GENERAL SANITATION.
[Sidenote: Trees and tall crops.]
All the lower branches of trees in crowded areas should be pruned; these
are useless or superfluous for shade, and only impede the free
circulation of air. This should be done by sawing off any branch flush
with the main trunk, or with its main branch. In no case should a ragged
stump be left, and, if possible, the wound should be smeared with tar.
Lopping must be done with a handsaw and in no case with an axe; the best
season for doing this is at the end of the cold weather, but it can also
be done at the end of the rains. The final form of a tree should be a
straight stem up to 15 or 18 feet, without a bough, and above that
height its natural shape whatever that may be. This will allow of free
ventilation of the roads and streets. For the same reason no tall crops,
such as Genera, or Indian corn, should be allowed near houses, and
jungle should be kept cleared as far as possible.
[Sidenote: Tanks.]
Householders should not be allowed to excavate small tanks in their
compounds to procure earth from for the plinths of their houses, as
these become in time mere cesspools, where the inmates bathe, wash their
clothes, and often drink the water. Further, these become suitable
breeding-places for mosquitoes. Plots of ground should be set aside by
Municipalities, where, for proper reasons, earth can be taken. These
common excavations will in time become large tanks, which can be
properly conserved and utilized. For the same reason earth for roads and
railways should not be removed from isolated pits, but should be taken
so that the resultant excavation forms one continuous channel running
parallel with the road, or should be taken in shallow layers so as to
avoid the formation of a pit or hollow, the existence of which is
especially objectionable in the light of recent research as mosquitoes
breed and generate in them, and so spread malarial fever. Where such
hollows exist, the growth of fish should be encouraged, as they feed on
the mosquito larvæ when present.
[Sidenote: Cultivation within urban limits.]
From the experience of troops on service, it is found that camping near
recently turned-up soil is usually followed by fever. Ploughing up of
land for agricultural purposes should, if possible, be prevented within
municipal urban limits. In most municipalities there is a suburban area
which is pretty well all cultivated, but cultivation in densely
populated areas, as often occurs, should be discouraged.
[Sidenote: Dhobies.]
Dhobies should not be allowed to wash clothes in stagnant tanks, as it
has been proved that the spread of parasitic eczema, or dhobies’ itch,
is thereby facilitated. Where a water-supply exists a small washing
platform with taps should be provided free of charge by the
Municipality. Where not, they should be made to wash in running water,
or in tanks specially passed by the medical officer. It is most
important that all dhobies be registered, licensed and told off to the
different ghats; it may be free of cost to them in the first instance,
but after the system has been successfully introduced, well-to-do
employees can easily be induced to pay a small annual fee for superior
accommodation. This will eventually fully cover the cost of the
necessary supervising establishment and incidental expenditure.
[Sidenote: Markets.]
The importance of the regular inspection and control of markets, through
which the food-supply of a large proportion of the inhabitants passes,
can hardly be over-estimated. In these, special accommodation and
water-supply suitable for the articles for sale, _e.g._, fish,
vegetables, meat, and livestock should be provided, and a staff employed
to see that the existing laws are duly enforced, and that the quality of
the food-stuff exhibited for sale is such as should be permitted. Public
slaughterhouses for animals, the inspection of meat, and the disposal of
offal should also be systematically regulated and inspected. The cost of
erecting suitable market accommodation will soon be repaid and the
investment become a source of income to a Municipality if the scheme is
properly worked. The great point is the provision of good ventilation,
drainage, and of a water-supply for flushing purposes. A design of an
inexpensive market of 40 stalls for the Muzaffarpur Municipality
constructed in 1902, at a cost of Rs. 4,786, is given in Fig. 25, page
55. This for the past three years gave an average income of Rs. 253. A
loan of Rs. 4,800 at 4 per cent., repayable in 30 years, would entail an
annual expenditure of say Rs. 278 (_see_ Table of calculations of
repayment of loans by equal instalments, Appendix E, page 68), so the
results there are not satisfactory from a financial point of view.
[Sidenote: Disposal of Dead. Burning Ghâts.]
The scarcity of timber generally prevailing, and its consequent expense,
makes the process of cremation among the poorer Hindus frequently a
farce, the corpse being generally merely charred, and then thrown into
the nearest river, which thereby may be contaminated by the germs of
disease; often the professional cremator does nothing more than throw
the body into the water. It is time that rich Hindus came forward and
constructed proper crematoria in the towns on the banks of the Ganges
for the suitable disposal of their dead. Coal should be used and the
burning ghâts be looked after by Brahmins, as at Kalighat in Calcutta.
In Muzaffarpur, a new burning ghât on the banks of the river, down
stream of the town, was opened under the control of the Municipality. A
waiting-room to shelter the persons accompanying the corpse will be
constructed at the cost of a leading zemindar; and the sale of fuel was
regulated. For the cremation of an adult corpse this is supplied for
about Rs. 2 and for child Re. 1, varying with the seasons, but private
supply was allowed, provided it be sufficient for perfect combustion of
the body. At least 9 maunds of mango wood is required to burn an adult
corpse properly, the rate for this being about 5 maunds for a rupee.
[Illustration:
FIG. 25.
MUNICIPAL MARKET 40 STALLS
END ELEVATION
PART PLAN
CROSS SECTION
]
[Sidenote: Burial-grounds.]
Mahommedan burial-grounds should not be allowed near crowded areas, or
the sources of water-supply. In most towns these will be found to be
overcrowded; new ones should be opened under municipal control, as
provided for in sections 254 to 260A, Part VI of the Bengal Municipal
Act. An area of half an acre for every 1,000 Mahommedan inhabitants is
desirable if land is available, but may be reduced to quarter of an acre
where such is very expensive. This allows of the graves being
undisturbed for a period of seven years.
[Sidenote: Ruined houses.]
Where a house has been dismantled, or is in ruins, the owner should be
made either to repair it or remove the materials; the remains of walls
serve as a cover for the committal of nuisances and the deposit of
refuse.
[Sidenote: Building Regulations.]
Building Regulations should be adopted in all Municipalities. Those
framed for Patna City under section 241, Part VI, of the Bengal
Municipal Act, are given in Appendix D, page 63. The rule that no
building in any street shall be higher than the distance from its base
to the opposite side of the street is a very essential one to observe.
In the Bombay Improvement Trust the angle of 63½ from the opposite side
of any street or lane, regulates the height permissible in any building.
APPENDIX A.
MODEL RULES AS TO PRIVATE PRIVIES AND URINALS.
(GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL.)
[_See Act III of 1884, Section 350 (c)._]
1. (1) No privy shall be placed in the space required by this Act to be
left at the back of a building—
(_a_) unless the total height of the privy does not exceed eleven
feet; and
(_b_) unless there is a space of at least four feet between the
nearest wall and the service aperture of the privy.
(2) No privy situated in, or adjacent to, a building shall be placed at
a distance of less than—
(_a_) six feet from any other building which is a public building; or
(_b_) four feet from any other building which is, or is likely to be,
used as a dwelling-place, or as a place in which any person is, or
is intended to be, employed in any manufacture, trade or business.
[Sidenote: Provisions of access to service privy from street.]
2. (1) No privy shall be placed on any upper floor of a building.
3. (1) If there is no convenient access from a street to any privy, the
Commissioners may, if they think fit by written notice, require the
owner of the privy to form a passage giving access to the privy from the
street.
[Sidenote: Models and type-plans.]
(2) Every notice served under sub-rule (1) must require that such
passage be formed at ground-level, but not less than four feet wide, and
be provided with a suitable door, and must inform the said owner that
the passage may, at his option, be either open to the sky or covered in.
4. Models and type-plans of privies and urinals, approved by the
Commissioners, with estimates of the cost of constructing privies and
urinals in accordance therewith, shall be kept in the Municipal office
and shall be open to inspection by any person at all reasonable times
without charge; but no person shall be bound to construct any privy or
urinal in accordance with any such model or type plan if the same be
constructed in accordance with the other rules contained in this
Schedule.
[Sidenote: Drain.]
5. (1) A drain must be provided for every privy and every urinal.
(2) Such drain must be constructed of some impervious material, and must
connect the floor of the privy or urinal—
(_a_) with a drain communicating with a municipal drain or sewer; or
(_b_) if permitted by the Commissioners, with an impervious cesspool,
the contents of which can be removed either by hand, or by flow
after filtration.
[Sidenote: Floor.]
6. (1) The floor of every privy and urinal—
(_a_) must, if the Commissioners in any case so direct, be made of one
of the following materials to be selected by the owner of the
privy or urinal, that is to say, glazed tiles, artificial stone or
cement; or
(_b_) if no such direction is given, must be made of thoroughly well
burnt earthen tiles or bricks plastered, and not merely pointed,
with cement; and
(_c_) must be in every part at a height of not less than six inches
above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining the privy
or urinal.
(2) The floor of every privy and every urinal must have a fall or
inclination of at least half an inch to the foot towards the drain
prescribed by rule 5; and the platform must be similarly sloped towards
the aperture.
[Sidenote: Walls and roof.]
7. The walls and the roof (if any) of every privy and urinal shall be
made of such materials as may be approved by the Commissioners:
Provided that—
(_a_) in the case of privies, the entire surface of the walls below
the platform shall either be rendered in cement or be made as
prescribed in clause (_a_) or clause (_b_) of rule 6.
[Sidenote: Platform.]
8. The platform of every privy or urinal must either be plastered with
cement or be made of some water-tight nonabsorbent material as
prescribed in rule 6.
[Sidenote: Ventilation of privies in, or adjacent to, buildings.]
9. Every privy or urinal situated in, or adjacent to, a building must
have an opening, of not less than three square feet in area, in one of
the walls of the privy, as near the top of the wall as may be
practicable, and communicating directly with the open air.
[Sidenote: Regulation of service privies constructed for use in
combination with a moveable receptacle for sewage.]
10. Every privy must be constructed in accordance with the following
provisions:—
(_a_) the space beneath the platform of the privy must be of such
dimensions as to admit of one or two moveable receptacles for
sewage of a capacity not exceeding one cubic foot, being placed
and fitted beneath the platform in such manner and position as
will effectually prevent the deposit, otherwise than in such
receptacle of any sewage falling or thrown through the aperture of
the platform;
(_b_) the privy must be so constructed as to afford adequate access to
the said space for the purposes of cleansing such place and of
placing therein and removing therefrom proper receptacles for
sewage;
(_c_) the said receptacles must be water-tight, and must be made of
metal if their capacity is over half a cubic foot, or of
well-tarred earthenware or glazed stoneware if their capacity is
less than half a cubic foot;
(_d_) the door for the insertion and removal of the receptacles must
be made so as to completely cover the aperture.
[Sidenote: Enforcement of the foregoing rules in the case of future
privies or urinals.]
11. (1) If any privy or urinal erected or re-erected after the passing
of these rules is so constructed as to contravene any of the provisions
of this Schedule, the Commissioners may, by written notice, whether or
not the offender be prosecuted under the Municipal Act before a
Magistrate, require—
(_a_) the occupier of the building to which the privy or urinal
belongs, or
(_b_) (if the privy or urinal does not belong to a building) the owner
of the land on which the privy or urinal stands, to make such
alterations as may be specified in the notice with the object of
bringing the privy or urinal into conformity with the said
provisions.
APPENDIX B.
REMOVAL OF TOWN SWEEPING.
_Muzaffarpur Municipality._
WARDS NOS. 1 AND 2.
Name of Depôt, Juran-Chupra.
Quantity required to fill up tank or hollow, 67,570 cub. ft.
_November 1902._
──────┬─────────┬────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────
│ │ │
│ │ │
Serial│ │Capacity│
number│ Name of │of cart │
of │ carter. │in cub. │ NUMBER OF TRIPS DAILY.
cart. │ │ ft. │
│ │ │
│ │ │
│ │ │
──────┼─────────┼────────┼──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──
│ │ │ 1│ 2│ 3│ 4│ 5│ 6│ 7│ 8│ 9│10│11│12│13│14│15
──────┼─────────┼────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──
1│Bechná │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 3
2│Jhoomak │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
│Dome │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
3│Manglá │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
4│Jamná │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
│Bará │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
5│Musamat │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
│Rukminiá │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
6│Bhádai │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
7│Musamat │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
│Rebia │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
8│Akloo │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
│Chotá │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
9│Musamat │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2
│Bhagwániá│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
──────┼─────────┼────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──
│ │ Total│18│18│19│18│19│19│18│18│18│19│19│18│19│18│19
──────┴─────────┴────────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──
──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────
│ │Quantity │Quantity
│ │ of │ of
Serial│ │ rubbish │ rubbish
number│ │ in cub. │ in cub.
of │ NUMBER OF TRIPS DAILY. │ ft. │ ft.
cart. │ │deposited│deposited
│ │ by each │ by each
│ │ cart │ cart in
│ │ daily. │ month.
──────┼──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┼─────────┼─────────
│16│17│18│19│20│21│22│23│24│25│26│27│28│29│30│31│ │
──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼─────────┼─────────
1│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 3│ │ 54·4│ 1,632
2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
3│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 51·2│ 1,536
4│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·6│ 1,440
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
5│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
6│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 49·0│ 1,488
7│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
8│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
9│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼─────────┼─────────
│19│19│18│18│19│18│19│18│18│18│19│19│18│18│19│ │ │ 13,296
──────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴─────────┴─────────
Total quantity of rubbish deposited at Depôt during month in cub. ft.
13,296.
Cubical capacity of hollow still remaining to be filled up, 54,274.
APPENDIX C.
MUZAFFARPUR MUNICIPALITY.
WELL REGISTER.
1902.
_Ward II._
──────┬──────────┬──────────┬───────────┬─────────┬──────┬───────────
Serial│ │Population│ │ │ │
number│ Mahulla. │ of │ Name of │Condition│Depth.│ By whom
on │ │ Mahulla. │ Well. │of well. │ │ owned.
map. │ │ │ │ │ │
──────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────┼───────────
│ │ │ │ │ │
139 │Sarayagunj│ │Bulaki │ │33 ft.│Hiraman
│ │ │ Sahoo │ │ │ Sahoo
140 │ │ │Jadoo Baboo│ │49 ft.│Jadoo Baboo
141 │ │ │Laljee │ │37 ft.│Laljee
│ │ │ Chowdhry │ │ │ Chowdhry
│ │ │Rai Babu │ │ │Rai Babu
│ │ │ Permeshar│ │ │ Permeshar
142 │ │ │ Narayan │ │30 ft.│ Narayan
│ │ │ Mahtha │ │ │ Mahtha
│ │ │ Bahadoor.│ │ │ Bahadoor.
143 │ │ │ Ditto │ │25 ft.│ Ditto
144 │ │ │ Ditto │ │27 ft.│ Ditto
145 │ │ │ Do. in │ │54 ft.│ Ditto
│ │ │Dharmasalla│ │ │
146 │ │ │ Ditto │ │37 ft.│ Ditto
147 │ │ │Barhamdeo │ │27 ft.│Barhamdeo
│ │ │ Narain │ │ │ Narain
│ │ │B. Buldeo │ │ │Buldeo
148 │ │ │ Prosad │ │30 ft.│ Prosad
│ │ │ Sahoo │ │ │
149 │ │ │ Ditto │ │25 ft.│ Ditto
150 │ │ │ Ditto │ │23 ft.│ Ditto
──────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────┴───────────
──────┬────────┬────────┬───────┬────────
Serial│ Date │ │Date of│
number│ when │By whom │notice │REMARKS.
on │ last │cleaned.│ to │
map. │cleaned.│ │owner. │
──────┼────────┼────────┼───────┼────────
│ │ │ │
139 │1901 │ │30–5–02│
│ │ │ │
140 │ │ │20–5–02│
141 │ │ │ Do. │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
142 │ │ │ Do. │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
143 │ │ │ Do. │
144 │ │ │ Do. │
145 │1901 │ │ Do. │
│ │ │ │
146 │1901 │ │ Do. │
147 │1901 │ │2–6–02 │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
148 │ │ │20–5–02│
│ │ │ │
149 │ │ │ Do. │
150 │ │ │ Do. │
──────┴────────┴────────┴───────┴────────
APPENDIX D.
BUILDING REGULATIONS FRAMED UNDER SECTION 241, BENGAL MUNICIPAL ACT.
INTRODUCTORY.
1. Any powers of the Chairman under these Rules can be delegated by him
to the Vice-Chairman.
PART I.—BUILDING SITES.
[Sidenote: Conditions as to use of building sites.]
2. No piece of land shall be used as a site for the erection of a
building.
(1) If the building is to abut on a road, unless the site is of such a
shape that the face of the building can be made parallel to the line of
the road, or as nearly parallel to the said line as the Chairman may
consider practicable; and,
(2) If the building to be erected is a public building, or a
dwelling-house—
(_a_) Unless the site is certified by the Overseer to be dry and
well-drained, or to be capable of being dried and well-drained, in
which latter case instruction should be furnished to the applicant
as to what improvements are necessary before a certificate can be
granted. It rests with the Chairman to decide in each case whether
any certificate is necessary at all.
(_b_) If the site is a tank filled up with earth, unless the site has
been filled up for at least five years, with the proviso that if
the foundations reach to the original ground there is no limit as
to time.
(_c_) If the site has been filled up with or used for depositing
rubbish, offensive matter, or sewage, unless the site was so
filled up or last so used more than five years previously and
unless the Chairman has examined the site and granted a
certificate to the effect that it is, from a sanitary point of
view, fit to be built upon.
PART II.—BUILDINGS GENERALLY.
[Sidenote: Height.]
3. (1) If a building is situated at the side of a road no portion of the
building shall be higher than the distance from its base to the opposite
side of the street.
_Explanation._—If a building be placed at the edge of the road its
height must not exceed the width of the street; but if the building or
one or more of its stories be set back, the height of the building may
be increased as much as the basement of the increased portion is distant
from the adjoining edge of the road.
(2) In the case of any building which is re-erected in a road in
existence at the time when these rules come in force which is less than
25 feet wide but more than 20 feet, the proportion of height to width
may be as five to four up to a limit of 25 feet.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (2)
the Chairman may give permission for building houses in the cases of
roads or lanes of less than 20 feet wide, after personal inspection in
each case.
(4) If a building is situated on a corner plot, the height of the
building shall be regulated by the wider of the intersecting streets.
[Sidenote: Level of floor.]
4. The floor or lowest floor of every building erected or re-erected
from the ground-level must be constructed at such level as will admit
of—
(_a_) The construction of a drain sufficient for the effectual
drainage of the building, and placed at such level as will admit
of the drainage being led into some Municipal drain at the time
existing or projected.
(_b_) The provision of the requisite communication with some drain
into which the drainage may lawfully be discharged, at a point in
the upper half of such drain, or with some other outfall into
which the drainage may lawfully be discharged.
[Sidenote: Building over Municipal drain.]
5. No foundation of any building shall be placed over any Municipal
drain, nor shall any superstructure whatever, whether verandah, balcony,
eave, or any other portion of the building, project beyond a vertical
line drawn through the centre of the drain, and if there be no drain,
not beyond 1 foot 6 inches from the edge of the road. But no material or
structure of any kind at or below the level of 6 feet from the ground,
with the exception of entrance culverts, allowed under Rule 7, shall
project over any part of a drain.
[Sidenote: Entrance culverts.]
6. The applications which are filed for entrance culverts must contain
the following particulars:—
(1) Length.
(2) Breadth beyond drain.
(3) Ventage allowed.
(_a_) Ordinarily the following dimensions will be allowed for foot
traffic:—
(1) two feet.
(2) ten inches.
(3) same size as area of drain up to a maximum of three square feet.
The number of entrance culverts in any building shall not exceed the
number of separate shops or dwelling-houses. The intervening space
between culverts over a drain shall not be covered over by planks, stone
slabs or any other substance.
(_b_) For wheel traffic the size and the nature of the entrance
culverts are left to the discretion of the Chairman.
Balcony.
7. No balcony shall be erected in any road, street, or lane which is not
maintained by supports which in the opinion of the Chairman are
sufficiently strong.
[Sidenote: Distance between building line and street alignment.]
8. In any road laid out after these rules come into force in which
continuous building is allowed, the distance between the building line
and the street alignment shall not be less than 4 feet.
PART III.—MASONRY BUILDINGS GENERALLY.
[Sidenote: Plinth.]
9. The plinth of any new building must be at least one foot above the
level of the centre of the nearest road, provided no one is required to
build a plinth higher than three feet above the ground.
[Sidenote: Outer walls.]
10. The outer walls of a masonry building must be constructed of burnt
brick or some other hard and incombustible substance.
[Sidenote: Walls in building of more than one storey.]
11. If a masonry building exceeds 30 feet in height, all except the
topmost storey should be built of well burnt bricks and lime mortar.
[Sidenote: Terrace roof.]
12. No part of a flat terrace roof or part of a parapet shall extend
beyond the outer face of the wall on which it is supported.
PART IV.—DWELLING-HOUSES AND OTHER DOMESTIC BUILDINGS.
[Sidenote: Proportion of site for dwelling-house which may be built
upon.]
13. The total area covered by all the buildings (including verandahs
erected or re-erected on any site used for a dwelling-house) shall not
exceed three-fourths of the total area of the site. But in the case of
rebuilding this rule will not apply in a case in which the site is less
than 500 square feet.
[Sidenote: Open space in rear of building.]
14. Except in localities where the erection of only detached buildings
is allowed, there must ordinarily be, in the absence of any specific
permission of the Chairman to the contrary, in the rear of every
domestic building an open space extending along the entire width of the
building of not less than 10 feet.
[Sidenote: Interior courtyards and outwards open spaces to be raised and
kept open.]
15. Every interior courtyard and every open space prescribed by rule 15
must be raised at least six inches above the level of the centre of the
nearest street or road so as to admit of easy drainage into the street.
16. All living rooms should be so placed as to get light and air. For
that object all such rooms should have at least one window opening to
the outer air direct, or into a verandah.
[Sidenote: Height of room.]
17. The height of the room on the basement floor shall be not less than
nine feet.
[Sidenote: Water spouts.]
18. Water spouts should be so arranged as to discharge water in a
Municipal drain or on land belonging to the proprietor of the house to
which the water spout is attached.
PART V.—APPLICATIONS FOR APPROVAL OF SITES FOR, AND FOR PERMISSION TO
ERECT OR RE-ERECT, MASONRY BUILDINGS.
[Sidenote: Application for approval of site for erection or re-erection
of masonry buildings.]
19. (1) Every notice under section 237 of the Bengal Municipal Act for
the erection or re-erection of a house not being a hut must be in
writing and should state the boundaries of the site, the number assigned
to it in the assessment book, and its dimensions.
(2) The site plan sent with such an application must be drawn to a scale
of not less than 1⁄30th of an inch to a foot, must be sent in duplicate,
and must show—
(_a_) the boundaries of the site;
(_b_) the position of the site in relation to neighbouring roads;
(_c_) the circle and holding number in which the building is proposed
to be situated;
(_d_) the position of the building in relation to its own site, the
proposed means of access, the proposed drains, privies, and
cesspools, the purpose for which it is to be used, the elevation
of the proposed building, the materials of the walls and of the
roof, and the level of plinth. An elevation is not required in the
case of a one storied tiled house.
(3) The application and site plan must be signed by the applicant.
20. After the receipt of any application for approval of site, or for
permission to execute work or both, the Chairman may require the
applicant—
(_a_) to furnish him with any information on matters referred to above
which has not already been given in the documents received under
these rules; or
(_b_) to satisfy him that there are no objections which may lawfully
be taken, on any of the grounds mentioned above, to the approval
of the site or to the grant of permission to execute the work.
21. The Chairman should ordinarily take action under section 21 within
fifteen days of the receipt of the application.
22. The Chairman shall sign all passed plans in token of his approval.
PART VI.—KUCHA HOUSES OR HUTS.
23. The building of all huts can be regulated by the Commissioners under
the powers vested in them by Sections 236, 243, 244 and following ones
of the Bengal Municipal Act.
APPENDIX E.
CALCULATION OF RE-PAYMENTS OF LOANS BY EQUAL INSTALMENTS.
The annexed table shows the instalments by which a loan of one lakh of
rupees will be refunded by periodical instalments in a given number of
years, interest being calculated at 4, 4½, 5, 5½, 6 and 6¼ per cent.
In the left-hand column, under each term, interest is added, and
recovery of the instalments due made at the end of each year; in the
right-hand column interest and instalment are supposed to be due
half-yearly:—
─────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────
Per │ Five Years. │ Ten years. │ Fifteen years.
cent.│ │ │
─────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────
│ Year. │½ Year. │ Year. │½ Year. │ │
4 │22,463·0│11,132·4│12,329·2│6,115·65│8,994·14│4,464·96
4½ │22,779·3│11,278·9│12,637·9│6,264·19│9,311·41│4,619·94
5 │23,097·6│11,425·7│12,950·3│6,414·69│9,634·21│4,777·763
5½ │23,417·6│11,574·5│13,266·7│6,567·2 │9,962·6 │4,938·6
6 │23,740·0│11,723·0│13,586·8│6,712·6 │10,296 3│5,101·9
6¼ │23,901·3│11,798·1│13,748·2│6,799·5 │10,465·0│5,184·7
─────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────
─────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────
Per │ Twenty years. │ Twenty-five │ Thirty years.
cent.│ │ years. │
─────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────
│ │ │ │ │ │
4 │7,358·18│3,655·55│6,401·21│3,182·32│5,783·01│2,876·78
4½ │7,687·64│3,817·69│6,743·92│3,351·84│6,139·15│3,053·53
5 │8,024·25│3,985·62│7,095·23│3,525·80│6,505·15│3,235·353
5½ │8,367·9 │4,153·2 │7,454·9 │3,704·2 │6,880·5 │3,422·0
6 │8,718·4 │4,326·2 │7,822·6 │3,886·5 │7,264·9 │3,613·3
6¼ │8,986·2 │4,414·0 │8,009·5 │3,979·3 │7,460·3 │3,710·6
─────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────
APPENDIX F.
RULES FOR THE PREPARATION, SUBMISSION AND EXECUTION OF PROJECTS OF
WATER-SUPPLY, SEWERAGE OR DRAINAGE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES (AS MODIFIED UP
TO THE 31ST JULY 1913).
_Notification._
_No. 818T.-M.—The 13th September 1910._—In exercise of the powers
conferred by clauses (_i_) and (_ii_) of sub-section (1) of section 69
of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Bengal Act III of 1884), and by
clauses (_e_) and (_m_) of section 138 of the Bengal Local
Self-Government Act of 1885 (Bengal Act III of 1885), the
Lieutenant-Governor is pleased to direct that the following rules for
the preparation, submission and execution of projects for water-supply,
sewerage or drainage by local authorities shall be substituted for the
like rules published with Government Notification No. 1712M., dated the
7th July 1906, at pages 111 to 113, Part IB of the _Calcutta Gazette_ of
the 11th idem, namely:—
[Sidenote: Preparation of sketch of project.]
1. (_1_) Whenever a local authority desires to undertake a project for
water-supply or sewerage or a comprehensive scheme of surface drainage,
it shall first cause to be drawn up a sketch of the project roughly
showing its scope and approximate cost.
(_2_) Such sketch may be drawn up either by the Sanitary Engineer at the
special request of the local authority and with the approval of the
Sanitary Board and on payment of the fees prescribed in Rule 8, or by
any firm or person approved by the Sanitary Engineer.
(_3_) The Sanitary Engineer shall, in all cases, act as adviser of the
local authority.
[Sidenote: Submission of sketch, statement and application.]
[Sidenote: Government of Bihar and Orissa Notification No. 7682M., dated
the 8th July 1913.]
2. When the sketch of the project has been drawn up under Rule 1, and it
is estimated to cost Rs. 10,000 or more, or in the case of an estimate
of less than Rs. 10,000 if the financial assistance of Government is
desired, the local authority shall submit it to the Sanitary Engineer,
who shall make such recommendations as he may think fit. After the
approval of the Sanitary Engineer has been obtained, the sketch project
shall be submitted by the local authority _through the Sanitary Board_
to the Municipal Department of Government, together with a statement
wherein shall be shown the amount of the funds available to meet the
cost of the project, either from current revenue or by way of loan or
from any other source.
In the case of schemes the total estimated cost of which is less than
Rs. 10,000, not being part of a larger scheme and for which financial
assistance from Government is not required, the sanction of Government
need not be obtained, but if the local authorities so desire the scheme
will be examined by the Sanitary Engineer.
[Sidenote: Conditions precedent to grant of administrative approval.]
3. In order to obtain administrative approval to the execution of the
project the local authority shall satisfy Government—
(_1_) that the cost of maintenance of the projected work can be met by
the local authority from revenue;
(_2_) that any loan required to meet the cost of the work can be
repaid, together with the interest thereon, within the period that
may be prescribed by the Government; and
(_3_) that the work can be done effectually in the manner and for the
cost proposed.
[Sidenote: Procedure after grant of administrative approval. Preparation
of detailed plans and estimates.]
4. When the administrative approval of Government has been obtained, and
in no case before, the local authority may arrange for the preparation
of detailed plans and estimates, and for this purpose may—
(_a_) cause the plans and estimates to be prepared by its own officers
or by an officer specially appointed for the purpose and apply to
the Sanitary Engineer for assistance in the selection and
engagement of surveyors to carry out the work; or
(_b_) apply to the Sanitary Board for the services of the Sanitary
Engineer; or
(_c_) apply to Government in the Public Works Department for the
services of their officer; or
(_d_) apply to the District Board for the services of the District
Engineer; or
(_e_) with the previous sanction of the Sanitary Board entrust the
work to a private firm of established reputation.
In cases of (_a_), (_c_), (_d_) and (_e_), the plans and estimates while
in course of preparation shall be subject to the examination and control
of the Sanitary Engineer.
[Sidenote: Submission of detailed plans and estimates to Government
through Sanitary Board.]
5. The plans and estimates shall, on completion, be forwarded in
duplicate, to the Sanitary Board, together with a full report on the
financial aspect of the scheme and the state of public feeling in regard
to it, and, if a loan is required, with an application in the prescribed
form. In the case of drainage schemes the estimates must be submitted in
Sanitary Board’s forms Nos. 21 and 22, copies of which may be obtained
from the office of the Sanitary Engineer, and when the scheme has not
been prepared in the Board’s Office they shall be accompanied by full
details of the calculations of the sizes and strength of the various
works, and complete information as to the prices on which the estimates
have been framed.
The Sanitary Board, after examining the plans, estimates, report and
application, shall submit them to the Municipal Department of Government
with an expression of their opinion on the merits of the scheme as
finally drawn up.
CONSTRUCTION.
[Sidenote: Conditions as to detailed engineering supervision.]
6. Where the cost of the projected work is estimated to amount to Rs.
10,000 or more an adequate provision for detailed engineering
supervision shall be a condition precedent to the grant of sanction by
the Government.
In the absence of special sanction to the contrary, the local authority
shall agree to such one of the following conditions as may be considered
suitable in each case:—
(_a_) that the work shall be carried out by the Public Works
Department if that Department can undertake it: in such cases an
extra charge of 15 per cent. on the sanctioned estimates shall be
made for supervision, unless the case is one of extraordinary
difficulty, under which circumstances a higher charge may be
imposed under the orders of Government; or
(_b_) that arrangements shall be made with the District Board for the
carrying out of the work under the supervision of the District
Engineer and his staff; or
(_c_) that the work shall be carried out under the supervision of an
Engineer qualified for appointment as a District Engineer
according to the rules under the Local Self-Government Act of 1885
(Ben. Act III of 1885) specially employed for the purpose; or
(_d_) that the work shall be carried out by private engineering firm
of established reputation:
Provided that the local authority shall not advertise for tenders or
enter into any contract or agreement for the execution of any works in
connection with schemes or parts of schemes which have been sanctioned
by Government under conditions (_b_), (_c_) or (_d_), until the
specification and form of tender for such contract have been examined
and approved by the Sanitary Engineer. No tender or contract for any
such work shall be accepted until it has been submitted to the Sanitary
Board and they have approved the acceptance thereof;
And further provided that when the work is carried out under condition
(_d_), it shall be supervised by an officer appointed for the purpose by
the local authority with the approval of the Sanitary Board, and shall,
while in progress, be periodically inspected by the Sanitary Engineer.
[Sidenote: Report by local authority to the Commissioner in case of
small works.]
7. Where the estimated cost of works amounts to less than Rs. 10,000,
the local authority shall report, for the information of the
Commissioner of the Division, the agency by which it is proposed to have
the works carried out, and shall follow the instructions issued by him
in the matter.
FEES.
[Sidenote: Bengal Government Notification No. 333T.M., dated the 23rd
May 1911.]
8. The following fees shall be leviable by the Sanitary Board from local
authorities for the work specified against each:—
(_a_) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost (excluding cost of
surveys) of all projects and schemes, for which detailed estimates
and drawings are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer;
(_b_) a fee of one-half per cent. on the first Rs. 20,000 and
one-quarter per cent. of the balance of the estimated cost of
schemes and projects, the detailed plans and estimates of which
are examined by the Sanitary Engineer;
(_c_) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost of the works, when
contract, drawings, specifications and forms of tender are
prepared by the Sanitary Engineer:
Provided that when both detailed estimates and drawings and contract
drawings, specifications and forms of tender are prepared by the
Sanitary Engineer, an inclusive fee shall be charged of three per
cent. on the estimated cost of the works.
[Sidenote: Bengal Government Notification No. 819M., dated the 10th
April 1908.]
[Sidenote: Government of Bihar and Orissa Notification No. 7682M., dated
the 8th July 1913.]
8_A_. As soon as the services for which fees are leviable under the
preceding rule are rendered, the Sanitary Board shall through the
District Magistrate, demand from the local authority concerned payment
of the fees leviable therefor, and the Magistrate on receipt of notice
of such demand shall recover the said fees and credit them in the local
treasury in favour of the Public Works Department and inform the
Accountant-General, _Bihar and Orissa_, and the Examiner of Local
Accounts, _Bihar and Orissa_.
[Sidenote: Bengal Government Notification No. 333T.M., dated the 23rd
May 1911.]
9. When sketch projects are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer, no charge
will be made for his services or those of his assistants, Government
surveyors, draftsmen, and tracers; drawing materials and the instruments
required for the work will also be provided at Government expense. But
the local authorities will be required to render reasonable assistance
on the spot in the way of survey coolies, supply of survey pegs, fixing
bench marks, etc., and to pay the actual cost of the same. They will
also be expected in each case to provide a suitable office properly
furnished for the use of the surveyors and draftsmen.
APPENDIX G.
MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT.
SHIUHAR ROAD No. 25, CLASS IA & IIA.
_Report, Bridges & Culverts._
───────────┬────────┬────────────┬──────┬──────────┬──────┬──────────
│ │ │Number│ │ │
│ │ │ of │ │ │
Consecutive│ │ │spans │ Lineal │Height│ Square
Number. │Mileage.│Description.│ & │ feet of │of H. │ feet of
│ │ │length│water-way.│F. L. │water-way.
│ │ │ of │ │ │
│ │ │each. │ │ │
───────────┼────────┼────────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────┼──────────
1 │ 3 │ Masonry │2 × 8 │ 16 │ 5 │ 80
│ │ Culvert. │ │ │ │
───────────┴────────┴────────────┴──────┴──────────┴──────┴──────────
───────────┬────────┬───────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬────────
│ │ │ │ General │ │
│ │ When │ │condition│ Are any │
Consecutive│Width of│constructed│ Dated │ of │ urgent │
Number. │roadway.│ or arched │when last│ Bridges │ repairs │REMARKS.
│ │ over. │repaired.│ or │necessary.│
│ │ │ │Culverts.│ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
───────────┼────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼────────
1 │ 16′ │ arched │ │ │ │
│ │ 1888–89 │ │ │ │
───────────┴────────┴───────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────┴────────
APPENDIX H.
CORPORATION OF CALCUTTA.
_Specification and conditions for surfacing roads MacCabe’s
Tar-Macadam._
MATERIALS.
1. MacCabe’s tar-mac consists of 2 inches Pakoor stone metal, MacCabe’s
patent bituminous binder of Gas Co.’s coal-tar and “Stag” brand English
coal pitch in the proportion of one of tar to three of pitch by weight,
with stone chippings and sand as top binder.
PREPARATION OF THE FOUNDATION.
2. Prior to resurfacing an old stone road with the composition all
irregularities in its surface, gradients or crow-fall should be
corrected, and special care taken to rectify defects, if any, in all its
drainage and water adjuncts, and also remedy any weakness in the
foundation due to bad restoration by the road cutting agencies.
RULES FOR SURFACING ROADS.
3. (i) Collect all necessary aforesaid materials including tools and
implements for laying them _in situ_.
(ii) Sketch out the road area to be treated in convenient sections.
(iii) Suspend road watering on the previous day in the section to be
treated first and barricade or fence it off.
(iv) Thread out the area to be treated with the patent composition, as
this will avoid feather edge in the centre tar-mac joint.
(v) Form separate labour gangs for—
(_a_) Weighing, mixing, and heating pitch and tar—three men for each
tar-heating boiler or cylinder.
(_b_) General cleaning and sweeping with rough country or English bass
brooms, and removing fine dust off the road surface before
treatment by means of soft floor brush.
(_c_) Carrying pitch and tar composition in pails or buckets and
laying it hot half inch thick on dry and clean road surface.
(_d_) Carrying stone metal in cane baskets, spreading and hand-packing
the same carefully to the required chamber, one man for every
three feet of road width to be so treated.
ROLLING.
4. The work of rolling the surface should be commenced as soon as a
section of about 20 or 30 yards in length has been laid, the metalling
gang being kept as busily employed as possible in laying a further
length of materials in the way specified above. The prepared road
surface is to be rolled with a light six or ten-ton roller when the
composition is soft, as it is absolutely necessary to press the
aggregate gently down into the bituminous sub-binder, and at the same
time to entice (rather than to force) the latter in an upward direction,
so as to fill the voids in the metal and finally cover the metalled
surface. Under no circumstances should the rolling be carried to such a
point that the metal exhibits signs of crushing or disintegration. The
roller should be driven over the newly laid materials at its lowest
speed from the side towards the centre and after a few journeys over the
surface if it is found that the sub-binder is not working up between the
voids in the metal and does not cover the metal surface, then such
defective places have to be painted and the whole surface sealed with
composition to prevent the admission of moisture or of any foreign
substance into the road. During the process of consolidation stone
chippings at the rate of 4 cubic feet per hundred square feet should be
used and especially where the floated composition is too soft. If it is
found that any material sticks to the roller wheels a little water
sprinkled on the wheels will at once stop the sticking. The dry surface
may be also sanded if it becomes slippery for horses.
5. All materials to be supplied must be to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. Inferior materials supplied shall be rejected and the
contractor must make good such supply within 24 hours. In default it
shall be competent to the Engineer to procure a supply of the same at
the risk and cost of the contractor from the market or any other agency.
6. The contractor must maintain the roadway for three months after
completion and keep men in attendance to promptly spread stone chips and
road dust on the soft portions and nurse the area cut up by the traffic.
7. The contractor must be careful not to injure existing gas, water or
any other pipes or drains or other underground fixtures. Any damage so
caused must be forthwith reported to the District Engineer, and the
contractor shall make good the same forthwith at his own cost and shall
indemnify and keep indemnified the Corporation from all claims made
therefor. When necessary he shall take up and carefully relay drains and
pipes and lay any additional length that may be ordered by the Engineer
at the cost of the Corporation.
8. The contractor must keep the work properly fenced and lighted from
sun-set to sun-rise, and place such watchmen at any portion of the road
and footpath in which the work is in progress and is still incomplete,
and also round the repairing materials for use, as may be necessary to
protect the public against accidents. He shall indemnify and keep
indemnified the Corporation and its officers and servants from all
liability in respect of any claims for damages or otherwise to person or
property which may be made by any person or persons on account of any
act, misfeasance or neglect on the part of the contractor in carrying on
the work or in connection therewith.
9. The contract will be for four months and the contractors must carry
out all works in accordance with the full programme of work prepared by
the Engineer and take in hand such street or streets as the Engineer may
direct and complete the same within such period as the Engineer may fix
therefor. In default he shall pay to the Corporation liquidated or
settled damages of Rs. 10 (ten) per diem for each and every day beyond
the said period without prejudice to the rights of the Chairman to
cancel the contract and take possession of the work and have it carried
on and completed at the contractor’s risk and cost by any agency
whatever.
10. All damages or other sums due and payable by the contractor may be
received from any moneys due to the contractor by the Corporation.
11. Payments will be made in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
12. The Commissioners do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any
tender, but reserve the right of accepting the whole or part of the
tender.
INDEX.
A
Allahabad Shallow Trench System, 39
Appendix A, Model Rules, Privies and Urinals, 57
—— B, Removal of Town Sweepings, 61
—— C, Well Register, 62
—— D, Building Regulations, 63–67
—— E, Table Repayment of Loans, 68
—— F, Preparation of projects, 69–73
—— G, Annual Bridge Report Form, 74
—— H, Specification for Tar-Macadam, 75–77
B
Bailey’s Patent Latrines and Urinals, 26
Beds, Filter, 51
Biological System for the Disposal of Night-Soil, 50–51
Burdwan Trenching Ground, 37
Building Regulations, 63–67
Burial-Grounds, Mahommedan, 56
C
Carts, Conservancy, 33
—— Crawley’s Patent, 33
—— Hand, 34
—— Receptacle, 34
—— Register, 45
—— Refuse, 43
—— Wheels and Axles of, 44
Cesspools, 35
Collection and Disposal of Refuse, 45
Cremation of Dead Bodies, 54
—— Town Refuse, 45
Cultivation within Urban Limits, 53
D
_Débris_ of Ruined Houses, 56
Dead, Disposal of the, 54
Dhobies’ Water for Washing, 53
Disinfectants, 29
Donaldson’s Separation Latrine, 26
Drainage, Flushing, 3
—— Kutcha roadside, 2
—— Masonry, 4
—— Storm-Water, 4
Dust-Bins, 43
F
Filter Beds, 51
—— Sullage, 35
Flushing Drains, 3
Food-Supply Markets, 54
G
Ghats, Burning, 54
—— Dhobies’, 53
Grounds, Trenching, 37
H
Hand carts for removing Night-Soil, 34
Harrington’s Incinerator, 47
Houses, Ruined, 56
I
Incinerators, Harrington’s, 47
—— Sealkot, 45
—— Madras, 45
J
Jails, Muzaffarpur, Trenching Ground, 38
K
Kutcha Road-side Drains, 2
L
Latrines, 26
—— Bailey’s Patent, 26
—— Donaldson’s, 26
—— Masonry, 26
—— Model Rules for Privies and Urinals, 57
M
Mahommedan Burial-Grounds, 56
Markets, 54
Masonry Drains, 4
Model Rules for Privies and Latrines, 57
N
New Wells, 9
Night-Soil, Biological System of Disposal, 50
—— Removal of, 31
—— Trenching, 37
O
Openings for Ventilation in Latrines, 25
P
Permanganate of Potassium, 8
Privies, Model Rules for, 69
Pumps for Wells, 9
R
Receptacle Carts for Removing Night-Soil, 33
Refuse Carts, 43
—— Filling Tanks with, 49
—— Incineration of, 45
—— Removal of, 42
Ruined Houses, 56
S
Sanitation, General, 52
Septic Tanks, 50
Surface Drainage, 2
—— Kutcha Drains, 2
—— Masonry Drains, 4
—— of small Roads, 2
Sweepings—Removal of—Form for, 61
T
Tanks, Septic, 50
—— Water, 6
Tarring Latrines, Disadvantages of, 29
Trenching Grounds, Allahabad System, 39
—— Area of, 40
—— Crops on, 38
—— Description of bad ones, 41
—— Selection of Site for, 37
Trees, Pruning of, 52
Tube Wells, 10
U
Urban Limits, Cultivation within, 52
Urinals, Cart, 29
—— Hindu Pattern, 29
Utensils, Water drawing, from Wells, 10
V
Ventilation of Latrines, 25
W
Water drawing Utensils, 29
—— for Dhobies, 53
—— Supply from Wells, 10
—— New Wells, 10
—— Tanks, 12
Wells, Rules for Cleaning and Repairing, 7
—— Registrations of all, 6
Well Register Form, Appendix C, 62
Wells, Tube, 10
—— Pumps for, 14
------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTRACTS FROM SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
_The Morning Post, Delhi._
“A very useful little work, which every Municipality in India ought at
once to possess” * * * and is accurately described by the author as “a
concise handbook dealing with the most important points of sanitation of
Indian Bazaars,” and “an endeavour to put the information available on
the subject in a convenient form, so as to facilitate the organisation
and control the working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality.”
From the first page to the last there is not a superfluous word in the
manual.
_The Bengal Times._
“A work sadly needed in this country, and one everybody concerned in
sanitation, especially if he be a mofussil resident, should possess. We
should think Mofussil Municipal Commissioners and District Board Members
could hardly wish for a better guide.”
_The Pioneer._
“Mr. G. W. Disney, District Engineer, Muzaffarpur, has just published an
excellent pamphlet on _Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars_, in which he
deals with many problems of urban sanitation in a brief but satisfactory
manner.”
_The Indian Daily News._
“Mr. Disney does not pretend to do more than deal with broad principles
of sanitation, and puts the information available on the subject in a
convenient form, so as to facilitate the organization, and control the
working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality. This, we think, in
the course of his thirty-five pages of carefully compiled information he
may fairly claim to have done.”
_The Englishman, Calcutta._
* * * “An admirable little work. It ought to be in the hands of every
Municipal Commissioner and all the local authorities in the smaller
towns. Mr. Disney states he is not writing for the big Municipalities,
where special conditions have to be dealt with. At the same time the
little volume contains suggestions that even those responsible for the
good government of Calcutta might read with profit. Mr. Disney is
especially strong on the necessity of a good drainage system. With
regard to town sweepings the author is in favour of incineration.”
_Civil and Military Gazette._
“This is a very useful manual * * * The author does not lay down
expensive and therefore impracticable schemes of sewage disposal, etc.,
but rather directs attention to the possibility of improving the
resources already at the disposal of local bodies. He gives much useful
information and advice as to latrines and urinals, the collection and
removal of night-soil, trenching grounds, disposal of refuse, surface
water drainage, and so forth. The book is illustrated with plans and
drawings.”
_The Indian Planters’ Gazette._
“In his introduction Mr. Disney truly says:—‘The real secret of
Sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and refuse from the
neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay, as in
the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are highly
dangerous to health; it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is
a considerable factor in disseminating disease, as it conveys germs on
the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the
inhabitants.’ His little _brochure_ deals learnedly and sensibly with
latrines, urinals, the collection, removal, disposal and trenching of
every description of town refuse, with the water-supply from wells, and
finally adds some simple rules for observance of the authorities on the
break out of plague on villages or small towns.”
_The Bengal Times._
* * * “Seeing then how deplorably backward we are in mofussil places,
district, town, suburbs, and country, it seems to us we can hardly do
better than adopt Mr. Disney’s system in Bengal districts. Indeed, why
should Government hesitate to buy up his first edition of _Sanitation of
Mofussil Bazaars_ for gratuitous distribution to all Bengal
Municipalities, in view to adopting his project in its entirety!”
_Dharam and Karam, Calcutta._
(_Published in Bengalee._)
“Mr. G. W. Disney has written a book on Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars.
There are many large books on the subject of Sanitation, but in a short
pamphlet of 40 pages Mr. Disney has treated the subject-matter, giving
useful rules and instructions in such a brief and concise manner that we
have been pleased to peruse them. Mr. Disney deserves our thanks for his
earnest sympathy with and thought after the inhabitants of the mofussil
towns and bazaars.”
_The Indian Medical Gazette._
“An excellent little pamphlet on ‘The Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars,’
has been recently published by Mr. G. W. Disney. A concise handbook of
this kind was certainly needed, and this should be of great value to the
Health Officer, the Engineer and the Chairman of Local Boards and
Municipalities.
“The first chapter deals with latrines and urinals, and how sound Mr.
Disney’s views are may be understood from the following extract from the
preface:—
‘The real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter
and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it
has time to decay, as in the early stage of putrefaction emanations
are evolved which are dangerous to health; it is also an admitted
fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating
disease as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected
matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants.’
“The whole little volume is eminently practical; it is well printed,
fully illustrated, and can be strongly recommended to our readers who
will find many hints of use to them in their capacity as Health
Officers. Our only fault with the little book is that it is too short.
It might well have been expanded.”
_The Indian Municipal Journal and Sanitary Record, Bombay._
* * * “The author does not branch out into any startling theories; his
work is more a handbook for those whose business embraces any matter
connected with public cleanliness, and these will find that one of the
most useful features of the book is the information concerning the
makers and the price of every sanitary appliance mentioned. This will be
found very handy by small municipalities who have here a reasonable
standard of cost that will enable them to adjust their expenditure much
more rapidly and avoid the useless trouble and delay of sending out for
tenders—a system not always satisfactory to the purchasing body, and
always troublesome to the tradesman. Mr. Disney very sensibly advises a
wide distribution of small latrines rather than the construction of a
few big ones—it being obvious that the general population will not walk
far for the sake of cleanliness and decency. Mr. Disney preaches the
doctrine of ‘little and often’ in the removal of waste matter, and it is
a point in which every Indian sanitarian will agree with him.”
“True to his theories, Mr. Disney deals with drainage before
water-supply. His recommendations that the water should be pumped from
wells and delivered at some distance from the well-mouth are
particularly sound, for there is no more fruitful source of
contamination than the percolation into the well of dirty water used for
washing in its immediate vicinity.”
* * * “Altogether, Mr. Disney’s book is an indication of the progressive
tendency of sanitation in India—it represents good work done, and will
encourage the doing of more. It is sure to find a handy place on the
desk of municipal secretaries and small town authorities.”
_Extract from letter from the Inspector-General of Jails, Bengal, July
8th, 1902._
“I have just got your little book on mofussil sanitation. * * * It is
altogether admirable, and I am strongly recommending it. It might well
have been longer.”
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
End of Project Gutenberg's Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars, by G. W. Disney