OTHER OLD BUILDINGS IN RIPON.
=The Deanery=, a stone house with two gabled wings, stands opposite to the
north transept. It was built in or about 1625. The front bears the royal
arms, and the hall contains some paintings of the kings and queens of
England, which are more curious than valuable, and are probably of no
very great age. Before the house is an ancient stone wall with
strongly-marked base, gable coping, and a doorway whose trefoil head was
apparently not made for its present position. This may perhaps be part
of Abbot Huby's wall, or of the boundary-wall of either the Palace or
the Bedern.
Near the south-west tower is a fine red-brick house which doubtless
remembers the Georges, or even Queen Anne. It has all the air of a
prebendal residence, but if it was ever connected with the church, that
connection has long ceased.
Another red-brick house of some age, adjoining the picturesque ascent
from High St. Agnesgate to the south transept, was the Canons' Residence
up to 1859, when was bought the present Residence near the north-east
corner of the graveyard.
High St. Agnesgate contains several interesting buildings, foremost
among which is =St. Anne's Hospital=,[122] formerly called 'The Maidens'
Due' (Maison de Dieu), with its interesting ruined chapel. This is the
only one of the three hospitals which was never affiliated to the
Collegiate Church. The date of its origin has been placed shortly before
1438, in which year a chantry was founded in its chapel. The hospital
foundation was for four poor men and four poor women, and there were
also two beds for 'casuals'; and the little community was under the
charge of a priest. There was apparently no endowment. The domestic
portion of the building was pulled down in 1869. Though it had been
divided into cottages some time before that date, the original
arrangements have been recovered from an old document and from certain
indications that had survived in the fabric itself. Joined to the west
end of the chapel was a sort of nave, divided down the middle by a
partition, on one side of which were the beds for the men, on the other
those for the women, while at the west end were two rooms for the
priest. This 'nave' was probably open to the chapel, as the large size
of the western arch of the latter seems to indicate, and possibly the
infirmer inmates could attend the service without leaving their
beds.[123]
To pass to the chapel itself--a window in the north wall has been
blocked with masonry, upon which is a shield of arms, thought to be
those of Sir Solomon Swale of South Stainley, and surmounted by a
Maltese cross with the letters S.S. and the date 1654 upon it. The west
gable has once been crowned by a bell-cote, and attached to the
south-west corner of the chapel are the remains of an arched doorway.
The western arch of the building, curiously enough, is not in the middle
of the wall. It is recessed and chamfered, and rests upon two
semi-cylindrical responds, whose rather curious capitals do not follow
the form of the shaft, but are triple and rectangular. The chapel
internally is 20 feet 10 inches long and 11 feet 6 inches wide, and is
not at right angles to its western wall, but inclines considerably
toward the south. In the middle of the entrance is an octagonal basin,
supported on a pedestal and having a shield on each of its sides. This
is thought to have been a stoup for holy water. It is not, perhaps, in
its original position, and the pedestal does not seem to belong to it.
Opposite to the blocked window already mentioned, which has an aumbry
east of it, there is a late square-headed window of two lights, whose
arches do not reach quite up to the lintel, but are connected with it by
short perpendiculars. East of this is a piscina with projecting
semi-octagonal basin, trefoil head, and ogee hood, and with a small
square window above and to the left of it. The stone slab on two stone
supports against the east wall is probably the original altar, and
tradition says that the ransom of a Scottish prince was paid down upon
it. On either side of the altar is a stone bracket, that on the north
side bearing a shield of arms.[124] The east window, which is blocked,
is divided into two lights, and the head is almost filled by a large
quatrefoil, of which the uppermost and lowermost foils are ogees. This
window, and the piers and capitals of the western arch, give the
impression that the chapel is of a date earlier than that usually
assigned for the foundation of the hospital. The modern cottages are
inhabited by eight women.
[Illustration: THE CHAPEL OF ST. ANNE'S HOSPITAL.
(From a pen-drawing by the author.)]
Between St. Anne's Hospital and Bondgate Green Bridge stands the =Thorp
Prebendal House=, now divided into several dwellings. Whether its
existing fabric is as old as the Reformation or not, this was the site
upon which dwelt the Canons of the mediaeval prebend of Thorp. In 1391
the hall of the then existing house was used for casting several bells
for the Minster, and here, in later days, as Canon of Thorp, lived
Marmaduke Bradley. The house is said to have been sold by Edward VI. to
the Earl of Cumberland, and to have subsequently sheltered Mary Queen of
Scots, James I, and Charles I. It is best seen from the adjoining
bridge, whence its plastered walls, irregular gables, and stone roof
form a picturesque foreground to the Cathedral. Of the dwellings into
which it is now divided, the third from the bridge contains the grand
staircase, which has twisted skeleton balusters.
East of St. Anne's Hospital, there are two more old houses, one of
which, known as =St. Agnes' Lodge=,[125] is of considerable interest. The
body of it, long and low, with a high-pitched roof and with a massive
chimney-stack buttressing one end, is said to be of the time of Henry
VII., but derives much of its 'character' from the comparatively modern
windows, which resemble the portholes of a ship. A wing added in the
seventeenth century, with quaint curvilinear gable, projects into the
garden behind. Within the house is a square hall, having above the
fireplace some carving and a painted panel of the burning of London in
1666. There is also a good oak staircase, and in the upper storey are
several quaint features, including a cupboard that may have served for a
hiding-place, and two 'powdering-closets' in which ladies' hair, or
men's wigs, could be powdered in the eighteenth century. But the part of
the house most interesting architecturally is the attics, where the
framing of the king-post roof is extremely massive, while the floor is
of _concrete_.[126] One of the roof-beams in the wing bears the date
1693. This house disputes with the Thorp Prebendal House the honour of
having sheltered Mary Queen of Scots on her way from Bolton Castle to
Tutbury, and it is said that it was during her sojourn at Ripon that she
addressed an appeal to Queen Elizabeth and received an offer of marriage
from the Duke of Norfolk. St. Agnes' Lodge claims also to have been a
temporary home of Turner, at the time when he was illustrating
Whitaker's _History of Craven_ and _History of Richmondshire_. Whether
this house or its immediately western neighbour were ever prebendal
residences it is now difficult to say.
Two old gabled houses remain in the Market-place, and one of them, now a
basket-shop, is said to have been the residence of Hugh Ripley, last
Wakeman and first Mayor of Ripon.
At the north end of Stonebridgegate, and not far from the Ure, stands
the =Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene=, sometimes called 'The Maudlins.' It
was founded by Archbishop Thurstan (1114-1141) for secular brethren and
sisters, and one chaplain. The brethren and sisters were not merely to
benefit by the charity themselves, but were to minister to lepers and
blind priests born within the Liberty of Ripon, a certain number of whom
were received into the Hospital. Lepers from outside the Liberty were
entitled to a night's lodging: so also apparently were any other
strangers or mendicant clergy who might be passing through the town. On
St. Mary Magdalene's day there was a dole of food to the poor. A second
chaplain was subsequently added by the benefaction of one William de
Homelyn. At some period, apparently after 1241, the character of the
foundation was changed by another Archbishop, whose name is not known.
The brethren and sisters disappeared, and the staff consisted henceforth
of a Master and one chaplain, or sometimes two. The Master was appointed
by the Archbishop, and was generally a clerk, though sometimes only in
acolyte's Orders. In 1334 one John Warrener, of Studley Roger, founded
here a chantry of two if not three priests. Thus there may have been no
less than six clergy attached to this small chapel; but the number was
not kept up, and at the Reformation there were, besides the Master, only
the two priests of Warrener's foundation. The Hospital continued to
minister to blind priests, and also to lepers until leprosy died out.
The lepers' portion of the building was demolished about 1350. In
1546-7 the inmates were 'five poor people.' All traces of the Master's
house, the hall, the brewery, and the original dwellings have vanished.
The dwellings were rebuilt in 1674, and again in 1875, since which date
more cottages have been added, and a new chapel; and the hospital now
accommodates twelve poor women. The Mastership, still in the gift of the
Archbishop, is at present held with one of the canonries, and the cure
of souls is discharged by a non-resident chaplain.
[Illustration: SEAL OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE'S HOSPITAL]
Fortunately the old chapel remains. The main fabric is apparently
Thurstan's. It is of gritstone, but has been much altered and repaired
at later periods, when limestone has been used. To the later work belong
the set-off of the base, the coigns, the parapet, the east part of the
south wall, the framing of most of the windows and doors, and the
buttress and bell-cote at the west end.
The west front is now divided by a large buttress of many stages
terminating in a slope, but the plinth of this buttress is apparently
original. To the right of the buttress is a long two-cusped lancet
light; to the left may be traced, perhaps, the outline of an original
round-arched window; while on both sides there are sloping lines in the
masonry, as if there had been an acutely-pointed gable here.
The north side of the chapel has been propped at a late period by three
sloping buttresses. At its western end is a doorway, the jambs of which
seem original, while the pointed head is later. About half-way along
this side is one of those 'low side windows' through which, it is
supposed, the Sacrament was administered to lepers--indeed, the
leper-house stood on this side of the chapel.[127] Though of limestone,
this small lancet window, with its arch and dripstone trefoiled, is
apparently of the thirteenth century, and an early example of its
class. East of it are, first a Perpendicular window of two lights--late
in character, and second a partially-blocked and possibly original
doorway, perhaps for the priest, (though priests' doors are usually on
the south side). Its outer arch is rounded, while the inner is pointed
and has perhaps been altered.
The east window is broad, finely arched, and surmounted by a bold
dripstone terminating in heads. Its four lights, partially blocked, are
round-headed, with rather large cusps, and in the upper part of the
window there is much tracery, in which perpendicular lines lead up to
arches that intersect. Indeed it is difficult to say whether this fine
window is an example of late Perpendicular, or of the transition to that
style from the Decorated.
It is on the south side that the irregularity in the size, spacing, and
level of the windows in this chapel is most marked. Here toward the
eastern end is a square-headed Perpendicular window of two lights, much
resembling the south window at St. Anne's Hospital, and surmounted by a
square label. Next comes a small lancet, probably Early English, with no
limestone about it. The next window is tall, rectangular, and without
tracery, but the stump of a mullion remains on the sill, which is of
gritstone. West of this is the principal entrance, a Norman arch,
beneath which a pointed arch has been inserted, the original imposts,
however, remaining. The upper arch is enriched with the chevron, and its
dripstone with two rows of the round billet arranged chequerwise and
with a moulding composed of a series of little crosses, rather
suggestive of the dog-tooth.
The interior has up to this time escaped 'restoration.' There have been
repairs, but enough only to arrest decay, and the plaster has not been
removed from the walls.[128] The length internally is about 49 feet and
the breadth just over 16 feet. The floor is of brick, and the roof,
which is almost flat, has been much renovated, but retains its original
massive cross beams and wooden corbels. Internally the two western
doorways are rounded, and just east of them the chapel is crossed by a
late Perpendicular screen, which retains its folding doors, and has an
uncommon effect due to the great length of the mullions in the upper
part. The lower portion was once closed. It is perhaps more probable
that this is the original position of the screen than that it ever
stretched across the Sanctuary. Against the north wall is a fine old
chest raised on feet and bound with many iron clamps ending in scrolls.
It has a double lock and a ring at either end, and inside it is kept a
curious bell of wood painted to resemble metal, and said to have been
hung in the bell-cote by an unscrupulous official who had caused the
real bell to be sold.
The 'low side window' internally has a depressed pointed arch, and is
widely splayed, as are also the tall and the short window opposite. It
is remarkable that although the windows differ so much externally, yet
internally all except the 'low side window' and the east window are of
the form known as the 'shouldered arch,' a form which, by-the-way, is
more usually employed in doorways.
In front of the Sanctuary are preserved two old Perpendicular pews or
stalls, with carved finials. The Sanctuary itself is raised on two
steps, and extends eight feet from the east wall. The blocked door
noticed on the exterior would open into the chapel immediately west of
the line of the lower step.
This is among the very few churches in the country which retain the
pre-Reformation stone altar, and if the instance at St. Anne's Hospital
is genuine, Ripon thus possesses two examples of this rare feature. The
altar here is 7 feet 7 inches long, 3 feet 5 inches wide, 2 feet 11
inches high, and has no step. Two of the usual five incised crosses (the
larger cross near the middle is probably spurious) may still be traced
upon the slab, the lower edge of which is chamfered off. In the front of
the substructure are two deep recesses. The altar is flanked by two
stone brackets. On the north wall is a third, and in the south wall a
piscina with two-cusped arch and projecting basin.
In front of the altar is a tessellated pavement 11 feet long and nearly
4 feet wide. It is chiefly composed of red and blackish _tesserae_; but
in the centre is a circular medallion containing a large four-petalled
white flower with a red centre and small red flowers between the petals,
all upon a ground of black. It has been supposed that this pavement was
taken from the neighbouring remains of some Roman building. As regards
the central medallion this is probably the case, but the rest of the
pavement seems to be later work, perhaps of the thirteenth century.[129]
At the south end of the pavement is the slab of another and smaller
altar, retaining three of its incised crosses.
It appears from a document of 1306 that the chapel at that date
contained certain 'relics' of St. Mary Magdalene.
Of the mediaeval bridges of Ripon =The North Bridge= alone survives.[130]
It crosses the Ure on nine arches with bold buttresses, triangular in
plan, between them, and is prolonged, with three smaller arches, over
the low meadow which forms the southern shore. It is from this shore
that the best view of it is to be obtained, a few yards down stream. The
arches, some of them recessed, vary in height and span, but all are
round save two, over one of which there is a corbel-table below the
parapet. The other side of the bridge was remodelled some twenty years
ago.
FOOTNOTES:
[122] In the mediaeval records the street is almost invariably called
Annesgate, and indeed was probably named after the hospital. The form
'Agnesgate' is, however, not modern, for it occurs in 1462. It may have
arisen from a trisyllabic pronunciation of 'Annesgate.'
[123] Thus far I am largely indebted to a paper on this hospital by the
Rev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A. in the twelfth edition of Walbran's _Ripon_.
[124] Possibly those of Boynton or Plumpton (_Parker_).
[125] The house is not shown.
[126] This latter peculiarity is found also in a house at Bishopton, a
mile off.
[127] Some archaeologists, however, hold that the purpose of low side
windows was to display a light to scare away demons.
[128] It is probable that in the interior of many of our old churches
the surface of the stone was never meant to be seen, and was covered
with plaster at the time of building. The plaster was doubtless often
adorned with designs in colour.
[129] This view is held by Mr. Micklethwaite. The white _tesserae_ in the
medallion resemble some which were dug up in 1837 on the site assigned
by Leland to the 'Old Abbay of Ripon' and which have been adduced to
support the view that Wilfrid's Abbey Church stood on that site and not
on the site of the present Cathedral (see p. 77 and n. 4 there).
[130] The others were Bondgate Bridge (over the Skell), Bishopton Bridge
(over the Laver), Hewick Bridge (over the Ure below the town), the
Archer-bridge, and the 'Esgel-bridge.' The position of the two last is
uncertain, and the rest have long been rebuilt. Bishopton Bridge had a
chapel upon it with which was connected a hermit. In the middle ages the
bridges were under the charge of the Archbishop. They were often the
recipients of bequests, but were themselves made to contribute to the
Common Fund of the Collegiate Church, by means of money-boxes which were
placed upon them.
APPENDIX.
ABBOTS OF THE SAXON MONASTERY.
ST. EATA _c._ 657-661.
ST. WILFRID 661-709.
TATBERHT 709.
BOTWINE died 786.
ALBERHT 786-787.
SIGRED 787.
UILDEN OR WILDENG ?
CANONS OF STANWICK IN THE MEDIAEVAL COLLEGIATE CHURCH.[131]
Geoffrey de Bockland _circa_ 1226.
Laurence de Topcliffe _circa_ 1230.
Eadmund de Maundevill resigned 1279.
Anthony Beck[132] 1279.
Roger Swayne _c._ 1285-_c._ 1311.
Richard de Henney 1311-_c._ 1315.
William de Seton 1316-_c._ 1320.
Thomas de Cave 1320-_c._ 1322.
Robert de Rypon 1322-_c._ 1333.
Peter de Wetwang 1333.
John de Crakhall _c._ 1344-_c._ 1378.
John de Seggefield 1378-1384.
John de Middleton 1384-1397.
John de Dene[133] 1397-_c._ 1435.
Simon Alcock 1435-_c._ 1436.
Richard Morton 1436-? 1447.
John Clere ? 1447-1478.
Robert Symson 1479-1481.
Thomas Bakehouse 1481-_c._ 1521.
Richard Dean _c._ 1535-_c._ 1545.
Christopher Seale _c._ 1545-? 1547.
DEANS OF KING JAMES I.'S FOUNDATION.
Moses Fowler, B.D. 1604-1608.
Anthony Higgin, B.D. 1608-1624.
John Wilson, D.D. 1624-1634.
Thomas Dod, D.D.[134] 1635-_c._ 1645.
John Wilkins, D.D., F.R.S.[135] 1660-1668.
John Neile, D.D.[136] 1674-1675.
Thomas Tullie, D.D. 1675.
Thomas Cartwright, D.D.[137] 1675-1686.
Christopher Wyvill, D.D.[138] 1686-1710.
Heneage Dering, LL.D.[139] 1710-1750.
Francis Wanley, D.D.[140] 1750-1791.
Robert Darley Waddilove, LL.D., F.S.A.[141] 1792-1828.
James Webber, D.D. 1828-
DEANS OF THE CATHEDRAL FOUNDATION.
James Webber, D.D.[142] -1847.
The Hon. Henry David Erskine, D.D.[143] 1847-1859.
Thomas Garnier, B.C.L. 1859-1860.
William Goode, D.D., F.S.A. 1860-1868.
Hugh M'Neile, D.D. 1868-1876.
Sydney Turner, B.A. 1876.
William Robert Fremantle, D.D. 1876-1895.
The Hon. William Henry Fremantle, D.D. 1895.
BISHOPS OF RIPON.
EADHEAD 681-686.
CHARLES THOMAS LONGLEY, D.D., F.S.A.[144] 1836-1856.
ROBERT BICKERSTETH, D.D., F.R.S.[145] 1857-1884.
WILLIAM BOYD-CARPENTER, D.D. 1884.
FOOTNOTES:
[131] The mediaeval College of Canons had no official head, but the
Prebendary of Stanwick, as Ruler of the Choir, was generally in
residence, and was in some sense the most important of the Canons. He
did not, however, preside, at least not if any other Canon was in
residence. Thus Christopher Dragley (Prebendary of Monkton) was often
_Praesidens Capituli_ from 1533 to 1539, and Marmaduke Bradley
(Prebendary of Thorp) from 1544 to 1546.
[132] Afterwards the celebrated Bishop of Durham, one of the most
prominent personages at the court of Edward I.
[133] A brass to him is preserved in the Cathedral. The inscription was
probably cut in his lifetime, for the space for the date of his death is
left blank. He helped to found the chantry of St. Wilfrid, and is buried
in the Choir.
[134] Deprived by the Parliament when they suppressed the Chapter.
[135] One of the founders of the Royal Society: married Oliver
Cromwell's sister: became Bishop of Chester.
[136] Buried near the vestry door.
[137] Became Bishop of Chester, and was a strong supporter of James II.
[138] Buried within the Altar-rails (brass).
[139] Buried in the north choir-aisle (tablet).
[140] Buried in the Cathedral (formerly there was a tablet in the south
aisle of the nave).
[141] Tablet in the Chapter-house.
[142] Buried within the Altar-rails.
[143] Buried in the graveyard near the north-east corner of the choir
(tomb by Sir Gilbert Scott).
[144] Afterwards Bishop of Durham, then Archbishop of York, and finally
Archbishop of Canterbury. The modern diocese of Ripon does not
correspond in area with that over which Eadhead presided (_see Chap.
I._)
[145] Buried in the graveyard near the south-east corner of the choir.
INDEX.
ABBOTS, list of, 142.
Ailcy Hill, 9.
Aisles of the nave, 78;
south aisle, 79;
north aisle, 81;
of the choir, (north) 113;
(south) 115.
Archbishops of York, 13 _et seq._
Athelstan, King, 9.
BAS-RELIEF of lion, 80.
Bedern, the, 24, 26, 34.
Bells, the, 43.
Bishops of Ripon, 143.
Bridge, the North, 141.
CANONS, irregularities of the, 23.
Canons of Stanwick, list of, 142.
Chantries, 28.
Chapter, the, 29, 30;
re-established, 31, 33, 34, 37.
Chapter-house, the, 53, 122-125.
Charles I., 34.
Choir, the, 49, 58;
interior, 96-117.
College of Canons, the, 12, 17, 22, 30.
Courts, ecclesiastical and secular, 19, 31, 37.
Crypt, the Saxon, 71-78;
the Norman, 117-120.
Cuthbert, St., 4, 11, 12.
DEANERY, the, 133.
Deans, list of, 143.
Dedication by Wilfrid, 6.
Diocese of Ripon, 36.
EADHEAD, Bishop of Ripon, 7.
East End, the, 60.
Eata, first Abbot, 4, 12.
Edward I., 25.
FONTS, the, 79.
Grammar-School, Ripon, 14, 30-36.
Gray, Archbishop Walter de, 11, 16, 21.
HENRY IV., 26.
Henry V., 11.
JAMES I., 31, 33.
LADY-KIRK, the, 22, 27.
Lady-loft, the, 54, 129.
Liberty of Ripon, 19-37.
Library, the, 130.
MALLORY Chapel, 93.
Markenfield Chapel and tombs, 90.
Monastery of Ripon, the (Scottish), 4;
(Saxon), 5;
end of, 12.
NAVE, rebuilding of, 27, 69;
north side, exterior, 44;
south side, 50;
interior, 65.
ODA, Archbishop of Canterbury, 11.
Organ, the, 111.
Oswald, Archbishop, 11.
PALACE, Archiepiscopal, 24, 35.
Peculiar, the parish a, 19, 31, 37.
Prebends, 12, 14, 17, 18, 23, 26.
Presbytery, arrangement of the, 104.
Pulpit (Old) in north transept, 88.
Ripon Minster, foundation of the Scottish monastery, 4;
original site of, 5;
dedication of new church, 6;
end of monastery, 12;
as a collegiate church, 12, 22;
as a parochial church, 18, 22;
present church built, 15;
central tower reconstructed, 27;
nave rebuilt, 27.
Rising in the North, the, 30.
Roger de Pont l'Eveque, Archbishop, 15;
his plan, 16, 67.
Rood Screen, the, 94.
ST. AGNES' Lodge, 136.
St. Anne's Hospital, 133.
St. John's Hospital, 36.
St. Mary Magdalene's Hospital, 35, 137.
Sanctuary, right of, 9, 23, 30.
Saxon monastery, the, 5.
Scots, incursion of, 25.
Scottish monastery, the, 4.
Sedilia, the, 104.
Site, original, 5.
Spires, fall and removal of the, 34.
Stalls, the choir, 106.
Stammergate, 5, 22, 35.
Stanwick, Prebend, 17, 18, 29, 142.
THEODORE, Archbishop of Canterbury, 6.
Thomas of Bayeux, Archbishop, 13.
Thorp, prebendal house, 36, 136.
Throne, the Bishop's, 111;
the Archbishop's, 36.
Thurstan, Archbishop, 73, 14.
Tower, the central, 45, 56;
interior, 82.
Towers, western, 41.
Transept, north, 46;
south, 51, 56;
interior, 85;
north, 86;
south, 91.
VAULT-BOSSES in choir, 103.
Vaulting, north transept, 91.
Vestry, the, 125.
WAKEMAN, the, 33.
West front, the, 16, 40, 43;
interior, 68.
West Gate, the, demolished, 35.
Wilfrid, St., 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 75;
relics of, 11, 16;
translation of, 14;
shrine of, 14, 29, 81;
crypt of, 31, 71.
William, St., of York (Archbishop Fitzherbert), 15.
Window, east, 34, 62, 102.
Wolsey, Archbishop, 33.
Wulfstan, Archbishop, 10.
[Illustration: GROUND PLAN OF RIPON CATHEDRAL.]
DIMENSIONS (internal).
Total Length, 270 feet
Length of Nave, 133 "
Width of Nave, 87 "
Width of Transept, 52 "
Height of Vault (Nave), 88 "
Height of Towers, 110 "
Area, 25,280 square feet.
PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., EDINBURGH.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's Note
The following obvious typographical errors were corrected:
Page Error
2 the Tower. changed to the Tower.)
10, fn. 10 St Wilfrid's changed to St. Wilfrid's
111 ascendency changed to ascendancy
115, fn. 103 Surtee's changed to Surtees
118 anyrate changed to any rate
136 acolyte's Orders changed to acolyte's Orders.
The following words were inconsistently spelled:
afterthought / after-thought
Agnesgate / Agnes-gate
aisleless / aisle-less
stonework / stone-work