beautiful spots in the world, but it makes me feel inordinately proud of
being British. It is a feather in our cap that the Chinese love to come
and live there. When it was first ceded to Britain in 1841 its native
population was 4,000 (including the leased port of Kowloon, across the
bay); in 1911 it was 444,664 Chinese and 12,089 other nationalities—that
is a remarkable record for seventy years. We have 4,673 British military
and naval forces there. It is the greatest shipping and the greatest
banking centre of the East. No contrast could be greater than that
afforded by a visit to the neighbouring port of Macao, the first foreign
settlement in China, and only forty miles away. It was first opened for
Portuguese traders to build factories there in 1557, and was the only
open port till we obtained Hong Kong. The Portuguese were an adventurous
and energetic race in those days: it was the emporium of trade in Eastern
Asia for three hundred years. To-day it is the most dead-alive place
that I have ever visited, and its population is eighty thousand. It is
a charming spot, with delicious sea breezes, making the climate far
preferable to that of Hong Kong. Its industries (?) are gambling and
opium smuggling, with their attendant vices.
An interesting detail is that the dominant colour of Macao is _red_. The
dominant colour in China, on the other hand, is _blue_. It may interest
some of my readers to note this, and to compare it with the fact that the
dominant colour in India is red, the sensuous, as contrasted with blue,
the non-sensuous. It seems to me very characteristic of race differences.
We were fortunate enough to be at Macao for an interesting aeroplane
function: the opening of an American aerial service between Macao,
Hong Kong and Canton. A large and cheerful party of Americans came to
the hotel where we were staying, and there was a turn-out of the whole
population to see the ceremony. On every rock and vantage point above
the lovely bay figures were perched expectant, and the quay was crowded.
Unfortunately the necessary petrol had not arrived, and the machines
just put inquisitive noses outside their sheds and then withdrew. We did
not succeed in penetrating the mystery why the American Company should
have selected Macao for such a purpose. No doubt they have some astute
reason. The service between Hong Kong and Canton ought to be a useful one
commercially.
The lack of railways and roads in China is a tremendous handicap to the
country, and the Government has already turned its attention to aviation.
An English firm was successful in obtaining from it the contract (in
1918) to supply a hundred commercial aeroplanes, and to construct the
necessary aerodromes, supply and repair depôts, etc. The aeroplanes have
already been completed, and a service is started from Peking to Shanghai.
It will be most interesting to see how the experiment turns out. The
planes are like those used for crossing the Atlantic and can carry twelve
passengers and luggage. The adviser to the Chinese Government is Lt.-Col.
F. Vesey Holt, who is at Peking, with a staff of skilled pilots and
engineers.
We enjoyed the hospitality of the Customs Commissioner, and heard of the
difficulties of combating opium smuggling and of working an international
customs service. The Japanese unfortunately are pushing the opium trade
with considerable success.
I made another excursion from Hong Kong of the greatest interest, namely
to Canton. It is now the seat of the Southern Government, which is not
recognized, however, by any of the foreign powers. The Cantonese are
very different from the Northern Chinese and their language is wholly
unintelligible to them. They are the cleverest and most advanced people
in the empire, and have traded with Europeans regularly since the
seventeenth century; they have in consequence been influenced by Western
ideas to a certain extent. The native population is estimated at two
millions, of whom two hundred thousand live in boats; there are many
foreign merchants as well as missionaries of various nationalities. Its
hospitals and schools are justly celebrated. I went by the night boat,
arriving about 6 a.m., and had engaged a guide to take a young French
lady and myself to see all the main sights. Canton is a most fascinating
city, and as one was carried in a chair through its narrow granite-paved
streets (their average width is twelve feet, and they are eighty miles
in extent), one is dazzled by the wealth of beautiful and curious things
displayed on every side.
I had been given Sir F. Treves’ description to read before starting,
in order to discourage me from visiting Canton; but it simply baffles
me that anyone can be so blind to its charm and so keen to note the
unpleasant side of things. We first visited the workshops for making
kingfisher feather jewellery, and the workmen are wonderfully skilful in
this art; none but a Chinaman would do it. The feathers are first cleaned
by small boys, who act as apprentices and receive no wages for four
years. Then the feather is delicately cut the exact size of the surface
of the silver mount on which it is to be laid. The designs are incredibly
fine and elaborate. All the workmen wear strong magnifying glasses and
work with rapidity as well as meticulous exactness. The bridal head-dress
of Chinese ladies are elaborate structures, a foot or more in height,
made of this feather work, and they retain for many years the dazzling
iridescence of the kingfisher.
There are several most ancient temples and pagodas to visit, nine-tenths
of which are Buddhist. The most interesting of these is the Wa-lam-tsz,
where we saw Marco Polo wearing a hat, seated amongst the five hundred
life-size figures of Buddha’s immediate disciples. History does not
confirm his conversion to Buddhism!
The ancestral temple of the Chen family is very beautiful, though modern,
with its figured roofs, to which I have already referred. Although it was
erected for one family, admission is granted to others also on payment.
Those wishing a first-class position pay a hundred and forty dollars,
but there are different grades at varying prices, and even ten dollars
will gain admittance. There is a City of the Dead, where apartments can
be rented for the deceased pending such time as they are buried: this
may not take place for some time, and we were informed that some coffins
had been there thirty years already. We visited the Flowery Pagoda and
other temples before returning to the shops, and we seemed to cover
a great many miles. The shops were tempting in the extreme—wonderful
embroideries, baskets, paintings and books, silks, fans, ginger and
other fruits, lacquer, furniture, silver and pewter ware, leather
goods and curios of every kind. The antique bird-cage is one of the
most fascinating creations, with its exquisite inlaying, delicate
architectural structure, ornamental food pots and table.
At Canton may still be seen, but not often, I was told, the magnificent
old house-boats, the very acme of perfection in artistic decoration.
There are numbers of house-boats still which are used as places of
entertainment; which certainly seems strange to a Westerner.
We visited other workshops to see fine carving of ivory and jade, and
everywhere were impressed by the infinite patience and endurance of the
workmen. They certainly rank higher as a class than in any other country.
One-fourth of the population of China are labourers and they are sober,
laborious, reliable and contented, living on the meanest wages and asking
for no holidays, except the rare national ones. Naturally no white
people can compete with them, so they are rigorously excluded from most
countries. The problem is a difficult one to solve, but the main thing
that should be done is to safeguard their own country and to preserve
the northern part of Asia from being invaded by non-Asiatic colonists.
If Japan and China became friends and had a just settlement of their
mutual claims, granting room for expansion for their rapidly increasing
population, there would be an unexampled area of prosperity before both
countries. Railway communication is confined to seven thousand miles in
China: it has been more remunerative than in any other country, and what
was started by British enterprise should be carried forward by British
tenacity. There is scope enough for all countries in this matter, but we
are singularly slow to seize our opportunities; perhaps it is owing to
the discouragement of our own railway system. There is a railway line
connecting Canton with Hong Kong, and we enjoyed the three hours’ journey
back by it through lovely scenery. When Canton is linked up with Hankow
by rail, it will be a great help to the unifaction of the empire, as well
as to the expansion of commerce.
One of the last duties before leaving China was of course to visit the
Bank, and this brings me to the last problem I should mention of all
China’s changes—the question of currency. It seems extraordinary that
every province and almost every city of importance still has its own
coinage. Long ago, I was told, this would have been altered, had it not
been for the native banker, who profited amazingly on the system. The
Chinese bankers, however, have had much to endure of late years, and
were heavily looted by Yuan Shi Kai and other Government officials.
They are always in danger of being pounced on, so at last they have
decided to initiate a wholly new policy. The new spirit of initiative and
organization has entered into them with startling results.
They believe that China is able to support herself and that her financial
distress is entirely owing to maladministration. Therefore they have come
forward as a body, offering to undertake a financial scheme of their own
to solve the problem. “They believe that they can place and maintain
China’s finances on so sound a basis that the unavoidable political
unrest of the new era, which they realize is still far from concluded,
will not greatly impair the Treasury’s credit. They are idealists, but
pragmatic idealists.” When the Government was in terrible straits at the
New Year (the financial settling day of China), the new union of bankers,
through the Shanghai Association, served an ultimatum on the Minister of
Finance, prohibiting his issuing a new credit paper, and saying that the
banks would refuse to accept it. At the same time they offered to assist
the administrative departments out of their difficulty, if the Government
would place the matter in their hands and authorize their working out a
programme for China’s future finance. This took place, and the Government
received six hundred million Mexican dollars, with which its liabilities
were met.
The new financial scheme is being prepared, and an important part of it
is the sweeping retrenchment in military expenditure. This extravagant
and wasteful expenditure is a source of untold evil to the country at the
present time. If the scheme can be achieved it will be a great factor
in quieting the country; but the disbanding of large bodies of troops
is no easy matter. The worst military leaders are extorting large sums
of money from the Government, while the claims of those like Wu-pei-fu
and Feng-Yu-Hsiang, who are keeping order, are disregarded. A tremendous
sum of ready money would be required to pay the arrears of troops before
disbandment: but it can be done if public confidence can be won by
necessary guarantees.
I have tried to show many channels through which the new spirit of the
Chinese race is flowing. I have taken advantage of the knowledge of men
of all sorts and nationalities, in order to appeal to men of all sorts
and conditions in the West. For we have the right of brotherhood in all
world movements, and there is an infinite variety of mutual service
possible to those who have undergone and are still undergoing the pangs
of a new birth. My task has been to draw pictures with pen and brush,
and my consolation in the inadequacy of its fulfilment is the poet’s
view that “a man’s reach should exceed his grasp.” If the book proves a
ladder’s rung by which others mount, it will have served its end.
[Illustration]
[Illustration: CHINA & JAPAN
_There is no standardised spelling of Chinese names._]
FOOTNOTES
[1] Yamen is the term used for official buildings in China.
[2] This is the first institution of the kind in China, and is much
needed, considering the fact that there is a garrison of seven thousand
soldiers. The Institute has a fine lecture hall, two classrooms, two
reception rooms, reading and recreation rooms; but it lacks a man to
devote himself to developing the work as it should be, and to give his
whole energy to work among soldiers.
[3] See Dr. Harold Balme’s _An Inquiry into the Scientific Efficiency of
Mission Hospitals in China_.
[4] See _The Face of China_, Chapter V.
[5] We were fortunate in finding an intelligent young English-trained
Chinese in Peking to act as our interpreter.
[6] It may interest the reader to know that the coolie hire for nineteen
men was $165 (about £50 at the rate of exchange at that date) for the
journey from Yünnanfu to Anshun.
[7] Crackers are much used in Chinese worship.
[8] Up this river at a place called Chên-Chow are the richest tungsten
mines in the world. The raw product is sold at two thousand dollars per
ton.
[9] In one American school the boys are fined if heard speaking Chinese,
and are not taught to read Chinese; in many there is no teaching of
Chinese classics.
[10] There is an excellent handbook called _An Official Guide to Eastern
Asia_, Vol. IV. published by the Imperial Japanese Government Railways in
1915, which is beautifully illustrated, and which gives all the necessary
information for making such a trip. It is to be bought at Sifton Praed’s,
St. James’s Street, and elsewhere, price 20s.
[11] Chapters II, VII and VIII have appeared by agreement with the
publishers in _Outward Bound_.
[12] He was entertained in a large guest-house which we visited. The
Governor has recently built it for such occasions.
[13] The first edition of _What the People Ought to Know_ was 2,750,000,
and was distributed gratis throughout the province. One section is headed
“The Three Fears”—these being (i) God, (ii) the Law, (iii) Public Opinion.
[14] See Chapter VII, the account of General Feng’s influence on town of
Changteh.
[15] He intends to add a medical faculty to those already established in
the Shansi university.
[16] C.M.S. = Church Missionary Society.
[17] Chinese students studying abroad frequently adopt English names for
the sake of convenience. A student called Ng, for instance, experienced
much difficulty till he did this.
[18] See illustrations, p. 49.
[19] This description is drawn from an official report of opium culture.
No doubt it varies somewhat in different places, but the fact of the
great labour required is true of it everywhere.
[20] _China’s only Hope_—written by Chang Chih-Tung, China’s greatest
Viceroy after China’s defeat by Japan. More than one million copies of it
were sold, so great was its popularity.
[21] _On the Trail of the Opium Poppy_, Vol. II, p. 3. For the names of
many trees and plants given in this volume I am indebted to this writer.
[22] The high priest of Taoism in Kiangsi is called “High Priest of the
Dragon and Tiger Mountains” (Hackmann’s _Der Buddhismus_, p. 186), and I
have seen tiger shrines on Mount Omi.
[23] The Keh-lao are a group of tribes quite distinct from the Miao and
I-chia, with a language of their own. The Ya-Ya Keh-lao are so called
because every bride has a front tooth (= ya) broken.
[24] The character “ching” is different from the above.
[25] S. R. Clarke’s _Among the Tribes in South-West China_, pp. 41, 42.
[26] _See_ M. E. Burton’s admirable book, _Notable Women of Modern China_
(published by Fleming Revell).
[27] I am indebted for much information on this point to T. Tingfang Lew,
M.A., B.D. (Yale), Lecturer on Psychology, National University, Peking,
etc. etc.
[28] I am greatly indebted to a series of articles by Mr. T. Bowen
Partington in the _Financier_ for these and other trade details in
different parts of the book.
[29] The blind boys have been wonderfully trained by Mrs. Wilkinson
in music. Their singing had the touching pathos so often heard in the
singing of the blind, and their orchestra is known for its skill in
places remote from Foochow.
_Index_
Aboriginal tribes, Ch. V, 12, 13, 97, 99, 102-4
Aerial Service, 217-8
Afforestation, 25
Agricultural Colleges, 52, 53, 108
American Missions (see under heading “Missions”)
Influence, 20
Amichow, 38
Amoy, 36, 73, 210-2
Ancestor Worship, 124-5, 213, 219
Anglo-Chinese Friendship Society, 20
Animals, domestic, 93, 94
wild, 94
Animism, 129
Anshunfu, 40, 96, 97
Art, Chinese, 89, 90, 96, 102, 215, 219
Baber, Colborne, 131
Bacon, F., 1
Balme, Dr. H., 25
Bamboo, 205
Bannan, Mr. and Mrs., 149
Baptist (see Missions)
Cantonese Church, 30, 31
Barnes, Miss, 179, 181
Becker, Mr. and Mrs., 143
Beggars, 53, 54
Bible School, 152
Birds, 88, 90, 99
Blind, 208
Bradley, Dr., 70
Brigands, 68-70, 77, 107, 111, 144, 151
Browning, R., 140, 158
Buddhism, 43, 107, 211, 215, 219
Butterfield & Swire, 42
Canadian, 24
Canton, 20, 197, 206, 218-20
“Central Chinese Post,” 182-3
Chambers of Commerce, 23, 211
Chang Chih Tung, 16, 43, 81, 192-3
Changsha, 41, 42, 149-55, 178, 180-4
Changteh, 42, 149, 159-71
Chao Chowfu, 213-4
Chekiang, 31, 45, 53
Chen Chow, 42
Chen Kiang, 18
Chen Lun, 95
Chen Yüen, 41, 111-3
Chen Yu Ling, Miss, 71, 73
Child Labour, 197
“China Continuation Committee,” 34
China Inland Mission (C.I.M.), 97, 105, 143, 146, 149, 206
Chinese Classics, 43, 176, 194
Church, 70, 71, 211
Home Mission, 70-3, 169
Christian Endeavour Society, 149, 207
Cinema, 27, 214
City of the Dead, 219
Clarke, S. R., 124, 133-4
C.M.S. (Church Missionary Society), 34, 70, 179, 208
Coal, 62, 89, 150
Colleges—Foochow, Trinity, 208-9
N.C.U. (North China Union) for Women, 71
St. John’s, Shanghai, 147
Yale, 151-2, 184
Commerce, Ch. X, 23, 38, 42-3, 73, 100, 171
Commercial Press, 29
Concessions, Foreign—
Hankow, 43
Shanghai, 28
Confucianism, 190
Confucius, 175, 190
Coolies, 27, 82, 93-4
Country house, 213
Cranmer Byng, 86
Dan, Mr., 212
Davies, Mr. and Mrs., 112, 141
Decorative Instinct, 36, 121
Deluge, The, 132-4
Ding Li mei, 71, 72
Doctors, Women, 177, 185
Dowager Empress, 54, 81, 192
Education, 43, 49, 50, 55, 162, 174, 192-3
Embroidery, 121-2
Empress, Dowager, 54, 81, 192
Examinations, 50, 192
Factories, 23
Farm, Experimental, 52
Farmhouse, 100
Feng Yu Hsiang, Ch. VII, 59, 61, 149, 222
Finance, 22, 220-2
Flag, 137
Flora, 79, 83, 87, 90, 92, 105
Foochow, 207-10
Forestry, 52
Fouillée, 66
France, Students in, 21, 62, 177
Railway, 36-9, 67
Trade, 67, 68
Fukien, 35, 55
Gaols, 59-61
Germans, 23, 27, 102, 146
Girl Students, 35, 50, 161-74, 180-4, 193, 208, 212
Goitre, 78
Government, Chinese, 25, 50, 61, 62, 81, 154, 211, 221
Governors, 58, 59, 106, 145, 171, 190-2, 200
Grand Canal, 35
Guilds, 178, 206
Gymnasium, 209
Haiphong, 36
Hakka, 13
Hangchow, 31-6
Hankow, 41-4
Han River, 43, 215
Hart, Sir Robert, 92
Helena May Institute, 36
Henry, Dr. Augustine, 125-35
Heyworth, Dr., 185, 212
Home for Incurables, 34
Honan, 171
Hong Kiang, 145
Hong Kong, 36, 197, 216-7
Hosie, Sir A., 40, 88
Hospitals, American, 146, 151-2
Anshunfu, 97
Changsha (Yale), 152
Chao Chowfu, 214
French (Yünnanfu), 70
Hangchow, 32-4
Peking, 22
Swatow, 212
Taiyuanfu, 62
Tsinan, 25-6
Wênchowfu, 205
Yünnanfu (C.M.S.), 70
Hotels:
Amichow, 38;
Amoy, 213;
Canton, 218;
Foochow, 213;
Hangchow, 35;
Lao Kay, 37;
Swatow, 213;
Yünnanfu, 39
Hunan, Ch. VI, 41, 42
Hupeh, 43
Hygiene, 26
I-chia or Lolos, 125, 127-135
Indo-China, 36
Industrial Life, 22, 23
Institute, Soldiers’, 24
International Life, 66
Japan, 23, 59, 154, 191-3, 218, 220
Japanese boycott, 183, 208
Education, 50, 59
Japanese Steamers, 42
Jordan, Sir John, 37, 51, 106
Jowett, Benjamin, 48
Kahn, Dr. Ida, 185
Kalachin, Princess, 185
Keh-lao Tribe, 97
Keller, Dr., 73, 152-3
Kuan Tzu Yao, 91
Ku-Chin, 72
Küticul, 79
Kütsingfu, 40
Kwangsi Province, 41, 171
Kwantung Province, 171
Kweichow Province, Ch. IV, 40, 41, 83
Kwei Yang, 41, 104-8
Lacquer, 98, 209
“La Jeunesse,” 194
Lang-Tai-Fung, 95
Language, 55, 56
Lolo, 127-9
Miao, 120-1
Lan-ni-Kou, 104
Lao-Kay, 37
League of Nations, 190
Leper Hospital, 33, 34
Li Ching Chien, Miss, 71
Lingle, Mr. and Mrs., 150
Locke, Mr. and Mrs., 149
Loess, 62
Logan, Mr. and Mrs., 165
Lolo, 124-137
Lo-yung-kio bridge, 35
Lugard, Sir F., 197
Macao, 217
Main, Dr. and Mrs., 31
Malong, 40, 79
Mandarin Chinese, 24, 57
Maternity Hospital, 32, 33
Medicine, Schools of, 22, 24, 33
Mencius, 16
Mettle, 17, 164
Military Escort, 76, 107-11
Minerals, 42, 75, 89
Missions, Baptist, 25, 152, 214-5
C.I.M. (China Inland Mission), 97, 105, 143, 146, 149, 206
C.M.S. (Church Missionary Society), 34, 70, 179, 208
Danish, 153
English United Methodist, 206
L.M.S. (London Missionary Society), 153
Norwegian, 153
Presbyterian (Eng. & Amer.), 149, 210-6
Russian, 153
Wesleyan, 154, 163
Mixed Courts, 28
Mohammedans, 27
Money, 36, 38, 39, 40, 222
Mongtsze, 38
Morals, 117, 120
Morrison, Dr., 88
Mott, Dr., 163
Music, 54, 135, 208
Nanking, 24, 44
National Language, 56
Nestorians, 132
New York, 199
North and South, Division of, 37
troops, 150, 154-5, 159, 160, 170
Norton, Mr. and Mrs., 209
Nurses, 33, 212
“On the Trail of the Opium Poppy,” 40, 88
Open ports, 28, 43-4, 160, 218
Opium, 70, 72, 76, 79, 80-1, 105-6, 127, 160-1, 170, 218
Otterwell, Mr., 39
“Outward Bound,” 49, 201
Pagoda Anchorage, 207
Partington, T. Bowen, 206
“Passionate Pilgrim,” 188
Peking, 17, 18, 20-3, 71, 92
Peng-I-Hu, 194
Physical Culture, 51, 167, 180, 209
Pike, Mr. and Mrs., 105-7, 111
Ping-yüe, 41
Pollard, S., 135
Portuguese, 80, 217
Postal Commissioners, 39, 91, 92, 106
System, 91-2
Presbyterian Mission, 165, 210-6
Pukow Ferry, 18
Railways, 17, 18, 220
Canton to Hong Kong, 220
Changsha to Chuchow, 150
French, 18, 36
Haiphong to Yünnanfu, 36-8
Hankow to Canton, 41
Peking to Hankow, 18
Shanghai to Hangchow, 31-2
Shanghai to Peking, 17
Shihchiah Chwang to Taiyuanfu, 18, 19
Tsinan to Tsingtau, 24
Rawlinson, 185
Red Cross, 25, 143, 150
Religion, 194-5
Renaissance, 194
Rest House, 34
Richthoven, Baron v., 62
“Ritual of Chau,” 176
River Traffic, 43, 112, 142-3
Rockefeller Institution, 22, 152, 185
Roman Catholics, 96, 151
“Rules for Women,” 176
Scouts, Boy, 26
Script, New, 54, 55
Seaports, Ch. X
Sericulture, 52, 209
Shanghai, 17, 28-31, 197
Shansi, 19, 49
Shantung, 24, 27, 195
Shenchowfu, 146-8
Shihchiah Chwang, 18
Shrines, Wayside, 99, 100
Sianfu, 54
Siang-Kiang, 42
Slichter, Mr. and Mrs., 97
Smuts, General, 204
Soap Tree, 100
Social Welfare, 29, 201
Soldiers, 24
S. S. Lines—
Changsha to Hankow, 42, 150
Changteh to Changsha, 42
Hankow to Shanghai, 42
Hong Kong to Haiphong, 36
Hong Kong to Macao, 217
Hong Kong to Swatow, 216
Shanghai to Hong Kong, 36
Standard Oil Coy., 148
Stone, Dr. Mary, 72
Student Movement, Ch. IX, 182
Student Strikes, 182-4, 191
Sun Yat Sen, 171
Swatow, 131, 185, 212-6
Symbolism, 83
Szechuan, 159
Taiyuanfu, 17, 18, Ch. II
Tan Family, 213-4
Taoism, 43, 94
Ta-ting, 102
Temples, 43, 54, 112, 194, 215, 219
Tengyueh, 39, 71
Ten-ten, 98
“Tide of New Thought,” 191
Tientsin, 24
Ting Fang Lew, 194
Tin-mines, 72
Tong Ting Lake, 42, 150
Trade and Commerce, 43, 171, 166, 209
Tribes-people, Ch. V
list of, 123-4
Trinity College, Foochow, 209
Tsai Yuanpei, 197
Tsao, Lady, 176
Tseng, Miss, Ch. VIII
Marquis, 178
Tsinanfu, 23-7
Tsingchoufu, 25
Tsingtau, 192
Tungsten, 42
Universities—
Hong Kong, 197-8
Peking, 197
St. John’s, Shanghai, 147
Shantung Christian, 24
Varnish tree, 98
Wang Ch’ang Ling, 24
Wang, L. K, 208
Wang of Amoy, 211
War Lords, 171
Warren, Dr., 154
Wênchowfu, 205
West Lake, Hangchow, 24, 35
Hotel, 35
White wax, 144
Whyte, Dr., 215
Wight, Dr., 214
Witchcraft, 135-6
Witt, Dr., 146
Women, Chinese, 174-7, 185
Nurses, 185
“Wooden Combs,” 124
Wordsworth, 116
Workhouse, 54
Wu-chang, 43
Wu Pei Fu, General, 164, 222
Wu-Ting-Fang, 135
Yale in China, 151, 184
Yangtze River, 42-5
Yen Hsi Shan, Ch. II, 70, 194
Yi-ling, 78
Y.M.C.A., 29, 70, 153, 211
Youth of China, Ch. IX
Yuan-Chowfu, 143
Yuan Shi Kai, 192, 221
Yüen Kiang, 41
Yünnanfu, 37, 66-75
Yünnan Pass, 40
Yünnan Province, Ch. III, 38
_Printed in Great Britain by_ Butler & Tanner, _Frome and London_