The ideas of humiliation of the masochistic sufferers are in the

beginning often associated with their own sex. Not that they are in

any way homosexual at the same time, but because genuine, complete

masochism, being a hereditary taint, the feverish longing for

submission begins in early youth at a time when the child is as yet

unconscious of the difference of sex.

Sometimes the masochistic tendency is not fully developed. The desire

to suffer pain at the hands of the lover has only the end in view to

increase the natural libido in congressu.

One of the author’s patients, a sexually hyperaesthetic woman of

thirty years of age, who always had a supply of lovers besides

her husband, found great delight in jacendo nuda in genibus amati

et ab eo verberata in nudis natibus. When first told about this

peculiar desire, the author attributed this desire to her natural

hyperexcitation. In this state every impression, produced by the

consort, independently of the manner of its production, is per se

attended with lustful pleasure. But later on, when he learned that she

found more satisfaction in concubitu if preceded by such a spanking,

and that the husband often had to gratify her in this manner even

in the middle of the night, there was no doubt that hers was a case

of a psychical anomaly in which the sexual instinct was partly made

insensible to the normal charms of the consort. Her perverse desire

was, therefore, of a masochistic nature.

Of the same masochistic nature was the frigidity of the Duchess Leonore

Gonzaza of Mantua. Aloisia Sigea says that her frigidity could only be

removed by a flagelation by her mother ante coitum: “Virgis Leonora,

parentis suae manu ad hanc diem nullam ex Venere ceperat voluptatem.

Hoc vero temporis momento vehementissime mota est, lacessiti iterum

verberibus lumbi, clunes et femora ad venerem incensi.”

Generally, female masochistic patients are unconscious of the

abnormality of their desires and never come to the physician’s office.

Their pathological condition is only accidentally discovered, when

complicated with other anomalies.

It may be also noted that the courts of justice never or very rarely

have any dealings with cases of masochism, whether in men or in women,

as may happen in sadism. The patient will never go so far in his or

her perverse desire for suffering that the injury inflicted may become

criminal. For the extreme consequences of masochism, such as murder and

serious injury, as sometimes found in sadism, are avoided through the

instinct of self-preservation.

_Sadism._—While masochism is a pathological growth of specifically

feminine mental elements, where the patient finds delight in suffering

pain, in sadism the patient seeks lustful excitement in inflicting

pain. Sadism hence represents a pathological intensification of the

masculine mental character. Sadism is so-called after the Marquis de

Sade, who during the French Revolution devoted himself to the writing

of obscene books which had lust and cruelty for their theme.

Sadism is characterized by the impulse to cruel and violent treatment

of the opposite sex and the coloring of the idea of such acts with

lustful feelings.[BB] It is hence a non-feminine trait and is less

frequently found in women than in men. Woman’s modesty causes her to

keep herself on the defensive until the moment of surrender, while

under normal conditions man meets with obstacles in his wooing which

it is his part to surmount. He is aggressive, and aggressiveness

is closely related to the infliction of pain. It affords men great

pleasure to win and conquer women. Nature has given the man for that

purpose strength and combativeness. In sadism this aggressiveness is

intensified and excessively developed. The patient is dominated by the

wish to subdue the object of his desire with cruelty.

Bain explains this love of inflicting cruelty as springing from

the pleasure the individual finds in the knowledge of the power and

domination it has over the maltreated mate.

The need of the subjugation of the consort forms a constituent symptom

in sadism and may be intensified to such a degree that the patient

will not shrink even from murder. Sadism is hence mostly found in men,

although in rare instances it also affects women.

The anomaly of sadism shows different degrees of intensity. The first

degree represents Platonic sadism. The patient does not go any further

in his abnormal desires than to commit violent acts in his phantasy

only or to draw and paint scenes of violence or to describe such scenes

in verse or prose.

In the second degree the patient seeks to satisfy his abnormal impulse

by striking light blows, or by biting and pricking different parts of

the mate’s body.

In the third degree of sadism serious wounds are inflicted upon the

mate. The patient does not shrink back from mutilating the body of his

victim or from committing murder.

The fourth degree shows the most abnormal enormities of cruelty, such

as emboweling the victim or the ablation of its genitals, evisceration,

dismembering the victim, sucking its blood or devouring its flesh.

Cases of Platonic sadism are very frequently met with in all classes of

society. But since the patients do nobody any harm, such cases never

come to the notice of the judge or even of the physician, and are hence

never recorded. They are discovered in the course of the anamnesis, at

the examination for some other anomaly.

One of the author’s patients who was suffering from psychic impotence,

a talented painter, in his leisure hours, while sitting in the

beer-garden or while conversing with his friends, used to draw on

pieces of paper horrible scenes of war and murder, of wounds and

blood. When asked about this peculiarity, he confessed that in his

imagination he spanks, whips and lashes women until they bleed.

Sadistic acts of the second degree sometimes come to the notice of the

physician, when he is called upon to treat the wounds inflicted by the

patients.

The author was once called upon by a young bride to be treated for a

wound in her left breast which was inflicted through the bite of her

husband in the bridal bed, at the acme of his orgasm. It took several

weeks to cure this love-bite.

All such acts of the two first degrees still stand on the border-line

of the normal and pathological. The acts of the last two degrees are,

as a rule, only found in psychopathic degenerates. The best example

of sadistic acts of the third degree is found in a recent celebrated

murder case in New York city.

The patient has been twice tried for murder and has been sent to an

asylum for the criminal insane. Playing the rôle of a theatrical

agent, the patient used to lure young girls to his apartment by

advertisement and then gratify his abnormal desires by subjecting the

innocent girls to flagellation. He would sometimes have eight to ten

girls in the dining-room of his boarding house and would beat one

with a whip. The landlady saw poor young girls all welts and bruises

from these cruel whippings. On one occasion, she found a girl of

fifteen years of age in his room, whose clothing was torn and arms cut

from the maltreatment. The wealthy degenerate then paid these girls

hush-money to keep quiet. All these facts are in the records of the

Supreme court where a habeas corpus order was argued.

An example of the fourth degree of sadism is the celebrated case of

Nathan Schwartz.

On July 6, 1912, the patient, a former prize-fighter, twenty-three

years of age, accidentally meets with a girl, only twelve years of

age, but unusually well developed. He accosts the child and lures her

to his father’s flat. There he chokes her to insensibility, undresses

her, except to her union suit, and carries her to the roof of the

house and hence down to the bathroom of a vacant flat. There he makes

twenty jabs in her back with a knife, slashes her throat and forearms

and stabs her in the heart. The union suit had forty-one rents, all

made by his knife. He then puts her into a soap box where she was

found by the police. Twelve days later the patient committed suicide,

while the police was still looking for him.

This case may throw some light upon the brutality of the prize-fight.

The study of the psychology of the votaries of this brutal sport

may lead to some important discoveries. Some sadistic trait may be

discovered in every one of these fighters, showing that it was not

their profession that made them brutal, but that on account of an

innate cruelty, they chose the cruel profession.

Another example of the fourth degree of sadism is the case reported by

Boas (Archiv f. krimin. Anthropologie und Kriminalistik, v. 35, p. 195).

A nine-year-old girl is lured by a shoemaker into a cellar. There

the patient abuses and kills the child by choking her with a pillow.

The murderer thereupon thrusts a cane into the child’s vagina, which

perforates the posterior vaginal wall and penetrates into the bowels.

Such extreme cases of cruelty as the last two are never found in

sadistic women, at least none are on record. The woman playing the

passive rôle can naturally have no use for a dead mate. She needs an

active live one. Hence only the first three degrees are found in women.

Moraglia claims that some women’s features manifest cruelty during

conjugation. At the beginning of the orgasm the face becomes distorted,

and by showing her teeth such a woman assumes a certain ferocity of

expression that is sometimes frightening.

One of the author’s patients, a woman of twenty-six years of age,

mother of two children, would take on a cruel look at the height of

her sexual excitement immediately before the orgasm. This frightened

the husband so that he sought medical advice. She would also grasp

with her teeth her consort’s lips and tongue and bite them.

Slight sadistic features are, therefore, not uncommon in women.

Especially in modern times, with the increasing effemination of men and

the corresponding masculination of women, the aggressive woman is not

so great a rarity. The biting and scratching of the companion during

sexual excitement is, therefore, not uncommon and falls yet within

physiological limits. But when the individual is driven to whip, pinch

and prick the body, or, particularly the genitals of her companion,

in the blind impulse to satisfy sexual desire, such expression of

gratification does not correspond with the natural purposes, and the

acts become perverse. Such uncontrollable emotions may even lead the

individual to homicidal thoughts.

Phylogenetically it is significant that sadism is found even among the

lower female animals. At the time of sexual union, crabs tear off limbs

from the bodies of their consorts. Spiders often bite off the heads

of their mates. It is the male spider who impregnates the female at

the risk of his life, and sometimes perishes in the attempt. It is the

male bee that after conjugium with the queen falls dead from the fatal

embrace, leaving her to fling aside his entrails and calmly pursue her

course. Sadism may, hence, be considered a kind of atavism. It shows

man to be, as Schopenhauer puts it, in reality a wild, cruel animal. We

only see him in a tame state, which we call civilization.

In history it is known that not only the degenerated Caesars, like

Nero or Tiberius, took great pleasure and delight in having youths and

maidens slaughtered before their eyes, but the same is also reported

of women, who did not shrink from committing sadistic acts. Valeria

Messalina and Catherine de Medici found great pleasure in having the

ladies of their courts whipped before their eyes. Branton relates that

Catherine loved to whip with rods the prettiest ladies of her court

only to satisfy her lust.

Among the cases reported in recent medical literature the case of

Krafft-Ebing is remarkable.

This author saw a man with numerous scars and cuts on his arm. Every

time, the man explained, he wished to approach his young wife he first

had to make a cut in his arm. She would then suck the wound and during

this act become violently excited sexually.

Blumroder saw a man bitten in the breast by his consort during

conjugation in the great sexual excitement at the acme of libido.

One of the author’s patients, a lady of good social standing, thirty

years of age, took great delight, while sitting on her consort’s lap,

in biting the lobes of his ears or his arms, until he screamed with

pain. He always carried marks of her teeth on his body. Post initum

the face of this otherwise pretty woman became distorted. She lay for

some time with open mouth, showing her teeth, and her face assuming an

ironical, cruel expression.

In Moll’s case absolute frigidity is combined with sadism. The woman,

twenty-six years of age, has been married for eight years and has one

child. She presents signs of hysteria and neurasthenia. She never had

any desire congressionis and until her marriage remained ignorant of

any knowledge of sexual matters. Initus to her is not only no pleasure

but on the contrary a distasteful act, and the repugnance of it has

constantly increased. She can not conceive how the lumbus can have

anything to do with love. She loves her husband and finds decided

pleasure in kissing him. But while kissing him she experiences great

lust when allowed to bite him. She would find the greatest pleasure

if she could so bite him that his blood would flow. She was better

satisfied, if instead of having commixtio she was bitten by her

husband and allowed to bite him. When her biting caused her husband

too much pain she regretted the act.

A few years ago the author treated a patient, a French lady of

thirty-five years of age, who had normal genital organs and was

otherwise well, except that she was laid up in a hospital in Paris

for eight weeks with rheumatism. She found great delight in having

her consort sugere et osculare mammas. She always requested him to

continue this practice for a considerable length of time. At the

height of the orgasm in complexu venereo, her face becomes distorted

by ferocity, taking on a cruel look and showing her teeth. At the

same time she has spasms of the muscles of the back, by which the

entire body is bent backwards, the spinal column forming a convex

arc at the anterior aspect, the veritable opisthotonus often seen in

grand hysteria. After the paroxysm she invariably tries to choke her

consort, but desists from her intent before she has done any real harm

or having caused him any real pain.

Hausler reports the case of a pregnant woman who had a great desire

for her husband’s blood. Several times, while he was asleep, she

stabbed him and sucked his blood.

In Kiernan’s case the patient would hack herself all over her body

with any instrument she could conveniently lay her hands on, not for

suicidal purposes, but because she experienced a fascinating pleasure

whenever she drew blood.

Here is a case of pleasure in cruelty, directed against the patient’s

own person.

_Fetichism._—The word fetichism denotes the condition in which an

object by virtue of association with sentiment, personality, or ideas

exerts a charm. Erotic fetichism makes an idol of physical or mental

qualities of an individual of the other sex or even of objects used

by this individual. Erotic fetichism is physiologic in nature. Hence

pathologic fetichism is generally, like masochism and sadism, not

so easily diagnosed. Sometimes it is almost impossible to define

sharply the beginning of the perversion. Fetichism of a considerable

high degree is found in normal love as well. The preference for some

particular physical or psychical characteristic in a person of the

opposite sex is not pathological. The breasts and hips of a woman are

not seldom made the object of a fetich, still this fact does not denote

pathological fetichism. One man may be charmed by the sweet voice of

his beloved, another man is raving over her soft blond hair. Some man

is enchanted by the delicate white arm, another is enraptured at the

sight of her dainty foot, or is fascinated by the fairy-like nimble

gait of his girl and sobs out of excitement when inhaling the sweet

odor of her hair. Many a girl becomes extremely excited when kissed

by mustached and bearded lips, while a smooth face leaves her cold.

Another girl is thrilled when looking into the serious, thoughtful eyes

of a man.

Hence the enthusiasm extended to certain portions of the body or to

articles of attire, still lies within the limits of physiological

fetichism, if the awakened powerful emotions are associated with a

certain beloved person. When the royal singer in the Bible (Solomon’s

Song, chap. 4) extols the dove’s eyes of his bride and praises her

comely speech, when he compares her hair to a flock of goats, her

teeth to a flock of shorn sheep, her lips to a thread of scarlet, her

temples to a piece of pomegranate, her neck to the tower of David, and

her two breasts to two young twin roes; when he tells us that milk and

honey lie under her tongue and that the smell of her garment is like

the smell of the Lebanon, no one would declare him for that reason a

degenerate fetichist. The sweet, red, coral-like, quivering, laughing

lips of the mother of the human race have been extolled in verse and

prose since the dawn of history.

Hence if certain parts of the body of a certain person or certain

pieces of its clothing are worshipped because they arouse strong sexual

emotions, this fact, as such, does not prove pathological fetichism. It

may still be normal. But with the normal individual the main attraction

is after all the man or the woman themselves with their respectively

primary and secondary characteristics. Every part of the body excites

and even the clothes that may cover the part. But there must be a

personality behind these clothes or such parts. When, however, the

stimulation emanating from these parts or their coverings is entirely

independent from the personality, when the fetichist abstracts the

part from the whole or the clothing from the wearer, then such emotions

become pathological.

In pathological fetichism the creation of lust is effected through a

certain part of the body or through a certain piece of clothing of the

other sex without any reference to any personality. The fetich creates

tumescence which may lead to the desire of effecting detumescence

either concarnatione aut stupro manu. Not seldom the libido enjoyed

by the fetich affords the patient complete satisfaction and nothing

more is sought or desired. In the latter case the anomaly is complete.

The more the normal desire concubitus recedes, and the fetich becomes

the only aim, the more the fetichistic desire becomes pathological.

This pathological condition, wherein some part or physical peculiarity

of the person or a part of its attire is the object of erotic desire

to the exclusion of everything else, is oftener found in men than in

women. Fetichism in men often reaches the extremes in its pathological

aspects. The patient goes sometimes so far in his fetich-worship of

women’s hair as to stealthily cut off tresses on crowded streets, or

his fetich for women’s handkerchiefs leads him to become a thief.

The following case offers a very good illustration to which extremes

the fetichist may go:

A man of thirty, married, father of two children, gets peculiar

attacks every two to three months which generally last no longer

than three to five days. During this time he has the irresistible

impulse se stuprare while fondling a woman’s handkerchief. His desire

for procuring women’s handkerchiefs is so strong and irresistible

that he steals them whenever opportunity is afforded. In this way he

accumulates hundreds of handkerchiefs during the three to four days

of each attack. After the attack is over he destroys the ill-gotten

articles. He is very unhappy and miserable over this anomaly. He is

constantly in fear that some day he might be caught and thus cause a

scandal which will disgrace his prominent family.

Dühren relates the case of an Englishman who kept up pulchram puellam

for the following purpose: At certain hours of the day she had to undo

her hair so that he could run his hands through them. This action gave

him the highest libido.

In Blinet’s case a young man becomes sexually very excited at the mere

sight of the pretty hand of a woman.

The author once treated a student who, while separated from his girl,

would take along her petticoat with him and would place it under his

pillow when going to bed at night. Otherwise he could not fall asleep.

A few years later he died in a sanitarium from an abscess of the brain.

A man, thirty-five years of age, married, father of two children, as

a very young boy, saw his governess taking off her shoes and making a

few steps in her stockings. Since then he gets excited at the sight of

women’s stockings. When once in a department store, he saw a woman in

her stockings trying on a new shoe, the excitement caused ejaculation

and orgasm. At puberty he began to practise stuprum manu. During the

practice he always managed to handle a woman’s stocking. He assured

the author that even the stockings in the store windows are able to

excite him sexually.

In another case a young man of twenty-five saw as a child the

servant-girl of the family washing her feet. Since then he gets

excited when he happens to see pretty naked feet of a woman. He has

then the irresistible impulse contrectandi et osculandi eos. He is

unable to go bathing at the seashore; for some fair bather’s feet may

provoke in him the most violent desire to touch and kiss the same.

Sometimes he visits fornices, ubi puellam pulcherrimam pedum eligit

who has to take off her shoes and stockings so that he may fondle and

kiss her feet. He never has any other carnal relations with her.

The perversion of fetichism is, like sadism, a rare anomaly in women.

In most cases recorded, the woman, as a rule, makes a fetich of the

entire person, not of one of its parts or of its clothing. Still there

are some cases of fetichism even among women where the fetich is

directed toward articles of attire.

The case of a young woman, twenty-one years of age, came under the

author’s observation wherein the patient, whose lover died several

years previously, kept for years thereafter his drawers under her

bed-pillows. Otherwise she could not find the desired sleep. At times

she experienced great sexual excitement when fondling them.

In Howard’s case of a woman thirty-nine years of age, the patient

stole a pair of trousers of a certain man and by fondling them

lovingly induced orgasm.

Howard relates of another case of a young woman of twenty-seven

years of age, of a good family, who up to the time mentioned had had

undifferentiated sexual feelings. At a summer resort, she met a man

who was very attentive to her in an upright manner. The first evening

she met the man, he unconsciously displayed a portion of the garter

that held up his silk hose. At the time the patient simply noticed the

carelessness of the act and had no other feelings in the matter.

Upon her return to her home, there began for the first time in her

life distinct, clear and culminative erotic dreams. These commenced

by subconscious visualizing of the blue garter. The association of

the garter with the night reveries increased to day ideation. One day

the patient went into a shop to buy a present for a friend and, on

the counter, saw an exact duplicate of her fetich. It was instantly

appropriated and the patient went immediately to her bed-room, where

she gave way to the effect the fetich had upon her. She soon found

herself a victim of fetichistic manu stuprum. This was never practised

without the psychical aid of the garter, and to have the act culminate

satisfactorily she must have a new garter each time, which must be

attained unseen surreptitiously. A garter purchased would have no

effect upon her sexual nerves.

The most remarkable cases are those of urolagnic and coprolagnic

fetichism, almost exclusively found in men, of which Burton says: “Immo

nec ipsum amicae stercus foetet.” But occasionally such cases are also

found in women, as proven by the case reported by Magnan.

The patient, a young girl of eighteen, of good intellectual

development, but of alcoholic heredity, seduced a boy younger than

herself ad stuprandum mutuum. On one occasion, lying on the ground et

tollens vestes petivit eum ut commingeret in eam.

Moraglia relates the case of a beautiful woman, eighteen years of

age, who, married about a year, experienced only very little libido

in initu et præferrebat stuprum manu. She became highly excited by

the odor of fermented urine. So strong was this fetich that when she

passed a street urinal she was often obliged to go aside se stuprare

manu. Once she went for this purpose into the urinal itself and was

almost discovered in the act. On another occasion stuprandum ei manu

in ecclesia. Her perversion caused her much worry because of the fear

of detection. She preferred, when she could, to obtain a bottle of

urine, which must be old and of a man’s, and to shut herself up in her

room, holding the bottle in one hand and repeatedly se stuprare with

the other.

Such cases are exceptional in women. As a rule, fetiches of women do

not relate to inanimate objects or to certain parts of the body, but

to the whole individual. In such cases an impulsive desire complexus

venerei with a certain man imperatively demands gratification.

In Magnan’s case the young woman, mother of three children, told her

husband frankly one day that she was in love with a certain other

man and that she would kill herself if her relations with him were

interfered with. She promised to return to her husband and children

after six months if only permission were given her to live with this

man for this period in order to quench the fire of her passion. As she

was then, husband and children had no place in her heart.

In another case of Magnan’s the patient, a woman twenty-two years of

age, mother of two children, one day met a boy of thirteen, a pupil of

the public school, and immediately fell in love with him. Driven by an

irresistible passion, she put all modesty aside and asked permission

of the boy’s parents conjungendi cum puero. By way of reply, the

family promptly drove her from their house and broke off all relations

with her. The patient then passed her time before the school of her

beloved boy, watching for the opportunity to see him and speak to him.

When a sexual preference has reached such a degree of intensity and

power, the condition is of a pathological nature.

While the pathological condition lasts, there is absolute indifference

and even hatred for husband and children, if the woman happens to be

married. She jeopardizes the dignity of her wife- and motherhood in

order to satisfy her desires. The unmarried girl of the best family

elopes with her father’s coachman, the crown-princess of an important

state elopes with the teacher of her children and sacrifices her future

and her family’s standing and reputation in the quest of gratification

of her sexual impulse. The man exercises over her a fetich-like charm,

which is entirely out of proportion with the normal attraction of

sex. When a cultured woman like the princess Chimay leaves husband

and children, abandons her refined associations, gives up her exalted

position in society, so dear to the feminine heart, and marries an

ignorant gypsy, such an action transcends the limits of the normal

love-charm.

When the fetich takes possession of the patient she generally becomes

sexually frigid toward all other men except the fetich.

Krafft-Ebing records two cases, where there was absolute impotency of

experiencing libido and of voluptas toward the husband, while the mere

touch of the beloved man’s hand produced orgasm, and commixtio with

him the acme of pleasure.

Such phenomena can only be explained by the fetich-like charm the

lover exercises over the patient. She is not suffering from sexual

hyperaesthesia, for she is indifferent toward any other man except her

fetich. She is not a libidinous Messalina, for she is the mistress of

one man only, and her intercourse is strictly monogamic. On the other

hand, the irresistibility and impulsiveness wherewith the patient

expresses her desire prove that she is not attracted by the normal

charm that love generally exerts.

_Exhibitionism._—The patient suffering from the perversion of

exhibitionism finds sexual satisfaction by exposing virilia aut

muliebria to the sight of persons of the opposite sex. Sometimes the

exposure is preliminary to or associated with stupro manu.

The impulse of exhibition is, as a rule, sudden and irresistible. At

the sight of an individual of the other sex, the patient is suddenly

seized by the unconquerable desire to expose pudibilia, even if the

patient happens to be in the street or in a public garden. If the

patient tries to oppose the impulse, he is generally seized with a

feeling of anxiety and fear, of oppression in the chest and with

palpitation of the heart.

Ch. Laseque (Union Médicale, 1877, p. 709), who first named this

anomaly “exhibitionism,” remarks that the exhibitionist finds enough

pleasure and satisfaction in this platonic manifestation and does not

look for more direct relations with the person to whom he shows virilia

sua.

The cases of exhibitionism, says Krafft-Ebing, thus far recorded are

exclusively those of men who ostentatiously expose virilia sua to

persons of the opposite sex, and whom in some instances they even

pursue, without, however, becoming aggressive.

The following few cases of male exhibitionism may serve as

illustrations of this strange anomaly:

George Verret (Annales Médico-Psychologiques Séc. 101; 1912, p. 554)

reports the case of a physician who, on different occasions, exhibited

virilia sua before women and children. At these exhibitions mentula

remained invariably in a flaccid condition. Sometimes he stood before

the window of his bed-room and exposed his virilia to young girls who

lived in an opposite house, who happened to be at their window. At

other times he exhibited his organs in public and private gardens.

At some occasions he showed virilia sua to his female patients in

his office. The doctor was tried, found guilty and sent away to the

penitentiary for three months.

The following case, observed by the author, is remarkable on

account of the prominence of the patient. One of the most prominent

gynaecologists of a certain city, occupying a chair at the medical

school, after the examination of a young married woman, resolvit

bracas et mentulam protrahens posuit in manibus mulieris.

This sudden exhibition took the young lady so by surprise that she was

completely stunned and could not utter a word. When she came to the

realization what had happened, she gave one scream and left the room,

leaving the professor still standing virilibus expositis in manibus

suis.

Before going home, the young lady immediately called upon the author,

who had sent her to the professor, and told him what had happened.

She was advised not to tell anybody, not even her husband, about

the disagreeable affair until the author had communicated with the

professor. When the latter was called up by telephone, he immediately

hastened to the author’s office and cried and begged the author to

exert his influence with the young lady not to expose him and ruin

his entire career. He excused himself, that being abstinent, the

examination of the beautiful young woman excited him so that he did

not know what he was doing.

The young modest woman who belonged to a very prominent family was

shown that if the affair became public it would raise a public scandal

and would expose her to the jokes and witticisms of the profanum

vulgus, and that her husband in his rage may commit some rash act

which would bring him in collision with the criminal courts. She then

consented to keep the affair secret and forget it.

Another case known to the author is that of a man of forty with an

hereditary taint, who was always nervous since his childhood. He

suffered from enuresis nocturna until after puberty. He began to

practise stuprum manu when he was only eleven years of age. At present

he shows all the signs and symptoms of hystero-neurasthenia. The

pupillary reaction is retarded, there is a fibrillary tremor of his

tongue, and when standing with closed eyes there is a considerable

tottering. The knee-reflex on the left side is more pronounced than

on the right. Very often there is a profuse outbreak of perspiration

on the left side of the entire body, while the right side remains

perfectly dry. At certain periods the patient suffers also from

attacks of anxiety and fear.

One evening, while in a public park, the patient let his trousers fall

down, lifted his shirt and exposed his flaccid genitals to several

women and girls. The women seem to have considered the affair a big

joke and nothing happened to him. But another time se stupravit manu

in the presence of two girls in the hall of a fashionable apartment.

The frightened girls began to scream, the patient was apprehended and

arrested. Through the influence of political friends, the case was

quashed.

Another case known to the author is that of a married man of a highly

tainted family. His father was potator, his mother hysteric, one

sister is epileptic and the other committed suicide. The patient’s

two children seem to be healthy. The patient often suffers from

congestions to his head, headaches and exophthalmus. The knee-reflexes

are greatly exaggerated.

On repeated occasions, the patient exposed virilia in parks and other

public places before women and girls, calling their attention by

whistling. At one occasion he showed virilia to women on the street

through the window of his room. At another occasion se stupravit manu

under the electric arc-light at night where the women passing on the

street could not help seeing him.

Another patient, observed by the author, forty-two years of age,

married, father of two children, modest and respectable, was arrested

one evening for exhibiting virilia sua before girls passing the

streets. He used to hang around girls’ schools, following the girls

after they used to leave school and attracting their attention ad

virilia exposita. At one occasion he ran about in a public park at

dusk virilibus expositis. Once when he saw a young woman standing at

the window of the opposite house, he immediately exposuit virilia et

cœpit se stuprare, standing before his own window so that the young

lady was forced to notice him.

The anomaly of exhibition is found almost exclusively in men. It is

exceedingly rare in women. The girl’s education at home and in school

has developed in the woman the sentiment of modesty and chastity in a

degree out of all proportion with the same sentiment in men. The woman

must be entirely insane before she will expose herself for the sake of

lubricity.

For this reason the few cases of genital exhibitionism in women, thus

far recorded, were all cases of general paralysis. They are found in

asylums for the insane where the patient, during a maniacal excitement,

tollens interulam medico præterienti concubitum proponit. Still in

some women the hyperexcitation of the sexual desire may be of such an

intensity that it will lead to exhibitionism in an otherwise normal

individual, as the following case of Ungewitter shows:

The patient, a servant, twenty years of age, quæ præter amatum suum

concumbebat filio matronæ sedecim annos nato sæpissime exponebat

muliebria in the presence of boys, eight to ten years of age. In the

barn or on porches or even in the open field, tollebat vestes et nudam

vulvam pueris monstrabat convertens animos dicendo; “Contemplamini

hunc locum! Ea est vulva mea. Jam crines ibi habeo; venite et tangite

eam!” She never touched the boys nor did she have any carnal relations

with them.

The defendant servant was found guilty of attempted offence against

morality and was sentenced to two months’ penitentiary.

_Homosexuality._—The world is governed by certain fixed laws. This must

be admitted even by the mechanistic theory of life. In sexual matters

the law of sexual-homologous development is almost as binding as the

law of gravitation. The cerebral centre of voluptas corresponds with

the sexual glands in the inverse sense. The normal inclination of the

individual is directed toward the bearer of the glands of the opposite

sex. The male is attracted by the female and vice versa.

Every individual being has to pass through all the grades of the

evolution of animal life. The remote ancestors of the human race were

bisexual. The same bisexuality exists in the embryo, represented by the

Wolffian and Müllarian ducts or the bisexual “Anlage.” Later in the

development, there arises, so to say, a struggle between the male and

female elements. When one element has been conquered a monosexual being

evolves whose mental inclinations correspond with the sexual glands.

The basis for the yearnings and longings of one sex for the other

would thus be the desire for perfection, for the completion of those

sides of our being which are present in the bisexual “Anlage” or the

“ground-work” of sex, but failed in development, and for this reason

can not be brought to a realization of ourselves. It is, as if in the

accord of our being some tones are kept in suspension and are only

allowed to chime in with the tones of the other half. Then, and then

only, there is a perfect harmony.

Sometimes, however, functional retrogression or atavistic recurrence

into the earlier hermaphroditic forms of the animal kingdom may take

place, or traces of the conquered sexuality, at least so far as the

mental characteristics are concerned, may remain; and it is these that

provoke the manifestations of inverted sexuality. Individuals, thus

affected, have a sexually abnormal instinct which is out of harmony

with the physical sex and its rôle in the function of procreation. The

man thus organized feels utter indifference to women, and conversely

the woman to men, but they have a strong preference and pronounced

sexual inclination toward their own sex. The man easily understands why

a woman should love a man but he can not understand how a man could

love a woman. The same is the case with the homosexual woman. She is at

a loss to understand how a woman could love a man.

The anomaly of homosexuality is as old as history and was, in fact,

oftener found among the ancients than it is nowadays. Plato, in

his Banquet, tries to explain the enigmatical manifestation of

homosexuality in men in the following poetical way: There is an

Aphrodite without an Eros, but there are two goddesses of that name.

The older Aphrodite, being the daughter of Uranos, and thus called

Urania, came into being without a mother. The younger Aphrodite is the

daughter of Zeus and Artemis and is called Pandemonia. The Eros of the

former is Eros Uranos, of the latter is Eros Pandemos. Eros Uranos did

not choose a female, but a male, as his companion. Hence, whoever is

inspired with the love of this deity turns to the male sex.

This Platonic explanation takes no notice of the existence of Lesbian

love. His explanation of Lesbianism would have been that Aphrodite

Urania did not choose a male but a female as her companion, and the

woman inspired with the love of this deity turns to the female sex or

Lesbian love. Lesbianism was as much in vogue in Greece in the days of

Plato as paederastia.[BC]

The homosexual feeling is an abnormal, congenital manifestation of

the cerebral part of the vita sexualis. The essential feature of this

manifestation is the want of sexual sensibility for the opposite sex,

even to the extent of being inspired with horror by it. This disease

must not be confounded with vice. Perversity is not perversion.

Sexual acts with the same sex are no proof of the presence of a real

perversion. Homosexuality is prevalent in boarding-schools and colleges

of both sexes, yet very few or none of these boys or girls are real

inverts. Perverse acts occur when obstacles are in the way of natural

sexual satisfaction. When the obstacles are removed the individuals

return to normal sexual functions.

The perversity of homosexual acts is very common. Even among

domesticated animals it is easy to find evidences of homosexual

attraction in the absence of the other sex.

Male dogs, rams and bulls, when isolated, become restless and attempt

conjugium together. Male monkeys when long kept away from their females

will try conjugium.

Female monkeys behave in a sexual way to each other.

Deville found that female dogs, when isolated, become restless, and

when in the state of sexual excitement attempt conjugium. The presence

of the opposite sex restores at once normal conditions.

In cows the sexual desire is often directed to the same sex.

Buffon observed that the females of doves or other birds when set

together would soon begin to have conjugium among themselves.

Bailly-Maitre, a breeder of great knowledge, wrote to Girard that

the Belgian carrier-pigeons are strange creatures in their manners.

Conjugium between males and still more frequently between females often

occurs at an early age, up to the second year. Among hens and ducks it

has been occasionally observed by the author that the female assumed

male sexual tendencies.

Following the example of their animals, savages are extensively

addicted to homosexuality.

Homosexuality has been found among almost all the American Indian

tribes. In some of these tribes the homosexual practices are a part of

their religious ceremonies. For this purpose, a strong man is chosen

who jugiter manibus stupratur for hours every day and is also forced to

ride horseback in his free time, until in the course of time virilia

are degenerated, and he becomes entirely effeminate. He is then dressed

in female clothes and made to do feminine work among the women of the

village. This androgynos is then used as homosexual pathicus at the

annual religious ceremonies.

In Bali homosexuality is common among men and women. The method of

gratification adopted among the latter is either digital or lingual, or

else by bringing the parts together (tribadism proper).

In Zanzibar the negro women, in addition to tribadism and cunnilingus,

sometimes use an ebony or ivory phallus to which not seldom a kind of

glans is appended. Some have a longitudinal perforation through which

warm water can be injected.

In New Zealand native women were found who practised Lesbianism. Male

homosexuality is the custom of the country.

A like state of things was found among the Brazilian tribes.

Eram found homosexuality widely spread among the male population in the

Orient. Tribadism is also most common among the young girls there.

Historically considered, homosexuality was frequently practised among

the ancients. In Greece, during the period of its highest ethical as

well as intellectual vigor, the homosexual tendencies were not only

condoned, but even fostered as a virtue, especially among the higher

classes of society.

Most of the disciples of the great Greek philosophers were given

to homosexual practices. Homosexuality was also very common among

the women of Greece. It was widely spread on the island of Lesbos,

where the celebrated poetess Sappho is said to have first taught and

glorified the practice of tribadism. “Aiunt turpitudinem quae per os

agit fellationis opinor vel irrumationis, primum a Lesbiis autoribus

fuisse profectam,” says Erasmus. From the prevalence upon the island

of Lesbos, homosexuality among women is called Lesbianism, while

sentimental homosexuality is called Sapphism.

The philosophy of Sappho taught that each sex should restrict itself

to its own sex, and perish in the sterile embrace. Omitting the

homosexual practice which the sensual Greek poetess could not dispense

with, Tolstoy also advocates the extinction of the human race through

abstinence in the “Kreutzer-Sonate.” Like Tolstoy, the poetess called

normal love a weakness and a shame. Her teachings were followed

throughout Greece and her colonies, especially by the courtesans,

meretrices and dancers at the festivals.

Lucian describes a tribade woman, Megilla, who, living with her friend

Demonassa ut maritus maritaque invitat Leænam secum pernoctare. It is

her wish not to be designated as a female. She calls Demonassa her wife.

“Μή με καταθήλυνε ἔφη. Μέγιλλος γὰρ ἐγὼ λέγομαι καὶ γεγήμακα πρόπαλαι

ταύτην τὴν Δημώνασσαν καὶ ἔστιν ἐμὴ γυνὴ.”

Later on homosexuality was taken up in Rome. Especially during the

empire, the homosexual vice flourished in Rome and in its colonies.

Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba,

Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Commodus, and Heliogabalus

all practised homosexuality. Philo Judeus (Opera II, p. 465) says:

“Some of the men had such esteem for youthful beauty that they desired

complete transformation into females and effected it by castration and

amputation of the penis and by dressing themselves in purple garments.”

According to Ploss those Roman women, who with the abnormally long

clitoris could practise concarnatio among themselves, were called

tribades. The fellatores and cunnilingui of both sexes were so numerous

in Rome that Juvenal could exclaim: “Oh, noble descendants of the

goddess Venus, soon you will not find enough chaste lips to address to

her your prayers.”

Among the Hebrews homosexuality must have been a very rare occurrence.

Possibly because such practices were punished by death. “Qui dormierit

cum masculo coitu femineo, uterque operatus est nefas morte moriantur”

(Levit. XX, 13). The Bible never mentions these practices to have

existed among the Jews.[BD] Lesbianism seems to have been entirely

unknown. The Mosaic law is silent about this anomaly. If tribadism were

known at that period it is difficult to assume that the law would not

have forbidden it, as it forbids bestiality among women (Levit. XX, 15,

16). Still silence of the law is no proof of the non-existence of the

crime, for paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code punishes paederastia

and bestiality but not tribadism, in a country where there are as many

tribade women as paederastic men.

In the Middle Ages paederastia and tribadism were practiced chiefly in

France. Paris, says Sanval, was full of Lesbian women. The sister of

Louis XV., a prioress, practised tribadism with the young nuns of her

convent.

In our days homosexual practices can be found in every part of the

world, and are forbidden by law, as far as men are concerned, in every

civilized country. Concerning women the criminal code is, as a rule,

silent in most countries. The reason for this defect in the criminal

laws may be ascribed to the ignorance of the law-making power of the

existence of this anomaly. The layman generally does not even surmise

its existence. A woman is by nature not aggressive, and the inverted

complexus venereus among women is not so easily detected as in men.

Women’s attachments are considered mere friendships by outsiders. We

are accustomed to much greater familiarity and intimacy among women

than among men. We are, therefore, less apt to suspect the existence of

abnormal passions among women. On the contrary, such friendships are

often fostered by parents and guardians, such attachments are praised

and commended. They are not in the least degree suspected of being of a

homosexual origin. If two men were to lock themselves into a bathroom

for a certain length of time, it would appear to us very queer indeed,

but we are accustomed to look upon the same action in women as a matter

of course.

For this reason homosexuality among women is very seldom detected.

Even physicians have very rarely opportunity to learn anything about

this anomaly. Entirely normal women are most reticent regarding the

manifestations of their sexual life. It is hence far more difficult

to gain the confidence of sexually perverse women. Then again, sexual

inversion does not render the woman impotent for copulation, so that

she needed a physician’s advice which some invert male may seek.

There are thus many reasons for the existing ignorance about

homosexuality in women. No outsider suspects the hidden meaning of

an advertisement worded, e. g., “Wanted by a lady, a lady friend and

companion.” Yet ninety per cent of such advertisements are inserted in

the columns of the newspapers by homosexual women.

_Homosexual perversity._—Homosexual practices have various reasons.

From the outset we have to differentiate between perversity and

perversion. It is of great importance to have a clear conception of

what constitutes an anomaly. What is abnormal, says Ellis, does not, of

necessity, mean pathological. Genius and criminality are anomalies, but

they are not, for that matter, diseases. Virchow says that an anomaly

may constitute a disposition to a disease, but it is not always the

disease itself. The study of anomalies, i. e., pathology, is not the

same as the study of diseases, nosology.

In the study of homosexuality we must hence distinguish between

perversity and perversion. In perversity the anomaly is not congenital.

It develops by degrees at a certain age, sometimes after normal

intercourse. It is, furthermore, not permanent or absolute. Affection

may return to normal channels at any time. Lastly, perversity is not

attended by anything that is irresistible and impulsive, as is the case

in perversion.

Homosexual feeling, therefore, means the feeling for the same sex,

not the sexual acts with it. The mere homosexual act does not

constitute a perversion. It may be called a perverted instinct, for

it is directed outside of the limits within which it is capable

of serving its natural purpose; but so is masturbation, which is

never considered a perversion. An untainted boy or girl, seduced at

the beginning of puberty by persons of the same sex to homosexual

practices, may continue them later on for want of opportunity for

normal intercourse with the opposite sex. But neither the boy nor the

girl will become sexually inverted, although it cannot be denied that

there are exceptions to the rule. It may happen that a boy chooses

a girlish-looking boy and seduces him to homosexual practices, or

that a girl selects a mannish-looking female for her friend and

suffers herself ut constupretur ab ea. This practice may become

deeply rooted in them, and the result may be the incapability of

finding gratification in concarnatione. Yet such cases are exceptions.

Generally, as soon as the extrinsic influences cease, the seduced

individuals return to normal sexual functions.

_Necessity._—In the majority of cases men and women resort to the

homosexual mode of gratification for “faute de mieux.” For that reason

homosexuality flourishes chiefly in places where great numbers of

males or females are segregated. Among the peasants and shepherds in

Switzerland, who live for months segregated in the mountains with no

opportunity for natural sex activity, homosexuality is very common.

For the same reason homosexual relationships are very prevalent in

boarding-schools, academies and in convents for young girls. In the

great majority of cases the tender and demonstrative attachments

between two boys or between two girls are of a sensual nature, although

they seldom arouse the suspicion of educators or parents.

The boys, as a rule, practise stuprum mutuum, but not seldom they

are also given to “insertio fascini in rectum,” or the real act of

paederastia. The stronger boy generally plays the active part, the

younger boy is the pathicus; or they often change rôles during the

same sitting. Among girls the rule is that the girl of weak sexual

instinct is, in these attachments, satisfied with kissing and hugging

her female friend, and induces in this way orgasm and even ejaculation.

Those girls of a strong sexual impulse are given to stuprum mutuum and

cunnilingus, and when the clitoris allows it, resort ad imitationem

commixtionis.

Next to boarding-schools and convents, prisons and factories are

hot-beds for the practice of paederastia, respectively lesbianism. The

young men, respectively the young women, form relationships and satisfy

their sexual desires as soon as opportunity offers. Their passions are

exalted and they experience all the sufferings of jealousy as in normal

love.

All such attachments are dissolved as soon as opportunity for the

exercise of normal sexual activity is offered, as the following case of

the author shows:

A man thirty years old, healthy, strong, sensual, began se stuprare

early in life, when only twelve years old. At the age of fifteen he

was seduced by a friend ad stuprum mutuum manu. At this occasion he

had his first ejaculation. Since this time he has practised with his

school friends not only stuprum mutuum manu but also paedicatio. At

the age of nineteen he began to associate with puellae publicae and

gave at once up all unnatural practices.

_Fear._—Apart from necessity, one of the main causes for perverted

homosexual practices among normal boys is the fear of venereal

infection. In girls is added to the fear of infection the dread of

pregnancy. The majority of such girls eschew men because they fear the

shame and the consequences of an accidental pregnancy. An unmarried

girl in possession of all her normal sexual desires is, nevertheless,

afraid to indulge in normal love affairs as male bachelors do. Hence

she looks for a friend of her own sex where no consequences are to be

feared.

How the fear of infection by the impure female may be the cause of the

transfer of his affections to individuals of the same sex shows the

following case:

A young man of twenty-two years of age, strong and healthy, qui

magnum mulierum numerum habebat at his disposal and never showed any

homosexual tendencies, one day contracted a very bad infection of

gonorrhoea, which after a few days became complicated by orchitis and

epididymitis and which took eighteen months to be cured. Since then

he is afraid to go near a woman. It did not take very long before he

made the acquaintance of a homosexual pathicus with whom he is now

living in a bachelor apartment. He assured the author that, he will

never touch a woman again, except he should get married to a healthy,

respectable girl.

Female homosexuality is not seldom caused by the fact that the young

girl does not need to fear the opposition of her guardians when

choosing a female friend. The companionship of a female friend does not

arouse the suspicion of the natural guardians, and the girl is watched

less by them. They would never allow their ward to sleep in one room

with a man alone, but they suspect nothing if she sleeps in the same

bed with a female friend. Thus indulgence with female friends do not

offer so many obstacles and entail no consequences. Many a girl is

hence induced to transfer her attentions to friends of her own sex.

_Homosexuality out of lust._—Another cause for homosexual practices

among men and women is lust and lechery. There are individuals whose

only aim in life is the satisfaction of their sexual desires. All their

activities aim at this end. They sacrifice everything to this instinct.

After they have tasted all the varieties congressus normalis, sexual

activity with the other sex becomes stale, and satiety ensues. They

then feel the need for stronger excitements and stimulations of the

diseased nerves and resort to paederastia and lesbianism. The following

case will best illustrate this point:

A man thirty years of age, healthy and strong, began se stuprare

manu when fifteen years of age but soon gave up the practice on

account of the following incident: The beautiful servant girl in the

family one evening surprised him in his practices. “Ita concitata

est aspectu actionis venereæ, ut se jaceret ad grabatum et incitavit

puerum, ut coitum cum ea efficeret. Qua ex die puerum noctu in lectum

secum quotidie deduxit, et ambo indulserunt excessibus sexualibus

exquisitimis, e. g., fellatio, cunnilingus, mamillae suctus, coitus

per anum, etc.” After a number of years the girl left the house,

and he began to associate with venal women and continued the same

practices with the learned priestesses of Venus. By the time he was

thirty years old he had tasted all the salacious practices these women

are able to teach. Thereupon he turned to homosexuality in the houses

for that purpose. There he plays, as a rule, the active part.

The overstimulated women who indulge in homosexuality are chiefly found

among the venal class. It is known that lesbianism is very prevalent

among the meretrices of Paris. In the relation of the prostitute with

men, there is no scope for the exercise of feminine affections and

devotions. Hence they resort for that to their female friends. This

reason, given by Chevalier, for the prevalence of homosexuality among

fornicatrices may hold good in some instances, but in the majority

of cases the choice of a female friend for the indulgence of sexual

pleasures is actuated by lust and entirely devoid of sentiment.

Overstimulation has simply destroyed natural gratification, and

artificial pleasures are sought. The following case of Rosse is the

best proof of this assertion:

In Rosse’s case a young, unmarried woman conceptavit a sorore

nupta, quæ commisit simulacrum concarnationis cum ea statim post

congressionem cum marito.

Overstimulation and lust are also the causes of the homosexual love

affairs observed among women of high society. Friendships between

prominent ladies and obscure chorus or dancing girls, or between the

prominent female painter and her female model are always suspicious.

_Homosexuality as a profession._—The lecherous men and the exclusive

ladies often resort to fornices to gratify their diseased desires.

In this way they create a certain demand for paederasts and lesbians

that has to be supplied. The last part of the army of homosexual

individuals is hence recruited from those who practise homosexuality

as a profession and for lucre. There is not a large city of any

importance that does not harbor such houses filled with males, kept

there to satisfy the demand of homosexual men. One-fourth of all the

fornicatrices of Paris serve as tribadists for the rich women who

patronize fornices.

A man, thirty-two years of age, was treated by the author for

gonorrhoea. One day, when wishing to examine the prostate, the author

noticed the gaping nature of the anus. The diameter of the opening

was about half an inch. Asked about the cause of this opening, the

patient confessed that he had just come from a hotel where he served

as a pathicus for a wealthy patron and that he makes his living by

going from one hotel to another and offering himself as pathicus to

homosexual men, who are loathe to visit fornices, populated by males

for these purposes.

Rosse relates the case of a meretrix who, from curiosity, visited

several women who make a specialty of the vice. By way of experiment,

she submitted herself to the lingual and oral manoeuvres of the

performance and had such a violent hystero-cataleptic attack that she

was a long time in recovering from the same.

Fiaux, in his report to the municipal council of Paris in 1887, made

special mention of such a house in the rue de Chabanais, where society

women and rich demi-mondaines frequented for the sole purpose of

satisfying libidinem cum puellis.

Chevalier says that the kind of meretrices who exploit women may be met

with in all streets and boulevards of Paris, in the theatres and at

balls, at the races and exhibitions of every kind. The little girls,

between the ages of ten and fifteen, who may be seen selling flowers in

the restaurants and cafés of Paris, are also, to a large extent, in the

service of lesbianism.

All these males and females who offer their bodies to homosexual

inverts for hire, are seldom inverts themselves. With them it is only a

vice or a perversity.

_Homosexual perversion._—The perversion of homosexuality has, as a

rule, the force of a congenital phenomenon and is characterized by

precocity. In normal individuals the sexual instinct, except induced

by seduction, does not manifest itself before puberty. The sexual life

of the individuals afflicted with homosexual perversion, on the other

hand, appears abnormally early in life. The impulse appears at the

tender age of five to eight years, and ab initio in a perverted form,

without having been brought about from the outside by bad examples or

other influences.

The child shows its anomaly in its tastes, sentiments, and occupations.

The boy avoids the company of other boys. He shuns their games and

plays. He is found playing with dolls, ribbons, miniature housekeeping,

etc., in company with girls. He is more particular about his dress,

in fact, he loves to be dressed like a girl as long as possible. He

likes to occupy himself with girls’ work, such as knitting, sewing or

crochet-work. The homosexual girl is found in the haunts of boys and

competes with them in their games. She neglects her dress and assumes

and affects boyish manners. She is in pursuit of boys' sports. She

plays with horses, balls and arms. She gives manifestations of courage

and bravado, is noisy and loves vagabondage.

Toward puberty the boy finds his sexual inclinations and impulses

directed toward men, and the girl hers toward women. The boy feels

himself a girl and attracted to men. He forms passionate attachments to

boys and idealizes his friends. When he has found a manly friend, he

is captivated by his strength and prowess, by his love of adventure,

by his courage and by his manly grace and beauty. The passion finds

expression in stupro mutuo. The girl, on the other hand, forms

passionate friendships with girls, as a rule, older than herself. She

idealizes and deifies the beloved friend, and praises her beauty, grace

and kindness. Her thoughts are full of the beloved one. She sends her

invitations to come and call on her, she writes her poetry, offers

her flowers and presents and is capable of every sacrifice for her

friend’s sake. She delights in the bodily contact with the beloved

friend. This passion finds expression in kissing, close embraces and

in sleeping together in one bed. She experiences then the powerful

feeling of lustful pleasure, which may be so intense that it suggests

magnetic currents through her body. Alteri super alteram jacenti

tactus corporeus delectationis tremorem inducit. The orgasm is induced

quibusdam contrectationibus.

The homosexual pervert suffers from disloyalty and is tortured by

jealousy. Tears, despair and anger are as common as in normal love if

the friend forms any other friendship, no matter whether with males

or females. If the pervert’s love be unrequited, he or she suffers the

greatest pangs. As a rule, the inverted individuals are fastidious in

their choice of friends. Their inclinations favor a certain type of men

or women respectively. Once the choice is made they act like passionate

lovers. The pervert’s modesty finds expression towards individuals of

the same sex. The boy is embarrassed in company of young men and likes

to show off in their presence, while the most attractive young women

leave him cold and indifferent. Their presence is simply ignored by

him. The perverted girl becomes shy and confused in the presence of an

attractive individual of her own sex, but shows nothing of shyness and

the engaging air of weakness and dependence which are the unconscious

invitations to them in the presence of men. She feels a pronounced

indifference to men.

The erotic dreams of the male pervert turn around males. The autoerotic

fantasies are all of men and virilia, while normal individuals in their

imagery never think of their lovers' pudibilia. The lustful dreams of

the perverted girl contain only visions of females, with corresponding

situations. These dreams where only women appear on the scene cause her

great pleasure and sometimes even pollutions. In her day-dreams, her

fancy pictures muliebria of her own sex.

The homosexual man finds delight in contrectando virilia alterius that

is simply incomprehensible to the normal individual. The value he or

she lays in contrectando et conspiciendo virilia aut muliebria shows at

once the diseased condition. The inverted boy and girl are constantly

on the alert for the opportunity to see nude men, respectively nude

women. They frequent bathing establishments. They find pleasure in

looking at statutes of nude males, respectively females, and are

frequent visitors of museums. The sight of nude men, respectively

women, awakens in them lustful feelings, while in the presence of nude

women the perverted man remains indifferent, and the same is the case

with the invert woman in the presence of nude men.

The perverted man has a profound longing for female clothes. He takes

the greatest pleasure in the sight of female attire. He tries to dress

as a woman at every opportunity. He likes to frequent masquerade balls

where he can dress up as a woman and dance with women. In short, the

patient has all the feelings and longings of a woman. The inverted

woman, on the other hand, likes to imitate male fashions in general

attire and in dressing her hair. It gives her the greatest satisfaction

if she is able to dress herself entirely in men’s attire and disguise

her identity. She further prefers the occupations of men and loves at

every occasion to play a man’s rôle. When at a ball she likes to dance

with women, and when in a hotel, she loves to discuss politics with

men. In short, she feels herself a man.

The inverted creatures seek, find, recognize and love one another, and

often live together ut maritus maritaque. An invert woman may sometimes

enter matrimony with a man, but this is done either in ignorance of her

anomaly or to secure support. Otherwise a man has no sexual attraction

for her. She is totally impotent of experiencing libido in congressu

cum viro, although the genital glands are, as a rule, normal and their

functions regular.

In some inverts normal marriage is utterly impossible, the very thought

of normal coition arouses disgust and horror. If the invert woman is

forced to normal concarnatio (the invert male cannot even be forced, he

has no erection in the presence of a woman), the feeling is the same

as if she were compelled to take disgusting food or drink. For days

afterwards she is nervous and miserable, while concubitus with her own

sex affords her pleasure and leaves behind a feeling of comfort. The

perverts are, therefore, thoroughly happy in their perverted feeling.

Modus operandi among male inverts is, in the first place, stuprum

mutuum. The other frequent method is thigh friction, “membrum fricando

inter femora cynedis qui jacet in tergo, mulieris instar.” Another

quite frequent mode is insertio fascini in os. In the majority of cases

paederastia consists in initus per anum. Juvenal when speaking of the

“condylomes in cynedes” says: “Sed podice laevi caeduntur tumidae,

medico ridente, mariscae.” “Nates sunt semper repulsae cum manibus.”

Modus operandi among homosexual female inverts is, apart from stuprum

mutuum, threefold. In the majority of cases it consists of tribadism

(from the Greek word τρίβειν, to rub), namely in a simple contact and

“fricatio genitalium unius versus genitalia alterius,” or as in Moll’s

case, “ut una premeret femur alterius.” The second mode is cunnilingus

and fellatricia, which consists in “lambere lingua genitalia alterius”

and in “fellare clitoridem et labia minora alterius.” The third mode is

clitorism, which is only possible when the clitoris is abnormally long,

so, as Martial says,

“Inter se geminos audent committere cunnos

“Mentiturque virum, prodigiosa Venus.”

In such cases commixtio consists in the “introductio auctae clitoridis

in vaginam alterius.” Such cases with enlarged clitoris are not so very

rare even in normal women.

A few years ago the author performed a total vaginal extirpation on a

sexually normal woman whose clitoris in non-erect state measured three

and a half centimeters.

A woman masturbator is known to the author whose clitoris, when erect,

measures three centimeters.

Kiernan reports a case in which a sexual invert possessed a clitoris

which, when erect, measured six and a half centimeters, or two and a

half inches.

_Psychical Hermaphrodism._—The homosexual perversion shows four

degrees. In the first degree traces of heterosexual feeling are yet to

be found, but the homosexual instinct predominates. The characteristic

of the so-called psychical hermaphrodism is the pronounced sexual

inclination toward the same sex besides the periodically present desire

for the opposite sex. The homosexual feeling is of great intensity and

permanent, while the intensity of the heterosexual inclination is of a

much lesser degree, and the feeling is only present at certain times.

A young man, thirty-two years of age, was seduced by a boy of fourteen

to stuprum mutuum when he was only eight years old. In his lascivious

dreams he sees only men. When eighteen years old he fell in love with

a beautiful young girl. Initus with her, although successful, did not

afford him the libido he had expected and he stopped having carnal

relations with her. On the other hand, the pleasure experienced in his

relations with men is of great intensity.

The other case, known to the author, is that of a man of thirty. He

is married and has two healthy children. In commixtione conjugæ he

has to call up the mental images of men, otherwise complete libido is

missing. As a small boy, he loved contrectare parvas puellas. When

thirteen years of age he began spontaneously to practise stuprum

manu. At fourteen he was seduced by an urning ad stuprum manu and to

paederastic practices. The embracing and kissing of homosexual men

induces ejaculation and orgasm. His erotic dreams are partly filled

with male, partly with female images.

Another case is that of a young man of twenty-five, who since early

youth had an inclination for boys and liked to sleep with them and

fondle them. At puberty he began to practise paederastia with boys

of his age. His erotic dreams turn exclusively around males. Still

he is also fond of girls. Although he never had any sexual relations

with women, yet when dancing with them or at other occasions, when he

happens to come in bodily contact with them, he frequently has sudden

emissions.

Among female psychical hermaphrodites are very often found married

women and mothers of children. But while in their normal sex-activity

they are almost impotent of experiencing libido, the homosexual

practice is accompanied with great intensity of libido.

In one of Krafft-Ebing’s cases the patient, twenty-nine years of

age, came of a nervous family. When eighteen years of age, she had

relations with a young man. After separation from her lover she se

stuprabat manu for some time. She then donned male attire and became

a tutor in a refined family. Her employer’s wife fell in love with

her,[BE] and she left her position. Some time later she fell ill and

was sent to a hospital. While there she fell passionately in love with

female nurses and patients.

In another case of Krafft-Ebing’s the patient, twenty-six years of

age, is married and has two children. She always inclined more to

her own sex. Complexus venereus with her husband disgusts her. Since

the birth of her second child she gave up this intercourse entirely.

When a pupil in the seminary she was in love with other girls. At

times, however, she was also drawn toward men. But the latter feeling

was only of a transient character. Her desire is to fondle, kiss and

embrace the beloved girl and imitari coitum cum ea.

In Moll’s case the patient is thirty-six years of age. As a child,

she loved to play with boys and girls indiscriminately. She also liked

to play with dolls. She was wholly innocent and had no passionate

friendships, either with boys or girls.

She began to menstruate when thirteen and a half years old. At that

time she began to experience the first sexual excitements. She had

some vague sensations in muliebribus. She never practised manu

stuprum. When sixteen and a half years of age, she was sold by a woman

in fornicem, where she was forced to stay several years, until she

finally succeeded in escaping.

While in this house she associated with another girl, slept with her

and practised mutual cunnilingus, which gave her great delight. Yet

she enjoyed concubitum with some men. She even allowed one man to

practise cunnilingus secum.

After she left the house she went to Berlin and soon succeeded in

finding a girl friend with whom she lived for two years and practised

active cunnilingus. Afterwards she secured another friend whom she

dearly loved because of her manly features.

The cunnilingus that men practised on her gave her satisfaction, but

she experienced the greater delight, “si femina eam lingua lambit.”

Initus no longer gave her satisfaction, nor was she ever satisfied in

dreams. The images in her dreams were sometimes female, at other times

male.

_Strict homosexuality._—In the second degree, only homosexuality is

found. The opposite sex causes frigidity and even horror. In this

degree the sexual desires and inclinations are ab origine only for

the same sex. But the inclinations to the same sex are limited to the

“vita sexualis,” while in character and mentality the patient remains

distinctly in conformity with the sexual glands. The histories of the

three following cases observed by the author will well illustrate this

degree of homosexuality:

A young man of thirty-five years began to feel a certain attraction

toward his own sex when only ten years old. At puberty this attraction

developed into the strong desire to have complexus venereus

cum amicis. At the same time there was a pronounced feeling of

indifference and, later on, that of actual repulsion towards women.

The only way to have concarnationem cum mulieribus at all was by Venus

aversa and thinking at the same time of sympathetic men.

The second case is that of a man of thirty-three years of age. As a

boy of seven, he was initiated by an older friend into the mysteries

of stuprum manu. At puberty he found a few friends with whom he often

practised paedicatio. His erotic dreams are of men only, At the mere

sight of a man’s virilia he has orgasm and ejaculation. To procure

himself this enjoyment he frequently visits the seashore and other

bathing places where he can see naked boys and men. Even the statues

of men in museums cause erections. Women have no attraction for him.

Even the most beautiful women do not excite the slightest degree of

desire. No erection in their company takes place, even if they allow

advances and the most intimate sensual titillations.

The following case of a man of thirty years of age shows how

maladjustments of environment may develop a permanent homosexual

perversion. At the age of ten the patient was abused by his tutor

for paederastic purposes. Since then he was not able to give it up.

Concarnatio with sympathetic men gives him the highest pleasure.

His aversion to women is now complete. Before his seduction he had

inclinations to little girls. Nowadays the sight of a naked woman

disgusts him. He loves to be caressed, fondled and adored by men. He

likes to be adored by and feel dependent upon some powerful man. He

hires strong men ad inserendum fascini in anum suum. For this reason

he is often found in the haunts of the worst gangs of the under-world

of the city. He never as yet played the active part, quamquam

erectiones et ejaculationes habet vehementes jacens in brachiis

amatorum mercenariorum.

Krafft-Ebing relates the histories of several female patients belonging

to this degree of homosexuality.

One of his patients was neurasthenic and always excited. From her

earliest youth she was subject to sexual excitement and spontaneously

stuprabat manu. She began to menstruate at the age of fourteen.

Menstruation caused her great pains and was accompanied by intense

sexual excitement. When she was eighteen years old she gave up manu

stuprum. She never experienced inclination toward the opposite sex and

married only to find a home. On the other hand, she was powerfully

attracted by girls and realized that this meant more than mere

friendship. The sight of a pretty girl causes her intense excitement.

She has at once the desire to embrace and kiss her. She dreams of

girls and revels in looking at them.

In another case of Krafft-Ebing’s the patient was twenty-two years

of age and considered a beauty. Though she was very sensual, yet she

refused all proposals of men and only once in her life allowed an

admirer to kiss her.

Until puberty she was sexually indifferent. When seventeen years of

age she happened to see one of her admirers in “actione coeundi,”

“more bestiarum,” cum muliere menstruata in horto. The sight of the

blood and the bestial lust of the man terrified her to such a degree

that she saw henceforth in men only the embodiment of coarseness and

vulgarity. When nineteen years of age she made the acquaintance of

another invert with whom she indulged in wild orgies until she fell

exhausted and unnerved. Cum altera jaceret in se cunnilingum faciens

she felt an unspeakable thrill going through her whole body. She

herself was only allowed to kiss the other’s “mammae.” These relations

with her friend lasted a year.

_Effemination and viraginity with psychical perversion only._—In

the third degree of homosexuality, the so-called effemination or

viraginity, where the entire mental existence is altered, the man of

this type resembles in his mental qualities a woman, “anima muliebris

in corpore virili inclusa.” But his body is still that of a perfect

man. The woman, on the other hand, resembles in her mental qualities

a man, while her bodily characteristics remain still feminine. The

following few cases may serve as an illustration:

The patient is a man of thirty years of age, tall, manly, with

broad shoulders and an abundance of hair of beard and mustache. As

a child, he was disposed to girls’ games. At the time of puberty,

he spontaneously acquired the vitium stupri manu, but always with

the accompaniment of the prurient imagery of males. As far as he can

remember he was always attached to men. He shunned women as he would a

lethal pest. He also abhors paedicatio and fellatio.

He is given to introspection and self-scrutiny. He is retiring in his

manners, is melancholic and often harbors suicidal inclinations. The

expression of shame is toward grown men, not toward girls or women.

Already when a very young boy he was ashamed to undress before a man.

He is very fond of perfumes, likes to powder and paint himself and to

pencil his eye-brows. He is very curious, vain, and loves to gossip.

The second case of the author is that of a physician, forty years

of age. In his earliest childhood he always played with dolls,

associated with girls only and avoided boys’ games. He was always

sickly as a child. He began stuprum manu when he was eleven years old,

seduced by one of his girl friends. At puberty he gave up stuprum

manu and began to love strong men. He had frequent pollutions with

male imagery which weakened him considerably. At the same time his

voluptas grew stronger. He then tried to associate with meretricious

venery but found himself completely impotent for erection or orgasm.

Even the manusturpation of the puella publica would fail to effect

an erection. His desire is to be in the arms of a strong man. In the

homosexual acts he always plays the passive rôle. He is effeminate

in his character, sensitive, easily moved to tears, and is greatly

embarrassed and silent in men’s company; while among women he feels

himself perfectly at home. He feels himself a perfect woman.

Viraginity with psychical perversion is as often found among women as

effemination among men. A good many cases of this kind of viraginity

have been reported in the medical literature.

One of these cases has been reported by Wise. The woman, fifty-six

years of age, was always peculiar in girlhood. She preferred masculine

sports and labors. She had an aversion to attentions from young

men and sought the society of her own sex. She consented to marry

when twenty years of age, and had one child. When she was deserted

by her husband, she began to follow her predilection for masculine

avocations. She donned male attire and became a trapper and hunter.

She considered herself a man in all that the name applies. After

many reverses she entered an almshouse and here she became attached

to a young woman. When the attachment became mutual, both left the

institution for the woods to commence life instar mariti maritæque.

They lived in this relation until the patient had a maniacal attack

that resulted in her committal to an asylum.

Another case of viraginity has been reported by Kiernan. The patient,

a girl of twenty-two years of age, when a child, liked boys' games and

was fond of male attire. She felt an attachment to some of her female

friends and satisfied voluptatem faciendo stupra mutua cum amicis. The

powerful impulse for sexual gratification came over her at regular

periods. She became intensely excited at the sight muliebrium. In her

lascivious dreams she saw only female pictures. She also suffered from

imperative conceptions.

In Westphal’s case, the patient, thirty-five years of age, was as a

child fond of boys’ games and was anxious to wear male attire. From

her eighth year she felt herself drawn to certain girls. She kissed

and hugged them and sometimes induced them permittere ut muliebria

contrectaret. Between her eighteenth and twenty-fifth year she had

frequent chances contrectandi muliebria. When such chances were

wanting, she satisfied herself stupro manu. Stuprabat sese especially

just before and after menstruation. When she attempted to control

herself she experienced a disagreeable odor and taste, arising from

muliebria sua.

The cases mentioned by Ellis also belong to this degree of female

homosexuality.

Catherine Tucker nupta erat mulieri et eam comprimebat ope fascini

factitii.

In Memphis, Alice Mitchells planned marriage with Freda Ward. When the

scheme was frustrated by Freda’s sister, Alice killed Freda by cutting

her throat.

In Chicago one of the Tiller sisters was an invert and lived stupre

attached to the other. One day the healthy sister was induced to

leave the invert and got married. The deserted sister then broke into

the apartment of the couple and shot the husband.

Another case is that of a trained nurse in Chicago who lived stupre

with a young girl of fourteen years. The latter left her four times,

but was always induced to return again. One day, the girl married,

whereupon the nurse shot the husband.

_Effemination and viraginity with bodily perversion._—In the fourth

degree of homosexuality not only are the mental characteristics

peculiarly feminine, respectively masculine, but the form of the body

approaches that of women, respectively of men. Only the genitals are

differentiated and are completely male or female; otherwise the patient

could be considered a woman, respectively a man. The following case of

a male patient will illustrate this degree of the anomaly.

A man of forty had always had homosexual impulses, as far back as he

can remember. His stuprosæ acts were attached by mental images of men.

The autoerotic fantasies are all of men. In his erotic dreams the

images of men accompany the orgasm. The patient feels himself entirely

like a woman and is attracted by physically well built men. Naked

men in life or in sculpture have a great attraction for him. Women

have never made the slightest impression on him. The mere sight of a

naked woman disgusts him. Initus with women always failed for lack of

erection, while homosexual acts afford complete satisfaction.

The patient has a disinclination to masculine pursuits. He does not

drink nor smoke. His habitus is entirely feminine. The body is slight

and non-muscular. The shoulders are narrow, the pelvis broad, the

hands and feet decidedly small. The form is rounded with an abundant

development of adipose tissue. He has few hairs on beard and mustache.

His complexion is fine. His voice is feminine, he speaks in falsetto

voice. His gait is rocking, womanly. He wears his hair quite long.

Since childhood he was actuated by the desire to put on female attire.

He always wore female undergarments, such as shirts, drawers, corsets,

etc. He generally wears bracelets on his arms. Whenever he can, he

dresses up like a woman and takes long walks upon the streets in such

costumes. Through his love for feminine attire he came in contact

with several transvestites who form a kind of club in this city. But

the latter who abhor homosexual practices soon discovered his motive

for the desire of feminine attire and avoided his company. In his

reveries, dreams and acts the patient always plays the pathicus. For

some reason or other, unknown to the author, the patient committed

suicide.

The female, suffering from the fourth degree of viraginity with bodily

perversion, approaches in the form of her body that of men. For this

reason she may easily masquerade as a man, associate with men, go

through the marriage ceremony with a homosexual woman of the class

suffering from the first three degrees of homosexuality, and she will

never be found out until she dies. A few cases of this class were

described by Krafft-Ebing.

The patient is a talented artist, twenty-five years of age. She has

masculine features, a deep voice, a manly gait and small mammae. Early

in her youth she preferred to play with boys. She never had a liking

for dolls or needlework and found no pleasure in domestic duties. At

fifteen years of age she began to menstruate. At the same time she

began to fall in love with young girls. Her love was only platonic in

nature. She is perfectly indifferent toward men. She is bashful only

toward persons of her own sex. In her lascivious dreams females are on

the scene where she herself plays the man’s rôle.

In another case of the same author, the patient, when a girl, had

inclination for boys’ sports only. Once, when she was allowed to

go to a theatrical performance, dressed as a boy, she was filled

with bliss. Until her marriage, at the age of twenty-one, she was

indifferent to men and women alike. She began to menstruate at the age

of eighteen. Her engagement was a matter of utter indifference to her.

Her connubial duties were first painful and, later on, loathsome to

her. She never experienced sensual pleasure, yet she became the mother

of six children. Her husband began at that time to practise onanism

(coitus interruptus). At the age of thirty-six she had an apoplectic

stroke. From this time on she felt that a great change has taken place

in her. She was mortified at being a woman. Her menstruation ceased.

Her feminine features assumed a masculine expression. Her breasts

disappeared. The pelvis became smaller and narrower, the bones more

massive, the skin rougher and harder. Her voice grew deeper and quite

masculine. Her feminine gait disappeared. She could not wear a veil.

Even the odor emanating from her person changed. She could no longer

act the part of a woman, and assumed more and more the character of

a man. She complained of having strange feelings in her abdomen. She

could no longer feel her muliebria. The vaginal orifice seemed to

close and the region of her genitals seemed to be enlarged. She had

the sensation of possessing a penis and a scrotum. At the same time

she began to show symptoms of the male voluptas.

In another case of Krafft-Ebing the patient, thirty-six years of age,

commenced se stuprare manu at the time of puberty, when thirteen years

old, and became homosexual when sixteen years of age. When twenty-six

years old she had the feeling of transformation. She imagined

muliebria sua turning into the male form and began to urinate like a

man. She does not feel ashamed to undress in the presence of a man,

but is shy to do it in the presence of a woman.

One of the best examples of the fourth degree of homosexuality is

that of Murray Hall, who died in New York City in 1901. Her real name

was Mary Anderson. Born in Scotland, she came to America, where she

lived as a man for thirty years. Her features and her behavior were

so entirely masculine in character that through all these years her

real sex was not even suspected by her closest friends. She became

distinguished as a Tammany politician and as a man about town who

knew how to make money. She associated with politicians, drank to

excess, swore a great deal, smoked and chewed tobacco. She was fond of

pretty girls and liked to associate with them. She entered twice into

matrimonial relations with other inverted women. Her first marriage

ended into separation; the second lasted twenty years and was happy

until the so-called “wife” died. The secret that “Mr.” Hall was really

a woman was not discovered till after her death.

A similar case is that of De Raylan, who was assistant to the Russian

consul in Chicago for twelve years. When he died in December, 1906, it

was found that the assistant was a woman. She smoked constantly and

was possessed of a discriminating taste for liquors with ability to

withstand the effects of drink better than most men. She was married

with the present “Mrs. De Raylan” for the last twelve years after

having been married once before and divorced.

_Transvestism._—The psycho-sexual anomaly of transvestism consists in

the desire for cross-dressing. The male patient has the abnormal desire

to dress like a woman, and the female patient longs to dress like a

man. It is in this respect akin to the anomaly of homosexuality. In the

degrees of effemination and viraginity, cross-dressing is a prominent

symptom. The homosexual pathicus has naturally the impulsive desire to

dress like a woman, and vice versa, the Lesbian woman longs to dress

like a man.

Still, cross-dressing is a pathological entity by itself. Homosexuality

is a morbid sex state of gross somatic experiences. It emanates from

the crude, powerful sensation of sex. The individual’s longings extend

to somatic sensations. These desires often rapidly reach an obsessional

state. Transvestism, on the other hand, is a sexo-esthetic inversion of

pure artistic imitation. Hence it occurs mostly in artists and in men

of letters, i. e., in persons endowed with a highly developed artistic

taste. Such persons are, as a rule, disgusted at the sight of the

organs of the sex to which the individual by anatomical configuration

belongs, while such sights offer to the homosexual individual

additional charm and piquancy.

Transvestism tends to accent the esthetic sensibility. The patient’s

experience of an increased comfort and well-being by the gratification

of the pronounced impulse of cross-dressing, is more akin to the

satisfaction of the artist, experienced by the successful expression

of a certain symbolism. Transvestism is more in harmony with the basal

esthetic demands. The patient harbors exalted ideas and is striving to

secure artistic enjoyment in the appreciation of the beautiful. The

attraction is in the mind and has nothing to do with the sex-organs.

Hence transvestism seldom celebrates orgies of lascivious and

voluptuous practices, as often found in homosexuality. If sensuous

caressing does take place, it is with a person of the other sex. For

the physical part of the sex activity is perfectly normal.

The following five cases of transvestism in men[BF] will illustrate

these points:

The first patient was very delicate all the time up to four years

of age. His father died when he was four years old, and the boy was

brought up by his mother. As the youngest living child (Nesthäkchen,

nestling) he was rather spoiled by her. He slept with his mother

until he was fourteen years old. The patient’s looks were rather

girlish. He always wore girl’s shoes, on account of his high instep.

Up to twelve years of age the patient played with girls, made dolls’

dresses, cooked in girls’ cooking stoves, etc. The patient’s sister

was a dress-maker and often used the patient as a model to drape or to

try on dresses. Otherwise the patient was never seduced by anyone to

irregular practices.

[Illustration: CUT XLIII.

A characteristic picture of patient No. 1; posing in imitation of the

celebrated painting “Psyche in Bath,” dressed in stockinet.]

At puberty a certain change took place in the psyche of the patient.

At this time, when about twelve years of age, he began to think how

nice it would be if he could be changed into a girl. He never had

any sexual desires for women. In stuprando manu he donned female

attire, but his fancies had always women as the objects. When the

patient is dressed like a man, no one would take him for a woman.

There are no strongly pronounced feminine traits. The sex-organs are

those of a normal man. The distribution of the hair on the body is

almost the same as in any other man. The head is rather bald. On

the arms there is no hair, but the hands are covered with hair. The

hands are rather small, narrow, soft, well-shaped and artistic. The

fingers are tapering. The legs and feet, when in dainty stockings,

are rather feminine. The patient wears woman’s shoes. Otherwise when

he is dressed like a man he looks like a normal man. But when the

patient is in stockinet as in his photograph, “Psyche in Bath,” no

one would take him for a man. When dressed like a woman, nobody would

recognize a man in him. He has taken walks on streets unnoticed while

so dressed. He never drew any attention, so perfectly does he look

like a woman.

The patient’s behavior is quiet but not effeminate. His voice is low,

of uncertain timbre. He tries to cultivate a female voice without

resorting to falsetto. His writing is uneven, sometimes bold; mostly,

however, it is a woman’s small handwriting. The gait is like that of

a woman, swaying in the hips. The patient suffers from periodical

hemorrhages of the nose, which he is inclined to consider as a kind of

vicarious menstruation.

As far as the emotions are concerned there is a marked feminine

sensibility. Tears come easily when watching emotional scenes. He

smiles almost constantly when in conversation, but he rarely laughs

outright. He is very sensitive to pain, but stoic enough not to

complain. He blushes on the slightest pretext. He is possessed

of feminine adaptability. He likes needlework and loves to do

crochetting. He likes female amusements, such as “Kaffeeklatsch.” He

is a freethinker in his creed.

The patient possesses normal love and admiration for the other sex. He

is attracted by women, although his sexual feelings are very little

pronounced. He takes the greatest pleasure in contemplating pictures

of the female form. His day-dreams and fancies are only of women.

He has no homosexual inclinations, but rather a profound repugnance

against homosexual relationship. He never longed for a male instead

of a female lover. Still he seems to want a man before whom he could

expose the charms of his own person and who would kiss and caress him.

His sexual desires are not developed. He never was in love with any

women or men. His wife proposed to him. He may have remained otherwise

single. He has three children, all perfectly healthy.

The peculiar anomaly the patient is suffering from is the desire to be

a complete woman. From his childhood he had the wish to be a girl. His

desire now is to live as a woman absolutely. He never had any dream

where he saw himself as a woman; in fact, he never had any erotic

dreams. He longs for the female form. He often wished to be castrated

to be more like a woman.

The patient is attracted by beautiful women, but the instinctive

feeling toward them is not the desire for possession, but more a

feeling of envy that he cannot be one like them. The appeal of woman’s

beauty to him is connected with the desire of inner or psychical or

subjective identification of himself with the beautiful woman, the

desire to be in her place—“Einfühlung, Miterleben,” as the Germans

call it. He would do almost anything to see a girl in any condition of

exposure, but he would experience only the desire of inner imitation.

His desire to show himself in female attire is founded upon the

impulse of being considered a full woman.

[Illustration: CUT XLIV.

First patient.]

From a legal point of view the patient’s inversion is mainly confined

to the sphere of clothing. He has a profound longing for female

clothes. He takes pleasure in the sight of female attire. Woman’s

underclothing exercise a greater charm upon him than the woman

herself. He especially attaches great importance to the corset. The

patient is always dressed in female underclothes. He wears only a

man’s coat, vest and trousers, or the clothes belonging to the outward

cover. He wears woman’s shoes, shirtwaists, corsets, stockings, etc.

The earlobes are pierced for earings, which he wears every night. He

takes breakfast dressed as a woman.

When the patient is dressed as a woman, he has all a woman’s feelings

and longings. For this reason he tries to dress as a woman at every

opportunity. The desire to be dressed like a woman takes the form of

an imperative impulse. When he cannot dress up he becomes restless. He

would rather commit suicide than be without female apparel.

As a literary man and brain-worker, the patient can concentrate his

thoughts better when in female attire. When dressed as a woman he

feels himself to be in a normal condition and is cheerful. A feeling

of absolute comfort and restfulness comes over him, when in female

clothes, and his behavior is in full accordance with his feelings,

while in male dress there is a kind of absent-mindedness about him; he

is always thinking of his female dresses.

The second case is that of a gentleman of about sixty-two years of age

living in the western part of our country. As a child he was known as

mother’s boy, and his mother and he were very fond of each other. He

has always done his best to please her, spent as much of his time with

her as possible, and took great pleasure in the tasks she would give

him, such as knitting, crochet work, or plain sewing. On most of all

these occasions she would first put him in girl’s clothes. The hardest

tasks would then be a pleasure to him. These practices continued up to

his twelfth year of age.

From his earliest recollections his playmates were always girls and

his playthings were dolls, ribbons, miniature housekeeping, furniture,

etc. He was an expert doll maker and could cut and make doll clothes

for his sisters and other little girls. At ten years of age he could

cook and prepare a meal. He was known to have no lack of courage.

His inclinations are always towards strong-minded, energetic women of

the masculine type. He also has an admiration for other men of his

type when they are dressed like women. He never had any homosexual

inclination. He always had an almost uncontrollable desire to wear

woman’s attire. When so dressed he can always think more logically,

feel less encumbered, solve difficult problems. But for the popular

prejudices he would always wear female attire.

The skin of the patient is soft and clear, the hair on head and beard

is soft and light. He has little hair on his body. His shoulders are

square and his breasts quite large. His voice is high.

He blushes readily. He could never countenance vulgarity, such as

smutty stories or obscene remarks. He is receptive. He is very

sensitive to pain or pleasure. He is inclined to be stubborn. His

intellect is keen, and he thinks logically.

When about fifteen years old his father forbade him to wear female

clothes, so he kissed his mother good-bye and made his way to the far

West. There he drove a team on construction work of a railroad and in

the fall of the same year found himself hunting buffalo. In the five

ensuing years he has done his part in winning of the West, with the

result that he carries two Indian bullets in his legs. But he covers

them up with petticoats, he says, as often as opportunity permits.

Then he forgets all about them, as well as all other troubles. He

has served as a detective in a United States marshal’s office, as a

sheriff, and as a justice of the peace. He has been able to conquer

almost everything except his uncontrollable passion for female attire.

When the inclination to dress comes over him, he is unable, try as he

may, to resist it.

This last characteristic in the case shows that the desire for

cross-dressing may often assume the degree of a veritable imperative

idea. If the desire is not satisfied, some patients are seized with

anxiety, accompanied by cold perspiration and palpitation of the heart.

The third case is of a gentleman, thirty-two years of age, married.

In his answer to a letter written by another transvestite asking him

for his life history, the patient writes that he expected the letter,

because Agnes M. had told him that he would receive one. This Agnes

M. was a man, and it is characteristic of these patients to call

each other by girls’ names. Our patient, too, signs his name, “Yours

femininely, Blanche.” The part of the history of this “Blanche” that

interests us most reads as follows:

The feminine instincts first appeared at the age of four years. He

was then attending a small girls’ school in the country, his mother

having a business in town. At about that age, it was suggested that it

was time that he was put into knickers. When he first was dressed in

boy’s dress, a horrid feeling assailed him. He fought so persistently

against wearing these new apparel that his mother resolved to leave

him dressed in girl’s attire for a few years longer. Thus he was able

to wear frocks for the first eighteen years of his life.

At that time necessity made it imperative for him to earn a living,

and he was forced to go out into the world dressed as a boy. He

writes, he will never forget the great aversion which assailed him

when he first went out in trousers. He seemed ashamed to look anyone

in the face. He always wanted to hide his legs.

He never gave up feminine underwear, only outwardly he dresses as a

man. In the house, when he returns from business, he always dresses

as a woman. His mind is never contented during the daytime. When the

evening comes, the first job on getting home is to don a petticoat

and frock and to be for the rest of the evening in the garb which his

mind tells him is the right one. He feels nothing but nausea in the

garb of a man.

[Illustration: CUT XLV.

Third patient.]

The last characteristic shows plainly the morbidity of the case. A

normal woman, if forced by circumstances to wear men’s clothes, may

have the feeling of being improperly dressed, but she would not have

the feeling of nausea. Here we have a creature with a normal male body,

but on account of the complete female mind he feels nauseated when

wearing male clothes.

The fourth case is that of “Prof.” M., a female impersonator, who also

addresses his transvestite friends by girls’ names. His history reads

as follows:

The patient is sixty-two years of age, has a beautiful form, small

hands and feet and a beautiful head of hair which he can do up in

lady’s fashion by the aid of switches.

[Illustration: CUT XLVI.

Fourth patient, dressed for the street.]

His mother dressed him in girls’ clothes until he became a large-sized

boy, and when she attempted to put him into boys’ clothes, he would

kick and scream. Since that time, when opportunity presented itself,

he would masquerade in female garb. There seems to be a peculiar

fascination and pleasure to him when dressed in the clothes of the

opposite sex. A sort of an irresistible impulse comes over him at

times, and he cannot extricate himself. He can control his thoughts

better, write and seemingly work better when dressed in skirts, and he

is more contented.

His sexual organs are fully developed and do not differ from any other

male organs. A number of years previously he was strong sexually and

fond of the opposite sex. Nowadays he cares more for his own sex.

Men look more attractive to him than women do. “It seems strange,”

writes the patient, “but I think all female impersonators learn to

have an abhorrence for the female sex, even a hatred in the course of

time.” “Dear Miss S., as you and Maude (by the way, S. and Maude are

both men) are in the same boat, I am free to tell all these things. I

am pleased to find one who thinks as I do. The common herd does not

understand me.”[BG]

This case throws a certain light upon the psyche of the woman

impersonators. They do not become effeminate through the long habit

of masquerading—that would be confounding cause and effect—but their

innate anomaly leads them to choose impersonating as a profession. A

normal man would hardly select such a profession as his life work.

The following case is that of a gentleman, aged thirty-six years, an

artist painter who is about to marry. In his letter to a transvestite

friend he protests against the insinuation of homosexualism. He writes

as follows:

“The reason why I did not answer before is because it seems to me that

our views on the matter mentioned are very diverging. As far as I can

judge from your letter, it looks as if you consider man’s love for

dressing in female clothes equal to homosexualism. I can tell you that

homosexualism has always been an abhorrence to me, and that the sole

reason for my desire to wear gowns is purely feminine love for what is

beautiful and picturesque. In my relations to the other sex, I am just

as normal as any other man.”

The longings for cross-dressing in our cases may be best explained,

that the feminine strain, normally found in every male, exists here

in a greatly exaggerated form. Every normal woman attributes an

exaggerated value to clothes and, Narcissus-like, is more or less

enamored with the female body.[BH] The same exaggerated value to

female clothes is attributed by the male transvestites. The female

transvestite, on the other hand, thinks of clothes more or less as men

do. Yet, the male strain in her, being a morbid phenomenon, dressing is

of more importance to her than it is to the normal man.

[Illustration: CUT XLVII.

Dr. M. W., dressed in the masculine garb which she usually wears.]

The case of the celebrated Dr. M. W. shows that even the female

transvestite is greatly concerned in the question of dress.

She is always dressed in the masculine garb. She attributes great

importance to the liberty of dress. She is constantly agitating for

this liberty. In a letter to a male transvestite, written in Chicago,

dated Jan. 12th, 1913, she says: “I have sent the bill to Albany,

N. Y., and to Springfield, Ill., and expect to speak in both places

on the right of clothes.” Then she continues: “The constitution of

the U. S. gives right to life and liberty, and it makes no exception

regarding ‘legs’ and ‘sex.’ It guarantees a republican form of

government to every State, and it is not republican when the State

puts the people in dress-chains.”

_Zoöerastia._—One of the most peculiar and monstrous anomalies of the

sexual impulse after homosexuality is zoöerastia or bestiality, where

the individual se conjungit cum animalibus. The anomaly is as old as

history. It was known already at Biblical times. The Mosaic lawgiver

punishes the practice with death.[BI]

As a rule, bestiality is more due to a certain perversity than to a

perversion. The fact that the zoöerasts are usually found among those

who lack the opportunity for normal congressus (e. g., shepherds,

segregated in the mountains for several months at a time) would tend

to show that the practice is more a vice than a disease. Still a good

many cases of bestiality show a diseased mentality. Even in the case

of Gerstlaner (Arch. f. krim. Anthr. u. Krimin., xxxvi, p. 154), which

looks more like a vice than a disease, the patient does not seem to be

mentally sound.

A man was loitering about in the park of a certain town, where

a savage big dog was often seen at large. By some means or

other he managed to entice the dog to come near him. Quibusdam

contrectationibus ei contigit ut voluptatem animalis concitaret. Tum

nates nudavit, se flexit super scamnum, et canem adduxit ut coitum per

anum perageret. During the act two policemen appeared on the scene who

had great difficulty separare canem ab homine.

Such a case would look more like a vice than a disease. Still a man who

can find sexual satisfaction in playing the rôle of the pathicus in any

coitus per anum is sexually abnormal. The zoöerastic practices in the

case of Sury (Archiv f. krim. Anthrop. u. Kriminalistik, xxxv, p. 314)

are also due to a certain anomaly.

A man forty-seven years of age, twelve years married, was from the

first day he married insatiable in his hunger for sexual activity.

Præter maritam suam servis prædii sui concumbebat. Eodem tempore cum

canibus ovibusque conjungebat et cotidie comprimebat porcam.

This man was apparently suffering from satyriasis with inclination to

animals. The following two cases which came to the notice of the author

also show at the first glance a certain anomaly:

In a certain village, every once and while, dead hens were found.

Nobody could find the cause of this peculiar occurrence. One day, a

man thirty-five years of age, of high social position, was discovered

“in coitione cum gallina.” He always killed the hens in concarnatione.

The contractions of the sphincter ani in the animal’s last throes

increased his libido.

The circumstances in this case, where a wealthy man, who could easily

reach the nearby city with all its opportunities for normal sex

activity, still performs such abominable acts, show distinctly that the

man was suffering from an anomaly.

The second case is that of a young man, twenty years of age. He began

to feel uncomfortable and restless. Cold perspiration broke out all

over his body. The knees began to tremble, and he felt a terrible

pounding in his head. At the same time he had the imperative impulse

cum anseribus jungendi. He often struggled against the desire but

he always failed. He simply lost his reasoning power, and when he

regained his reason, the act was committed.

No question this patient was suffering from a certain kind of epilepsy

where the fits, necessary for the restoration of the patient’s

equilibrium, were substituted by zoöerastic debauches. The paroxysmal

attacks of psychic unrest and of intensity of feeling for certain

experiences were morbid and due to the same fundamental factors,

underlying the syndrom of epilepsy.

In women, zoöerastia, judging from the paucity of the cases reported,

must be a rare anomaly or vice. The rarity of the occurrence of

bestiality in women may be explained by the difficulty of making the

animal take the active part in the performance. Still the small number

of reported cases may also be due to the difficulty of proving the

existence of bestiality in either sex.

When young girls, says Moll, are fond of taking canes in cubilia sua

et stupre cum eis ludere, it will be very difficult to convict them of

their vices except in surprising them in the very act, which can but

seldom be accomplished.

The practice of bestiality by women is as old as history. Besides its

mention in the Bible, there is the report by Plutarch that the Egyptian

women who were segregated with the sacred goat Mendes practised sodomy

with the animal. Herodotus himself saw the women submitting themselves

openly to the embraces of the sacred goat.

Karsch relates that in Kamtschatka the women frequently conjungunt

canibus.

Some cynics claim that the old maid’s love for dogs which appears so

charming and touching, has some deeper reason than mere fondness for

animals.

Moll knows of several cases where women keep dogs stupri causa,

training the animals to practise cunnilingus on them. He cites a case

from the annals of the court, where the woman was accused quod abusa

est cane stupri causa movens animal lambere genitalia sua.

Pfaff records a case of a maid-servant on a farm who trained the

watch-dog secum commisceri.

Maschka relates a case of a woman, forty-four years of age, who

confessed in court se conjunxisse cum cane. Quondam die canis forte

saluit inter femora sua et lambit vulvam feminae. Deinde femina inter

nuda femora sua animal sumpsit et permulsit abdomen animalis, quoad

penis erectus esset. Tum ad sellam nisa, canem ad se pressit et

postquam penem inter labia posuit commovit animal ut motiones faceret,

usque dum ejaculatio veniret.

Rosse reports the case of a young white, unmarried woman in Washington

who was surprised in flagrante delicto with a large English mastiff,

who in his efforts se solvere a puella caused an injury of such a

nature that she died from hemorrhage within an hour.

All these cases do not reveal any kind of a perversion. The practices

seem to have been due to vice or perversity. The following case,

communicated to the author by Dr. C., of Tequisquipan, Mexico, who

accidentally entered the patient’s hut while she was kneeling on her

bed “in copulatione cum mulo suo,” shows distinctly its pathological

nature:

The patient, a widow, thirty-six years of age, was married at the age

of sixteen and had her first child a year later. Her husband died

ten years ago. She had one other child five years ago which died in

infancy. She had always been of a passionate nature. Jam undecim annos

nata cum viris se conjunxit. Stuprum manu faciebat on and off all her

life, especially at the time of menstruation, cum viri ea concumbere

nollent. Concarnationes habebat sedecies una nocte, going the rounds

of the different nightshifts at the mills. About three years ago she

had the first time coitum cum animali. Suus canis erat. Inde sæpe

commiscebatur cum canibus. About a year ago, while returning with

her burro from a neighboring town, duos canes in conjugio vidit,

quod se valde concitavit. Cum mane postmeridianum tempus esset virum

celeriter invenire non potuit. Qua re mulum in casam sumpsit et coepit

contrectare fascinum, donec emersit. Deinde in grabatum reptavit,

posuit muli pedes priores in eo, et ipsa cubitis genibusque nixa est.

“Tum femora muli in tergo suo posuit et postquam penem animalis inter

labia inseruit; coitum solitum cum animali habuit, in quo ea ipsa

motiones fecit celeres aut lentas, secundum necessitatem suam.” She

now has the burro trained so that when she lets him enter the hut he

commences at once to unsheath antequam potest posituram capere.

The examination of the patient showed nothing abnormal in the organs,

except an extreme sensitiveness to touch. The mere separation of the

labia induced orgasm. During the examination she had four to five

orgasms.

There can be no doubt that this woman was suffering from nymphomania.

Men could not satisfy her increased sexual desire, so she took refuge

to animals.

FOOTNOTES:

[AR] Even very small children with scanty knowledge of right or wrong,

and without any rebuke or reprimand by parents or guardians, seem to

have a conscious idea that masturbation is reprehensible and try to

hide their activities.

[AS] One of the author’s patients, Mr. X., in his struggle against the

habit, while a student in college, vowed never to fall back into the

habit. As a reminder of this vow, he wrote upon a piece of cardboard

the celebrated words of Darius, “μέμνησο τοῦ ὅρκου,” and hung it up

over the desk. One day a college-friend, Mr. Y., came to see him and

noticed the Greek sentence. Mr. Y. asked his host what kind of a vow he

has taken. When he received no satisfactory answer Mr. Y. said: “I know

the nature of your vow. It was that you will never masturbate again.

But you did it in spite of your solemn oath.” This correct guess shows

that Mr. Y. had the same struggle on his hands as his friend Mr. X.

[AT] The word onanism in this treatise is always used in the true

Biblical sense, i. e., it always designates the practice of coitus

interruptus; for this is what Onan did (Genesis xxxviii, 9). All other

kinds of self-abuse, especially the practice where the hands are used,

are called masturbation or manusturpation, but never onanism.

[AU] Timidity may cause actual shrinkage of the penis to half the size

of its ordinary flaccid condition.

[AV] In small doses alcohol is stimulating to the desires and is

creating power, but chronic alcoholism causes loss of desire and

power. Acute alcoholic intoxication also often paralyses the nerves of

erection.

[AW] Without this instinct, tumescence is impossible, and tumescence

must be obtained in men for erection and in women for orgasm, before

detumescence is possible. Hence coition must be in some slight degree

desired by the man, or it cannot take place at all. The potency of

man’s voluptas is, therefore, a condition sine qua non for copulation.

Not so in woman, she may submit without desire or excitement and

allow the man to enjoy complete satisfaction. But a man’s pleasurable

excitement is the necessary condition of woman’s sexual gratification.

The male potencies of voluptas and of erection are the conditions of

copulation even for the woman, but the reverse is not the case.

[AX] The Romans distinguished four different kinds of castrates

and designated them by four different names. (1) Castrati, in whom

testicles and penis have been removed, (2) Spadones, in whom the

testicles only have been removed, (3) Thlibiae, in whom the testicles

were only crushed but not removed, (4) Thlasiae, in whom the spermatic

cord was simply cut.

[AY] These signs may easily be suppressed by the strong-willed wife,

who wishes to make her husband believe that her sexual activity is a

continual sacrifice to his sensual desires and that she herself has no

feeling whatsoever during the act. By this trick she tries to rule him

and generally succeeds, especially when the husband is somewhat sensual

by nature. This stratagem is also responsible for men’s general belief

in women’s frigidity. In their youth men associate with venal women who

are naturally anaesthetic in their activities for hire. Later on they

are tricked by their wives. Even great writers are deceived in this

respect by their fair partners.

[AZ] The word frigidity is used by the best writers in an ambiguous

sense. Both, impotence of voluptas and impotence of libido, are

designated by frigidity, especially by the lay-writers. By right only

the woman suffering from impotence of voluptas is really cold and

frigid. She is the one who does not care for the other sex at all. The

patient suffering from impotence of libido is not at all cold or frigid

toward the other sex. On the contrary, she is very passionate, but she

has no use for coition because it does not bring her satisfaction. She

is only anaesthetic for a certain kind of stimuli, i. e., coition.

[BA] Vide Talmey, N. Y. Med. Jour., May 24, 1913.

[BB] It is nowadays the fashion of sex-determinism to attribute every

human emotion or its anomalies to sex. Thus not only cruelty connected

with sexual activity is termed sadism, but every kind of cruelty is

imputed to sadistic emotions. When the Spanish nations in Europe or

America love to see bull-fights and thus enjoy cruelty, inflicted

upon animals, these sex-determinists at once attribute this love of

cruelty to the sadistic nature of the Latin and his descendants.

This averment has as much right to make claim upon our credulity as

the assertion that when an infant falls back satisfied after nursing

at its mother’s breast, this satisfaction is of libidinous sexual

nature. These singular saints see sex everywhere, nothing but sex. No

wonder that such claims are repudiated by the logical mind. It is such

exaggerations which tend to bring the best teachings and theories into

discredit.

[BC] This Platonic explanation of homosexuality, attributing the

anomaly to the influence of a deity, is not quite modern, but it served

its purpose at that time. All the modern theories do not do any more.

For instance, the theory that men afflicted with an inverted sexual

instinct have a female brain and male sexual glands, “anima muliebris

in corpore virili inclusa,” is, as far as a theory goes, a good enough

working theory, but as far as a real explanation of the causes of the

homosexual anomaly is concerned, it does not contribute one iota (nor

does any other theory the author is acquainted with) to the etiology of

the abnormal emotion.

The reason is plain. We can never hope to find the cause of the

abnormal emotion before we have first gained absolute knowledge of the

nature of normal sex-attraction. Why does the Chilodon need conjugation

at definite periods? Why does it not go on dividing and multiplying

indefinitely without conjugation? The answer “protoplasmatic” hunger

or “erotic chemotropismus” (erotic chemotropismus is not always the

cause of sex-attraction; this clearly shows the infatuation, sometimes

met with, of a normal woman with a girl masquerading as a boy, where

no spermatozoa enter into the play; on the other hand, normally no

chemotropismus seems to exist between the ova and spermatozoa of

sister and brother who have been brought up together, while brother

and sister do sometimes fall in love with each other if they are

ignorant of their relationship) only begs the question. Whence comes

this protoplasmatic hunger, whence this erotic chemotropismus? Do these

beautiful high-sounding phrases say more than, e. g., a physician’s

diagnosis “colonic stasis,” when the patient complains of constipation.

Telling a homosexual man that he has a female brain is telling him what

he already knows.

The real etiology of homosexuality must remain unknown, until we know

the etiology of sex-attraction, and the knowledge of the “whence”

and “why” of sex-attraction is homoiousious, not to say homoousious

with the knowledge of the Supreme Cause. Sex-attraction or love is an

energizing power, akin to the other great forces of nature or destiny,

working to develop the soul of man, and it is futile to pick out one

attribute of the divine creative power and speculate over it without

the knowledge of the nature of the divinity itself. It is the same

mistake Job of old has made.

In this oldest Hebrew drama, the spectators or audience, at the two

scenes in Heaven, know that all the calamities, miseries and sufferings

of Job were inflicted upon the great sufferer, who represents mankind,

to try the constancy of his piety. According to human justice Job is

innocent. This is Job’s claim. His friends try to convince him that

he is not innocent, that even by the principles of human justice his

sufferings are not unmerited. But they are silenced by Job’s arguments.

Even the youthful Busite (Cap. xxxii.), emphasizing God’s greatness,

who must have discovered some hidden sin in Job, although he is not

answered by the latter, fails to convince us, for we know about the

stipulations between Jehova and Satan.

Then Jehova himself answers from the whirlwind. He does not really

answer, he rather asks some pertinent questions. “Have you been present

when the foundations of the Earth were laid, when the Stars were born?”

If not, how can he, the insignificant pigmy, dare question divine

justice. Since you, Job, have no idea of the nature of the divinity (or

God, the author fears to mention the word God lest he may offend the

delicate susceptibilities of his atheistic friends who fly into a rage

when seeing this word as a bull when seeing a red cloth), how can you

know the causes or reasons for his attributes? Divine justice is an

attribute of the divinity, and if the nature of the divinity is veiled

in mystery, divine justice must of necessity remain unknown to mortal

creatures, just as human justice is beyond the conception of the amoeba

or of the lion. Divine justice can not be compared at all with human

justice, just as the sense of justice of the amoeba or of the lion

differs from that of man.

Now, the same questions may still be asked to-day. We must still

recognize the incapacity of the human intellect to penetrate the divine

plan of the universe. With all our scientific attainments we still are

in ignorance about the sources of light. The length of its waves, its

celerity is known to science, but where does the Sun come from? When

was he born? Who gave birth to him? Science has traced the synthetic

nature of the plant, the analytic nature of the animal, but tell us,

Job, whence gets the seed the faculty to begin its synthetic work as

soon as it is placed in favorable soil?

Here we are silenced like Job of yore and refuse to answer. And we are

right. The “whence” and the “why” of things do not lie in the realm of

science. Science investigates the “how” and leaves the investigation

of the “whence” and the “why” to metaphysics or rather to religion.

Even the latter has not yet succeeded to give humanity the irrefutable

answer. From the Hindu trinity of Brahm’s Trimurti to the Hebrew

unity of Jehovah back to the Christian Logos of John, they all tried

to answer the question of the “whence” of things, and they must have

failed. Otherwise humanity of all climes and of all ages would have had

only one religion instead of being divided into innumerable creeds.

As far as the “how” is concerned, such an explanation as “anima

muliebris in corpore virili inclusa” is quite a good enough working

theory. Inversion would thus be a degenerative phenomenon, the invert

representing the sport or the variation.

[BD] Some of our hyperaesthetic sexologists, who see sex everywhere,

try to construe the friendship between David and Jonathan as homosexual

love. They find their inspiration in David’s lament over Jonathan: “Thy

love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.” (II Samuel i,

26.) Whoever can see in this poetical expression homosexuality has very

little sense for poetry and a good deal for sex. The Vulgata translates

the verse: “Decore nimis et amabilis super amorem mulierum,” and then

adds: “Sicut mater unicum amat filium suum ita ego te diligebam.” This

word “diligebam” surely does not sound like homosexuality. Nor does the

word ἀγαπή used by the Septuaginta, denote sex.

[BE] This infatuation of a normal woman with a woman, disguised as

a man, shows that sexual attraction is not always based upon erotic

chemotropismus between the ova and the spermatozoa.

[BF] The cases were first published by the author in the New York

Medical Journal, Feb. 21, 1914.

[BG] The wail and cry of the patient that the common herd does not

understand him are well known. It is the old feminine protest that

men do not understand women. It is the familiar catch-phrase which a

flattering yellow journalism and mediocre literature are continually

dishing out to their women readers. Men will never understand women,

is preached in and out of season, insinuating a certain depth in and

mystery about her psyche. Most certainly, the man does not understand

woman’s psyche. He does not understand his own, neither does she

understand her own. The experiments in psychological laboratories are

dealing only with the relations between the sensations and perceptions,

not with the “whence,” “how” and the “why” of the mechanism of the

mind. The mechanism by which a material fluid, cell, or electron

turns into a thought, whether in the male or the female brain, is yet

unknown, neither is there any prospect that it ever will be. Still the

workings of the human mind are subject to observation, and we know by

experience that woman’s psyche changes with the change of her dress.

The mind of a man born in poverty and brought up in humble surroundings

will always remain humble, even when he becomes a millionaire. He

adapts himself with great difficulty to changed conditions. Woman’s

adaptation to new surroundings is phenomenal. Dress her as a queen

and she is a queen, clad in rags, she acts the beggar. Normal men do

not understand the nature of such a mind that can be so influenced by

outward appearance. Neither does man understand the wonderful instinct

of the hymenopter. Yet the insect seems to be less proud of its mystery

than our patient of his or the female of the species of hers.

For this very reason the male transvestites who are possessed with a

female spirit or a female soul are more interesting than the female

transvestite, possessed of a male soul. In normal men dressing is never

a matter of great concern, neither is it with the transvestite endowed

with a male mind. But the normal woman attributes a vast importance to

feminine dress, and the male transvestite with the female soul excels

her in dress-valuation.

[BH] This is the psychological explanation for woman’s love of

histrionic spectacles. Almost two-thirds of all theatregoers are

certainly women. Still so much demi-nude femininity is presented on

the stage, presumably to amuse men and so few semi-nude men for the

amusement of women. Why do so many women run to the theatres to see the

nudity of their own sex? Men do not care for the sight of nude men? The

reason is that feminine nudity is presented on the stage not for the

amusement of the few men, but mostly for the amusement of the great

throng of women.

The female body has a sexually stimulating effect upon woman (Colin

Scott, Am. Jour. of Psych., Feb. 1895). The pride of the female, says

Weininger (Sex and Character, p. 201), is something quite peculiar to

herself, something foreign even to the most handsome man, an obsession

of her own body, a pleasure which displays itself even in the least

handsome girl, by admiring herself in the mirror, by stroking herself

and by playing with her own hair, but which comes to its full measure

only in the effect that her body has on man. Woman desires to feel

that she is admired physically. The normal woman regards her body as

made for the stimulation of the man’s sensations. This complex emotion

forms the initial stage of her own pleasure. The female body has hence

a greater exciting effect upon women than the male body has upon men.

Female nudity produces a greater impression upon her than the male body

ever does. Statues of female forms are more liable than those of male

forms to have a stimulating effect upon woman.

The same emotions are evoked in woman at the sight of female clothes.

Woman takes it for granted that her clothes, just as her body, have

an erotic effect upon the male. Hence female clothes awaken in women

a complex emotion akin to the sight of the female body. Woman becomes

sexually excited by her own clothes. For this reason clothes are to

woman of the greatest importance. The desire for beautiful clothes

is an irradiation of the sex instinct. The purpose of dress is the

attraction through covering. For the parts covered are rendered more

conspicuous.

[BI] “And if a man lie with a beast he shall surely be put to death;

and ye shall slay the beast. And if a woman approach unto any beast,

and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman and the beast.” (Levit.

xx, 15-16.)

PART VII.

SEXUAL HYGIENE

CHAPTER XIX

HYGIENE OF CHILDHOOD

Personal hygiene means a sound body and mind. It means the preservation

of health, which was humanity’s effort since time immemorial. Personal

hygiene is as old as civilization. The Bible devotes many a chapter to

personal hygiene. The ancient Greeks spent a considerable part of the

day in exercise, games, etc., in the interest of personal hygiene. The

celebrated Roman baths were established in the interest of the hygienic

development of the body. The Roman maxim was, “mens sana in corpore

sano.”

As far as humanity is concerned, the most important part in the science

of sexuality is the hygiene of the vita sexualis. Preventive medicine

will score its greatest successes in the field of sexual diseases. If

the rules of personal hygiene are followed they may prevent many an

anomaly which, when once established, is seldom amenable to treatment.