BLEACHING OF FURS
Bleaching is for the purpose of lightening the color of furs, and is
most generally applied to white-haired skins such as white fox, ermine,
and occasionally white lambs of all kinds, and white bears. Among such
furs, pelts of a naturally pure white tone are relatively scarce, while
in the majority of cases the color ranges from a pale creamy white to a
decidedly yellowish shade. Colors which vary from the pure white detract
considerably from the attractiveness and consequent value of the fur, and
indeed, some pelts are so far off shade that they can only be used when
dyed a darker color. Most white skins which are but slightly inferior in
color can be brought to a pure white by bleaching, and they can then be
used natural. Some pelts, on the other hand, are particularly resistant
to the action of bleaching agents and cannot be sufficiently decolorized
to render them suitable for use natural, so these are also dyed. For the
production of certain delicate or fancy dyed shades on white furs, it is
often necessary to bleach the skins in order to be able to obtain pure
tones. Such instances are not very common, however. Occasionally dark
furs, such as beaver, are bleached on the tips of the hair, a golden shade
being obtained thereby, which at one time was quite popular, but recently
such effects have not been in vogue.
In the bleaching of furs, two steps may be distinguished, first
degreasing, and second, bleaching proper. In the preliminary operations
of fur dressing, the furs are treated with soap or weak alkalies to
cleanse them and to remove excess oil from the hair. During the various
processes and manipulations, the hair, especially on white skins, may
become soiled or somewhat greasy again, so it is advisable to repeat
the cleaning process. This should in every case be as light as possible,
using a weak solution of soap for the softer and cleaner pelts, or dilute
solutions of ammonium carbonate or soda ash for the more greasy-haired
skins. The skins are then thoroughly rinsed to remove all traces of
the degreasing material. This step is very essential in order to obtain
uniform bleaching.
Broadly speaking, there are two general methods which can be used in
bleaching furs, one involving the use of what are known as reducing
agents, and the other employing oxidizing substances.
Among reducing agents which can be used for bleaching furs are sulphurous
acid, and its salts such as sodium bisulphite and sodium sulphite;
hydrosulphites, and derivatives.
1. ~Sulphurous acid.~--When sulphur is burned, sulphur dioxide gas
is formed. In the presence of moisture, or when dissolved in water,
this gas forms sulphurous acid, which is one of the most commonly used
bleaching chemicals for all sorts of materials, and is very effective
for decolorizing furs. The procedure usually followed is to hang up the
moistened skins on wooden rods in a more or less cubical chamber made of
stone or brick, and lined with wood or lead. No other metals may be used,
because they are quickly corroded by the sulphurous acid. The requisite
quantity of sulphur is placed in a pot in the bleaching chamber, and then
ignited, after which the doors are shut tight. The fumes of the burning
sulphur in contact with the moist hair readily exert their bleaching
action on the furs, and the operation is allowed to proceed for six or
eight hours, or overnight. Then by means of fans or other devices, the
air filled with sulphur dioxide gas is withdrawn from the chamber, and
replaced by fresh air. The door is opened, the skins removed, exposed to
the air for a time, then rinsed, and finally dried and finished. Sometimes
one operation is not enough to sufficiently bleach the hair, so the
process is repeated. Sulphur dioxide gas can now be obtained compressed
in cylinders, which are more convenient to handle than burning sulphur.
The flow of gas which is introduced into the bleaching chamber by means
of a nozzle attached to the cylinder, can be regulated, and the bleaching
thus retarded or accelerated.
2. ~Sodium bisulphite and sodium sulphite.~--These salts of sulphurous
acid are effective in their bleaching action only when in solution in the
presence of acids. The acids liberate sulphurous acid from the salts,
so this method is virtually the same as 1. Instead of using the salts
of sulphurous acid, sulphur dioxide may be dissolved in water, and the
solution used for bleaching by immersing the furs in it. This procedure,
while consuming somewhat less time than the chamber process, is more
likely to affect the leather, which would have to be retanned. The
principle is the same as that involved in method 1.
3. ~Hydrosulphites and derivatives.~--The bleaching agent can be prepared
by adding zinc dust to commercial bisulphite of soda dissolved in about
four times its weight of water until no more reaction is evident. Milk
of lime is then added to precipitate the zinc, and the clear supernatant
liquid of 1.5°–5° Tw. is used for bleaching. The skins are immersed
for 12–24 hours, taken out, washed and finished. Instead of preparing
the hydrosulphite, the commercial products may be used with greater
convenience, a solution containing 1–4% of the hydrosulphite powder being
used, and the skins treated in this until satisfactorily bleached.
The bleaching action of sulphurous acid and hydrosulphite is supposed to
be due to the reduction of the coloring matter of the hair to a colorless
compound; or possibly to the formation of a colorless compound of the
bleaching material with the pigment. The former seems the more probable
explanation, because the change is not a permanent one, the original
natural color returning after a long exposure of the bleached fur to air
and light. However, the results are sufficiently enduring to satisfy the
requirements of the trade in the class of furs on which these methods of
bleaching are used.
Bleaching chemicals with an oxidizing action generally used for
decolorizing furs are hydrogen peroxide and peroxides; occasionally
hypochlorites and permanganates are also used.
1. ~Hydrogen peroxide.~--Hydrogen peroxide is usually employed for
bleaching in the form of its 3% solution, to which is added about 20
cubic centimeters of ammonia per liter. The ammonia serves partially to
neutralize the acid which commercial peroxide generally contains, and
also to facilitate the bleaching action. The thoroughly degreased skins
are immersed in the solution until the hair is completely wetted by it,
are then removed, and evenly pressed or hydro-extracted, after which
the pelts are hung up to dry in the air. As the hair becomes drier,
the concentration of the peroxide becomes greater, and consequently the
bleaching action is stronger. Where there is a likelihood of the leather
being affected by the bleaching solution, the ammoniacal peroxide may
be applied to the hair with a fine sponge or brush until sufficiently
wetted, and then hanging the skins up to dry. Repetition of the process
is sometimes necessary to obtain pure white, but the results are always
excellent.
2. ~Peroxides.~--The most important of these is sodium peroxide, which
comes on the market as a yellowish-white powder, which must be kept dry,
and away from any inflammable material, as fires have been caused by the
contact of the peroxide with such substances. When dissolved in water, it
is equivalent to a strongly alkaline solution of peroxide of hydrogen.
Na₂O₂ + 2H₂O = H₂O₂ + 2NaOH
sodium water peroxide caustic
peroxide of soda
hydrogen
When dissolved in acid, the alkali is neutralized, and a neutral solution
of peroxide of hydrogen and a salt is obtained, and this method is used
to obtain peroxide of hydrogen cheaply.
Na₂O₂ + H₂SO₄ = H₂O₂ + Na₂SO₄
sulfuric sodium
acid sulphate
3 parts of sodium peroxide are slowly dissolved in a cold 1% solution of
4 parts of sulphuric acid, stirring during the addition, and making the
resulting solution neutral to litmus paper, acid or more sodium peroxide
being added as needed. There is then added 3–6 parts of a solution
of silicate of soda of 90° Tw. The skins are immersed until properly
bleached, taken out, passed through a weak acid solution, then washed
and finished. This method generally requires the leather to be retanned
after bleaching. Another process, which involves the use of peroxides,
but which is not commonly practised, consists in rubbing the hair with
a pasty mixture of equal parts of water, barium dioxide, and silicate of
soda, hanging up the skins to dry, and then beating and brushing the hair.
3. ~Permanganates.~--The only member of this group that finds practical
application for bleaching purposes is potassium permanganate. The skins
are immersed in a 0.1% solution of the crystals of potassium permanganate,
until the hair acquires a deep brown color. They are then removed, rinsed,
and entered into a second bath containing sulphurous acid in solution,
prepared by acidifying a solution of sodium bisulphite. The skins are then
worked in this until fully bleached. It is the permanganate which does
the bleaching, the sulphurous acid being for the purpose of dissolving
the brown compound of manganese formed on the hair.
4. ~Hypochlorites.~--Chloride of lime and sodium hypochlorite, which is
prepared from the former, are the chief chemicals of this type used for
bleaching. The skins are entered into a weak solution of the hypochlorite,
and left until the hair is decolorized; then after removing, they are
passed through a dilute acid, and subsequently through a weak solution of
sodium thiosulphate in order to remove all traces of the hypochlorite.
This method causes the hair to acquire a harsh feel, and the yellow
color is never entirely eliminated. The hair, however, possesses a
great affinity for certain types of dyestuffs, and it is only when
these particular classes of dyes are to be applied to the furs, that the
hypochlorite bleach is used. (See dyeing with Acid colors).
The various oxidation methods of bleaching are supposed to change the
coloring matter of the hair into an entirely different and colorless
compound which cannot return to its original form. The bleach is therefore
permanent.
In common practise, the sulphurous acid, and the peroxide of hydrogen
methods are the two chiefly employed in bleaching processes. Sulphurous
acid is used to bleach the cheaper kinds of furs, while peroxide of
hydrogen is applied to the finer furs.
Whichever process is used, it is customary to give the bleached skins a
subsequent “blueing,” by passing them through a very weak solution of a
blue or violet dye, such as indigo-carmine, crystal violet, alkali blue
or ultramarine. The furs are then dried and finished off as usual. In drum
cleaning white furs, gypsum or white sand, or sometimes even talc are used
with the sawdust, or occasionally alone without the sawdust.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Belden, A. L. “Fur Trade in America” 1917
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Bennett, H. G. “Manufacture of Leather” 1910
Bertram, P. Deutsche Färber-Zeitung 1895–96 Heft 17, p. 266
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Boerner, H. Kunststoffe, 1912 p. 223
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Cubaeus, P. “Das Ganze der Kürschnerei” 1912
Davis, C. T. “Manufacture of Leather”
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Fleming, L. “Practical Tanning” 1916
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Hayes, A. H. National Cleaner and Dyer, Nov. 1920, p. 55–57
Jacobson, “Schauplatz der Zeugmanufacturen” p. 493
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Adstringentien” 1917
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Lamb, J. W. Jour. Soc. Dyers & Colourists Dec. 1905, p. 323
Lamb, M. C. “Dressing of Leather” 1908
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1871
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---- “Das Färben der Rauchwaren” 1914
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INDEX
Acetate, aluminum, 118
---- chromium, 120
---- copper, 120
---- ferrous, 119
---- lead, 126
Acetic acid, 112
Acid dyes, 174
Acids, action of, on hair, 29
---- ---- on skin, 26
After-treatment with copper, 168
Alaska fox imitations, 143
Alkaline aluminum mordants, 122
---- chromium mordants, 123
---- iron mordants, 123
Alum, 32, 53, 118
---- chrome, 57
---- -chrome tans, 64
---- tans, 54, 56
Aluminum acetate, 118
---- mordants, 118
---- sulphate, 53, 118
Ammonia, 110
Ammonium sulphide, 126
Aniline black, 144
---- ---- by dip process, 154
---- ---- chemistry, 145
---- ---- Green’s process for, 152
---- ---- nature of, 144
---- ---- One-bath, 149
---- ---- Oxidation, 150
---- ---- processes, 149
---- ---- ungreenable, 148
Aniline oil, 145
Astrachan 5, 7, 12
Bacteria, 51
Badger, 7
Ball-drum, 62
Bandrowski’s base, 164
Basic dyes, 171
Beam, 38
Beaming, 38
Bear, black, 5, 7
---- brown, 5, 8
---- white, 8
---- ---- bleaching of, 179
Beating furs, 79
Beaver, 5, 8, 25, 83, 94
Beechwood ashes, 108
Bichromate of soda, 121, 147
Black, aniline, 144
---- ---- by Green’s process, 152
---- ---- chemistry of, 145
---- ---- nature of, 144
---- ---- One-bath, 149
---- ---- Oxidation, 150
---- ---- ungreenable, 148
Black, diphenyl, 152
---- logwood, 139
---- on Chinese goats, 141
---- on lambs, 141
---- on raccoon, 130
---- on skunk, 130
---- on wolf, 130
Bleaching of furs, 179
Blending, 91, 104
Blue-grey on white furs, 142
Blueing, 184
Blue salt, 120
---- vitriol, 119
Borax, 39, 58
Brasilein, 135
Brasilin, 135
Brazilwood, 135
Bright shades on furs, 171
Broadtail, 8, 12
---- dyeing of, 139
Brown on Thibet sheep, 169
---- with natural dyes, 142
Brush process, 98
Brushes used in dyeing, 100
Butter, 60, 63
Cage, 80
Cageing, 80
Campeachy wood, 133
Caracul, 8, 12
---- dressing of, 53
Caracul, dyeing of, 140
Carnivorous animals, furs of, 37
Cased skins, 36
Castor oil, 60, 63
Cat, civet, 5, 8
---- house, 8
Caustic soda, 44, 110, 113
Centrifugal machine, 40
Chamber drying, 73
Chamois dressing, 31
---- tan, 49, 58, 61
Characteristics of tans, 65
Chestnut extract, 133
Chinchilla, 5, 6, 8, 94
---- blending of, 91, 104
Chinchillone, 9
China goat, black on, 141
Chlorates, 147
Chloride of lime, 174
---- ---- bleach, 184
Chrome acetate, 120
---- alum, 57, 120
---- colors, 176
---- -copper mordant, 167
---- -formaldehyde tan, 64
---- tans, 57, 174
Chromium mordants, 120, 166
---- ---- alkaline, 123
---- salts in tanning, 53
Cleaning pelts, 40
Coal tar colors, 171
Cocoanut oil, 60
Cod-liver oil, 60
Collagen, 25
Colloidal solutions, 48
Combination tans, 49, 64
Conveying dyed skins, 104
Conveyor drying, 73
Copper acetate, 119
---- mordants, 119, 166
---- salts, 109
---- ---- after-treatment with, 168
---- sulphate, 119
Copperas, 119
Copper-iron mordant, 167
Coriin, 21
Corium, 21
Cortex, 23
Cottonseed oil, 60, 63
Cuba wood, 134
Cutch, gambier, 65, 135
Cuticle, 23
Davy, Sir Humphrey, 47
Degreasing furs, 179
Diphenyl black, 152
Dip process, 98
Dressing of lambs, 52
---- ---- rabbits, 54
---- ---- moles, 54
Drum, 80
Drum-cleaning, 105
Drumming, 76
Drying-oils, 60
Drying skins, 71
Durability of furs, 5
Dyeing furs at higher temperatures, 174
Dyeing of imitations, 93
---- ---- novelty shades, 92
---- with aniline black, 144
---- ---- coal tar colors, 171
---- ---- mineral colors, 125
---- ---- oxidation colors, 155
---- ---- vegetable colors, 128
Egg-yolk, 63
Emeraldine, 145
Enzymes, 51
Epidermis, 21
Erdmann, 155
Ermine, 5, 9
---- bleaching of, 179
Fahrion, 48
Fat-glands, 21
Fats, animal, 59
Fermentation, 51
Ferrous acetate, 119
Ferrous sulphate, 119
Finishing dyed furs, 104
Fisher, 9
Fitch, 9, 94
Flat skins, 36
Fleshing, 41
---- knife, 38, 42
---- machines, 42
Flesh side, 22, 37
Formaldehyde, 63
---- -chrome tan, 64
---- tans, 49, 63
Formic acid, 44, 50
---- ---- as soaking agent, 39
Fox, black on, 140
---- blue, 9
---- cross, 4, 10
---- grey, 10
---- kit, 10
---- red, 4, 5, 10
---- ---- dyed imitation silver fox, 137
---- silver, 4, 10
---- ---- imitations, 137, 143
---- white, 11, 94
---- ---- bleaching of, 179
French seal dye, 138, 144
Furamine dyes, 162
Fur beating machine, 80
Fur dressing, 30
Fur dyeing, 91
---- ---- difficulties of, 95
---- ---- with aniline black, 144
---- ---- with coal tar colors, 171
---- ---- with mineral colors, 125
---- ---- with oxidation colors, 155
---- ---- with vegetable colors, 128
Fur-hair, 24
Furriers’ guilds, 34, 90
Furrol dyes, 166
Furs, colors of, 3
---- description of, 7
---- durability of, 5
---- of carnivorous animals, 37
---- of herbivorous animals, 37
---- quality of, 3, 4
---- uses of, 1
---- valuation of, 6
---- weight of, 5
Fustic, 134
---- shades with, 135
Gall-nuts, 128, 132
Gambier cutch, 65, 135
Gelatine, 1, 25, 47, 48
Genet, 5
Glycerine, 63
Goat, 5, 11
---- logwood black on, 141
Green’s process for aniline black, 152
Grey-blue on white furs, 142
Ground water, 87
Guard-hair, 24
Guilds, furriers’, 34, 90
Hair, 22
---- action of acids on, 27
---- action of alkalies on, 28
---- action of salts on, 28
Hamster, 3, 11
Hardness of water, 87
Hare, 5, 11, 94
---- black on, 140
---- blue-grey on, 142
---- lynx dye on, 126
---- stone marten imitation on, 126
Hematein, 133
Hematoxylin, 133
Herbivorous animals, furs of, 37
Hudson seal, 144
Hydro-extraction, 40
Hydrogen peroxide, 168
---- ---- bleaching with, 182
Hydrosulphite bleach, 181
Hypochlorites, 184
Imitations, dyeing of, 93
Iron mordants, 119, 167
Iron pyrolignite, 119
Iron salts in tanning, 53
Iron tan, 58
Iron vitriol, 119
Kangaroo, 12
Keratin, 25
Kicker, 61
Killing, 98, 106
---- formulas, 108
---- nature of, 107
---- purpose of, 106
---- by brush process, 111
---- by dip process, 111
---- with caustic soda, 113
---- with lime, 112
---- with soda, 112
Knapp, 46, 57
Knife, beaming, 38
---- shaving, 38
---- fleshing, 38
Kolinsky, 5, 12
Krimmer, 5, 12, 13
Lactic acid, 44, 51
Lactic acid fermentation, 50
Lambs, 12
---- dressing of, 50, 53
---- dyeing of, 92, 140, 141, 142
Lard, 60
Lead, acetate, 126
Lead sulphide dye, 126
Leather, definition of, 48
---- dressing of, 30
Leopard, 5, 13, 94
---- tanning of, 43
Lima wood, 135
Lime, 108, 110, 112
Linseed oil, 60
Litharge, 109
Loft drying, 72
Logwood, 133
---- blacks, 139
---- shades with, 134
Lynx, 5, 13
---- imitation on rabbit and hare, 126
Luster of hair, 23
Machines used in brush dyeing, 102
---- ---- dip dyeing, 103
Marmot, 14, 68, 94
Marten, blending of, 91, 104
Marten, baum, 5, 14
---- stone, 5, 14
---- ---- imitation, 126
Medulla, 22
Meunier, 46
Mineral colors, 125
---- oils, 59, 63
---- tans, 49, 53
Mink, 5, 14, 68, 94
Mole, 5, 15
---- tanning of, 54
Monkey, 15
Mordanting, 98, 114
Mordants, alkaline, 121
---- aluminum, 118
---- chrome-copper, 167
---- chromium, 120, 166
---- copper, 119, 166
---- copper-iron, 167
---- iron, 119, 167
---- tin, 121
Mucines, 25
Muskrat, 5, 15, 68, 94
---- imitation seal on, 144, 169
Neats-foot oil, 60, 63
Neradol D., 64
Nigraniline, 147
Non-drying oils, 60, 63
Novelty shades, dyeing of, 92
Nutgalls, 33, 132
Nutria, 5, 15, 94
Oiling, 62, 77
Oils, drying, 60
---- non-drying, 50
---- partially-drying, 60, 63
Olive oil, 60
One-bath aniline black, 149
Opossum, 5, 15, 68
---- black on, 140
---- skunk imitation on, 138
---- seal imitation on, 144
Otter, River, 5, 16, 94
---- Sea, 5, 16
Over-hair, 24
Oxidation aniline black, 150
---- colors, 155
---- ---- shades with, 165
Para-amido phenol, 153, 157
Para-phenylene diamine, 153, 157, 162
Partially-drying oils, 60, 63
Pelage, 2
Pelt, 2
Pernambuco wood, 135
Peroxide of hydrogen, 168, 182
Peroxides, 182
Persian lamb, 5, 12
---- ---- dressing of, 50, 53
---- ---- dyeing of, 139
Physical theories of tanning, 47
Pickle, 49
Pigment granules, 23
Pony, Russian, 5, 16
Potassium permanganate as a dye, 127
---- ---- as a bleach, 183
Protective-hair, 24
Pyrolignite of iron, 119
Quercitron, 135
Quinone di-imine, 163
Rabbit, 6, 17, 94
---- imitation seal on, 144
---- lynx imitation on, 126
---- sable imitation on, 168
---- stone marten imitation on, 126
---- tanning of, 54, 65
Raccoon, 6, 17
---- black on, 140
---- skunk imitation on, 170
Rain water, 86
Red fox, dyed as silver fox, 137
Redwood, 135
Rodol colors, 165
Russian tan, 51
Sable, 6, 94
---- American, 17
---- blending of, 91, 104
---- imitation on rabbit, 168
---- Russian, 18
Salammoniac, 109
Salt, 32, 49
---- -acid tan, 49
---- -water soak, 39
Salts, neutral, 54
---- basic, 54, 115
Sawdust in drum-cleaning, 80
“Schrot-beize,” 50
Seal, 6, 18, 94
---- fur, 18
---- dyeing of, 92, 144
---- hair, 19
---- imitation on muskrat, 138, 169
---- -oil, 60
Shearing, 82
---- machine, 84
Shrinking-point of skins, 66
---- effect of chemicals on, 67
Silver fox imitations, 137, 143
Skin, 21
---- action of acids on, 26
---- action of alkalies on, 27
Skunk, 6, 19, 94
---- imitation on opossum, 138
---- ---- on raccoon, 170
Soaking skins, 39
Soda ash, 110, 112
Sodium bichromate, 121, 166
---- bisulphite, 127, 181
---- chloride, 49
---- peroxide, 182
---- sulphite, 181
Soft water, 87
Softening skins, 38
Souring, 113
Squirrel, 6, 19
Staking, 78
Stannous chloride, 121
Stiasny, 64
Stone marten imitation, 126
Stretching, 78
---- machines, 78
Sugar of lead, 126
Sulphonated oils, 63
Sulphuric acid, 49
Sulphurous acid bleach, 180
Sumach, 128, 133
---- tanning with, 33
Surface water, 87
Sweat-glands, 22
Tallow, 60
Tanned furs, qualities of, 48
Tanning methods, comparison of, 65
Tannins, 32, 132
Tiger, 19
Top-hair, 24
Train oils, 63
Tramping machine, 61
Turmeric, 136
Under-hair, 24
Under-wool, 24
Ungreenable aniline black, 148
Unhairing, 82
---- machine, 83
Ursol dyes, 157, 165
Vanadium compounds, 147
Vat dyes, 177
Vegetable dyes, 128, 136
---- oils, 59
---- tans, 49, 65
Verdigris, 120
Water, hard, 87
---- soft, 87
Whale oil, 60
White fox, bleaching of, 179
Wolf, 6, 19
Wolverine, 6, 20
Wombat, 20
Wood dyes, 128
Yellow wood, 134
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Transcriber’s Notes:
Punctuation has been standardised--in particular, missing periods
and quotation marks have been supplied where obviously required.
Three entries in the bibliography were located out of alphabetical
order, and have been moved accordingly (Fougerat, Lamb, Martin).
All other original errors and inconsistencies have been retained,
except as follows:
Page 7: changed Enclyclopedia to Encyclopedia
(in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed.)
Page 20: changed Kaola to Koala
(Koala or Australian Bear.)
Page 62: changed partiular to particular
(on the particular fur treatment)
Page 67: changed degress to degrees
(almost 10 degrees higher than)
Page 73: changed samewhat to somewhat
(based on a somewhat different)
Page 93: changed imitatations to imitations
(dyeing of imitations to a great)
Page 101: changed diagramatically to diagrammatically
(and B shows diagrammatically, machines)
Page 128: changed conjuction to conjunction
(which in conjunction with certain)
Page 136: changed curcuma to Curcuma
(stem of the Curcuma tinctoria,)
Page 137: changed simutaneously to simultaneously
(and dye simultaneously; and third)
Page 140: changed atmopheric to atmospheric
(aid of the atmospheric oxygen.)
Page 142: changed followlowing to following
(successively in the following baths:)
Page 149: changed ozidizing to oxidizing
(is also an oxidizing agent and)
Page 154: changed dryig to drying
(several times, drying each time at)
Page 161: changed manufacurers to manufacturers
(Other manufacturers of coal-tar)
Page 170: changed Racoon to Raccoon
(_Imitation Skunk on Raccoon_)
Page 185: changed Werkstatte to Werkstätte
(Halle “Werkstätte der heutigen)
Page 185: changed Gerben to Gerbens
(Geschichte des Gerbens und der)
Page 185: changed Astringentien to Adstringentien
(und der Adstringentien” 1917)