Darwin's evolution theory is not based on a symbolic model. It is rather based
on the systematic of some primary data. Thus, it is not a positive science and
so, its prediction could be good only on short range.
1867 BC: Das Kapital by Karl Marx
This aberation sounds good on image models. The basic idea is that the
"capitalist" takes about all the money and the "working class" is forced to
work for peanuts.
The theory was based on some image models, which were understood easily by the
population of those times. As we know, it is not possible to find the right
importance of an element or relationship on an image model. Thus, an image
model can be tailored to prove anything, based on external reality. Such a
method doesn't build a theory, but an ideology. Ordinary people easily
understand an ideology, because it sounds good, and is able to answer any
question.
When Marx's theory appeared, the control of the economy was based on short
range symbolic models. So, long-range problems were not predicted. The lack of
stability of the society in that period was an effect of this problem.
Later, society advanced to take into account the long-range problems too and
so, social-democratic movements appeared.
1878 BC: Jehovah's Witnesses
In time, as the capacity to make and operate symbolic models increased, the
"classical" Christian religion was under pressure to change to meet the new
requirements. It resulted in reform movements in the frame of the Christian
religion. Instead, Jehovah's Witnesses make a new model starting from scratch.