his death-bed he gave to Nicholas Ferrar a manuscript with the title
_The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations_. This was published
at Cambridge, apparently for private circulation, almost immediately
after Herbert's death, and a second imprint followed in the same year.
On the title-page of both is the quotation "In his Temple doth every man
speak of his honour." _The Temple_ is a collection of religious poems
connected by unity of sentiment and inspiration. Herbert tried to
interpret his own devout meditations by applying images of all kinds to
the ritual and beliefs of the Church. Nothing in his own church at
Bemerton was too commonplace to serve as a starting-point for the
epigrammatic expression of his piety. The church key reminds him that
"it is my sin that locks his handes," and the stones of the floor are
patience and humility, while the cement that binds them together is love
and charity. The chief faults of the book are obscurity, verbal conceits
and a forced ingenuity which shows itself in grotesque puns, odd metres
and occasional want of taste. But the quaint beauty of Herbert's style
and its musical quality give _The Temple_ a high place. "The Church
Porch," "The Agony," "Sin," "Sunday," "Virtue," "Man," "The British
Church," "The Quip," "The Collar," "The Pulley," "The Flower," "Aaron"
and "The Elixir" are among the best known of these poems. Herbert and
Keble are the poets of Anglican theology. No book is fuller of devotion
to the Church of England than _The Temple_, and no poems in our language
exhibit more of the spirit of true Christianity. Every page is marked by
transparent sincerity, and reflects the beautiful character of "holy
George Herbert."
Nicholas Ferrar's translation (Oxford, 1638) of the _Hundred and Ten
Considerations ..._ of Juan de Valdes contained a letter and notes by
Herbert. In 1652 appeared _Herbert's Remains; or, Sundry Pieces of
that Sweet Singer of the Temple, Mr George Herbert_. This included _A
Priest to the Temple; or, The Country Parson, his Character, and Rule
of Holy Life_, in prose; _Jacula prudentum_, a collection of proverbs
with a separate title-page dated 1651, which had appeared in a shorter
form as _Outlandish Proverbs_ in 1640; and some miscellaneous matter.
The completest edition of his works is that by Dr A. B. Grosart in
1874, this edition of the Poetical works being reproduced in the
"Aldine edition" in 1876. _The English Works of George Herbert ..._ (3
vols., 1905) were edited in much detail by G. H. Palmer. A
contemporary account of Herbert's life by Barnabas Oley was prefixed
to the _Remains_ of 1652, but the classic authority is Izaak Walton's
_Life of Mr George Herbert_, published in 1670, with some letters from
Herbert to his mother. See also A. G. Hyde, _George Herbert and his
Times_ (1907), and the "Oxford" edition of his poems by A. Waugh
(1908).
FOOTNOTE:
[1] Printed in 1662 as an appendix to J. Vivian's _Ecclesiastes
Solomonis_.
HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM ["Frank Forester"] (1807-1858), English novelist
and writer on sport, son of the Hon. and Rev. William Herbert, dean of
Manchester, a son of the first earl of Carnarvon, was born in London on
the 3rd of April 1807. He was educated at Eton and at Caius College,
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1830. Having become involved in
debt, he emigrated to America, and from 1831 to 1839 was teacher of
Greek in a private school in New York. In 1833 he started the _American
Monthly Magazine_, which he edited, in conjunction with A. D. Patterson,
till 1835. In 1834 he published his first novel, _The Brothers: a Tale
of the Fronde_, which was followed by a number of others which obtained
a certain degree of popularity. He also wrote a series of historical
studies, including _The Cavaliers of England_ (1852), _The Knights of
England, France and Scotland_ (1852), _The Chevaliers of France_ (1853),
and _The Captains of the Old World_ (1851); but he is best known for his
works on sport, published under the pseudonym of "Frank Forester." These
include _The Field Sports of the United States and British Provinces_
(1849), _Frank Forester and his Friends_ (1849), _The Fish and Fishing
of the United States_ (1850), _The Young Sportsman's Complete Manual_
(1852), and _The Horse and Horsemanship in the United States and British
Provinces of North America_ (1858). He also translated many of the
novels of Eugene Sue and Alexandre Dumas. Herbert was a man of varied
accomplishments, but of somewhat dissipated habits. He died by his own
hand in New York on the 17th of May 1858.
HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682), English traveller and author, was born
at York in 1606. Several of his ancestors were aldermen and merchants in
that city--e.g. his grandfather and benefactor, Alderman Herbert (d.
1614)--and they traced a connexion with the earls of Pembroke. Thomas
became a commoner of Jesus College, Oxford, in 1621, but afterwards
removed to Cambridge, through the influence of his uncle Dr Ambrose
Akroyd. In 1627 the earl of Pembroke procured his appointment in the
suite of Sir Dodmore Cotton, then starting as ambassador for Persia with
Sir Robert Shirley. Sailing in March they visited the Cape, Madagascar,
Goa and Surat; landing at Gambrun (10th of January 1627-1628), they
travelled inland to Ashraf and thence to Kazvin, where both Cotton and
Shirley died, and whence Herbert made extensive travels in the Persian
_Hinterland_, visiting Kashan, Bagdad, &c. On his return voyage he
touched at Ceylon, the Coromandel coast, Mauritius and St Helena. He
reached England in 1629, travelled in Europe in 1630-1631, married in
1632 and retired from court in 1634 (his prospects perhaps blighted by
Pembroke's death in 1630); after this he resided on his Tintern estate
and elsewhere till the Civil War, siding with the parliament till his
appointment to attend on the king in 1646. Becoming a devoted royalist,
he was rewarded with a baronetcy at the Restoration (1660). He resided
mainly in York Street, Westminster, till the Great Plague (1666), when
he retired to York, where he died (at Petergate House) on the 1st of
March 1682.
Herbert's chief work is the _Description of the Persian Monarchy now
beinge: the Orientall Indyes, Iles and other parts of the Greater Asia
and Africk_ (1634), reissued with additions, &c., in 1638 as _Some
Yeares Travels into Africa and Asia the Great_ (al. _into divers parts
of Asia and Afrique_); a third edition followed in 1664, and a fourth
in 1677. This is one of the best records of 17th-century travel. Among
its illustrations are remarkable sketches of the dodo, cuneiform
inscriptions and Persepolis. Herbert's _Threnodia Carolina; or,
Memoirs of the two last years of the reign of that unparallell'd
prince of ever blessed memory King Charles I._, was in great part
printed at the author's request in Wood's _Athenae Oxonienses_; in
full by Dr C. Goodall in his _Collection of Tracts_ (1702, repr. G. &
W. Nicol, 1813). Sir William Dugdale is understood to have received
assistance from Herbert in the _Monasticon Anglicanum_, vol. iv.; see
two of Herbert's papers on St John's, Beverley and Ripon collegiate
church, now cathedral, in Drake's _Eboracum_ (appendix). Cf. also
Robert Davies' account of Herbert in _The Yorkshire Archaeological and
Topographical Journal_, part iii., pp. 182-214 (1870), containing a
facsimile of the inscription on Herbert's tomb; Wood's _Athenae_, iv.
15-41; and _Fasti_, ii. 26, 131, 138, 143-144, 150.
HERBERT OF CHERBURY, EDWARD HERBERT, BARON (1583-1648), English soldier,
diplomatist, historian and religious philosopher, eldest son of Richard
Herbert of Montgomery Castle (a member of a collateral branch of the
family of the earls of Pembroke) and of Magdalen, daughter of Sir
Richard Newport, was born at Eyton-on-Severn near Wroxeter on the 3rd of
March 1583. After careful private tuition he matriculated at University
College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, in May 1596. On the 28th of
February 1599 he married his cousin Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir
William Herbert (d. 1593). He returned to Oxford with his wife and
mother, continued his studies, and obtained proficiency in modern
languages as well as in music, riding and fencing. On the accession of
James I. he presented himself at court and was created a knight of the
Bath on the 24th of July 1603. In 1608 he went to Paris, enjoying the
friendship and hospitality of the old constable de Montmorency, and
being entertained by Henry IV. On his return, as he says himself with
naive vanity, he was "in great esteem both in court and city, many of
the greatest desiring my company." In 1610 he served as a volunteer in
the Low Countries under the prince of Orange, whose intimate friend he
became, and distinguished himself at the capture of Juliers from the
emperor. He offered to decide the war by engaging in single combat with
a champion chosen from among the enemy, but his challenge was declined.
During an interval in the fighting he paid a visit to Spinola, in the
Spanish camp near Wezel, and afterwards to the elector palatine at
Heidelberg, subsequently travelling in Italy. At the instance of the
duke of Savoy he led an expedition of 4000 Huguenots from Languedoc into
Piedmont to help the Savoyards against Spain, but after nearly losing
his life in the journey to Lyons he was imprisoned on his arrival there,
and the enterprise came to nothing. Thence he returned to the
Netherlands and the prince of Orange, arriving in England in 1617. In
1619 he was made by Buckingham ambassador at Paris, but a quarrel with
de Luynes and a challenge sent by him to the latter occasioned his
recall in 1621. After the death of de Luynes Herbert resumed his post in
February 1622. He was very popular at the French court and showed
considerable diplomatic ability, his chief objects being to accomplish
the union between Charles and Henrietta Maria and secure the assistance
of Louis XIII. for the unfortunate elector palatine. This latter
advantage he could not obtain, and he was dismissed in April 1624. He
returned home greatly in debt and received little reward for his
services beyond the Irish peerage of Castle island in 1624 and the
English barony of Cherbury, or Chirbury, on the 7th of May 1629. In 1632
he was appointed a member of the council of war. He attended the king at
York in 1639, and in May 1642 was imprisoned by the parliament for
urging the addition of the words "without cause" to the resolution that
the king violated his oath by making war on parliament. He determined
after this to take no further part in the struggle, retired to
Montgomery Castle, and declined the king's summons. On the 5th of
September 1644 he surrendered the castle to the parliamentary forces,
returned to London, submitted, and was granted a pension of L20 a week.
In 1647 he paid a visit to Gassendi at Paris, and died in London on the
20th of August, 1648, being buried in the church of St Giles's in the
Fields.
Lord Herbert left two sons, Richard (c. 1600-1655), who succeeded him as
2nd Lord Herbert of Cherbury, and Edward, the title becoming extinct in
the person of Henry Herbert, the 4th baron, grandson of the 1st Lord
Herbert in 1691. In 1694, however, it was revived in favour of Henry
Herbert (1654-1709), son of Sir Henry Herbert (1595-1673), brother of
the 1st Lord Herbert of Cherbury. Sir Henry was master of the revels to
Charles I. and Charles II., being busily employed in reading and
licensing plays and in supervising all kinds of public entertainments.
He died in April 1673; his son Henry died in January 1709, when the
latter's son Henry became 2nd Lord Herbert of Cherbury of the second
creation. He died without issue in April 1738, and again the barony
became extinct. In 1743 it was revived for Henry Arthur Herbert (c.
1703-1772), who five years later was created earl of Powis. This
nobleman was a great-grandson of the 2nd Lord Herbert of Cherbury of the
first creation, and since his time the barony has been held by the earls
of Powis.
Lord Herbert's cousin, Sir Edward Herbert (c. 1591-1657), was a member
of parliament under James I. and Charles I. Having become
attorney-general he was instructed by Charles to take proceedings
against some members of parliament who had been concerned in the passing
of the Grand Remonstrance; the only result, however, was Herbert's own
impeachment by the House of Commons and his imprisonment. Later in life
he was with the exiled royal family in Holland and in France, becoming
lord keeper of the great seal to Charles II., an office which he had
refused in 1645. He died in Paris in December 1657. One of Herbert's son
was Arthur Herbert, earl of Torrington, and another was Sir Edward
Herbert (c. 1648-1698), titular earl of Portland, who was made chief
justice of the king's bench in 1685 in succession to Lord Jeffreys. It
was Sir Edward who declared for the royal prerogative in the case of
_Godden_ v. _Hales_, asserting that the kings of England, being
sovereign princes, could dispense with particular laws in particular
cases. After the escape of James II. to France this king made Herbert
his lord chancellor and created him earl of Portland, although he was a
Protestant and had exhibited a certain amount of independence during
1687.
The first Lord Herbert's real claim to fame and remembrance is derived
from his writings. Herbert's first and most important work is the _De
veritate prout distinguitur a revelatione, a verisimili, a possibili,
et a falso_ (Paris, 1624; London, 1633; translated into French 1639,
but never into English; a MS. in add. MSS. 7081. Another, Sloane MSS.
3957, has the author's dedication to his brother George in his own
hand, dated 1622). It combines a theory of knowledge with a partial
psychology, a methodology for the investigation of truth, and a scheme
of natural religion. The author's method is prolix and often far from
clear; the book is no compact system, but it contains the skeleton and
much of the soul of a complete philosophy. Giving up all past theories
as useless, Herbert professedly endeavours to constitute a new and
true system. Truth, which he defines as a just conformation of the
faculties with one another and with their objects, he distributed into
four classes or stages: (1) truth in the thing or the truth of the
object; (2) truth of the appearance; (3) truth of the apprehension
(_conceptus_); (4) truth of the intellect. The faculties of the mind
are as numerous as the differences of their objects, and are
accordingly innumerable; but they may be arranged in four groups. The
first and fundamental and most certain group is the _Natural
Instinct_, to which belong the [Greek: koinai ennoiai], the _notitiae
communes_, which are innate, of divine origin and indisputable. The
second group, the next in certainty, is the _sensus internus_ (under
which head Herbert discusses amongst others love, hate, fear,
conscience with its _communis notitia_, and free will); the third is
the _sensus externus_; and the fourth is _discursus_, reasoning, to
which, as being the least certain, we have recourse when the other
faculties fail. The ratiocinative faculties proceed by division and
analysis, by questioning, and are slow and gradual in their movement;
they take aid from the other faculties, those of the _instinctus
naturalis_ being always the final test. Herbert's categories or
questions to be used in investigation are ten in number whether (a
thing is), what, of what sort, how much, in what relation, how, when,
where, whence, wherefore. No faculty, rightly used, can err "even in
dreams"; badly exercised, reasoning becomes the source of almost all
our errors. The discussion of the _notitiae communes_ is the most
characteristic part of the book. The exposition of them, though highly
dogmatic, is at times strikingly Kantian in substance. "So far are
these elements or sacred principles from being derived from experience
or observation that without some of them, or at least some one of
them, we can neither experience nor even observe." Unless we felt
driven by them to explore the nature of things, "it would never occur
to us to distinguish one thing from another." It cannot be said that
Herbert proves the existence of the common notions; he does not deduce
them or even give any list of them. But each faculty has its common
notion; and they may be distinguished by six marks, their _priority_,
_independence_, _universality_, _certainty_, _necessity_ (for the
well-being of man), and _immediacy_. Law is based on certain _common
notions_; so is religion. Though Herbert expressly defines the scope
of his book as dealing with the intellect, not faith, it is the common
notions of religion he has illustrated most fully; and it is plain
that it is in this part of his system that he is chiefly interested.
The common notions of religion are the famous five articles, which
became the charter of the English deists (see DEISM). There is little
polemic against the received form of Christianity, but Herbert's
attitude towards the Church's doctrine is distinctly negative, and he
denies revelation except to the individual soul. In the _De religione
gentilium_ (completed 1645, published Amsterdam, 1663, translated into
English by W. Lewis, London, 1705) he gives what may be called, in
Hume's words, "a natural history of religion." By examining the
heathen religions Herbert finds, to his great delight, the
universality of his five great articles, and that these are clearly
recognizable under their absurdities as they are under the rites,
ceremonies and polytheism invented by sacerdotal superstition. The
same vein is maintained in the tracts _De causis errorum_, an
unfinished work on logical fallacies, _Religio laici_, and _Ad
sacerdotes de religione laici_ (1645). In the _De veritate_ Herbert
produced the first purely metaphysical treatise written by an
Englishman, and in the _De religione gentilium_ one of the earliest
studies extant in comparative theology; while both his metaphysical
speculations and his religious views are throughout distinguished by
the highest originality and provoked considerable controversy. His
achievements in historical writing are vastly inferior, and vitiated
by personal aims and his preoccupation to gain the royal favour.
Herbert's first historical work is the _Expeditio Buckinghami ducis_
(published in a Latin translation in 1656 and in the original English
by the earl of Powis for the Philobiblon Society in 1860), a defence
of Buckingham's conduct of the ill-fated expedition of 1627. _The Life
and Raigne of King Henry VIII._ (1649) derives its chief value from
its composition from original documents, but is ill-proportioned, and
the author judges the character and statesmanship of Henry with too
obvious a partiality.
His poems, published in 1665 (reprinted and edited by J. Churton
Collins in 1881), show him in general a faithful disciple of Donne,
obscure and uncouth. His satires are miserable compositions, but a few
of his lyrical verses show power of reflection and true inspiration,
while his use of the metre afterwards employed by Tennyson in his "In
Memoriam" is particularly happy and effective. His Latin poems are
evidence of his scholarship. Three of these had appeared together with
the _De causis errorum_ in 1645. To these works must be added _A
Dialogue between a Tutor and a Pupil_ (1768; a treatise on education,
MS. in the Bodleian Library); a treatise on the king's supremacy in
the Church (MS. in the Record Office and at Queen's College, Oxford),
and his well-known autobiography, first published by Horace Walpole in
1764, a naive and amusing narrative, too much occupied, however, with
his duels and amorous adventures, to the exclusion of more creditable
incidents in his career, such as his contributions to philosophy and
history, his intimacy with Donne, Ben Jonson, Selden and Carew,
Casaubon, Gassendi and Grotius, or his embassy in France, in relation
to which he only described the splendour of his retinue and his social
triumphs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The autobiography edited by Sidney Lee with
correspondence from add. MSS. 7082 (1886); article in the _Dict. of
Nat. Biog._ by the same writer and the list of authorities there
collated; _Hist. MSS. Comm. Rep._ x. app. iv., 378; _Lord Herbert de
Cherbury_, by Charles de Remusat (1874); _Eduard, Lord Herbert von
Cherbury_, by C. Guttler (a criticism of his philosophy; 1897);
_Collections Historical and Archaeological_ relating to
Montgomeryshire, vols. vii., xi., xx.; R. Warner's _Epistolary
Curiosities_, i. ser.; Reid's works, edited by Sir William Hamilton;
_National Review_, xxxv. 661 (Leslie Stephen); Locke's _Essay on Human
Understanding_; Wood, _Ath. Oxon._ (Bliss), iii. 239; _Gentleman's
Magazine_ (1816), i. 201 (print of remains of his birthplace); _Lord
Herbert's Poems_, ed. by J. Churton Collins (1881); Aubrey's _Lives of
Eminent Men_; also works quoted under DEISM.
HERBERT OF LEA, SIDNEY HERBERT, 1ST BARON (1810-1861), English
statesman, was the younger son of the 11th earl of Pembroke. Educated at
Harrow and Oriel, Oxford, he made a reputation at the Oxford Union as a
speaker, and entered the House of Commons as Conservative member for a
division of Wiltshire in 1832. Under Peel he held minor offices, and in
1845 was included in the cabinet as secretary at war, and again held
this office in 1852-1855, being responsible for the War Office during
the Crimean difficulties, and in 1859. It was Sidney Herbert who sent
Florence Nightingale out to the Crimea, and he led the movement for War
Office reform after the war, the hard work entailed causing his
breakdown in health, so that in July 1861, having been created a baron,
he had to resign office, and died on the 2nd of August 1861. His statue
was placed in front of the War Office in Pall Mall. He was succeeded in
the title by his eldest son, who later became 13th earl of Pembroke, and
the barony is now merged in that earldom; his second son became 14th
earl. Another son, the Hon. Michael Herbert (1857-1904), was British
Ambassador at Washington in succession to Lord Pauncefote.
A life of Lord Herbert by Lord Stanmore was published in 1906.
HERBERTON, a mining town of Cardwell county, Queensland, Australia, 55
m. S.W. of Cairns. Pop. (1901) 2806. Tin was discovered in the locality
in 1879, and to this mineral the town chiefly owes its prosperity,
though copper, bismuth and some silver and gold are also found.
Atherton, 12 m. from the town, is served by rail from Cairns, which is
the port for the Herberton district.
HERCULANEUM, an ancient city of Italy, situated about two-thirds of a
mile from the Portici station of the railway from Naples to Pompeii. The
ruins are less frequently visited than those of Pompeii, not only
because they are smaller in extent and of less obvious interest, but
also because they are more difficult of access. The history of their
discovery and exploration, and the artistic and literary relics which
they have yielded, are worthy, however, of particular notice. The small
part of the city, which was investigated at the spot called _Gli scavi
nuovi_ (the new excavations) was discovered in the 19th century. But the
more important works were executed in the 18th century; and of the
buildings then explored at a great depth, by means of tunnels, none is
visible except the theatre, the orchestra of which lies 85 ft. below the
surface.