Article 57. The Judicature shall be exercised by the Courts
of Law according to law, in the name of the Emperor.
(2) The organization of the Courts of Law shall be
determined by law.
Article 58. The judges shall be appointed from among those,
who possess proper qualifications according to law.
(2) No judge shall be deprived of his position, unless by
way of criminal sentence or disciplinary punishment.
(3) Rules for disciplinary punishment shall be determined by
law.
Article 59. Trials and judgments of a Court shall be
conducted publicly. When, however, there exists any fear, that
such publicity may be prejudicial to peace and order, or to the
maintenance of public morality, the public trial may be suspended
by provisions of law or by the decision of the Court of Law.
Article 60. All matters that fall within the competency of a
special Court, shall be specially provided for by law.
Article 61. No suit at law, which relates to rights alleged
to have been infringed by the illegal measures of the
administrative authorities, and which shall come within the
competency of the Court of Administrative Litigation specially
established by law, shall be taken cognizance of by Court of Law.