and as the Deacon), French heresiarch of the first half of the 12th
century. Practically nothing is known of his origin or early life. He
may have been one of those hermits who at that time swarmed in the
forests of western Europe, and particularly in France, always surrounded
by popular veneration, and sometimes the founders of monasteries or
religious orders, such as those of Premontre or Fontevrault. If St
Bernard's reproach (_Ep._ 241) be well founded, Henry was an apostate
monk--a "black monk" (Benedictine) according to the chronicler Alberic
de Trois Fontaines. The information we possess as to his degree of
instruction is scarcely more precise or less conflicting. When he
arrived at Le Mans in 1101, his _terminus a quo_ was probably Lausanne.
At that moment Hildebert, the bishop of Le Mans, was absent from his
episcopal town, and this is one of the reasons why Henry was granted
permission to preach (March to July 1101), a function jealously guarded
by the regular clergy. Whether by his prestige as a hermit and ascetic
or by his personal charm, he soon acquired enormous influence over the
people. His doctrine at that date appears to have been very vague; he
seemingly rejected the invocation of saints and also second marriages,
and preached penitence. Women, inflamed by his words, gave up their
jewels and luxurious apparel, and young men married courtesans in the
hope of reclaiming them. Henry was peculiarly fitted for a popular
preacher. In person he was tall and had a long beard; his voice was
sonorous, and his eyes flashed fire. He went bare-footed, preceded by a
man carrying a staff surmounted with an iron cross; he slept on the bare
ground, and lived by alms. At his instigation the inhabitants of Le Mans
soon began to slight the clergy of their town and to reject all
ecclesiastical authority. On his return from Rome, Hildebert had a
public disputation with Henry, in which, according to the bishop's _Acta
episcoporum Cenomannensium_, Henry was shown to be less guilty of heresy
than of ignorance. He, however, was forced to leave Le Mans, and went
probably to Poitiers and afterwards to Bordeaux. Later we find him in
the diocese of Arles, where the archbishop arrested him and had his case
referred to the tribunal of the pope. In 1134 Henry appeared before Pope
Innocent III. at the council of Pisa, where he was compelled to abjure
his errors and was sentenced to imprisonment. It appears that St Bernard
offered him an asylum at Clairvaux; but it is not known if he reached
Clairvaux, nor do we know when or in what circumstances he resumed his
activities. Towards 1139, however, Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny,
wrote a treatise called _Epistola seu tractatus adversus Petrobrusianos_
(Migne, _Patr. Lat._ clxxxix.) against the disciples of Peter of Bruys
and Henry of Lausanne, whom he calls Henry of Bruys, and whom, at the
moment of writing, he accuses of preaching, in all the dioceses in the
south of France, errors which he had inherited from Peter of Bruys.
According to Peter the Venerable, Henry's teaching is summed up as
follows: rejection of the doctrinal and disciplinary authority of the
church; recognition of the Gospel freely interpreted as the sole rule of
faith; condemnation of the baptism of infants, of the eucharist, of the
sacrifice of the mass, of the communion of saints, and of prayers for
the dead; and refusal to recognize any form of worship or liturgy. The
success of this teaching spread very rapidly in the south of France.
Speaking of this region, St Bernard (_Ep._ 241) says: "The churches are
without flocks, the flocks without priests, the priests without honour;
in a word, nothing remains save Christians without Christ." On several
occasions St Bernard was begged to fight the innovator on the scene of
his exploits, and in 1145, at the instance of the legate Alberic,
cardinal bishop of Ostia, he set out, passing through the diocese of
Angouleme and Limoges, sojourning for some time at Bordeaux, and finally
reaching the heretical towns of Bergerac, Perigueux, Sarlat, Cahors and
Toulouse. At Bernard's approach Henry quitted Toulouse, leaving there
many adherents, both of noble and humble birth, and especially among the
weavers. But Bernard's eloquence and miracles made many converts, and
Toulouse and Albi were quickly restored to orthodoxy. After inviting
Henry to a disputation, which he refused to attend, St Bernard returned
to Clairvaux. Soon afterwards the heresiarch was arrested, brought
before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. In a
letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of
1146, St Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the
heresy. In 1151, however, some Henricians still remained in Languedoc,
for Matthew Paris relates (_Chron. maj._, at date 1151) that a young
girl, who gave herself out to be miraculously inspired by the Virgin
Mary, was reputed to have converted a great number of the disciples of
Henry of Lausanne. It is impossible to designate definitely as
Henricians one of the two sects discovered at Cologne and described by
Everwin, provost of Steinfeld, in his letter to St Bernard (Migne,
_Patr. Lat._, clxxxii. 676-680), or the heretics of Perigord mentioned
by a certain monk Heribert (Martin Bouquet, _Recueil des historiens des
Gaules et de la France_, xii. 550-551).
See "Les Origines de l'heresie albigeoise," by Vacandard in the _Revue
des questions historiques_ (Paris, 1894, pp. 67-83). (P. A.)
HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841- ), American genre painter, was born in
Charleston, South Carolina, on the 12th of January 1841. He was a pupil
of the schools of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia,
and of Gleyre and Courbet in Paris, and in 1870 was elected to the
National Academy of Design, New York. As a painter of colonial and early
American themes and incidents of rural life, he displays a quaint humour
and a profound knowledge of human nature. Among his best-known
compositions are some of early railroad travel, incidents of stage coach
and canal boat journeys, rendered with much detail on a minute scale.
HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876), Irish classical scholar, was born in Dublin on
the 13th of December 1798. He was educated at Trinity College, and until
1845 practised as a physician in the city. In spite of his
unconventionally and unorthodox views on religion and his own
profession, he was very successful. His accession to a large fortune
enabled him to devote himself entirely to the absorbing occupation of
his life--the study of Virgil. Accompanied by his wife and daughter, he
visited all those parts of Europe where he was likely to find rare
editions or MSS. of the poet. He died near Dublin on the 14th of July
1876. As a commentator on Virgil Henry will always deserve to be
remembered, notwithstanding the occasional eccentricity of his notes and
remarks. The first fruits of his researches were published at Dresden in
1853 under the quaint title _Notes of a Twelve Years' Voyage of
Discovery in the first six Books of the Eneis_. These were embodied,
with alterations and additions, in the _Aeneidea, or Critical,
Exegetical and Aesthetical Remarks on the Aeneis_ (1873-1892), of which
only the notes on the first book were published during the author's
lifetime. As a textual critic Henry was exceedingly conservative. His
notes, written in a racy and interesting style, are especially valuable
for their wealth of illustration and references to the less-known
classical authors. Henry was also the author of several poems, some of
them descriptive accounts of his travels, and of various pamphlets of a
satirical nature.
See obituary notice by J. P. Mahaffy in the _Academy_ of the 12th of
August 1876, where a list of his works, nearly all of which were
privately printed, is given.
HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878), American physicist, was born in Albany, N.Y.,
on the 17th of December 1797. He received his education at an ordinary
school, and afterwards at the Albany Academy, which enjoyed considerable
reputation for the thoroughness of its classical and mathematical
courses. On finishing his academic studies he contemplated adopting the
medical profession, and prosecuted his studies in chemistry, anatomy and
physiology with that view. He occasionally contributed papers to the
Albany Institute, in the years 1824 and 1825, on chemical and mechanical
subjects; and in the latter year, having been unexpectedly appointed
assistant engineer on the survey of a route for a state road from the
Hudson river to Lake Erie, a distance somewhat over 300 m., he at once
embarked with zeal and success in the new enterprise. This diversion
from his original bent gave him an inclination to the career of civil
and mechanical engineering; and in the spring of 1826 he was elected by
the trustees of the Albany Academy to the chair of mathematics and
natural philosophy in that institution. In the latter part of 1827 he
read before the Albany Institute his first important contribution, "On
Some Modifications of the Electro-Magnetic Apparatus." Struck with the
great improvements then recently introduced into such apparatus by
William Sturgeon of Woolwich, he had still further extended their
efficiency, with considerable reduction of battery-power, by adopting in
all the experimental circuits (where applicable) the principle of J. S.
C. Schweigger's "multiplier," that is, by substituting for single wire
circuits, voluminous coils (_Trans. Albany Institute_, 1827, 1, p. 22).
In June 1828 and in March 1829 he exhibited before the institute small
electro-magnets closely and repeatedly wound with silk-covered wire,
which had a far greater lifting power than any then known. Henry appears
to have been the first to adopt insulated or silk-covered wire for the
magnetic coil; and also the first to employ what may be called the
"spool" winding for the limbs of the magnet. He was also the first to
demonstrate experimentally the difference of action between what he
called a "quantity" magnet excited by a "quantity" battery of a single
pair, and an "intensity" magnet with long fine wire coil excited by an
"intensity" battery of many elements, having their resistances suitably
proportioned. He pointed out that the latter form alone was applicable
to telegraphic purposes. A detailed account of these experiments and
exhibitions was not, however, published till 1831 (_Sill. Journ._, 19,
p. 400). Henry's "quantity" magnets acquired considerable celebrity at
the time, from their unprecedented attractive power--one (August 1830)
lifting 750 lb., another (March 1831) 2300, and a third (1834) 3500.
Early in 1831 he arranged a small office-bell to be tapped by the
polarized armature of an "intensity" magnet, whose coil was in
continuation of a mile of insulated copper wire, suspended about one of
the rooms of his academy. This was the first instance of magnetizing
iron at a distance, or of a suitable combination of magnet and battery
being so arranged as to be capable of such action. It was, therefore,
the earliest example of a true "magnetic" telegraph, all preceding
experiments to this end having been on the galvanometer or needle
principle. About the same time he devised and constructed the first
electromagnetic engine with automatic polechanger (_Sill. Journ._, 1831,
20, p. 340; and Sturgeon's _Annals Electr._, 1839, 3, p. 554). Early in
1832 he discovered the induction of a current on itself, in a long
helical wire, giving greatly increased intensity of discharge (_Sill.
Journ._, 1832, 22, p. 408). In 1832 he was elected to the chair of
natural philosophy in the New Jersey college at Princeton. In 1834 he
continued and extended his researches "On the Influence of a Spiral
Conductor in increasing the Intensity of Electricity from a Galvanic
Arrangement of a Single Pair," a memoir of which was read before the
American Philosophical Society on the 5th of February 1835. In 1835 he
combined the short circuit of his monster magnet (of 1834) with the
small "intensity" magnet of an experimental telegraph wire, thereby
establishing the fact that very powerful mechanical effects could be
produced at a great distance by the agency of a very feeble magnet used
as a circuit maker and breaker, or as a "trigger"--the precursor of
later forms of relay and receiving magnets. In 1837 he paid his first
visit to England and Europe. In 1838 he made important investigations in
regard to the conditions and range of induction from electrical
currents--showing that induced currents, although merely momentary,
produce still other or tertiary currents, and thus on through successive
orders of induction, with alternating signs, and with reversed initial
and terminal signs. He also discovered similar successive orders of
induction in the case of the passage of frictional electricity (_Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc._, 6, pp. 303-337). Among many minor observations, he
discovered in 1842 the oscillatory nature of the electrical discharge,
magnetizing about a thousand needles in the course of his experiments
(_Proc. Am. Phil. Soc._, 1, p. 301). He traced the influence of
induction to surprising distances, magnetizing needles in the lower
story of a house through several intervening floors by means of
electrical discharges in the upper story, and also by the secondary
current in a wire 220 ft. distant from the wire of the primary circuit.
The five numbers of his _Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism_
(1835-1842) were separately republished from the _Transactions_. In 1843
he made some interesting original observations on "Phosphorescence"
(_Proc. Am. Phil. Soc._, 3, pp. 38-44). In 1844, by experiments on the
tenacity of soap-bubbles, he showed that the molecular cohesion of water
is equal (if not superior) to that of ice, and hence, generally, that
solids and their liquids have practically the same amount of cohesion
(_Proc. Am. Phil. Soc._, 4, pp. 56 and 84). In 1845 he showed, by means
of a thermo-galvanometer, that the solar spots radiate less heat than
the general solar surface (_Proc. Am. Phil. Soc._, 4, pp. 173-176).
In December 1846 Henry was elected secretary and director of the
Smithsonian Institution, then just established. While closely occupied
with the exacting duties of that office, he still found time to
prosecute many original inquiries--as into the application of acoustics
to public buildings, and the best construction and arrangement of
lecture-rooms, into the strength of various building materials, &c.
Having early devoted much attention to meteorology, both in observing
and in reducing and discussing observations, he (among his first
administrative acts) organized a large and widespread corps of
observers, and made arrangements for simultaneous reports by means of
the electric telegraph, which was yet in its infancy (_Smithson. Report_
for 1847, pp. 146, 147). He was the first to apply the telegraph to
meteorological research, to have the atmospheric conditions daily
indicated on a large map, to utilize the generalizations made in weather
forecasts, and to embrace a continent under a single system--British
America and Mexico being included in the field of observation. In 1852,
on the reorganization of the American lighthouse system, he was
appointed a member of the new board; and in 1871 he became the presiding
officer of the establishment--a position he continued to hold during the
rest of his life. His diligent investigations into the efficiency of
various illuminants in differing circumstances, and into the best
conditions for developing their several maximum powers of brilliancy,
while greatly improving the usefulness of the line of beacons along the
extensive coast of the United States, effected at the same time a great
economy of administration. His equally careful experiments on various
acoustic instruments also resulted in giving to his country the most
serviceable system of fog-signals known to maritime powers. In the
course of these varied and prolonged researches from 1865 to 1877, he
also made important contributions to the science of acoustics; and he
established by several series of laborious observations, extending over
many years and along a wide coast range, the correctness of G. G.
Stokes's hypothesis (_Report Brit. Assoc._, 1857, part ii. 27) that the
wind exerts a very marked influence in refracting sound-beams. From 1868
Henry continued to be annually chosen as president of the National
Academy of Sciences; and he was also president of the Philosophical
Society of Washington from the date of its organization in 1871.
Henry was by general concession the foremost of American physicists. He
was a man of varied culture, of large breadth and liberality of views,
of generous impulses, of great gentleness and courtesy of manner,
combined with equal firmness of purpose and energy of action. He died at
Washington on the 13th of May 1878. (S. F. B.)
HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714), English nonconformist divine, was born at
Broad Oak, a farm-house on the confines of Flintshire and Shropshire, on
the 18th of October 1662. He was the son of Philip Henry, who had, two
months earlier, been ejected by the Act of Uniformity. Unlike most of
his fellow-sufferers, Philip Henry possessed some private means, and was
thus enabled to give a good education to his son, who went first to a
school at Islington, and then to Gray's Inn. He soon relinquished his
legal studies for theology, and in 1687 became minister of a
Presbyterian congregation at Chester, removing in 1712 to Mare Street,
Hackney. Two years later (22nd of June 1714), he died suddenly of
apoplexy at Nantwich while on a journey from Chester to London. Henry's
well-known _Exposition of the Old and New Testaments_ (1708-1710) is a
commentary of a practical and devotional rather than of a critical kind,
covering the whole of the Old Testament, and the Gospels and Acts in the
New. Here it was broken off by the author's death, but the work was
finished by a number of ministers, and edited by G. Burder and John
Hughes in 1811. Of no value as criticism, its unfailing good sense, its
discriminating thought, its high moral tone, its simple piety and its
singular felicity of practical application, combine with the
well-sustained flow of its racy English style to secure for it the
foremost place among works of its class.
His _Miscellaneous Writings_, including a _Life of Mr Philip Henry_,
_The Communicant's Companion_, _Directions for Daily Communion with
God_, _A Method for Prayer_, _A Scriptural Catechism_, and numerous
sermons, were edited in 1809 and in 1830. See biographies by W. Tong
(1816), C. Chapman (1859), J. B. Williams (1828, new ed. 1865); and M.
H. Lee's _Diaries and Letters of Philip Henry_ (1883).
HENRY, PATRICK (1736-1799), American statesman and orator, was born at
Studley, Hanover county, Virginia, on the 29th of May 1736. He was the
son of John Henry, a well-educated Scotsman, among whose relatives was
the historian William Robertson, and who served in Virginia as county
surveyor, colonel and judge of a county court. His mother was one of a
family named Winston, of Welsh descent, noted for conversational and
musical talent. At the age of ten Patrick was making slow progress in
the study of reading, writing and arithmetic at a small country school,
when his father became his tutor and taught him Latin, Greek and
mathematics for five years, but with limited success. His school days
being then terminated, he was employed as a store-clerk for one year.
Within the seven years next following he failed twice as a storekeeper
and once as a farmer; but in the meantime acquired a taste for reading,
of history especially, and read and re-read the history of Greece and
Rome, of England, and of her American colonies. Then, poor but not
discouraged, he resolved to be a lawyer, and after reading _Coke upon
Littleton_ and the Virginia laws for a few weeks only, he strongly
impressed one of his examiners, and was admitted to the bar at the age
of twenty-four, on condition that he spend more time in study before
beginning to practise. He rapidly acquired a considerable practice, his
fee books shewing that for the first three years he charged fees in 1185
cases. Then in 1763 was delivered his speech in "The Parson's Cause"--a
suit brought by a clergyman, Rev. James Maury, in the Hanover County
Court, to secure restitution for money considered by him to be due on
account of his salary (16,000 pounds of tobacco by law) having been paid
in money calculated at a rate less than the current market price of
tobacco. This speech, which, according to reports, was extremely radical
and denied the right of the king to disallow acts of the colonial
legislature, made Henry the idol of the common people of Virginia and
procured for him an enormous practice. In 1765 he was elected a member
of the Virginia legislature, where he became in the same year the author
of the "Virginia Resolutions," which were no less than a declaration of
resistance to the Stamp Act and an assertion of the right of the
colonies to legislate for themselves independently of the control of the
British parliament, and gave a most powerful impetus to the movement
resulting in the War of Independence. In a speech urging their adoption
appear the often-quoted words: "Tarquin and Caesar had each his Brutus,
Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third [here he was
interrupted by cries of "Treason"] and George the Third may profit by
their example! If _this_ be treason, make the most of it." Until 1775 he
continued to sit in the House of Burgesses, as a leader during all that
eventful period. He was prominent as a radical in all measures in
opposition to the British government, and was a member of the first
Virginia committee of correspondence. In 1774 and 1775 he was a delegate
to the Continental Congress and served on three of its most important
committees: that on colonial trade and manufactures, that for drawing up
an address to the king, and that for stating the rights of the colonies.
In 1775, in the second revolutionary convention of Virginia, Henry,
regarding war as inevitable, presented resolutions for arming the
Virginia militia. The more conservative members strongly opposed them as
premature, whereupon Henry supported them in a speech familiar to the
American school-boy for several generations following, closing with the
words, "Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the
price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what
course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me
death!" The resolutions were passed and their author was made chairman
of the committee for which they provided. The chief command of the newly
organized army was also given to him, but previously, at the head of a
body of militia, he had demanded satisfaction for powder removed from
the public store by order of Lord Dunmore, the royal governor, with the
result that L330 was paid in compensation. But his military appointment
required obedience to the Committee of Public Safety, and this body,
largely dominated by Edmund Pendleton, so restrained him from active
service that he resigned on the 28th of February 1776. In the Virginia
convention of 1776 he favoured the postponement of a declaration of
independence, until a firm union of the colonies and the friendship of
France and Spain had been secured. In the same convention he served on
the committee which drafted the first constitution for Virginia, and was
elected governor of the State--to which office he was re-elected in 1777
and 1778, thus serving as long as the new constitution allowed any man
to serve continuously. As governor he gave Washington able support and
sent out the expedition under George Rogers Clark (q.v.) into the
Illinois country. In 1778 he was chosen a delegate to Congress, but
declined to serve. From 1780 to 1784 and from 1787 to 1790 he was again
a member of his State legislature; and from 1784 to 1786 was again
governor. Until 1786 he was a leading advocate of a stronger central
government but when chosen a delegate to the Philadelphia constitutional
convention of 1787, he had become cold in the cause and declined to
serve. Moreover, in the state convention called to decide whether
Virginia should ratify the Federal Constitution he led the opposition,
contending that the proposed Constitution, because of its centralizing
character, was dangerous to the liberties of the country. This change of
attitude is thought to have been due chiefly to his suspicion of the
North aroused by John Jay's proposal to surrender to Spain for
twenty-five or thirty years the navigation of the Mississippi. From 1794
until his death he declined in succession the following offices: United
States senator (1794), secretary of state in Washington's cabinet
(1795), chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1795),
governor of Virginia (1796), to which office he had been elected by the
Assembly, and envoy to France (1799). In 1799, however, he consented to
serve again in his State legislature, where he wished to combat the
Virginia Resolutions; he never took his seat, since he died, on his Red
Hill estate in Charlotte county, Virginia, on the 6th of June of that
year. Henry was twice married, first to Sarah Skelton, and second to
Dorothea Spotswood Dandridge, a grand-daughter of Governor Alexander
Spotswocd.
See Moses Coit Tyler, _Patrick Henry_ (Boston, 1887; new ed., 1899),
and William Wirt Henry (Patrick Henry's grandson), _Patrick Henry:
Life, Correspondence and Speeches_ (New York, 1890-1891); these
supersede the very unsatisfactory biography by William Wirt, _Sketches
of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry_ (Philadelphia, 1817). See
also George Morgan, _The True Patrick Henry_ (Philadelphia, 1907).
(N. D. M.)