THE DYEING OF SILK
Silk is covered with a natural gum which has to be removed before the
dyeing process can begin. This is done by boiling for one hour or more
in a bath containing soap, 2 to 8 ozs. to the pound of silk according
to the amount of gum on the silk. It is then well washed, and is ready
for mordanting.
The mordants mostly used are _Alum_, for most of the bright colours.
_Tin_, for brightening some colours, and as a separate mordant for
others. _Iron_, for black dyeing. _Chrome_, for certain browns such as
catechu.
The principal Alum mordant is Acetate of Alumine, prepared as follows:
Let 3 lbs. Alum and 3 ozs. chalk be dissolved in 1 gallon of warm
water in an earthenware pan, add the chalk slowly to the Alum. Add 2
lbs. white acetate of lead, stir occasionally during 24 to 36 hours.
Let it remain 12 hours at rest. Decant and preserve the clear liquor,
being careful not to stir up the sediment. Pour 2 gallons of water on
the sediment, and stir occasionally for 12 hours. Let it rest 12
hours. Decant the clear and add to the first lot. Bottle for use. It
keeps about three weeks. Of the mordant 2 parts are diluted with 1 of
water, and the silk is well worked in this for 10 minutes, after being
wetted down. Steep for 12 hours, wring out and dry. Wet down again and
return to the Alum liquor, work for 10 minutes, steep 12 hours, dry.
When thoroughly dry, wash well in several changes of water before
dyeing. For less bright colours one mordanting may be sufficient.
The mordant is used for successive batches of silk until exhausted;
the fresher the mordant, the better for brighter colours. Silk should
be dyed as soon after it is dried as is convenient.
Another Alum mordant. Dissolve 25 per cent of Alum in hot water and
add 6 per cent carbonate of soda crystals. Fill up a jar with water
and steep silk in it over-night. It must be washed before dyeing.
RECIPES FOR DYEING
(1) INDIGO VAT FOR BLUE
Silk is dyed in a similar manner as described for wool, but requires
stronger vats and longer dips to obtain the same depth of colour. See
page 33.
(2) INDIGO EXTRACT FOR BLUE
Dye at a temperature of 40 to 50 deg.C. with as much Indigo Extract
dissolved in the bath as is required for the desired depth of shade.
If the silk has been first mordanted with alum, compound colours can
be obtained by the addition of a red or yellow dye to the bath.
(3) CRIMSON
Mordant with Alum or Aluminium Acetate and dye with 40 to 50 per cent
Cochineal. A teaspoonful of Tin, dissolved in cold water, may be added
to brighten. Boil well. It is advisable to wash in soap after using
tin as it prevents the latter making the yarn brittle.
(4) MADDER RED
Mordant with Alum or Aluminium Acetate. Dye with 80 to 100 per cent
Madder and a handful of bran per pound of silk. Bring slowly to the
boil in 1 hour, boil a few minutes. It should be brightened by boiling
a short time in soap, with a little tin.
(5) YELLOW
Mordant with Alum or Aluminium Acetate. Various Dyes may be used.
_Weld_: Dye with 150 per cent. _Flavin_: Dye with 1 oz. to the pound,
with a teaspoonful Tin. _Fustic_: Dye with 50 per cent, or more.
_Quercitron_: Dye with 10 to 20 per cent. A little chalk may be added
towards the end.
The shades may be varied by the addition of small quantities of madder
or cochineal. Orange may be obtained by the use of Madder, 2 to 4 ozs.
per pound, with Flavin or Fustic.
(6) GREEN
Greens may be obtained by dyeing with any of the yellow dyes and
blueing in the Indigo Vat or with Indigo Extract. If the colour is
thin, it should be dyed a deeper blue in the vat and then re-dyed with
yellow. A strong clear yellow is needed for a good green.
(7) PURPLE
Dye silk blue in Indigo Vat. Then dye without mordanting in Cudbear.
(8) ORANGE (1 lb.)
Mordant with Alum Acetate. Dye with 1/2 lb. Madder, 2 ozs. Flavin and
1 oz. tin.
Enter the tin first in a cold bath. Mix Flavin and Madder into a paste
and add to the bath. Bring to the boil slowly, boil for 10 minutes.
Wash in soap.
(9) BLACK (1 lb.)
Mordant with Alum Acetate. Dye with 6 ozs. logwood, 3/4 oz. flavin, 1
oz. Iron. Mix all together and boil for 1/2 hour. Wash thoroughly.
(10) BLACK
(1) Mordant with basic ferric sulphate and after allowing the
silk to lie for some time, wash well and soap at 90 deg.C.
(2) Dye with 50 per cent Fustic, 10 per cent Ferrous Sulphate
and 2 per cent Copper Acetate.
(3) Dye with logwood 50 per cent and soap.
(11) GREY WITH BRACKEN (1 lb.)
Mordant with 1 oz. Iron and 2 ozs. Cream of Tartar. Boil a quantity of
young bracken tips for 1/2 hour. Strain. Boil silk in the decoction
for about an hour.
(12) BROWN WITH LICHEN (1 lb.)
Mordant with Alum Acetate. Put into the dye bath the quantity of
lichen according to required colour with about a teaspoonful of Acetic
Acid. Boil from 1 to 3 hours.
(13) ORANGE (1 lb.)
1 oz. tin, 1/2 oz. Oxalic Acid, 2 oz. Flavin. Enter silk and boil for
1 hour. Remove silk and add to the bath 1 oz. tin, 1 oz. Oxalic, 2 oz.
Cochineal. Boil for 1 hour or more.
(14) BLACK (1 lb.)
Mordant with 2 oz. logwood extract, 1-1/4 oz. fustic extract, 1-1/4
oz. iron, 1/2 oz. copper sulphate. Boil for 1 hour. Take out and
rinse. To the same bath add 1-3/4 oz. logwood extract, 1 oz. fustic
extract, 7 oz. madder. Enter silk and boil for 1 hour. Wash in soap.
(15) YELLOW (1 lb.)
Mordant with 1 oz. Bichromate of Potash. Boil 1 hour. In a separate
bath put 1 lb. weld and boil for 1 hour.
(16) RED (1 lb.)
Mordant with 1-3/4 oz. tin and 1-3/4 oz. oxalic acid. Boil for 1 hour.
Then add 3/4 lb. cochineal and 6 oz. madder. Boil well and wash in
soap.
(17) BROWN (1 lb.)
Mordant with 1 oz. Copper sulphate. Boil for 1 hour. Take out silk and
add 2-1/2 oz. madder, 1 oz. fustic chips, and boil for 1 hour.
(18) RED (1 lb.)
Dissolve 1 oz. Tannic Acid in hot water. Enter silk and leave for 24
hours, stirring occasionally. Rinse well in two waters. In a fresh
bath, put 4 oz. cochineal. Enter silk. Bring to boil and let blue
colour develop. Lift, and add 1 oz. cochineal & 1 oz. tin. Re-enter
silk & boil well. Wash in soap.
GLOSSARY
_Adjective Dyes._ Dyes which require mordant.
_Alizarin._ The chief colouring principle of madder. It is also the
name for an extensive series of chemical colours produced from
anthracene, one of the coal tar hydrocarbons discovered in 1868.
_Aniline._ Discovered 1826 (_anil. Span. indigo_). First prepared from
indigo by means of caustic potash, found in coal, 1834. Manufactured
on a large scale after Perkin's discovery of mauve in 1856.
_Annatta._ (Annotto, Arnotto, Roucou.) A dye obtained from the pulp
surrounding the seeds of the _Bixa orellana_; chiefly used in dyeing
silk an orange colour, but is of a fugitive nature.
_Argol._ The tartar deposited from wines completely fermented, and
adhering to the sides of casks as a hard crust. When purified it
becomes Cream of Tartar.
_Beck._ A large vessel or tub used in dyeing.
_Bois jaune._ Fustic, yellow wood.
_Carthamus._ Safflower, an annual plant cultivated in South Europe,
Egypt and Asia, for the red dye from its flowers.
_Caustic Soda._ Carbonate of soda, boiled with lime.
_Coal Tar Colours._ Colours obtained by distillation and chemical
treatment from coal tar, a product of coal during the making of gas.
There are over 2,000 colours in use.
_Detergent._ A cleansing agent.
_Dip._ Generally applied to immersing cloth, etc., in the blue vat.
_Divi-Divi._ The dried pods of _Caesalpina coriaria_ growing in the
West Indies and S. America; they contain 20 to 35% tannin and a brown
colouring matter.
_Dyer's Spirit._ Aqua fortis, 10 parts; sal ammoniac, 5 parts; tin, 2
parts; dissolved together.
_Enter._ To enter wool, to put it into the dye or mordant liquor.
_Fenugrec._ Fenugreek _Trigonnella faenugraecum_.
_Flavin._ A colouring matter extracted from Quercitron.
_Full, to._ To treat or beat cloth for the purpose of cleansing and
thickening it.
_Fuller's herb._ _Saponaria officinalis._ A plant used in the process
of fulling.
_Fuller's Thistle_, or teasle. _Dipsacus fullonum._ Used for fulling
cloth.
_Fustet._ Young fustic. Venetian Sumach _Rhus cotinus_. It gives a
fine orange colour, which has not much permanence.
_Galls, Gall nuts._ Oak galls produced by the egg of an insect,--the
female gall wasp. An excrescence is produced round the egg, and the
insect, when developed, pierces a hole and escapes. Those gall nuts
which are not pierced contain most tannic acid. The best come from
Aleppo and Turkey.
_Gramme_ or _Gram_. About 15-1/2 grains (Troy).
_Kilo. Kilogramme._ Equals 2 lbs. 3.2 oz.
_Litre._ Nearly 1-3/4 pints.
_Lixivitation._ The process of separating a soluble substance from an
insoluble by the percolation of water.
_Lixivium._ (Lye.) A term often used in old dye books, water
impregnated with alkaline salts extracted by lixivitation from wood
ashes.
_Lye_ or _Ley._ Any strong alkaline solution, especially one used for
the purpose of washing such as soda lye, soap lye.
_Mercerised Cotton._ Cotton prepared by treating with a solution of
caustic potash or soda or certain other chemicals. Discovered by John
Mercer in 1844.
_Milling._ The operation of fulling cloth.
_Myrobalans._ The fruit of several species of trees, growing in China
and the East Indies, containing tannic acid (25-40% tannin).
_Oil of Vitriol._ Sulphuric acid.
_Organzine._ Twisted raw silk from best cocoons, used for warp.
_Pearl Ash._ Carbonate of potash.
_Persian Berries._ The dried unripe fruit of various species of
Rhamnus. Also called French berries, grains of Avignon.
_Potassium Carbonate._ (Potashes.) Carbonate of potash has been known
since ancient times as a constituent of the ashes of land plants, from
which it is obtained by extraction with water. In most cases Sodium
Carbonate, which it strongly resembles, can be used in its place.
_Red spirits._ Tin Spirits. Applied to tin mordants generally. A
solution of Stannous chloride.
_Red woods._ Camwood, Barwood, Sanderswood (Santal, Sandal, Red
Sanders), Brazil wood, Sapan wood, Peach-wood.
_Roucou._ Anatta, Arnotto.
_Saxon blue._ The dye made by indigo dissolved in oil of vitriol.
_Scotch ell._ 37.2 inches.
_Scour, to._ To wash.
_Scroop._ The rustling property of silk.
_Soda ash._ Carbonate of soda.
_Sour water._ To every gallon of water, add one gill vitriol; stir
thoroughly. Stuff steeped in this should be covered with the liquor,
otherwise it will rot.
(2) Water in which bran has been made to grow sour. 24 bushels of bran
are put in a tub, about 10 hogsheads of nearly boiling water is poured
into it; acid fermentation soon begins, and in 25 hours it is ready to
use.
(3) Throw some handfuls of bran into hot water and let it stand for 24
hours, or until the water becomes sour, when it is fit for use.
_Staple._ A term applied to cotton and wool indicating length of
fibre.
_Substantive Dye._ A dye not requiring a mordant.
_Sumach._ Leaves and twigs of several species of Rhus, containing
tannic acid. It is sold in the form of crushed leaves or as a powder
(15-20% tannin).
_Tram._ Slightly twisted raw silk, used for weft.
_Tyrian purple._ A purple colour obtained from certain shell fish,
such as Buccinum and Purpura. It is mentioned by Pliny as being
discovered in 1400 B.C. It was a lost art in the Middle Ages.
_Valonia._ Acorn cups of certain species of oak from South Europe,
containing 25-35% of tannic acid.
_Vegetable alkali._ Potash.
_Verdigris._ Acetate of copper.
_Wet out, to._ To damp before putting the yarn or cloth into the dye.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A profitable Boke. (On Dyeing.) Translated from the Dutch. 1583.
Bancroft, Edward. The Philosophy of Permanent Colours. 1794.
Berthollet. The Art of Dyeing. 1824.
Bird, F. J. The Dyer's Handbook. 1875.
Bolton, Clement. A Manual of Wool Dyeing. 1913.
Boulger, Professor G. S. The Uses of plants. 1889.
Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 1830. Dyeing.
Crook, W. Dyeing and Tissue Printing. 1882.
Darwin and Meldola. Woad. ("Nature," Nov. 12, 1896.)
Edge, Alfred. Some British Dye Lichens. (Journal of the Society of
Dyers and Colourists. May, 1914.)
Edmonston, T. "On the Native Dyes of the Shetland Islands."
(Transactions of Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 1, 1841.)
English Encyclopaedia. Dyeing. 1802.
Francheville. On Ancient and Modern Dyes, 1767. (Royal Academy of
Sciences, Berlin.)
Haigh, James. The Dyer's Assistant. 1778.
Hellot, Macquer, M. le Pilleur D' Apligny. The Art of Dyeing Wool,
Silk and Cotton. (Translated from the French, 1789. New Edition.
1901.)
Henslow. Professor G. Use of British plants.
Hiscock, Gardiner D. 20th Century book of Recipes, Formulas and
Processes. 1907.
Hummel, J. J. The Dyeing of Textile Fabrics.
Hurst, Silk Dyeing and Printing. (Technological Handbook. 1892.)
Jarmain, George. On Wool Dyeing. 6 Lectures. 1876.
Knecht, Rawson and Lowenthal. A Manuel of Dyeing. 1893.
Lindsay, Dr. W. L. On the Dyeing Properties of Lichens. (Edinburgh New
Philosophical Journal, 1855.)
Love, Thomas. The Practical Dyer and Scourer. 1854.
Mackay, Mrs. Anstruther. Simple Home Dyeing.
Milroy, R. P. Handbook for Dyeing for Woollen Homespun Workers.
(Congested Districts Board for Ireland.)
Morris, William. "Of Dyeing as an Art." (Essays by Members of Arts and
Crafts Exhibition Society, 1903.)
Morris, William. "The Lesser Arts of Life." (from Architecture,
Industry and Wealth. 1902.)
Napier, James. A Manual of Dyeing Recipes. 1855.
Napier, James. A Manual of the Art of Dyeing. 1853.
Parnell's Applied Chemistry.--Article on Dyeing.
Plowright, Dr. British Dye Plants. (Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society, Vol. 26. 1901.)
Rawson, Gardiner and Laycock. A Dictionary of Dyes, Mordants. 1901.
Sansome. "Dyeing." 1888.
Sims, T. Dyeing and Bleaching. (British Manufacturing Industries.
1877.)
Smith, David. The Dyer's Instructor. 1847.
Smith. Practical Dyer's Guide. 1849.
Sowerby. English Botany.
Sowerby. Useful Plants of Great Britain.
The Art of Dyeing. (Translated from the German. 1705. Reprint, 1913.)
The Dyer and Colour Maker's Companion. 1859.
Thomson, John M. The Practical Dyer's Assistant. 1849.
INDEX
Acacia, 40
Acetate of Alumina, 46, 56
Adjective dyes, 6, 60
Agrimony, 12
Alder, 11, 14, 15, 40
Alizarin, 60
Alkanet, 12
Alpaca, 1
Alum, 7,
for silk, 56,
cotton, linen, 46
Ammonia, 2, 3, 32
Aniline, 60
Annotto, Anatta, Annatta, Arnotto, 4, 50, 60
Arcel, 21
Archil, 19
Argol, 60
Areca, 40
Ash, 12
Barberry, 12,
for cotton, 4,
for silk, 38
Barwood, 34, 62
Bearberry, 12
Beck, 60
Bedstraw, 11
Bichromate of Potash, 9
Birch, 11, 12, 14
Black, 29, 40-42
dyeing plants, 15
for cotton, linen, 51
for silk, 58, 59
from alder, 40
from walnut, 41
with logwood, 29
Blackberry, 15
Blaeberry, 12, 14
Blue, 24-30
dyeing plants, 12
from lichen, 21
" logwood, 29
" whortleberry, 12
Blue vitriol, 10
Bluestone, 10
Bog asphodel, 12
Bog myrtle, 12
Bois de Campeche, 28
Bois jaune, 60
Bracken, 12
Bran, 33, 57
Bramble, 12
Brazil woods, 34
Broom, 12
Brown, 40-42
dyeing plants, 14
for cotton, 50
for wool from catechu, 40
from alder bark, 40
" crotal, 19
" Iceland moss, 22
" lichens, 22
" madder, 33, 42
" onion skins, 41
" peat soot, 41
" walnut, 41
Brownish red, 14, 34
Bryony, 14
Buckthorn, 12
Camel hair, 1
Camomile, 13
Campeachy wood, 28
Camwood, 34, 62
Carbonate of Potash, 62
Carbonate of Soda, 60
Carthamus, 60
Catechu, 40
for cotton, 46, 47, 50
Caustic potash, 28
Caustic soda, 25-28, 60
Centaury, 13
Chestnut, 47
Chrome, 9, 47, 56
Coal Tar Colours, 60
Coccus, 31, 32
Cochineal, 31
Copper, 10, 47
Copperas, 8, 9
Copper Sulphate, 10
Corydal, 13
Cotton, 4, 46-55
mordanting, 46
the colour of, 4
Crab Apple, 12
Cream of Tartar, 7, 10
Crimson--from cochineal, 32
from lichens, 17, 21
Crottle, Crotal, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23
Cudbear, 16, 20
Cutch, 40
Damson, 14
Danewort, 14
Dandelion, 14
Deadly nightshade, 14
Detergent, 60
Devil's Bit, 12
Dip, 60
Divi-divi, 47, 60
Dock, 12, 15
Dog's Mercury, 12
Dulse, 14
Dyer's Broom, 38
Dyer's Greenwood, 12
Dyer's Spirit, 60
Dyer's Woodruff, 12
Elder, 12, 14, 15
Felting, to prevent, 3
Fenugrec, Fenugreek, 13, 60
Ferrous sulphate, 8
Flavin, 38
Flax, 4
Fleece, various kinds of, 1
Flowering reed, 14
French brown, 42
Fuller's Herb, 61
Fuller's Thistle, 61
Fumitory, 13
Fustic, 36
for green, 44
Fustet, 61
Gall nuts, 47, 61
Gamboge from lichen, 22
Golden rod, 13
Golden yellow from weld, 25
Gorse, 12
Gramme, 61
Green, 43-45
black, 42
dyeing plants, 13
from Fustic, 44
" Quercitron, 44
" Weld, 44
with logwood, 29
" Indigo extract, 44, 45
" Indigo vat, 43
" Indigo Extract and weld, 44
Green Vitriol, 8
Greening weed, 43
Greenish brown, 42
Greenish black, 42
Grey, 30
Grey from Catechu, 40
Gromwell, 12
Hazel colour from Peatsoot, 41
Heath, 13
Heather, 11, 39
Hellebore, 13
Hematin Crystals, 42
Hogs, 2
Hop, 13, 14
Hornbeam, 13
Hydrochloric acid, 28
Hydrosulphite vat, 25-28
Iceland Moss, 18, 22
Indigo, 24
Indigo Extract, 25
for green, 44, 45
Indigo Vats, 25-28
for cotton, 48
for cotton (zinc-lime), 51
for green, 43, 44, 45
Improvement of, 27
Indigo White, 27
Indigotine, 27
Iris, 11, 12, 15
Iron, 8, 9
for cotton, 47
for silk, 56
Iron filings, 6
Kashmir wool, 1
Kermes, Kerms, 31
Kilo, 61
Korkalett, 17
Korkir, 20
Lady's Bedstraw, 11, 12
Lamb's fleece, 1
Larch, 14
Lavender, 29
Lemon yellow from fustic, 36
from lichen, 20
Lesser Dye, 29
Ley, 61
Lichen dyes, 14, 16-23
list etc., for dyeing, 20-22
Lilac with cochineal, 32
Lily of the Valley, 14
Lima wood, 34
Lime, 52
Linen, 4, 5
Ling, 13
Litre, 61
Lixivitation, 61
Lixivium, 61
Logwood, 20, 28-30
Lucerne, 13
Madder, 12, 32, 42
Marsh Marigold, 13
Meadow Rue, 13
Meadowsweet, 15
Mercerised cotton, 61
Milling, 61
Mimosa, 40
Mohair, 1
Mordants, 8-10
for silk, 56
for linen and cotton, 46
Muriate of Tin, 9
Myrobalans, 47, 61
Nettle, 13, 14
Oak, 14, 15
Oak bark, 41
Oak galls, 47
Oak lung, 23
Oak rag, 23
Oil of vitriol, 24, 61
Old gold from fustic, 36
from weld, 35
Old fustic, 36
Olive from fustic, 36, 37
from weld, 35
Olive green, 43
Onion skins, 14, 39, 41
Orange from annatta, 50
from flavin, 38
from lichen, 21, 22
Orange from weld, 36
from turmeric, 37
Orchil, 16, 18
Organzine, 61
Orseille d'Auvergne, 20
Oxalic acid, 9
Peach wood, 34
Pear, 13
Pearl ash, 25, 61
Peat soot, 41
Persian berries, 42, 61
Pink from lichen, 20
Plum, 13
Plum colour from lichen, 17
Polygonum, 13
Poplar, 13
Potash, 62
Potassium Carbonate, 62
Potassium dichromate, 9
Potentil, 12, 13
Privet, 12, 13, 14, 39
Purple, from cochineal, 32, 33
from lichen, 18, 20, 21
from logwood, 30
from whortleberry 14
Purple dyeing plants, 14
Purplish slate, 32
from Brazil woods, 34
from cochineal, 32
Quercitron, 37
for cotton and linen, 48
for green, 44
Ragweed, 13
Raven grey, 30
Red, 31-34
from Brazil woods, 34
from lichens, 20-23
from madder, 33
for cotton, 49, 50
Red brown, 34
from alder, 40
from lichen, 20
from madder, 34
Red currant, 14
Red dyeing plants, 11
Red purple with cudbear and logwood, 20
with logwood, 30
Red woods, 34
Retting, 4
Rose red, 33
Roucou, 60, 62
Saddening, 10, 40, 41, 47
Saffron from lichen, 23
Safflower, 4
Sanderswood, 34
Sandalwood, 34
Sapan wood, 34
Sawwort, 13
Saxon blue, 44, 62
Saxon green, 43
Scarlet (cochineal), 32
Scarlet of grain, 32
Scotch ell, 62
Scouring agents, 2-3
Scroop, 62
Scrottyie, 17, 21
Sheep, various kinds of, 1-2
Silk, mordants, 56
the dyeing of, 57
preparation of, 3, 56
various kinds, of 3
Slate purple, 32
Sloe, 12
Soap for scouring, 2
Soda, 2
Soda ash, 62
Sodium carbonate, 62
Sour water, 62
Sorrel, 11
Spanish wool, 1
Spindle tree, 13
Stachys, 13
Staple, 62
St. John's wort, 13
Stannous chloride, 9
Substantive dye, 6, 11, 18, 37, 62
Sulphuric acid, 24
Sumach, 7, 40, 48, 62
Sundew, 13, 14
Sweet willow, 13
Tan, 42
Tan colour fr. lichen, 19
Tannin, 47
Tannic acid, 47
Teasel, 13
Terra cotta (lichen), 19
Tin, 9, 47, 56
Tin crystals, 9
Tin salts, 9
Tousch, 22
Tram, 62
Trefoil, 13
Turkey red oil, 49
Turmeric, 37
Tyrian purple, 62
Valonia, 47, 63
Vegetable alkali, 63
Verdigris, 11, 63
Vetch, 13
Vicuna, 1
Violet from elder, 14
Walnut, 11, 14, 40
Water, 2
Water lily, 14
Wayfaring tree, 13
Weld, 13, 35
with copper, 35
for green, 44
Wet out, to, 63
Wethers, 2
Whortleberry, 12, 14
Willow, 13
Woad, 12, 25
Wool, 1-3
colour of, 1
method of dyeing, 3
to wash, 2
various kinds of, 1, 2
Yellow, 35-39
for cotton (weld), 50
for linen (lichen), 19
for silk, 57
from weld, 35
dyer's broom, 38
fustic, 37
heather, 39
lichen, 19, 22, 23
privet, 39
quercitron, 38
sumach, 41
Yellow brown from lichen, 16
from sumach, 41
Yellow dyeing plants, 12-13
Yellow green, 43
Yellow weed, 43
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes
Original spelling, capitalization, hyphenation, and punctuation
have been retained from the original book except for the following
changes:
Page 3: Repeated "in" deleted. (3rd.--The wool is boiled with
the mordant and dye in the same bath together.)
Page 18: Added closing quote to blockquote (luster to the
colours.")
Page 25: Changed comma to period after ozs. (12 fluid ozs. of
water)
Page 34: The period was removed after 28 per cent for
consistency.
Page 34: The typographical error "w ash" was changed to "wash."
Page 50: Under (5) YELLOW: "described for silk (page 73)", the
reference to page 73 could possibly be referring to
page 56, mordanting silk in general, or to page 57,
where mordanting of yellow is detailed.
Page 65: (Index): Crottle, Crotal: The duplicate page 20 was
removed.
Page 66: (Index): Lixiviation was changed to Lixivitation.
Page 68: Color was changed to colour (Tan colour fr. lichen) for
consistency.
A space has been added before each lb. and oz. and the space
removed between deg. and F. or C. for consistency.