--quarrels between, and the Athanasians, 117.
Aristocracy, the Roman, their decay, 32 _et seq._
Aristotle, supremacy given to, 297.
Armagnac, the Count of, 364
--struggle between, and Burgundy, 377.
Armies, the modern, of Europe, 57.
Arnold of Brescia, the revolt of, 278
--his death, 279.
Arteveldt, James Van, 355.
Asia, stationary condition of, 14.
Asti, siege of, by Alaric, 105
Ataulf the Goth, career of, 108.
Athanasians, division between the, and the Arians, 117.
Attila the Hun, career of, 109 _et seq._
Augustin, influence of, on Luther, 424.
Augustus, the supremacy of, 17
--his reign, 18.
Aulus Plautius, landing of, in England, 21.
Aurelian, the emperor, 72
--his triumph, 79.
Austrasia, kingdom of, 155.
Austria, the power of, in the seventeenth century, 463
--the seven years' war, 512.
Auvergne, the Marquises of, 205.
Avars, junction of the Lombards with the, 129.
Avignon, acquired by the Pope, 306
--the residence of the Popes at, 342.
Azores, discovery of the, 395.
Bacon, Roger, gunpowder known to, 372.
Badby, John, martyrdom of, 367.
Bahuchet, a French admiral, 355.
Balbinus, appointment of, 69
--his death, 70.
Baldwyn, Count of Flanders, 263
--habits of, in the East, 270.
Baliol, maintained by Edward I., 319.
Ballads, influence of, on the common people, 372.
Bannockburn, the battle of, 352.
Barbarians, first appearance of the, 25
--their increased incursions, 51
--their continued progress, 71
--their increasing strength, 79 _et seq._
Barbavara, a Genoese admiral, 355.
Barcho-chebas, the rebellion of the Jews under, 47.
Bedford, the Duke of, in France, 384.
Belisarius, exploits of, 124
--disgraced, 125.
Bells, the invention of, 196.
Benedict. _See_ St. Benedict.
Benedict XI. poisoned, 331.
Benedictine monks, industry, &c. of the, 142.
Berenger, transubstantiation assailed by, 247.
Bernard de Goth, elevated to the papacy as Clement V., 331 _et seq._
Beziers, massacre of Albigenses in, 305.
Bible, Wickliff's translation of the, 342
--the first book printed by Guttenberg, 422.
Bishops, increasing alarm of the, in the ninth century, 205
--warlike, of the eleventh century, 251.
Black Hole of Calcutta, the tragedy of the, 515.
Blanche, mother of Louis IX., urges the persecution of the
Albigenses, 304.
Blenheim, the battle of, 500.
Boccaccio, the works of, 344.
Bohemund, the Crusader, 265.
Boniface VII., Pope, 236.
Boniface VIII., bull against Edward I. by, 315
--jubilee celebrated by, 325
--contest with Philip le Bel, 326 _et seq._
--his arrest, 329 _et seq._
--his death, 330.
Boniface, Archbishop of Mayence, 175.
Books, early value of, 372
--multiplied by printing, 373.
Borgia, elevation of, to the Papacy, 369.
Brantôme, the memoirs of, 447.
Bribery, prevalence of, under Walpole, 505.
Brittany, power of the Dukes of, 204
--acquired by Rollo the Norman, 226.
Bruce, the victory of, at Bannockburn, 352.
Bruges, defeat of the townsmen of, at Cassel, 353.
Brunehild, cruelties and career of, 150
--her death, 150.
Brunissende de Périgord, mistress of Clement V., 332.
Buccaneers, rise of the, 452.
Burghers, increasing importance of the, 279.
Burgundians, conquest of Gaul by the, 108.
Burgundy, kingdom of, 155.
Busentino, burial of Alaric in the, 107.
Cade, the insurrection of, 374.
Cadijah, wife of Mohammed, 138.
Calais, taken by Edward III., 356.
Caligula, the character, &c. of, 19.
Caliphs, habits of the, 165.
Calvinists and Lutherans, hatred between, 460.
Cambrai, the league of, 409 _et seq._
Canada, the conquest of, by the British, 517.
Cannon, first employment of, 342.
Capetian line, commencement of the, 231.
Caracalla, character of, 62
--his accession and reign, 65.
Carausius, the revolt of, 75.
Carlovingian line, close of the, 231.
Carthage, subdued by the Saracens, 166.
Cassel, the battle of, 353.
Cassius, the rebellion of, 52.
Cathedrals, building of, during the eleventh century, 242.
Catherine de Medicis, the massacre of St. Bartholomew planned by,
441.
Catholicism, resemblances between, and Mohammedanism, 271.
Cavendish, the naval exploits of, 451.
Caxton, books printed by, 393.
Celibacy, priestly, neglect of, during the eleventh century, 252
--enforced by Hildebrand, 256.
Centuries, characters of different, 13, 15, _et seq._
Chæreas, assassination of Caligula by, 20.
Châlons, the battle of, 110.
Change, prevalence of, during eighteenth century, 491.
Charlemagne, accession and reign of, 186 _et seq._
--his conquests, 187
--crowned Emperor of the West, 188
--his era, 188 _et seq._
--his polity, &c., 189
--his court, &c., 193, 194 _et seq._
--his encouragement of literature, &c., 195 _et seq._
--his death, and disruption of his empire, 198, 201 _et seq._
Charles, son of Louis the Debonnaire, 201
--character and reign of, 206.
Charles the Simple and Rollo the Norman, 225, 226, 227.
Charles VI., decline of the French nobility under, 360 _et seq._
--death of, 384.
Charles VII., accession of, 384
--the Maid of Orleans, 386 _et seq._
--his desertion of her, 389.
Charles IX., the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442.
Charles V., the emperor, extent of his dominions, 404
--and Luther, 427
--close of his career, 431, 432.
Charles I., unpopularity of, 465
--the execution of, 470.
Charles II., England under, 472 _et seq._
Charles II. of Spain, death of, and his will, 497.
Charles Edward, the rising under, 507.
Charles Martel, the defeat of the Saracens by, 176, 179, _et seq._
Chatham, the ministry of, 513.
Chaucer, the works of, 344.
Childeric III., the last of the Merovingians, 182.
Chivalry, rise of the orders of, 344
--principles inculcated by, 349.
Chosroes, King of Persia, 158.
Christ, the birth of and its influence, 17.
Christian Church, progressive development of the, 76
--its organization, 78
--corruption of the, 114
--divisions in it, 116
--persecutions, 118.
Christians, persecution of the, by Nero, 23
--policy of Adrian towards, 49.
Christianity, influence of, 17
--the first effects of, 36
--progress of, 55
--establishment of, by Constantine, 85
--commencing struggle of, with Mohammedanism, 141.
Church, the privileges conferred on, and its advantages, 145
--corruptions, 147, 148
--at variance with the nobility, 153
--its unity, 155
--state of, in England during eighth century, 172, 173
--monarchical principle established in the, 183
--effects of the Crusades on, 273
--increasing pretensions and power of, 206, 207
--possessions, &c. of, in France in the tenth century, 228
--resistance to it, 230
--policy of Hugh Capet, 231
--state of, during the tenth century, 219
--during the eleventh century, 253
--in England under Henry II., 292 _et seq._
--conditions of Magna Charta regarding, 308
--changed position of, 342
--state of, in the fifteenth century, 368 _et seq._
--before the Reformation, 419 _et seq._
Church of England, the, and its influence and tendencies, 457.
Churches, schism between the Eastern and Western, 133
--rebuilding, &c. of the, in the eleventh century, 242
--their objects, &c., 244 _et seq._
Churchmen, warlike, during the eleventh century, 251.
Citeaux, the Abbot of, 305.
Claudius, reign and character of, 20
--his death, 22.
Clement V., election of, 331, 332
--his rapacity, &c., 332
--the persecution of the Templars, 337 _et seq._
Clergy, the, privileges conferred on, 145
--corruption of the higher, 148
--increasing claims of, in the ninth century, 204 _et seq._
--claims of, in the tenth century, and resistance to them, 229
--policy of Hugh Capet, 232
--the higher character of, during the twelfth century, 274
--character of, in Provence, 300
--taxed in England by Edward I., 315
--support Henry IV. in England, 365
--the French at the time of the Revolution, 523.
Clive, the exploits of, 515.
Clotaire, overthrow of Brunehild by, 150.
Clothilde, anecdote of, 153.
Clovis, accession of, in France, 119
--the descendants of, 175
--set aside, 182.
Cobham, Lord, martyrdom of, 367.
Colonies, the first English and Dutch, 454.
Colonna, the arrest of Boniface VIII. by, 329.
Columbus, the career of, and his discovery of America, 395.
Commerce, progress of, in England under Elizabeth, 449 _et seq._
Commodus, accession and character of, 58 _et seq._
Commons, rise of the, in England, 306
--House of, first constituted in England, 311.
Condé, the Great, 478, 481.
Conrad, the emperor, heads the second Crusade, 284.
Conservatism, strength of, in England during eighteenth century, 494.
Constantine, accession of, and removal to Constantinople, 84
--his character, 85
--establishes Christianity, 85
--his system of government, 86
--nobility founded by him, 87
--his system of taxation, 89
--death, 92.
Constantinople, removal of the seat of empire to, 84
--subordination of the Bishop of, 125
--supremacy claimed for the Bishop of, 132, 133
--assailed by the Saracens, 166
--early subordination of the Popes to, 174
--pretensions of the emperors, 176, 177
--the Crusaders at, 262, 263
--diffusion of learning by capture of, 422.
Convents, state of the, during the tenth century, 221.
Coote, Sir Eyre, 516.
Cornelius and Novatian, the schism between, 78.
Council of Toledo, the, 151.
Count, origin of the title of, 88.
Courtrai, the battle of, 335.
Covenanters, persecutions of the, in Scotland, 473.
Crecy, battle of, 356.
Cromwell, the rise &c. of, 470
--England under, 471.
Crown, position of the, in England and France during the tenth
century, 230
--new position given to the, under Hugh Capet, 233 _et seq._
--its increasing power, 359 _et seq._
Crusades, first suggestion of the, 242
--the first, 260 _et seq._
--losses in it, and its effects on Europe, 269
--of children, 269
--the second, 284
--the third, 285
--influence of, on the distribution of wealth, &c., 272
--end of, 316.
Crusading spirit, first rise of the, 250
Cuba, the buccaneers at, 453.
Culloden, the battle of, 507, 509.
Cunimond, defeat and death of, 129.
Curials, the, under the Roman emperors, 90, 523.
Cyrene, conquest of, by the Saracens, 166.
Dagobert, King, 151.
Dance of Death, the, 374.
Danes, the invasions of the, 209, 210
--their invasions of England, 212 _et seq._
--their settlements, 214, 215
--continued incursions into England, 234.
Dante, the works of, 325, 344.
Democracy, early alliance of the Church with, 154.
Dettingen, the battle of, 502.
Diaz, Bartholomew, discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by, 395.
Didius, purchase of the empire by, 59
--his death, 60.
Diocletian, accession and reign of, 74
--abdicates, 76
--system introduced by him, 83.
Dominic, originates the crusade against the Albigenses, 301 _et seq._
--establishment of the Inquisition under, 304.
Domitian, the reign of, 28, 34.
Dorylæum, the battle of, 264.
Drake, the expeditions of, 451.
Dress, distinctions from, among the Franks, 152.
Dudley, the informer, 404.
Duncan, the victories of, 525.
Dunois, bastard of Orleans, 387.
Dutch, the maritime settlements of the, 452.
East India Company, founding of the, 450.
Eastern Church, schism of the, 133.
Eastern empire, falling supremacy of the, 185.
Ecclesiastical power, decay of, in the thirteenth century, 313.
Edessa, the Crusaders at, 264.
Education, measures of Charlemagne for, 195.
Edward I., taxation of the clergy by, 315
--character of the reign of, 318
--his attempts on Scotland, 319 _et seq._
Edward II., the defeat of, at Bannockburn, 352.
Edward III., the Garter instituted by, 344
--policy of, his alliance with Flanders, &c., 354 _et seq._
--war with France, 355 _et seq._
--battles of Helvoet Sluys and Crecy, 355
--of Poictiers, 356.
Edward the Black Prince, his treatment of John, 349
--his character, 349
--his victory at Poictiers, 356.
Egbert, subjugation of the Heptarchy by, 193, 194.
Eginhart, the life of Charlemagne by, 195.
Egypt, surrender of Louis IX. in, 317.
Eleanor, wife of Louis VII., 286.
Elizabeth, policy of, with regard to the Reformation, 428
--the policy and measures of, and their results, 436 _et seq._
--the Armada, 444
--papal bull against, 448
--changes in England under, 449.
Elizabeth, daughter of James I., married to the Elector of Palatine,
462.
Ella, King of Northumberland, 214.
Eloisa, influence of, 282.
Empire of the West, restoration of, under Charlemagne, 188.
Empson, the creature of Henry VII., 404.
England, conquest of, by the Romans, and its effects, 21
--severance of, from the Roman Empire, 107
--formation of the Heptarchy in, 120
--state of, in the sixth century, 128
--divided state of, 155
--state of, in the eighth century, 171
--the Church and clergy, 172, 173
--union of, under Egbert, 193, 194
--state of, in the ninth century, 211 _et seq._
--the invasions of the Danes, 212
--its divided state, 213, 214
--settlements of the Danes, 215
--rise and career of Alfred, 215
--the Church and the Crown in, during the tenth century, 229
--state of, during the tenth century, 234
--origin of the wars with France, 285 _et seq._
--subservience to the papacy in, 289
--position of the Church, and feeling towards the Normans, 292
--state of, under John, 294
--rise of the Commons, &c. in, 306
--Magna Charta and its effects, 308 _et seq._
--reign of Henry III., 311
--supremacy of the papacy in, 314
--independence of the Church, 316
--the reign of Edward I. in, 318
--the battle of Bannockburn, 352
--the policy of Edward III., 354
--decline of the nobility in, 360
--divided state of, on accession of Henry IV., 365
--the ballads of, 372
--state of, during fifteenth century, 374
--loss of her French possessions, 376
--conquests of Henry V. in France, 378 _et seq._
--accession of Henry VIII., 404
--increasing commerce of, 413
--first idea of union with Scotland, 414
--battle of Flodden, 414
--the reformation in, 428
--the reign of Mary in, 433
--the policy of Elizabeth and its results, 436
--progress of, under Elizabeth, 450
--the colonization of America by, 454
--under James I., 455 _et seq._
--state of parties, &c. on accession of Charles I., 465 _et seq._
--political and religious parties, 466
--the great rebellion, 468
--the reaction against Puritanism in, 472
--under Charles II., 472
--its degraded position, 473
--ingress of French Protestants into, 484
--reign of James II., 484
--William III., 486
--state, &c. of, during eighteenth century, 493
--state of, under the Georges, 494
--is she a military nation? 496
--the war of the succession, 498 _et seq._
--the peace of Utrecht, 502
--the ministry of Walpole, &c., 505
--the Pretender in, 509
--supports Frederick the Great, 512
--the rise of her Indian empire, 514 _et seq._
--the revolt of the United States, 518 _et seq._
--her progress, 520, 521
--her revolution and freedom contrasted with those of France, 525.
Episcopacy, James's attempt to force, on Scotland, 464.
Ethelbald, the reign of, 214.
Ethelwolf, the reign of, 214.
Etiquette, supremacy of, under Louis XIV., 481.
Eugene, Prince, 501.
Eugenius III., Pope, 279.
Eunapius, character of the early monks by, 115.
Europe, modern, compared with ancient Rome, 56 _et seq._
--state of, in the seventh century, 167
--in the eighth, 171
--rise of the modern kingdoms of, 190
--state of, during the tenth century, 219
--effects of the first Crusade on, 269
--progressive advances of, 297
--state of, during fifteenth century, 375
--changed aspect of, in sixteenth century, 431
--sensation caused by massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442
--changes in, during eighteenth century, 491, 492
--the seven years' war, 512.
Famines, frequency of, during the tenth century, 236.
Faust and the mention of printing, 391.
Favorinus the Grammarian, anecdote of, 46.
Ferdinand of Spain, a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
--declares war against France, 412.
Ferdinand, the emperor, character and policy of, 462.
Ferdinand and Isabella, union of Spain under, 403.
Feudal organization, long retention of, in Scotland, 415.
Feudal system, origin of the, 149.
Feudalism, progress of, in the ninth century, 210
--full establishment of, 279
--decay of, 333, 341
--continued decline of, 359.
Fields of May or March in France, the, 151.
Fine arts, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, 196.
Flagellants, tenets, &c. of the, 374.
Flanders, power of the Dukes of, 232
--rise of the towns of, 277
--the alliance of Edward III. with, 354.
Flodden, battle of, and its effects, 414, 415, _et seq._
Fontenelle, the abbey of, 244.
Fontenoy, the battle of, 502.
France, accession of Clovis in, 119
--accession of Pepin to crown of, 183
--position of, under Charlemagne, 198
--loses the boundary of the Rhine, 203
--power of the great nobles, 204
--state of, during the tenth century, 219
--settlement of Rollo in, 222 _et seq._
--possessions of the clergy in, 228
--accession of Hugh Capet, 231
--his policy, 232 _et seq._
--its separation from the empire, 233
--monasteries in, 244
--origin of the English wars, 285 _et seq._
--the kings of, contrasted with the Plantagenets, 288
--acquisitions of, in Languedoc, &c., 305
--reign of Louis IX. in, 311 _et seq._
--the parliaments of, 312
--supremacy of the papacy in, 314
--degeneracy of the clergy, 315
--independence of the church, 316
--subserviency of the Popes to, 342
--title of King of, assumed by Edward III., 355
--depressed state of, at close of fourteenth century, 356
--decline, of the nobility in, 360
--state of, during fifteenth century, 374, 375
--expulsion of the English from, 376
--its history during the century, 376
--career of Joan of Arc, 386
--accession of Francis I., 405
--a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
--the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 442
--changes witnessed by Brantôme in, 448
--rise of absolutism under Louis XIV. in, 475 et seq.
--policy of Richelieu and reign of Louis XIII., 476 _et seq._
--the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 483
--changes in, during eighteenth century, 491
--contests in India and America with, 513
--the policy and overthrow of, in India, 514 _et seq._
--depression and discontent before the Revolution, 517
--aids the North American colonies, 519
--causes of the Revolution, 522
--general discontent, 523
--the Revolution, 524 _et seq._
Francis I., accession and character of, 405
--death of, 431.
Franks, tribes composing the, 71
--state of the, in the sixth century, 128
--institutions, &c. of the, 151
--divisions of their kingdom, 155.
Frederick the Great, the career of, 512.
Frederick, Elector Palatine, marriage of, to Elizabeth of England,
462.
Frederick Barbarossa, capture, &c. of Rome by, 279.
Free lances, the rise, &c. of the, 350 _et seq._
Freedom, rise of, in England, 306 _et seq._
French ballads, the early, 372.
French Revolution, the, 524 _et seq._
Fritigern, defeat of Valens by, 100.
Froissart, the writings of, and their influence, 347.
Fronde, the wars of the, 478.
Galba, the emperor, 24.
Garter, institution of order of, 344.
Gaul, severance of, from the Roman empire, 108.
Gebhard, Elector of Cologne, 460.
Genoa, prosperity of, during the Crusades, 272
--greatness of, 277.
Genseric, sack of Rome by, 111.
George I. and II., characters of, 494.
George III., loyalty to, in England, 494
--the alleged loss of the United States by his obstinacy, 518.
Georges, England under the, 494.
Germans, defeat of the, by Probus, 73.
Germany, state of, in the sixth century, 128
--divided state of, 155
--separation between France and the Empire, and reign of Otho the
Great, 234
--progress, &c. of the Reformation in, 460
--ingress of French Huguenots into, 484.
Geta, murder of, 65.
Gibraltar, cession of, to England, 501.
Gladiatorial shows, passion of the Romans for, 34 _et seq._
Glo'ster, the Duke of, uncle of Henry VI., 384.
Godfrey of Bouillon, 263
--chosen King of Jerusalem, 266
--his death, 270.
Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, 395.
Gordian, appointed emperor, 69
--his reign, 70
--his death, 72.
Goths, first appearance of the, 98
--admitted within the empire, 99.
Gothia, the Marquises of, 205.
Granada, loss of, by the Moors, 403.
Great Britain, the union of, 502, _See_ England.
Great Rebellion, origin and history of the, 467 _et seq._
Greek fire, the, 166.
Gregory the Great, Pope, 133.
Gregory VII., (Hildebrand,) career, &c. of, 249 _et seq._,
255 _et seq._ _See_ Hildebrand.
Gregory IX., persecution of the Albigenses under, 305.
Guienne, how acquired by England, 286.
Guinegate, the battle of, 418.
Gunpowder, influence of discovery of, 342.
Guthrum, alliance of, with Alfred, 215.
Guttenberg, the invention of printing by, 390
--printing of the Bible by, 422.
Hadrian. _See_ Adrian.
Hair, distinction from the, among the Franks, 152.
Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., 378.
Harold of the Fair Hair, the reign of, 213.
Hastings the Dane, defeated by Alfred, 216
--enters the service of France, 224.
Heathenism, Julian's attempt to restore, 95 _et seq._
Hegira, the, 157.
Helena, the mother of Constantine, 86.
Heliogabalus, the reign of, 66.
Helvoet Sluys, battle of, 355.
Henrietta Maria, unpopularity of, 466.
Henry I., acquisition of Normandy by, 285.
Henry II., claims of, on France, 286
--character of, 288
--and À-Beckett, 289 _et seq._
--his death, 294.
Henry III., reign of, in England, 311.
Henry IV., divided state of England under, 365.
Henry V., persecution of the Lollards under, 365, 366
--invasion of France by, 377
--captures Harfleur, 378
--battle of Agincourt, 381
--his death, 384.
Henry VI. recognised as King of France, 384.
Henry VII., character, &c. of, 371
--treasure accumulated by, and how, 404.
Henry VIII., accession and character of, 404
--declares war against France, 412
--triumphs of, in 1513, 418
--controversy of, with Luther, 426
--throws off the papal supremacy, 430
--death of, 431.
Henry III. of France, the murder of, 448.
Henry, the emperor, 237.
Henry IV. of Germany, attacks of Hildebrand on, 256
--the struggle between them, 257 _et seq._
--the death of, 260.
Heptarchy, the, 120
--subjugation of the, by Egbert, 193, 194.
Heraclius, Emperor of the East, 158.
Heresies, various, of the thirteenth century, 298.
Heretics, first crusade against the, 302 _et seq._
--first law against, in England, 365.
Highlanders, the, in the Forty-Five, 510.
Hildebrand, the career, &c. of, 249 et seq., 255 _et seq._
--his struggle with the emperor, 257 _et seq._
--his death, 259.
Hippo subdued by the Saracens, 166.
Hira subjugated by the Mohammedans, 162.
History, uses of, and difficulties of studying it from its extent,
11.
Holland, increasing commerce of, 412
--the colonies of, 454.
Holy Land, the first Crusade to the, 262
--and last, 317.
Honorius, the emperor, 101
--besieged by Alaric, 105
--murders Stilicho, 106.
Hugh Capet, accession of, to the French throne, 231
--his policy, 232.
Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois, 263.
Huguenots, the, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 483.
Huns, first appearance of the, 99.
Huss, the martyrdom of, 367.
Iconoclast emperor, the, 185.
Images, defence, &c. of, 185 _et seq._
Immaculate conception, dogma of the, 283.
India, Vasco da Gama's voyage to, 401
--effect of the new route to, on Venice, 412
--rise of the British power in, 491, 514 _et seq._
Indulgences, protest of Luther against, 425.
Innocent III., originates the crusade against the Albigenses,
302 _et seq._
--excommunication of John by, 307, 310.
Innovation, general tendency to, during eighteenth century,
493 _et seq._
Inquiry, commencement of, with Scotus Erigena, 207
--rise of, with the Crusades, 280.
Inquisition, the, established under Dominic, 304.
Intellect, direction of, in the present century, 13.
Invention, the present century distinguished by, 13.
Investiture, claims of Hildebrand regarding, 257 _et seq._
Irish Church, the early, its state, &c., 156.
Isabella, queen of Charles VI., profligacy of, 362.
Italy, ravaged by Attila, 110
--irruption of the Lombards into, 129
--state of, in seventh century, 141
--divided state of, 155
--state of, during the tenth Century, 235
--conquests of the Normans in, 254
--rise of the republics of, 277
--state of, before the Reformation, 420.
Jacobite songs, the, 510.
Jacques de Molay, death of, 339.