Henry I., and was born on the 10th of November 1489. He began to reign in
1514, but his brother William objected to the indivisibility of the duchy
which had been decreed by the elder Henry, and it was only in 1535, after
an imprisonment of eleven years, that William recognized his brother's
title. Sharing in an attack on John, bishop of Hildesheim, Henry was
defeated at the battle of Soltau in June 1519, but afterwards he was more
successful, and when peace was made received some lands from the bishop.
In 1525 he assisted Philip, landgrave of Hesse, to crush the rising of
the peasants in north Germany, and in 1528 took help to Charles V. in
Italy, where he narrowly escaped capture. As a pronounced opponent of the
reformed doctrines, he joined the Catholic princes in concerting measures
for defence at Dessau and elsewhere, but on the other hand promised
Philip of Hesse to aid him in restoring his own brother-in-law Ulrich,
duke of Wurttemberg, to his duchy. However he gave no assistance when
this enterprise was undertaken in 1534, and subsequently the hostility
between Philip and himself was very marked. Henry was attacked by Luther
with unmeasured violence in a writing _Wider Hans Worst_; but more
serious was his isolation in north Germany. The duke soon came into
collision with the Protestant towns of Goslar and Brunswick, against the
former of which a sentence of restitution had been pronounced by the
imperial court of justice (_Reichskammergericht_). To conciliate the
Protestants Charles V. had suspended the execution of this sentence, a
proceeding which Henry declared was _ultra vires_. The league of
Schmalkalden, led by Philip of Hesse and John Frederick, elector of
Saxony, then took up arms to defend the towns; and in 1542 Brunswick was
overrun and the duke forced to flee. In September 1545 he made an attempt
to regain his duchy, but was taken prisoner by Philip, and only released
after the victory of Charles V. at Muhlberg in April 1547. Returning to
Brunswick, where he was very unpopular, he soon quarrelled with his
subjects both on political and religious questions, while his duchy was
ravaged by Albert Alcibiades, prince of Bayreuth. Henry was among the
princes who banded themselves together to crush Albert, and after the
death of Maurice, elector of Saxony, at Sievershausen in July 1553, he
took command of the allied troops and defeated Albert in two engagements.
In his later years he became more tolerant, and was reconciled with his
Protestant subjects. He died at Wolfenbuttel on the 11th of June 1568.
The duke was twice married, firstly in 1515 to Maria (d. 1541), sister of
Ulrich of Wurttemberg, and secondly in 1556 to Sophia (d. 1575) daughter
of Sigismund I., king of Poland. He attained some notoriety through his
romantic attachment to Eva von Trott, whom he represented as dead and
afterwards kept concealed at Staufenburg. Henry was succeeded by his only
surviving son, Julius (1528-1589).
See F. Koldewey, _Heinz von Wolfenbuttel_ (Halle, 1883); and F. Bruns,
_Die Vertreibung Herzog Heinrichs von Braunschweig durch den
Schmalkaldischen Bund_ (Marburg, 1889).
HENRY (c. 1108-1139), surnamed the "Proud," duke of Saxony and Bavaria,
second son of Henry the Black, duke of Bavaria, and Wulfhild, daughter
of Magnus Billung, duke of Saxony, was a member of the Welf family. His
father and mother both died in 1126, and as his elder brother Conrad had
entered the church, Henry became duke of Bavaria and shared the family
possessions in Saxony, Bavaria and Swabia with his younger brother,
Welf. At Whitsuntide 1127 he was married to Gertrude, the only child of
the German king, Lothair the Saxon, and at once took part in the warfare
between the king and the Hohenstaufen brothers, Frederick II., duke of
Swabia, and Conrad, afterwards the German king Conrad III. While engaged
in this struggle Henry was also occupied in suppressing a rising in
Bavaria, led by Frederick, count of Bogen, during which both duke and
count sought to establish their own candidates in the bishopric of
Regensburg. After a war of devastation, Frederick submitted in 1133, and
two years later the Hohenstaufen brothers made their peace with Lothair.
In 1136 Henry accompanied his father-in-law to Italy, and taking command
of one division of the German army marched into southern Italy,
devastating the land as he went. It was probably about this time that he
was invested with the margraviate of Tuscany and the lands of Matilda,
the late margravine. Having distinguished himself by his military genius
during this campaign Henry left Italy with the German troops, and was
appointed by the emperor as his successor in the dukedom of Saxony. When
Lothair died in December 1137 Henry's wealth and position made him a
formidable candidate for the German throne; but the same qualities which
earned for him the surname of "Proud," aroused the jealousy of the
princes, and so prevented his election. The new king, Conrad III.,
demanded the imperial _insignia_ which were in Henry's possession, and
the duke in return asked for his investiture with the Saxon duchy. But
Conrad, who feared his power, refused to assent to this on the pretext
that it was unlawful for two duchies to be in one hand. Attempts at a
settlement failed, and in July 1138 the duke was placed under the ban,
and Saxony was given to Albert the Bear, afterwards margrave of
Brandenburg. War broke out in Saxony and Bavaria, but was cut short by
Henry's sudden death at Quedlinburg on the 20th of October 1139. He was
buried at Konigslutter. Henry was a man of great ability, and his early
death alone prevented him from playing an important part in German
history. Conrad the Priest, the author of the _Rolandslied_, was in
Henry's service, and probably wrote this poem at the request of the
duchess, Gertrude.
See S. Riezler, _Geschichte Bayerns_, Band i. (Gotha, 1878); W.
Bernhardi, _Lothar von Supplinburg_ (Leipzig, 1879); W. von
Giesebrecht, _Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit_, Band iv.
(Brunswick, 1877).
HENRY (1129-1195), surnamed the "Lion," duke of Saxony and Bavaria, only
son of Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, and Gertrude,
daughter of the emperor Lothair the Saxon, was born at Ravensburg, and
was a member of the family of Welf. In 1138 the German king Conrad III.
had sought to deprive Henry the Proud of his duchies, and when the duke
died in the following year the interests of his young son were
maintained in Saxony by his mother, and his grandmother Richenza, widow
of Lothair, and in Bavaria by his uncle, Count Welf VI. This struggle
ended in May 1142 when Henry was invested as duke of Saxony at
Frankfort, and Bavaria was given to Henry II., Jasomirgott, margrave of
Austria, who married his mother Gertrude. In 1147 he married Clementia,
daughter of Conrad, duke of Zahringen (d. 1152), and began to take an
active part in administering his dukedom and extending its area. He
engaged in a successful expedition against the Abotrites, or Obotrites,
in 1147, and won a considerable tract of land beyond the Elbe, in which
were re-established the bishoprics of Mecklenburg,[1] Oldenburg[2] and
Ratzeburg. Hartwig, archbishop of Bremen, wished these sees to be under
his authority, but Henry contested this claim, and won the right to
invest these bishops himself, a privilege afterwards confirmed by the
emperor Frederick I. Henry, meanwhile, had not forgotten Bavaria. In
1147 he made a formal claim on this duchy, and in 1151 sought to take
possession, but failing to obtain the aid of his uncle Welf, did not
effect his purpose. The situation was changed in his favour when
Frederick I., who was anxious to count the duke among his supporters,
succeeded Conrad as German king in February 1152. Frederick was unable
at first to persuade Henry Jasomirgott to abandon Bavaria, but in June
1154 he recognized the claim of Henry the Lion, who accompanied him on
his first Italian campaign and distinguished himself in suppressing a
rising at Rome, Henry's formal investiture as duke of Bavaria taking
place in September 1156 on the emperor's return to Germany. Henry soon
returned to Saxony, where he found full scope for his untiring energy.
Adolph II., count of Holstein, was compelled to cede Lubeck to him in
1158; campaigns in 1163 and 1164 beat down further resistance of the
Abotrites; and Saxon garrisons were established in the conquered lands.
The duke was aided in this work by the alliance of Valdemar I., king of
Denmark, and, it is said, by engines of war brought from Italy. During
these years he had also helped Frederick I. in his expedition of 1157
against the Poles, and in July 1159 had gone to his assistance in Italy,
where he remained for about two years.
The vigorous measures taken by Henry to increase his power aroused
considerable opposition. In 1166 a coalition was formed against him at
Merseburg under the leadership of Albert the Bear, margrave of
Brandenburg, and Archbishop Hartwig. Neither side met with much success
in the desultory warfare that ensued, and Frederick made peace between
the combatants at Wurzburg in June 1168. Having obtained a divorce from
his first wife in 1162, Henry was married at Minden in February 1168 to
Matilda (1156-1189), daughter of Henry II., king of England, and was
soon afterwards sent by the emperor Frederick I. on an embassy to the
kings of England and France. A war with Valdemar of Denmark, caused by a
quarrel over the booty obtained from the conquest of Rugen, engaged
Henry's activity until June 1171, when, in pursuance of a treaty which
restored peace, Henry's daughter, Gertrude, married the Danish prince,
Canute. Henry, whose position was now very strong, made a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem in 1172, was received with great respect by the eastern
emperor Manuel Comnenus at Constantinople, and returned to Saxony in
1173.
A variety of reasons were leading to a rupture in the harmonious
relations between Frederick and Henry, whose increasing power could not
escape the emperor's notice, and who showed little inclination to
sacrifice his interests in Germany in order to help the imperial cause
in Italy. He was not pleased when he heard that his uncle, Welf, had
bequeathed his Italian and Swabian lands to the emperor, and the crisis
came after Frederick's check before Alessandria in 1175. The emperor
appealed personally to Henry for help in February, or March 1176, but
Henry made no move in response, and his defection contributed in some
measure to the emperor's defeat at Legnano. The peace of Venice provided
for the restoration of Ulalrich to his see of Halberstadt. Henry,
however, refused to give up the lands which he had seized belonging to
the bishopric, and this conduct provoked a war in which Ulalrich was
soon joined by Philip, archbishop of Cologne. No attack on Henry appears
to have been contemplated by Frederick to whom both parties carried
their complaints, and a day was fixed for the settlement of the dispute
at Worms. But neither then, nor on two further occasions, did Henry
appear to answer the charges preferred against him; accordingly in
January 1180 he was placed under the imperial ban at Wurzburg, and was
declared deprived of all his lands.
Meanwhile the war with Ulalrich continued, but after his victory at
Weissensee Henry's allies began to fall away, and his cause to decline.
When Frederick took the field in June 1181 the struggle was soon over.
Henry sought for peace, and the conditions were settled at Erfurt in
November 1181, when he was granted the counties of Luneburg and
Brunswick, but was banished under oath not to return without the
emperor's permission. In July 1182 he went to his father-in-law's court
in Normandy, and afterwards to England, returning to Germany with
Frederick's permission in 1185. He was soon regarded once more as a
menace to the peace of Germany, and of the three alternatives presented
to him by the emperor in 1188 he rejected the idea of making a formal
renunciation of his claim, or of participating in the crusade, and chose
exile, going again to England in 1189. In October of the same year,
however, he returned to Saxony, excusing himself by asserting that his
lands had not been defended according to the emperor's promise. He found
many allies, took Lubeck, and soon almost the whole of Saxony was in his
power. King Henry VI. was obliged to take the field against him, after
which the duke's cause declined, and in July 1190 a peace was arranged
at Fulda, by which he retained Brunswick and Luneburg, received half the
revenues of Lubeck, and gave two of his sons as hostages. Still hoping
to regain his former position, he took advantage of a league against
Henry VI. in 1193 to engage in a further revolt; but the captivity of
his brother-in-law Richard I., king of England, led to a reconciliation.
Henry passed his later years mainly at his castle of Brunswick, where he
died on the 6th of August 1195, and was buried in the church of St
Blasius which he had founded in the town. He had by his first wife a son
and a daughter, and by his second wife five sons and a daughter. One of
his sons was Otto, afterwards the emperor Otto IV., and another was
Henry (d. 1227) count palatine of the Rhine.
Henry was a man of great ambition, and won his surname of "Lion" by his
personal bravery. His influence on the fortunes of Saxony and northern
Germany was very considerable. He planted Flemish and Dutch settlers in
the land between the Elbe and the Oder, fostered the growth and trade of
Lubeck, and in other ways encouraged trade and agriculture. He sought to
spread Christianity by introducing the Cistercians, founding bishoprics,
and building churches and monasteries. In 1874 a colossal statue was
erected to his memory at Brunswick.
The authorities for the life of Henry the Lion are those dealing with
the reign of the emperor Frederick I., and the early years of his son
King Henry VI. The chief modern works are H. Prutz, _Heinrich der
Lowe_ (Leipzig, 1865); M. Philippson, _Geschichte Heinrichs des Lowen_
(Leipzig, 1867); and L. Weiland, _Das sachsische Herzogthum unter
Lothar und Heinrich dem Lowen_ (Greifswald, 1866).
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The see was transferred to Schwerin by Henry in 1167.
[2] Transferred to Lubeck in 1163.
HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896), was the third son of Prince
Alexander of Hesse and his morganatic wife, the beautiful Countess Julia
von Hauke, to whom was granted in 1858 the title of princess of
Battenberg, which her children inherited. He was born at Milan on the
5th of October 1858, was educated with a special view to military
service, and in due time became a lieutenant in the first regiment of
Rhenish hussars. By their relationship to the grand dukes of Hesse the
princes of Battenberg were brought into close contact with the English
court, and Prince Henry paid several visits to England, where he soon
became popular both in public and in private circles. It therefore
created but little surprise when, towards the close of 1884, it was
announced that Queen Victoria had sanctioned his engagement to the
Princess Beatrice. The wedding took place at Whippingham on the 23rd of
July 1885, and after the honeymoon the prince and princess settled down
to a quiet home life with the queen, being seldom absent from the court,
and accompanying her majesty in her annual visits to the continent.
Three sons and a daughter were the issue of the marriage. On the 31st of
July 1885 a bill to naturalize Prince Henry was passed by the House of
Lords, and he received the title of royal highness. He was made a Knight
of the Garter and a member of the Privy Council, and also appointed a
colonel in the army, and afterwards captain-general and governor of the
Isle of Wight and governor of Carisbrooke Castle. He adapted himself
very readily to English country life, for he was an excellent shot and
an enthusiastic yachtsman. Coming of a martial race, the prince would
gladly have embraced an active military career, and when the Ashanti
expedition was organized in November 1895 he volunteered to join it. But
when the expedition reached Prahsu, about 30 m. from Kumasi, he was
struck down by fever, and being promptly conveyed back to the coast, was
placed on board H.M.S. "Blonde." On the 17th of January he seemed to
recover slightly, but a relapse occurred on the 19th, and he died on the
evening of the 20th off the coast of Sierra Leone.
HENRY FITZ HENRY (1155-1183), second son of Henry II., king of England,
by Eleanor of Aquitaine, became heir to the throne on the death of his
brother William (1156), and at the age of five was married to
Marguerite, the infant daughter of Louis VII. In 1170 he was crowned at
Westminster by Roger of York. The protests of Becket against this
usurpation of the rights of Canterbury were the ultimate cause of the
primate's murder. The young king soon quarrelled with his father, who
allowed him no power and a wholly inadequate revenue, and headed the
great baronial revolt of 1173. He was assisted by his father-in-law, to
whose court he had repaired; but, failing to shake the old king's power
either in Normandy or England, made peace in 1174. Despite the generous
terms which he received, he continued to intrigue with Louis VII., and
was in consequence jealously watched by his father. In 1182 he and his
younger brother Geoffrey took up arms, on the side of the Poitevin
rebels, against Richard Coeur de Lion; apparently from resentment at the
favour which Henry II. had shown to Richard in giving him the government
of Poitou while they were virtually landless. Henry II. took the field
in aid of Richard; but the young king and Geoffrey had no scruples about
withstanding their father, and continued to aid the Aquitanian rising
until the young king fell ill of a fever which proved fatal to him (June
11, 1183). His death was bitterly regretted by his father and by all who
had known him. Though of a fickle and treacherous nature, he had all the
personal fascination of his family, and is extolled by his
contemporaries as a mirror of chivalry. His train was full of knights
who served him without pay for the honour of being associated with his
exploits in the tilting-lists and in war.
The original authorities for Henry's life are Robert de Torigni,
_Chronica_; Giraldus Cambrensis, _De instructione principum, Guillaume
le Marechal_ (ed. P. Meyer, Paris, 1891, &c.); Benedict, _Gesta
Henrici_, William of Newburgh. See also Kate Norgate, _England under
the Angevin Kings_ (1887); Sir James Ramsay, _Angevin Empire_ (1903);
and C. E. Hodgson, _Jung Heinrich, Konig von England_ (Jena, 1906).
HENRY, or in full, HENRY BENEDICT MARIA CLEMENT STUART (1725-1807),
usually known as Cardinal York, the last prince of the royal house of
Stuart, was the younger son of James Stuart, and was born in the Palazzo
Muti at Rome on the 6th of March 1725. He was created duke of York by
his father soon after his birth, and by this title he was always alluded
to by Jacobite adherents of his house. British visitors to Rome speak of
him as a merry high-spirited boy with martial instincts; nevertheless,
he grew up studious, peace-loving and serious. In order to be of
assistance to his brother Charles, who was then campaigning in Scotland,
Henry was despatched in the summer of 1745 to France, where he was
placed in nominal command of French troops at Dunkirk, with which the
marquis d'Argenson had some vague idea of invading England. Seven months
after Charles's return from Scotland Henry secretly departed to Rome
and, with the full approval of his father, but to the intense disgust of
his brother, was created a cardinal deacon under the title of the
cardinal of York by Pope Benedict XIV. on the 3rd of July 1747. In the
following year he was ordained priest, and nominated arch-priest of the
Vatican Basilica. In 1759 he was consecrated archbishop of Corinth _in
partibus_, and in 1761 bishop of Frascati (the ancient Tusculum) in the
Alban Hills near Rome. Six years later he was appointed vice-chancellor
of the Holy See. Henry Stuart likewise held sinecure benefices in
France, Spain and Spanish America, so that he became one of the
wealthiest churchmen of the period, his annual revenue being said to
amount to L30,000 sterling. On the death of his father, James Stuart
(whose affairs he had managed during the last five years of his life),
Henry made persistent attempts to induce Pope Clement XIII. to
acknowledge his brother Charles as legitimate king of Great Britain, but
his efforts were defeated, chiefly through the adverse influence of
Cardinal Alessandro Albani, who was bitterly opposed to the Stuart
cause. On Charles's death in 1788 Henry issued a manifesto asserting his
hereditary right to the British crown, and likewise struck a medal,
commemorative of the event, with the legend "Hen. IX. Mag. Brit. Fr. et
Hib. Rex. Fid. Def. Card. Ep. Tusc:" (Henry the Ninth of Great Britain,
France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Cardinal, Bishop of
Frascati). In February 1798, at the approach of the invading French
forces, Henry was forced to fly from Frascati to Naples, whence at the
close of the same year he sailed to Messina. From Messina he proceeded
by sea in order to be present at the expected conclave at Venice, where
he arrived in the spring of 1799, aged, ill and almost penniless. His
sad plight was now made known by Cardinal Stefano Borgia to Sir John
Coxe Hippisley (d. 1825), who had formerly acted semi-officially on
behalf of the British government at the court of Pius VI. Sir John
Hippisley appealed to George III., who on the warm recommendation of
Prince Augustus Frederick, duke of Sussex, gave orders for the annual
payment of a pension of L4000 to the last of the Royal Stuarts. Henry
received the proffered assistance gratefully, and in return for the
king's kindness subsequently left by his will certain British crown
jewels in his possession to the prince regent. In 1800 Henry was able to
return to Rome, and in 1803, being now senior cardinal bishop, he became
_ipso facto_ dean of the Sacred College and bishop of Ostia and
Velletri. He died at Frascati on the 13th of July 1807, and was buried
in the _Grotte Vaticane_ of St Peter's in an urn bearing the title of
"Henry IX."; he is also commemorated in Canova's well-known monument to
the Royal Stuarts (see JAMES). The Stuart archives, once the property of
Cardinal York, were subsequently presented by Pope Pius VII. to the
prince regent, who placed them in the royal library at Windsor Castle.
See B. W. Kelly, _Life of Cardinal York_; H. M. Vaughan, _Last of the
Royal Stuarts_; and A. Shield, _Henry Stuart, Cardinal of York, and
his Times_ (1908). (H. M. V.)
HENRY OF PORTUGAL, surnamed the "Navigator" (1394-1460), duke of Viseu,
governor of the Algarve, was born at Oporto on the 4th of March 1394. He
was the third (or, counting children who died in infancy, the fifth) son
of John (Joao) I., the founder of the Aviz dynasty, under whom Portugal,
victorious against Castile and against the Moors of Morocco, began to
take a prominent place among European nations; his mother was Philippa,
daughter of John of Gaunt. When Ceuta, the "African Gibraltar," was
taken in 1415, Prince Henry performed the most distinguished service of
any Portuguese leader, and received knighthood; he was now created duke
of Viseu and lord of Covilham, and about the same time began his
explorations, which, however, limited in their original conception,
certainly developed into a search for a better knowledge of the western
ocean and for a sea-way along the unknown coast of Africa to the
supposed western Nile (our Senegal), to the rich negro lands beyond the
Sahara desert, to the half-true, half-fabled realm of Prester John, and
so ultimately to the Indies.