-a = white.
bon-a = good.
bord-o = edge, shore.
bril-i = to shine.
burĝon-o = bud.
= C =
cel-o = object, aim.
cerb-o = brain.
cert-a = certain.
= Ĉ =
ĉagren-o = trouble.
ĉar = for, because.
ĉe = at.
ĉes-i = to cease.
ĉi = added to demonstrative _tiu_, expresses nearer connexion:
_tiu_ = that; _tiu ĉi_ = this.
ĉiam = always.
ĉie = everywhere.
ĉirkaŭ = around.
ĉiu = all, each, every.
ĉu = interrogative particle.
= D =
da = used after words of quantity: Ex. _multe da vino_, much wine.
daŭr-i = to last, continue.
de = of, from, by (with passive).
des = comparative particle; _ju...des_, the...the:
Ex. _ju pli des pli bone_, the more the better.
dev-i = to owe, to be obliged to.
deviz-o = device, motto.
difekt-i = to spoil.
dir-i = to say.
dom-o = house.
don-i = to give.
du = two.
dub-i = to doubt.
dum = whilst.
= E =
-e = ending of adverbs.
eben-a = flat, level.
-ebl = suffix denoting possibility.
-ec = suffix denoting abstract quality: _bon-ec-o_, goodness.
eĉ = even.
edz-(in)-o = husband (wife).
-eg = suffix denoting great size.
-ej = suffix denoting place.
ek- = prefix denoting beginning.
ekster = outside.
el = out of.
-em = suffix denoting propensity.
en = in.
entrepren-i = to undertake.
enu-i = to weary, bore.
esper-i = to hope.
Esperant-o = Esperanto.
est-i = to be.
-et = suffix denoting little.
etend-i = to stretch.
= F =
facil-a = easy.
fajr-o = fire.
fakt-o = fact.
far-i = to do.
fenestr-o = window.
ferm-i = to shut.
fil-o = son.
fin-o = end.
flank-o = side.
fleg-i = tend.
flu-i = flow.
flug-i = to fly.
foj-o = time; _du fojoj_, twice.
foli-o = leaf.
for = away.
forn-o = oven.
frat-o = brother.
fraz-o = sentence.
frenez-o = madness.
fru-a = early.
frukt-o = fruit.
= G =
ge- = prefix denoting both sexes.
gent-o = race, tribe.
grand-a = big, great.
= Ĝ =
ĝi = it.
ĝis = until.
ĝoj-o = joy.
ĝu-i = to enjoy.
= H =
hav-i = to have.
hejm-o = home.
hodiaŭ = to-day.
hom-o = man (mortal; no distinction of sex).
= I =
-i = ending of infinitive.
ideal-o = ideal.
-ig = suffix denoting causation.
-iĝ = suffix denoting becoming.
-il = suffix denoting instrument.
ili = they.
-int = past participle active.
inter = between, among.
ir-i = to go.
-is = ending of past tense.
-ist = suffix denoting agent.
iu = some one.
= J =
-j = ending of plural.
jam = already.
jar-o = year.
jen = here is, here are (French _voici_).
ju = comparative particle. See _des_.
jun-a = young.
= Ĵ =
ĵus = just now.
= K =
kaj = and.
kamen-o = fireplace.
kamp-o = field.
kap-o = head.
ke = that (conjunction).
kelk-a = some.
kiam = when.
kiel = how, as.
kiu = who, which.
knab-o = boy.
komerc-o = commerce.
kompat-o = sympathy, pity.
kompren-i = to understand.
kon-i = to know.
konsil-i = to counsel.
konstru-i = to build.
kontraŭ = against.
kred-i = to believe.
kresk-i = to grow.
krom = besides.
krut-a = steep.
kun = with.
kuŝ-i = to lie.
kutim-i = to be accustomed.
kvankam = although.
kvar = four.
kvazaŭ = as if.
kvin = five.
= L =
la = the.
lac-a = tired.
lag-o = lake.
land-o = land.
lang-o = tongue.
las-i = to let, leave.
laŭ = according to.
leg-i = to read.
legom-o = vegetable.
lern-i = to learn.
lert-a = clever.
lev-i = to raise.
li = he.
lim-o = limit.
lingv-o = language.
lit-o = bed.
long-a = long.
lum-o = light.
= M =
mal- = prefix denoting the opposite.
malgraŭ = in spite of.
manĝ-i = to eat.
mank-i = to be wanting.
mar-o = sea.
marĉ-o = swamp.
maten-o = morning.
mem = self.
met-i = to put.
mez-o = middle.
mi = I.
mien-o = look, air, gait.
mir-i = to wonder.
mon-o = money.
mond-o = world.
montr-i = to show.
morgaŭ = to-morrow.
Moŝt-o = term of respect: your Highness, Worship, Honour.
mult-a = much, many.
= N =
-n = ending of accusative: also denotes motion towards
and duration of time.
naci-o = nation.
nask-i = to beget.
ne = no, not.
neĝ-o = snow.
neniam = never.
neniu = no one.
ni = we.
nom-o = name.
nov-a = new.
nub-o = cloud.
nun = now.
nur = only.
nutr-i = to feed.
= O =
-o = ending of nouns.
oft-e = often.
ok = eight.
okaz-i = to happen.
okul-o = eye.
ol = than.
-on = suffix denoting fraction.
oni = one, people (indef pron.).
-ont = future participle active.
orel-o = ear.
-os = ending of future.
= P =
pac-o = peace.
parol-i = to speak.
pen-i = to try.
pens-i = to think.
per = by means of.
perd-i = to lose.
pez-a = heavy.
pied-o = foot.
pint-o = point, peak.
pist-i = to pound.
plaĉ-i = to please.
plat-a = flat.
plej = most.
plen-a = full.
plend-i = to complain.
plenum-i = to fulfill.
pli = more.
plu = more, further, farther.
plug-i = to plough.
popol-o = people, race.
por = for.
pord-o = door.
post = after, behind (time and place).
pov-i = to be able.
pra = original, great-(grandfather).
prav-a = right.
pren-i = to take.
preskaŭ = almost.
pret-a = ready.
preter = beyond, by.
pri = about, concerning.
pro = on account of.
= R =
rakont-i = to narrate.
ramp-i = to crawl, climb.
rapid-a = quick.
rekt-a = straight.
rem-i = to row.
renkont-i = to meet.
renvers-i = to upset, overthrow.
rikolt-o = crop.
= S =
sat-a = satisfied, full, replete.
sci-i = to know.
sed = but.
sek-a = dry.
sekv-i = to follow.
sem-o = seed.
sen = without.
sent-i = to feel.
si = self, relexive pronoun.
sid-i = to sit.
sinjor-o = sir, Mr., gentleman.
skrib-i = to write.
sol-a = alone, only.
son-o = sound.
sonĝ-o = dream.
sonor-a = sonorous.
spec-o = kind, sort.
spert-o = experience.
spir-i = to breathe.
star-i = to stand.
sterk-o = manure.
subit-a = sudden.
sufiĉ-a = sufficient.
supr-a = upper, superior.
sven-i = to swoon.
= Ŝ =
ŝajn-i = to seem.
ŝerc-i = to joke.
ŝip-o = ship.
ŝirm-i = to shelter.
ŝpar-i = to save up, economize.
ŝtel-i = to steal.
= T =
tag-o = day.
tamen = yet, nevertheless.
tegment-o = roof.
temp-o = time.
ten-i = to hold, keep.
ter-o = earth.
tial = therefore.
tiel = thus, so.
tiom = so much, so many.
tiu = that.
tra = through.
traf-i = to hit the mark.
trans = across.
tre = very.
trem-i = to tremble.
tro = too much.
tromp-i = to deceive.
trov-i = to find.
trud-i = to shove, thrust.
tuj = immediately.
tut-a = all.
= U =
-u = ending of imperative subjunctive.
-uj = suffix denoting "holder".
-ul = suffix denoting characteristic.
unu = one.
= V =
vapor-o = steam.
vek-i = to wake (trans.).
vel-o = sail.
velk-a = faded.
ven-i = to come.
venk-i = to conquer.
vent-o = wind.
ver-a = true.
vesper-o = evening.
vetur-i = to travel by vehicle (train, carriage, boat, etc.).
vi = you.
vid-i = to see.
vidv-(in)-o = widow(er).
vir-(in)-o = man (woman).
viv-i = to live.
voj-o = way.
vojaĝ-o = voyage, journey.
vokal-o = vowel.
vol-i = to wish.
vom-i = to vomit, be sick.
vort-o = word.
= Z =
zorg-o = care.
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN REGULAR LANGUAGE
Word-building can be made quite an amusing game for children. For
instance, give them the suffixes _-ej_ (denoting place) and _-il_
(denoting instrument), and set them to form words for "school,"
"church," "factory," "knife," "warming-pan," etc. (_lernejo_,
_preĝejo_, _fabrikejo_, _tranĉito_, _varmigilo_).
But since the language is perfectly regular in form and construction,
and the learner can therefore argue from case to case, it is a useful
instrument for instilling clear ideas of grammatical categories. Thus
give the roots—
viv-i = to live san-a = healthy hom-o = man
long-a = long saĝ-a = wise Di-o = God
don-i = to give
and set such sentences as the following to be worked out—
"He lives long"; "A long life is a gift of God"; "It is wise to live
healthily"; "God is divine, man is human"; "Human life is short," etc.
The same roots constantly recur with an _-o_, _-a_, or _-e_ tacked on;
and the practice in sorting out the endings, and attaching them like
labels to nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, soon marks off the
corresponding ideas clearly in the learner's mind.
Analogous to simple sums and conducive to clear thinking are such
sentences as the following, for rather more advanced pupils:
Given—
raz-i = to shave serv-i = to serve san-a = healthy
akr-a = sharp mort-i = to die ven-i = to come
uz-i = to use hak-i = to hew kun = with
sent-i = to feel
and the table of affixes (pp. 191-2 [Part IV, Chapter IV]).
Translate—"Constant use had blunted his razor"; "He had his servant
shaved"; "He killed his companion with an axe"; "Let us send for the
doctor."
More advanced exercise (on the same roots):
Translate—"O Death, where is thy sting?" "Community of service brings
together men subject to death, and dulls the perception of their common
mortality. Willing service dissipates the weariness of the server; the
deadliness of disease is mitigated, and the place of sickness becomes a
place of health."
By referring to the table of affixes, the use of which has of course
been explained, the learner can work out the answers as follows:
Uz-ad-o estis mal-akr-ig-int-a lian raz-il-on. Li raz-ig-is sian
serv-ant-(_or_ ist)on. Li mort-ig-is sian kun-ul-on per hak-il-o.
Ni ven-ig-u la san-ig-ist-on.
More advanced:
Ho Morto, kie estas via akr-ec-o? Kun-servo (_or_ kuneco de servo)
kun-ig-as la mort-em-(ul)-ojn, kaj mal-akr-ig-as la sent-on de ilia
kun-a mort-em-ec-o. Serv-em-ec-o dis-ig-as la el-uz-it-ec-on de la
serv-ant-o; la mort-ig-ec-o de la mal-san-ec-o mal-akr-iĝ-as, kaj la
mal-san-ej-o iĝas san-ej-o.
No national language could be used in this way for building sentences
according to rules, and such exercises should give a practical grip
of clear use of language. The student is obliged to analyse the exact
meaning of every word of the English sentence, and this necessity
inculcates a nice discrimination in the use of words. At the same time
the necessary word-building depends upon clear-headed and logical
application of rule. There is no memory work, but the mind is kept on
the stretch, and the exercise is wholesome as combating confusion of
thought and slovenliness of expression.
APPENDIX B
ESPERANTO HYMN BY DR. ZAMENHOF
LA ESPERO
En la mondon venis nova sento,
Tra la mondo iras forta voko;
Per flugiloj de facila vento
Nun de loko flugu ĝi al loko.
Ne al glavo sangon soifanta
Ĝi la homan tiras familion:
Al la mond' eterne militanta
Ĝi promesas sanktan harmonion.
Sub la sankta signo de l'espero
Kolektiĝas pacaj batalantoj,
Kaj rapide kreskas la afero
Per laboro de la esperantoj.
Forte staras muroj de miljaroj
Inter la popoloj dividitaj;
Sed dissaltos la obstinaj baroj,
Per la sankta amo disbatitaj.
Sub neŭtrala lingva fundamento,
Komprenante unu la alian,
La popoloj faros en konsento
Unu grandan rondon familian.
Nia diligenta kolegaro
En laboro paca ne laciĝos,
Ĝis la bela sonĝo de l'homaro
Por eterna ben' efektiviĝos.
LITERAL TRANSLATION
HOPE
Into the world has come a new feeling,
Through the world goes a mighty call;
On light wind-wings
Now may it fly from place to place.
Not to the sword thirsting for blood
Does it draw the human family:
To the world eternally at war
It promises holy harmony.
Beneath the holy banner of hope
Throng the soldiers of peace,
And swiftly spreads the Cause
Through the labour of the hopeful.
Strong stand the walls of a thousand years
Between the sundered peoples;
But the stubborn bars shall leap apart,
Battered to pieces by holy love.
On the fair foundation of common speech,
Understanding one another,
The peoples in concord shall make up
One great family circle.
Our busy band of comrades
Shall never weary in the work of peace,
Till humanity's grand dream
Shall become the truth of eternal blessing.
APPENDIX C
THE LETTER _C_ IN ESPERANTO
_c_ = _ts_ in English "bits."
This has given rise to much criticism. The same sound is also expressed
by the letters _ts_. Why depart from the Esperanto principle, "one
sound, one letter," and have two symbols (_c_ and _ts_) for the same
sound?
A standing difficulty of an international language is: What equivalent
shall be adopted for the _c_ of national languages? The difficulty
arises owing to the diversity of value and history of the _c_ in diverse
tongues. Philologists, who know the history of the Latin hard _c_ and
its various descendants in modern languages, will appreciate this.
(1) Shall _c_ be adopted in the international language, or omitted?
If it is omitted, many useful words, which it is desirable to adopt
and which are ordinarily spelt with a _c_, will have to be arbitrarily
deformed, and this deformation may amount to actual obscuring of their
sense. E.g. _cento_ = hundred; _centro_ = centre; _cerbo_ = brain;
_certa_ = certain; _cirkonstanco_ = circumstance; _civila_ = civil, etc.
Such works would become almost unrecognizable for many in the forms
kento, sento, tsento, etc.
(2) If, then, _c"_is retained, what value is to be given to it? The
hard and soft sounds of the English _c_ (as in English "cat," "civil")
are already represented by _k_ and _s_. Neither of these letters can
be dispensed with in the international language; and it is undesirable
to confuse orthographically or phonetically _c_-roots with _s_- or
_k_-roots. Therefore another value must be found for the symbol _c_.
The choice is practically narrowed down to the Italian soft _c_ = _ch_,
as in English "church," and the German[1] _c_ = _ts_ in English "bits."
Now _ch_ is a useful and distinctive sound, and has been adopted in
Esperanto with a symbol of its own: ĉ. Therefore _ts_ remains.
[1]Also late Latin and early Norman French.
(3) Why not then abolish _c_ and write _ts_ instead? For answer, see
No. (1) above. It is a worse evil to introduce such monstrosities as
_tsento_, _tsivila_, etc., than to allow two symbols for the same sound,
_ts_ and _c_. International language has to appeal to the eye as well as
to the ear.
This matter of the _c_ is only one more instance of the wisdom of Dr.
Zamenhof in refusing to make a fetish of slavish adherence to rule.
Practical common-sense is a safer guide than theory in attaining the
desired goal—ease (of eye, ear, tongue, and pen) for greatest number.
In practice no confusion arises between _c_ and _ts_.
End of Project Gutenberg's International Language, by Walter J. Clark