CLASSIFICATION OF GRASSES BY THE “SEEDS” (GRAINS).
+I. “Seed” rounded (Millet-seed[12] type). Caryopsis ovoid or
sub-globose, devoid of distinct groove, and distending the awnless
paleæ, or falling out free.+
+A. Glumes cuspidate, “fruit” yellowish.+
_Phleum pratense._
The student should familiarise himself with the “seed” of _Phleum
pratense_, as a type, and an important grass easily obtained pure, but
sometimes with minute round seeds of weeds intermixed.
_Phleum pratense_, L. (Fig. 45).
Palea 2·3 mm. long, five-ribbed, with a short point, delicate but hard,
smooth, with a silvery lustre. Inner pale two-nerved. Closely investing
the yellow-brown caryopsis, which easily falls out and is ovoid-acute,
about 2 mm. long by 1 broad, and finely punctate.
The much rarer _P. arenarium_ and the very rare _P. Bœhmeri_ and
_P. asperum_ also come here.
_Phleum_ is not easily confounded with any other of our grasses,
and _Briza_ and _Glyceria_ are almost the only other common grasses
of about the same size of which the caryopsis often falls free from
the palea (“naked fruits”). _Glyceria_ is longer and corn-shaped,
and _Briza_ usually larger. _Anthoxanthum_ and _Phalaris_ are easily
distinguished. _Agrostis_ is smaller and “corn-shaped.” Certain
species of _Panicum_ present resemblances, but the enveloping paleæ,
&c. are very different. _Melica_ also occurs as “naked fruits,” but
is rarely seen, and its colour and brilliant lustre distinguish it.
+B. Glumes not cuspidate. “Fruit” not yellow.+
(_a_) “Fruit” white, owing to the closely investing palea.
_Milium effusum._
A common grass, but not often met with in “seed” grasses. It is
eagerly eaten by birds.
_Milium effusum_, L. (Fig. 52).
Palea about 3 mm. long, with few nerves, closely investing the
caryopsis: the seed is ellipsoid-acute, slightly compressed, and
2·2-2·7 mm. long. The inner pale becomes hard and shines like porcelain.
(_b_) “Fruit” dark-brown shining; slightly flattened and grooved.
+Melica.+
[Illustration: Fig. 52. _Milium effusum._ “Seed,” _a_, nat. size; _b_
and _c,_ × 7. Nobbe.]
_Melica_ is rarely met with as “seed.” When it is, it has to be
distinguished from the other “Millet-seed” types which readily fall
as naked fruits--see _Phleum_, _Milium_, &c. _Agrostis_, _Glyceria_
and other corn-shaped “seeds” are easily distinguished.
_Melica nutans_, L. (Fig. 53).
“Seed” coracle-shaped. Palea broad, parchment-like, elliptic convex,
5-6 mm. long, 5-7 nerved and keeled, awnless, loose, purplish.
Caryopsis ellipsoid-acute, 2-3 mm. long, and easily separating,
wrinkled, dark shining brown as if lacquered.
[Illustration: Fig. 53. Coracle-shaped “seed” of _Melica nutans_,
showing the broad, ribbed and keeled palea (_c_), and small rachilla
(_d_). _a_, the “seed,” nat. size; _c_ and _d_, ditto, × 8; _b_, the
caryopsis, nat. size; _e_ and _f_, ditto, × 10. Nobbe.]
_M. uniflora_, Retz. is commoner and very similar, but neither is
often met with in “seed” grass, except as impurities among Fescues.
The rare _Panicum Crus-galli_ and allies, and the rice-like _Leersia
oryzoides_ as well as _Cynodon Dactylon_, come here.
Panicums may occur in grass “seed” from America: Burchard describes
them in detail.
+II. “Seed” long (Corn and Barley type). Caryopsis oblong or
flattened, usually trapped between the boat-shaped paleæ: if
otherwise, with an awn.+
+A. “Seed” awnless. There may be a short sharp point to the palea
(mucronate), but no prominent hair-or bristle-awn exceeding half
the length of the palea.+
(_a_) A “web” or tuft of hairs at the base or on the rachilla.
(1) _Hairs of basal tuft silky and erect._
* Pencil of hairs as long as palea or longer.
_Calamagrostis lanceolata_, Roth.
Palea 3 mm. long, thin, two-toothed and with a short bristle at the
apex.
Other species of _Calamagrostis_ are awned. None occurs as an
ordinary impurity in “seed.”
_Arundo Phragmites_, L.
Palea narrow and long, 10-11 mm., delicate, entire, tapering to an
acuminate point, violet, three-nerved, smooth. Caryopsis about 2 mm. A
pencil of long silky hairs on the rachilla.
The long acuminate point is almost an awn.
_Calamagrostis_ also has long basal hairs: both are useless grasses
agriculturally. For _Glyceria_ see note, p. 146. _Avena_, _Aira_ and
_Psamma_ are easily distinguished.
** Pencil of hairs short.
† _Palea mucronate, 11-12 mm. long: caryopsis 4·5 mm._
_Psamma arenaria._
_Digraphis_ differs in the stout caryopsis, smaller size, double
hair-tuft. _Arundo_ has a long pointed palea and long silky basal
hairs and is larger.
_Psamma arenaria_, Beauv.
Palea 11·5 mm. ovate-lanceolate, papery, 4-5 nerved, as rolled round
the fruit about 1·3 mm. diameter, yellow, and with a small tuft of
stiff fine hairs at the base. Mere trace of awn, sub-terminal. Fruit
4-5 mm. long, obovate, pale-brown.
A shore-grass, not often seen as “seed”: more valuable as a
sand-binder than as fodder, though the young shoots are grazed.
†† _Palea acuminate, and only about 4 mm. long: caryopsis
1·4 mm._
_Digraphis arundinacea._
A Fen-grass, but coarse and not in use except the young growth, and
for thatching.
_Digraphis arundinacea_, Trin.
Paleæ ovate-lanceolate, nerveless and awnless, but silky with double
basal hair-tuft, and polished at the base; smooth, hard and shining,
and closely investing the caryopsis which has no groove. Dark grey in
colour. The glumes are without awns or wings, and are left behind.
The allied _Phalaris canariensis_ has wing-like keels to the glumes.
_Triodia_ also comes into this group, with short basal hairs; but its
broad ciliate palea, 6 mm. long, has a short mucronate point between
two teeth (Fig. 40).
(2) _Hairs at the base forming a fluffy “web.” Paleæ thin,
2-3 mm. long._
_Poa pratensis._
_P. trivialis._
_P. compressa._
_P. nemoralis._
The “seeds” of _Poa_ proper are nearly all small--not more than 3-4
mm., more or less lanceolate, with tough, keeled glumes, and when
“webbed” tend to adhere together as if stuck with cobweb. The keeled
glumes give them an angular appearance--triangular in section--and
make them tend to lie on the side. Rachilla evident. Nerves of paleæ
distinct.
_Poa pratensis_, L. (Fig. 55).
“Seed” 2-3 mm. long, brownish: caryopsis about 1-1·5 mm. Outer
palea acute, indistinctly 3-5 nerved, edges and keel, silky; margins
overlapping the hyaline inner palea.
The “web” looks like hyphæ of a mould.
Caryopsis ellipsoid-acute, with traces of the stigma. It falls easily.
No distinct groove, section somewhat triangular. Rachilla truncate.
[Illustration: Fig. 54. _Poa nemoralis. c_, the minute “seed” (to
the right) and caryopsis (to the left) nat. size. _a_, the “seed,” ×
8; _b_, the caryopsis, × 8. Traces of a basal “web,” not shown here,
occasionally occur. Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 55. _Poa pratensis._ Type of a “webbed seed.” _a_,
“seed,” × about 7; _b_, caryopsis (inverted), × 7. Between are the
same, nat. size. Note the nerves on the palea and the conspicuous “web”
at the base _a_. Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 56. _Poa trivialis. a_, “seed,” nat. size and
× 8; _b_, caryopsis, nat. size and × 7. Note the conspicuous “web.”
Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 43.]
_Poa compressa_, L.
Palea obtuse, nearly glabrous and nerveless, or faintly 3-5 nerved and
with a faint web. It is close to _P. pratensis_.
_Poa trivialis_, L. (Fig. 56).
“Seed” 2-2·5 mm., and with a bluish or bronzed cast. Caryopsis 1-1·5 mm.
Palea acute, distinctly five-ribbed, glabrous, the margin scarcely
overlapping. Caryopsis grooved, blunt and more tightly held in the
palea.
_P. trivialis_ differs from _P. pratensis_ chiefly in the distinct
ribs and smoother palea, grooved caryopsis, and bluer hue.
_P. nemoralis_, L., hardly differs from _P. trivialis_, but the paleæ
are sub-acute, nerves obsolete, and scarcely hyaline at the margins.
The “seed” is shorter and more acute, and the colour less pronounced,
and with hardly a trace of hairs (Fig. 54).
When the basal hairs are absent this should go with _P. annua_, &c.
(see p. 146).
It is practically impossible to distinguish these species by the
“seed.” Care is necessary to distinguish _Kœleria_, which is
somewhat larger in size, keeled, compressed and nerved similarly,
but is more pointed and curved and paler yellowish white in colour.
Hard and devoid of web or hairs. _Aira_ is distinguished by the awn:
_Agrostis_ by the very different paleæ and caryopsis.
The other Poas are devoid of web, though they may have hairs below,
and require very careful examination. The whole group is excessively
difficult to deal with in “seed,” and a special study of it is
needed, since several species are important, and it forms a type.
_b_ No web or pencil of hairs below the “seed.”
(1) _Apex of palea rounded, blunt, notched, or at most bluntly
pointed, but with no trace of awn-or bristle-tip._
* Palea inflated, round-backed and somewhat winged,
membranous.
_Briza media._
_B. minor._
_Briza media_, L.
Paleæ blunt, 2·5-3 mm., without lateral projections, markedly
convex--almost conduplicate; nerves several. Caryopsis ovoid, 1·5-2·5
mm., dark brown.
Sometimes called a good grass, but meagre and only found in poor
meadows in this country.
It should perhaps go with the “Millet-seed” type and should be
compared with _Phleum_, _Melica_, _Panicum_, &c. “Seed” seldom met
with.
_B. minor_ is smaller.
** Paleæ not inflated or winged.
† _Paleæ broad, flat and truncate, prominently three-ribbed.
Caryopsis 2 mm. long._
_Catabrosa aquatica_, Beauv.
Cattle like it, but it only grows in ditches &c. in water-meadows:
distinction from _Glyceria aquatica_ easy if the paleæ are examined.
†† _Paleæ acute or sub-acute, boat-shaped._
⊙ _Paleæ and “seed” at least 6-8 mm. long._
≡ _Rachilla flattened or angular, and tapering below._
_Lolium perenne._
Occasionally awned, and then less easily distinguished from _L.
temulentum_. One of our most valuable grasses. It forms a distinct
type of boat-shaped “seeds.”
_Lolium perenne_, L. (Fig. 57).
Palea distinctly five-ribbed, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
sub-acute, awnless, about 7 mm. long. Margins membranous. Inner palea
nearly as long, delicate, ciliate.
Rachilla short, flattened and angular, tapering below (see _Festuca
elatior_).
Caryopsis about 3·5 mm. long, obovate, yellowish brown.
[Illustration: Fig. 57. _Lolium perenne_ with typical boat-shaped
“seed.” _a_, natural size; _b_ and _c_, × about 8. _d_, caryopsis, × 8.
The rachilla, in _c_, is broader upwards and flatter than in Fig. 58.
Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 58. _Festuca elatior_, var. _pratensis_. Lettering
and sizes as in Fig. 57: compare the more cylindrical and slender
rachilla. Nobbe.]
Although _Bromus mollis_, _Holcus lanatus_, &c. occur as impurities,
they are easily distinguished: the real difficulties are with
_Festuca elatior_ and _F. pratensis_.
≡≡ _Rachilla cylindrical._
_Festuca elatior._
This is an important grass, and should be thoroughly mastered as a
type of the boat-shaped “seed.”
This, with _Lolium_, _Agropyrum_, other Fescues, and even some Bromes
and Poas, will give trouble until the student thoroughly masters
the importance of the minute characters of size, nervature, of the
rachilla, awn, palea, &c.
_Festuca elatior_, L. (var. _pratensis_) (Fig. 58).
Palea ovate-lanceolate, five-nerved, slightly scabrid, with a slight
membranous margin and cilia, rounded back, and no awn. 6-7·5 mm. long.
Caryopsis oblong-obovate, somewhat flattened, hardly grooved and
adhering to the paleæ, about 3-3·5 mm. long.
Rachilla cylindrical, smooth.
The other varieties of _F. elatior_ cannot be distinguished by the
“seed” alone: in my samples _F. elatior_ proper is longer than
_F. pratensis_, and both have occasionally a trace of awn. Var.
_arundinacea_ has a more acuminate, stiff point. _Festuca pratensis_
has its palea as a rule somewhat more acute than _Lolium perenne_,
and the flatter tapering rachilla of the latter is more closely
appressed to the palea. The caryopsis of _Festuca_ also tends to
adhere to the paleæ.
⊙⊙ _Paleæ and “seed” at most 3-3·5 mm. long._
≡ _Palea devoid of hairs or keel, notched or blunt,
and with no trace of awn._
Δ _Palea hyaline, nerves indistinct. Tips notched
or blunt._
_Agrostis alba._
There is occasionally a very short basal hair (awn).
_Agrostis_ and _Aira_ will present difficulties to the beginner, not
only on account of their small sizes, but also from the variability
as regards awns, basal hair-tuft, &c. None are of value, and most of
them are weeds.
_Agrostis alba_, L. (var. _stolonifera_).
Palea enclosing the fruit 1·8-2 mm. long, white, delicate, membranous,
with a blunt notched apex and three (or five) nerves: occasionally
there is a fine kneed basal awn, not projecting.
The glumes may remain attached: the outer has a serrulate keel, and
often a violet hue. No awn. About 2-3 mm.
Caryopsis about 1·1 mm. long, oblong, yellow, corn-shaped, furrowed,
shining through.
_A. vulgaris_, L., is a variety with slightly smaller fruits, no awn,
and usually three nerves to the palea, but they cannot be distinguished
with certainty by the “seed.” Rachilla obsolete.
The colour of the glumes may vary considerably and is sometimes
yellow.
The absence of awn, rachilla, and basal hairs distinguishes
_Agrostis_ from _Aira_.
ΔΔ _Palea membranous, ribbed, tips scarious._
_Glyceria aquatica._
_G. fluitans._
_Glyceria aquatica_, Sm.
Palea strongly 5-7 ribbed, obtuse and scarious, about 4 mm. long. Green
with a purple cast. Caryopsis dark-brown, about 2 mm. long.
Inner palea punctate. Rachilla slender and cylindrical.
_Glyceria fluitans_, Br., is very similar, but longer (6 mm.) and more
slender; the palea scabrid with truncate or ragged tips, and the inner
palea not punctate. Yellow. (Fig. 46.)
_Glyceria aquatica_ and _G. fluitans_ are sweet grasses of value in
water-meadows only. The “seed” is not often met with.
Not only with the Poas, but also with _Catabrosa_ are there
difficulties in determination. _Molinia_ and _Kœleria_ also
present difficulties with _Glyceria_: the former has fewer and
feebler nerves. _Digraphis_ and _Arundo_ are easily distinguished by
the basal hairs.
≡≡ _Palea acute and somewhat compressed and keeled,
and with hairs on the ribs. Tips nerved._
_Poa annua._
_P. maritima._
_P. distans._
_P. rigida._
_P. loliacea._
_P. bulbosa._
_P. alpina._
Their “seeds” are all small, about 2-3·5 mm. only, and angular,
brown, and present many difficulties (see note, p. 141).
_Poa annua_, L. (Fig. 43).
Palea 3·5 and caryopsis 2 mm. long, so that the “seed” is much larger
than _P. trivialis_, and there is no web. Minutely silky-hairy on the
keel, and the ribs are strong for a _Poa_.
_Poa alpina_, L., has the palea five-ribbed with stiffish hairs below,
but no web. Bronzy green-violet. “Seed” 3-3·5 mm. long. Caryopsis 1·5-2
mm., and slightly grooved. It is rare in England, and is interesting as
it becomes viviparous in Alpine situations.
(2) _Apex of palea distinctly pointed, acuminate or mucronate,
but not giving rise to a true, long, bristle-like awn._
* Palea acuminate--i.e. taper pointed.
† Not compressed or obviously keeled.
_Festuca ovina._
_F. sylvatica._
_Cynosurus cristatus._
It is doubtful whether these should not be regarded as awned: if so
they come near _Nardus_--see p. 130.
_Festuca ovina_, L. (Fig. 59).
Palea rounded on the back, narrow, terete-lanceolate and five-nerved,
tip scaberulous and drawn out to a stiff scabrid point half as long as
the palea, or less. About 3-4 mm. long without the tip-point, 4-5·5 mm.
with it. Rachilla obliquely truncate and concave at its apex.
[Illustration: Fig. 59. _Festuca ovina. a_, spikelet, × about 3-1/2.
_b_, “seed,” nat. size and × about 7. _c_, caryopsis, nat. size and ×
7.]
Caryopsis oblong, somewhat flattened, dark-brown.
The numerous varieties of _F. ovina_ cannot be distinguished by the
“seed”: the allied varieties _F. rubra_, _F. duriuscula_, and _F.
heterophylla_, &c. are sometimes more distinctly awned (see p. 172).
But difficulties will be found with the whole group, which needs
revision. This group comprises the grasses so valued on downs and dry
hill-pastures for sheep-feeding.
_Festuca sylvatica_, Vill., not a common plant, is also with
difficulty separable (Fig. 51).
_Cynosurus cristatus_, L. (Fig. 60).
Palea canary yellow to light-brown, lanceolate with rounded back and
the mid-rib prominent as a slight keel and margins infolded, about
4 mm. long (varies from 3-4·5 × 0·5 to 1 mm. broad), scabrid above,
dotted below and acute to acuminate with a scabrid awn-point, often
curved. Caryopsis 2-2·3 mm., somewhat flattened. Rachilla short and
smooth, dilated above.
[Illustration: Fig. 60. _Cynosurus cristatus. a_, “seed” and
caryopsis, nat. size; _b_ and _c_, “seed” × about 8. Note the scabrid
and slightly curved awn-point. Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 64.]
A valuable and easily recognised grass. _Molinia_, _Holcus_ and
similar impurities are easily detected: some Fescues are much more
like it; e.g. _F. tenuifolia_ (see p. 46) in which the apex tapers
suddenly to a point. _Dactylis_ should also be compared.
†† Paleæ compressed or distinctly keeled.
_Molinia cærulea._
_Kœleria cristata._
Unimportant, except as impurities among other grass “seeds.”
_Molinia_ is said to occur as such in samples of _Cynosurus_,
_Dactylis, Poa trivialis_, Fescues, &c., but it should give little
difficulty except in comparison with _Glyceria_ (see p. 146).
_Molinia cærulea_ (Mœnch.) (Fig. 61).
“Seed” 3-4 mm. or more, leather coloured or with a bluish tinge. Paleæ
divaricating, the lower keeled and compressed, and tapering to a sharp
point. Rachilla long, oblique and prominent. Smooth tapering, palea
5·5, fruit 2 mm. long.
_Kœleria cristata_, Pers. (Fig. 62).
Palea 6 mm., keeled, entire, no awn but stiffly tapering, ribbed, no
hairs. Rachilla large. Fruit 4·5 mm.
[Illustration: Fig. 61. _Molinia cærulea. a_, “seed,” nat. size; _b_
and _c_, ditto, × about 8; _d_, the caryopsis, nat. size; _e_, ditto, ×
about 7. Note the compressed, keeled and glabrous palea, and the long
slender bone-shaped rachilla. Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 62. _Kœleria cristata. a_, the “seed” (to the
left) and caryopsis (to the right), nat. size; _b_, “seed,” × about
7. The palea is compressed and keeled, and, like the large rachilla,
glabrous. Nobbe.]
** Palea not taper pointed, but mucronate, or two-toothed,
with a sub-terminal point or spine.
_Elymus arenarius._
_Agropyrum repens._
_Dactylis glomerata._
_Sesleria cærulea._
_Elymus arenarius_, L. (Fig. 63).
Fruiting palea lanceolate, 13-15 × 3 mm., tough and stiffly hairy or
velvety: 5-7 ribs. Rachilla stout, hairy. Fruit hairy above, 5-11 mm. ×
2·5 × 1·2, somewhat grooved. No keel. Apex of inner palea bifid, outer
mucronate. Fruit shelled.
Easily distinguished from _Digraphis arundinacea_, which has a basal
hair-tuft and very different caryopsis; less easily from _Agropyrum_
and _Lolium_, except in the velvety surface.
[Illustration: Fig. 63. _Elymus arenarius. a_, “seed,” nat. size; _b_
and _c_, the same, × 3. Note the stiff, velvety, bifid and mucronate
outer palea, and the large hairy rachilla. Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 64. _Dactylis glomerata. a_, spikelet with glumes
removed, nat. size; _b_, ditto, × about 6; _c_ and _d_, “seed,” nat.
size (below) and × about 6. The stiff and slightly curved awn-point is
sub-terminal and arises from between two teeth. Rachilla dilated above.
Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 60.]
_Agropyrum repens_ may have a mucronate awn-point or not. The small
palea 10-12, the caryopsis 5-6 mm. (see p. 169 for description).
This troublesome weed (Couch-grass) presents similar difficulties
with _Lolium perenne_ that _Agropyrum caninum_ does with _Lolium
temulentum_--see p. 168. It is moreover extremely variable.
_Dactylis glomerata_, L. (Fig. 64).
Stiff awn-point just below the two teeth of apex of pale. Rachilla
dilated above. Paleæ 5-6 mm. long exclusive of point, compressed
and inflated, ribbed and ciliate-bristly on keel, the tip incurved.
Caryopsis yellow-brown, ellipsoid, 2 mm.
An important grass, said to be adulterated with _Lolium_, Fescues,
_Holcus_, _Molinia_, _Bromus_, &c., most of which should be readily
detected. The curved tip is an important distinctive character.
_Cynosurus_ and _Festuca arundinacea_, _F. ovina_ and _F. rubra_
present resemblances. The seed is larger than that of _Poa_.
_F. ovina_ and _F. rubra_ are smaller, rounded dorsally, and have no
keel or cilia: the nerves are less prominent and the rachilla smaller.
_Sesleria cærulea_, Ard.
Palea distinctly toothed at the apex, making it almost three-lobed
and very characteristic; with awn-point; five ribs, serrulate. Fruit
grey-yellow, obovate.
It is a mountain-and moor-grass of little value.
+B. “Seed” awned--i.e. the investing palea bears, or tapers into,
a distinct bristle or hair at least as long as itself or nearly
so.+
(_a_) Awn not terminal.
(1) _Awn stout, either obviously twisted and bent or “kneed.”_
(i) “Seed” consisting of the glumes as well as paleæ investing
the caryopsis[13].
⊙ _Awn bent but not twisted; glumes free below, ribbed, and
with stiff short hairs on the keel._
≡ _Awn sub-terminal, shorter than the palea, hooked._
_Holcus lanatus._
“Yorkshire Fog,” of little use or importance, except that it is
frequently found as an impurity of other hairy grasses--e.g.
_Alopecurus_.
It cannot easily be confounded with any other grass: _Anthoxanthum_
and _Alopecurus_, _Arrhenatherum_, &c. present superficial
resemblances only.
These glumed hairy “seeds” are uncommon and form an easily recognised
type.
[Illustration: Fig. 65. _Holcus lanatus_. _a_, “seed”--i.e. complete
spikelet--and ditto devoid of glumes, nat. size; _b_, spikelet, and
_c_ the same devoid of glumes, × 7. The “seed” is here composed of the
keeled glumes enclosing two pairs of paleæ and their flowers (_c_): the
upper of these is barren and has a hooked sub-terminal awn to its outer
palea. The lower awnless one is fertile. Nobbe.]
_Holcus lanatus_, L. (Fig. 65).
The “seed” consists of the complete spikelet, separated below the
compressed and acute, keeled glumes; these have hairs on the keel, and
completely enclose the two flowers and their paleæ. Palea ribless,
white to grey, shining, obtuse, that of the upper (male) flower with a
sub-terminal short hook-like awn. Total length about 4-5 mm. Caryopsis
oblong-ovate, grooved. In its palea about 2-3 mm. long and with a few
hairs at the base.
≡≡ _Awn dorsal, kneed, longer than the palea._
_Holcus mollis_, L. (Fig. 66).
Palea 2·5 mm., fruit 3·1 mm. long; glumes with stiff hairs or serrulæ
on keel.
The seeds of _Holcus_ often fall from the glumes, but may bring them
away.
[Illustration: Fig. 66. _Holcus mollis._ Type of “double seed,” which
really consists of the entire spikelet (_a_, nat. size; _c_ and _d_, ×
8) comprised of the two glumes enclosing two pairs of paleæ and their
enclosures (_b_, nat. size; _e_, × about 8). The lower pair of paleæ
are devoid of awns and enclose the caryopsis: the upper pair have
stamens only, and the outer palea has a dorsal kneed awn, not twisted
or hooked. Nobbe.]
_Holcus_ is of little use. The two-flowered spikelets and peculiar
awns sufficiently distinguish it among the smaller forms. It is said
to occur as an adulterant in “seed” of _Alopecurus_.
⊙⊙ _Awn bent and twisted, basal or nearly so; glumes very
hairy._
Δ _Glumes golden brown: one awn straight, one “kneed.”_
_Anthoxanthum odoratum._
The grass which gives the scent to new-mown hay. The “seed” is often
impure, containing a continental species _A. Puelii_ and other hairy
forms.
[Illustration: Fig. 67. _Anthoxanthum odoratum. a_, “seed” and
caryopsis, nat. size; _b_, the “seed,” and _c_, caryopsis, × about
7. The “seed” consists of the inner hairy glumes, each with a dorsal
awn--one kneed--enclosing the paleæ and caryopsis. The outer pair of
unawned glumes has been removed. Nobbe.]
_Anthoxanthum odoratum_, L. (Fig. 67).
The one-flowered spikelet has four hairy glumes, the outer pair of
which are unequal and awnless: the “seed” consists of the inner pair
of golden-brown hairy and dorsally awned glumes, covering the thin,
membranous, shining, smooth, blunt paleæ and the caryopsis, to which
the inner palea adheres. Total length, without awns, about 3-4 mm.
Palea 1·6 mm. Caryopsis 1·5 mm., brown, shiny, and easily separating.
One awn is short, stiff and straight and inserted above the middle
of its glume; the other longer and sharply bent, inserted about the
middle.
_Hierochloe_, a rare northern grass, also comes here.
ΔΔ _Glumes connate below, hairy on the keels._
_Alopecurus pratensis._
_A. geniculatus._
_A. agrestis._
_Alopecurus_ is very characteristic, and should be carefully examined
as a type. _A. pratensis_ is a valuable grass and said to be often
adulterated with the undesirable _A. agrestis_, _Holcus_, &c.
_Arrhenatherum_ and _Avena_ are easily distinguished by the basal
hairs, rachilla, &c.
[Illustration: Fig. 68. _Alopecurus pratensis. a_, “seed,” nat. size,
and _b_, _c_, ditto, × 8; _d_, caryopsis, × 7. The “seed” here consists
of the two glumes, connate below and hairy on the keel and ribs,
including the caryopsis enveloped in a single palea with a dorsal awn.
Note remains of stigma in _d_. Nobbe.]
_Alopecurus pratensis_, L. (Fig. 68).
Inner palea absent. Outer palea 5 mm., caryopsis 3 mm. long, often with
remains of the stigma.
The greyish-brown spikelet of _Alopecurus_ easily falls as a whole,
included in the glumes; the palea is loose and delicate.
Glumes connate below, silky-hairy on keel and ribs all the way up. The
palea has a bent dorsal awn, about 5 mm. long.
_Alopecurus geniculatus_, L.
Palea 2 mm., fruit 1·3 mm. long.
The glumes hairy on ribs and keel as in _A. pratensis_: glumes more
obtuse.
_Alopecurus agrestis_, L.
Palea 6 mm., fruit 3 mm. long.
Glumes only ciliate, on ribs and keel, except at the base where the
hairs are longer.
Keel slightly winged.
Best distinguished from _A. pratensis_ by the glumes, which are
smoother, broader above the middle, harder and with a few basal hairs.
The species _A. fulvus_, _A. bulbosus_, and _A. alpinus_ are rare.
(ii) “Seed” consisting of the paleæ investing the caryopsis,
freed from the glumes.
* _Palea at least 14 or 15 mm. long: caryopsis 5-7 mm. [Oat
type.]_
_Avena fatua._ _A. pratensis._
_Avena fatua_, L.
Palea parchment-like, lanceolate-terete, acuminate and bifid at the
apex, rounded on the back and with yellow hairs on the lower part. 15
× 3 mm. Awn brown, twisted and bent, arising from the middle, about
30 mm. long. Caryopsis 7 mm. long, hairy at the top and distinctly
grooved. Rachilla with fine bristles.
_Avena pratensis_, L.
Palea very similar to _A. fatua_, apex 2--4-toothed or bifid, rachilla
with stiffer hairs. Caryopsis about 5 mm. long.
_Avena pubescens_, Huds. is a variety of _A. pratensis_ found on dry
calcareous soils. The caryopsis is very narrow, and the rachilla long
and feathered with hairs. “Seed” shorter than _A. pratensis_, 10-13
mm., and darker in colour.
_A. fatua_ is an excellent type of the grasses with dorsal twisted
and bent awns, and easily examined on account of its size. The
student will find difficulties with other species of _Avena_ and
_Arrhenatherum_.
Harz says the stiff hairs of _Avena_ bring about the formation of
intestinal concretions (phytobezoars) and are therefore dangerous to
domestic animals.
** _Palea not more than 7-10 mm. long._
† _Caryopsis 4-5 mm. long._
_Arrhenatherum avenaceum_, Beauv. (Fig. 47).
Paleæ papery, ribbed. Awn 13-15 mm., twisted below; paleæ, with a tuft
of hairs below and a ciliate keel, investing the fruit: the whole being
cylindrical, 8-10 mm. × 1·5.
Caryopsis 4-5 mm. × 1·2, fusiform, pubescent. Rachilla hairy.
The distinctive difference between _Avena_ and _Arrhenatherum_ is in
the spikelets as a whole. The latter has the lower flower of each
spikelet male only. Samples contain the “double seeds,” and the awn
of the upper fertile portion is short (see Fig. 69).
†† _Caryopsis not more than 3 mm. long. A tuft of hairs on
rachilla and base._
_Avena flavescens._
_Aira flexuosa_, distinguished by its nearly basal awn, harder
texture and darker colour of paleæ, and _Dactylis_--awnless and with
curved long drawn-out apex--are found as impurities in foreign “seed.”
[Illustration: Fig. 69. _Avena flavescens. c_, “seed,” nat. size;
_a_ and _b_, ditto, × about 7. The dorsal twisted and kneed awn is
very characteristic. Note also the hairy rachilla. The palea is bifid
above--not visible in the lateral view. Nobbe.]
_Avena flavescens_, L. (Fig. 69).
Yellow. Palea about 5 mm. long, five-ribbed, bifid at the apex into
two long slender teeth, closely investing the brownish caryopsis, and
with a sub-dorsal awn 10 mm. long with little or no twist, and hairy at
the base. Rachilla flattened and with white hairs. Caryopsis not much
grooved, fusiform, 2-3 mm. long, glumes unequal, somewhat keeled and
rough.
(2) _Awn dorsal or basal, fine and hair-like, and little or not
at all twisted or kneed. “Seed” small._
* A pencil of silky hairs on base or rachilla. Palea bifid at
the tip.
† _Basal hairs longer than palea, and obscuring the awn._
_Calamagrostis Epigeios._
Of little importance. _Digraphis_ has no awn.
_Calamagrostis Epigeios_, Roth.
Palea about 3 mm. long with toothed apex and very thin caryopsis 1 mm.
A conspicuous tuft of fine silky hairs, longer than the palea at the
base and on the rachilla.
Awn slender, dorsal, about as long as the palea.
_C. stricta_, Nutt. and _C. strigosa_, Hartm. are rare.
†† _Basal hairs shorter than palea._
⊙ _Awn brown, bearded in the middle, thickened and white
above._
_Aira canescens._
The student will find considerable difficulties in the various
species of _Aira_ and _Agrostis_, owing to their small size and
variability as regards awn and basal hair-tufts. All these are weeds,
but some occur as adulterants.
_Aira canescens_, L.
“Seed” (apart from the awn, it is very like _Agrostis_) 1·5-2 mm., with
a very thin, smooth, keeled, two-nerved palea, bifid at its apex,
through which the yellow caryopsis shines.
Awn slender, basal, dark-brown, with oblique colourless hairs above the
middle and with a slight swelling above.
The palea has a few hairs on its mid-rib below.
Caryopsis about 1 mm. long.
This grass is somewhat rare in England. The jointed basal awn,
with a minute hair-tuft above the middle, is unique, and readily
distinguishes it when mixed with _Agrostis_.
⊙⊙ _Awn not bearded or thickened._
≡ _Palea bifid at apex._
_Aira caryophyllea._
_A. præcox._
_Aira caryophyllea_, L.
“Seed” 1·4-1·6 mm., comma-shaped and dark-brown.
Palea acute, nerveless, inrolled at edges and with a dorsal, kneed,
very fine, dark twisted awn twice as long as the palea: the latter with
two-toothed apex and a basal hair-tuft.
A common impurity in commercial seed.
_Aira præcox_, L. is very similar, and cannot be distinguished with
certainty by the “seed,” but has a shorter awn and no basal hairs.
Apex of palea two-toothed.
≡≡ _Palea jagged or toothed, but not bifid._
_Aira flexuosa._
_A. cæspitosa._
_Aira flexuosa_, L. (Fig. 70).
Palea 5 mm. long, four-toothed at the apex, and caryopsis 2·6 mm. The
fine basal awn waved or kneed, about twice as long as the palea. Fruit
with a groove.
Rachilla hairy. Whole “seed” browner than _Avena flavescens_ (see p.
158).
[Illustration: Fig. 70. _Aira flexuosa. a_, “seed,” nat. size; _c_
and _d_, the same, × about 7; _b_, portion of fruiting panicle, showing
the flexuous rachis; _e_, the caryopsis, nat. size; _f_, ditto, × about
7. Note the basal hairs and twisted awn. Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 44.]
An almost worthless grass, on sandy soils, but important as an
impurity in _Avena flavescens_ (see note, p. 158).
_Aira cæspitosa_, L. (Fig. 44).
The palea, about 2·5 mm. long, toothed above, has a fine straight
hair-like basal awn not longer than itself. Caryopsis 1·3 mm., grooved.
Rachilla distinctly hairy.
Easily distinguished when mixed with _Poa nemoralis_, &c.--e.g. by
the awn, hairs on rachilla, &c. It requires scrutiny in regard to
_Agrostis_, which also has no awn or basal hairs.
** No basal tuft, or merely a few short microscopic hairs
below. Paleæ not bifid above.
_Agrostis canina._
_A. Spica-venti._
_A. setacea._
_Agrostis canina_, L., is somewhat larger than _A. alba_. Palea (only
one present, sometimes minute) punctate, 2 mm., with a fine dorsal awn
a little longer than the palea. Caryopsis 1·2 mm. Rachilla obsolete.
The awn is usually absent from _A. alba_ and its varieties; and when
present is so small as to be almost negligible.
_A. canina_ is easily distinguished from _Poa_ by the rachilla in the
latter, and absence of awn. _Aira_ has basal hairs, &c.
_Agrostis setacea_, Curt., has the awn basal and just projecting beyond
the pointed glumes, and the palea very minute, with a few silky hairs
below.
_Agrostis Spica-venti_, L. (Fig. 49).
Palea 2·4 mm. long, with infolded edges and punctate; a minute rachilla
at its base, and a slender awn, 8-9 mm. or more long, inserted below
the bifid tip. Caryopsis 1·5 mm. A few silky hairs at the base of the
palea.
(_b_) Awn terminal or slightly sub-terminal, and straight, or at
least not twisted or “kneed.”
(1) _Paleæ so closely adherent to the fruit that the terminal awn
appears to come from the latter [Barley type]. The three
florets generally coherent._
✲ _Awn at least twice the length of the grain._
_Hordeum sylvaticum._
_H. murinum._
_Hordeum sylvaticum_, Huds.
Palea scabrid, ribbed above, awn at least twice as long as the very
narrow grain.
_Hordeum murinum_, L.
Lower palea 9-10 mm. long, five-ribbed, lanceolate and wrapped round
and adhering to the fruit (grain), upper palea also ribbed. The grain
about 7-8 mm. × 2 × 1·2, hardly grooved. Awn about 30 mm. long,
serrulate. Rachilla slightly serrulate.
** _Awn not twice the length of the grain._
_Hordeum pratense._
_H. maritimum._
_Hordeum pratense_, Huds.
Spikelet with a reddish tinge; awn almost smooth, less than 20 mm.
long: not twice the length of the smooth and obscurely nerved grain.
_Hordeum maritimum_, With., similar to _H. pratense_, but softer and
the awn somewhat longer.
The principal features of the _Hordeum_-grain are the closely
adherent paleæ and angular fruit, the stiff awn appearing to come off
from it as in _Barley_. The rachilla remains.
They are all weeds of no use in agriculture, though _H. pratense_ is
not uncommon in good pastures.
(2) _Palea investing the caryopsis, often closely, but not fused
with it, and its tip and awn quite free._
* Awn not strictly terminal but sub-terminal, or arising from
between two teeth or in a sinus at the apex of the palea.
† Caryopsis thin, flattened and usually 6-10 mm. long, and
the paleæ hairy.
≡ _Palea inrolled, terete-lanceolate-acuminate, or
linear-lanceolate (barge-shaped). Apical teeth minute
and pointed._
Δ _Palea scaberulous or hairy, awn from half to about
its own length._
_Bromus erectus._
_B. asper._
_Bromus erectus_, Huds.
[Illustration: Fig. 71. _Bromus asper_, a barge-shaped “seed” with
terminal awn, nat. size and × about 5. Cf. Fig. 50. Stebler.]
[Illustration: Fig. 72. _Brachypodium sylvaticum_, a barge-shaped
“seed” with terminal awn, natural size and × about 5. Cf. Fig. 77.
Stebler.]
Palea with 5-7 scaberulous ribs, but not hairy, flat above, incurved
below, so that the inner palea is clearly visible. About 10-14 mm.
long and narrowing somewhat suddenly into the smooth stiff awn, shorter
than itself. Indications of a tooth at each side of the base of the
awn. Caryopsis somewhat flattened, thin and long, barge-shaped, 8-10
× 1·5-2 mm., pointed at both ends, brown, hairy at the tip with the
remains of the stigma. “Seed” often purplish. Rachilla long and slender.
Must be carefully distinguished from _Brachypodium_, which has the
palea less inrolled and a stouter rachilla.
_Bromus giganteus_ has a shorter and flatter “seed” and longer awn.
_Bromus asper_, Murr. (Fig. 71).
Palea often reddish, 5-7 ribbed and usually roughly hairy, mid-rib
scaberulous, about 15 mm. long, linear-lanceolate (barge-shaped),
the tip more distinctly two-toothed and tapering more gradually into
the smooth awn, about its own length. Rachilla distinct. Otherwise
resembling _B. erectus_.
_B. giganteus_ has a shorter “seed” and longer awn.
ΔΔ _Palea scarcely hairy: awn up to twice its length._
_Bromus sterilis._
_B. giganteus._
_Bromus sterilis_, L. (Fig. 50).
Palea nearly smooth, somewhat inrolled, terete-lanceolate-acuminate,
tough, red-brown, 12-15 mm. long, seven-ribbed, with a long serrulate
awn (20-30 mm. or more) practically terminal. Ribs serrate. Caryopsis
9-10 mm. long, flattened, thin. Rachilla distinct, smooth, much wrapped
in, widens upwards and is somewhat flattened.
The very slender and long “seed” and caryopsis distinguish this from
all but _B. erectus_, which has a shorter awn. Perhaps the awn is
truly terminal: if so it should go with _Festuca Myurus_, &c. (see p.
171). The length varies greatly.
_Bromus giganteus_, L.
Palea 7 mm. long and inrolled, the base and rachilla bristly,
indistinctly 5-7 nerved, the tip bifid: sub-terminal awn serrulate,
12-15 mm. long.
Caryopsis 4·5 mm. long, flattened, thin, glabrous.
The caryopsis is shorter and more ovoid than in other Bromes.
≡≡ _Palea expanded above (coracle-shaped), awn from
sinus between two blunt or triangular teeth._
_Bromus arvensis._
_Bromus arvensis_, var. _mollis_, L. (Fig. 73).
Palea oblong or obovate, somewhat flattened above (coracle-shaped),
distinctly 5-7 ribbed, 8-9 mm. long, not hairy, though the ribs may be
ciliate. Awn smooth, arising from the depression between two teeth or
rounded projections. Caryopsis flattened and thin, 6 × 1·5 mm.; apt to
fall loose from the paleæ.
In the variety _B. secalinus_ the awn is usually shorter than the
elliptical palea, and originates in the sinus of a notch (Fig. 74):
in _B. mollis_ from between two teeth, and is as long as the obovate
palea.
_Bromus maximus_ and _B. madritensis_ are both rare.
The broader nerved paleæ of _B. mollis_ and shorter, fatter
caryopsis, as well as the longer awn distinguish it from _B.
secalinus_ and _B. arvensis_. In the other Bromes the palea is more
inrolled and the “seed” more slender as a rule. The rachilla is
usually bent above into a slight kink.
The Bromes are an extremely difficult group. The awn is inserted
between the two teeth of the palea or just below. The palea smooth or
ciliate on the nerves or roughly hairy. The fruit is flattened in
the antero-posterior plane, and usually shines through the closely
investing palea. A rachilla is visible. In _Brachypodium_ the
caryopsis is less flattened, and the apex tapers into the awn without
teeth. In _Lolium_ and _Agropyrum_ the caryopsis is still more
wheat-like and grooved.
[Illustration: Fig. 73. _Bromus arvensis_, var. _mollis_. _a_, “seed,”
nat. size; _b_ and _c_, the same, × 3. _d_, caryopsis, × about 3.
The awn originates between two teeth of the strongly ribbed palea.
Coracle-shaped type. Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 74. _Bromus arvensis_, var. _secalinus_. _a_,
spikelet, _b_ and _c_, “seed,” nat. size; _d_ and _e_, the same, × 6.
Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 73.]
All our Bromes are weeds, but some of them are important adulterants,
requiring careful examination.
_B. inermis_ is cultivated, and is a valuable grass. Awn short or
wanting. Paleæ strongly 5-7 ribbed, inner with a marked central rib,
closely adhering to caryopsis.
_B. Schraderi_ is also said to be valuable.
†† Caryopsis not thin and flattened, corn-like, 3·5-5 mm.
Palea smooth, inflated, boat-like.
_Lolium temulentum._
A weed of cultivation, said to be poisonous to cattle, a possible
explanation of which may be found in a fungus recently discovered as
a very constant inhabitant of the tissues under the seed coats.
_Lolium temulentum_, L. (Fig. 48).
Palea ovate, 6-7·5 × 2·5 mm., papyraceous, inflated, smooth, the tip
dry and emarginate with a slender sub-terminal awn its own length or
longer. It tends to adhere to the fruit. Fruit 3·5-5 mm. × 2·5 × 1·5,
somewhat depressed. Rachilla large, cylindrical and smooth.
_L. perenne_ has no awn, or the merest trace of one. “Seed” 10-12
mm. long. Boat-shaped. Palea yellow, three-nerved, margins papery.
Rachilla flat, see p. 143.
** Awn terminal, and with no evident teeth at its base.
≡ Palea not much inrolled, ovate-lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, and therefore boat-or barge-shaped.
Δ _Very hairy._
_Brachypodium sylvaticum_, Beauv. (Fig. 72).
Palea ribbed and hirsute much like that of _Bromus asper_, but
straw-coloured, shorter (10-12 mm.), linear-lanceolate, more
boat-shaped, and tapering without teeth into the longer (10-13 mm.)
hairy awn. Caryopsis 7-8 mm., less flattened than in _Bromus_, with a
shallow groove. Rachilla smooth.
_B. pinnatum_ (p. 171) has a much shorter awn, and is nearly glabrous.
These grasses are weeds, but are said to occur frequently as
adulterants.
ΔΔ _Glabrous or nearly so._
++ _Palea five-nerved, pubescent._
_Agropyrum caninum._
_Agropyrum repens_ is also often awned and may be described here (see
also p. 150).
_Agropyrum repens_, Beauv. (Fig. 76).
[Illustration: Fig. 75. _Agropyrum caninum._ Type of boat-shaped “seed”
with sub-terminal awn. _a_, nat. size; _b_, × about 9, but with awn cut
short. Rachilla thicker above and hairy; palea not toothed. Nobbe. Cf.
Fig. 48.]
[Illustration: Fig. 76. _Agropyrum repens._ Awned variety. The awn is
very short and sub-terminal: the rachilla smooth. _a_, the “seed,”
nat. size; _b_ and _c_, ditto, × about 4-1/2. Boat-shaped “seed” with
rounded back. Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 57.]
Palea tough, 10-12 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 ribbed and smooth;
with a short (2-3 mm.) or long (8 mm.) terminal awn or a mere tooth.
Rounded back. Fruit grey-brown, ciliate above, 5-6 × 1·4 × 0·7-0·9 mm.,
depressed, hardly grooved, adhering to the palea. Rachilla smooth or
not, and narrowed below.
A noxious weed (see p. 150) and hence should be carefully excluded
from “seeds.”
_A. caninum_, Beauv., has a longer (10 mm. or more) and rougher awn,
and is smaller (about 8 mm.), but otherwise very similar. Palea smooth
except at the five-nerved apex. Rachilla thickened above, and hairy
(Fig. 75).
_Elymus_ differs from _Agropyrum_ in its harder velvety palea,
no awn, and its club-like velvety rachilla. It is also larger
altogether, as a rule.
[Illustration: Fig. 77. _Brachypodium pinnatum._ Type of boat-shaped
“seed” with awn. _a_, nat. size; _b_ and _c_, × 7. Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 72.]
++++ _Palea seven-ribbed, smooth._
_Brachypodium pinnatum._
_Brachypodium pinnatum_, L., is similar, but the palea more open and
boat-like and narrows more suddenly above into the smooth awn which
is shorter than itself (Fig. 77). Length 8-9 mm. The caryopsis is,
however, much more slender than in _Agropyrum_.
For distinction from _B. sylvaticum_, see above. The inner palea is
ciliate and more delicate than in _Agropyrum_.
≡≡ Paleæ rolled round the “seed” which is terete and
tapering gradually into a stiff awn.
Δ _Awn longer than the palea._
_Festuca Myurus._
See also _Festuca ovina_, _Cynosurus_, &c., p. 147, and _Arundo_.
_Festuca Myurus_, L. (Fig. 80).
“Seed” 5-7 mm. without the long (10 mm.) awn, tapering and slender
(like _Nardus_), grey or brown. Finely mamillate upwards. Rachilla
small.
ΔΔ _Awn shorter than palea._
_Festuca ovina_ (var. _rubra_).
_Nardus stricta._
_Aira flexuosa_, _Molinia_ and other moor-grasses occur with these
narrow-leafed Fescues, but are easily distinguished: _Molinia_ by
having no awn and being shorter and stouter, and _Aira flexuosa_ by
the dorsal awn and basal hairs.
_Festuca rubra_, L. (Fig. 78).
“Seed” pale brown with rosy tinge, 3-5 mm. long without the awn,
smooth, or slightly hairy upwards. Caryopsis 2-3·5 mm., compressed,
with a shallow broad flat furrow on the ventral face and a median long
“hilum.” Rachilla cylindrical, smooth, dilated above.
[Illustration: Fig. 78. _Festuca ovina_, var. _rubra_. _a_, “seed,”
nat. size; _b_ and _c_, ditto, × about 7. Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 59.]
[Illustration: Fig. 79. _Festuca ovina_, var. _heterophylla_. _a_,
spikelet, × about 3-1/2; _b_, “seed,” and _c_, caryopsis, nat. size;
_d_ and _e_, “seed,” and _f_, caryopsis, × 7. Nobbe.]
The variety _F. heterophylla_ has narrower and longer “seeds,” and a
hispid rachilla. Palea 5-6 mm.: caryopsis 3·5-4·5 mm. (Fig. 79).
Perhaps _Bromus sterilis_ should also come here (see p. 165).
With regard to these Fescues the student may note that _F. ovina_,
var. _tenuifolia_, has the smallest (4-5 mm.) and most ovoid “seeds,”
usually golden brown in colour. _F. rubra_ is darker and larger (5-6
mm.), as is also _F. duriuscula_ (6-7 mm.): the latter is also
narrower, with toothed palea, tapering suddenly at the base and more
awned. _F. heterophylla_ is much like _F. duriuscula_, but the palea
less toothed, and it tapers gradually at the base. The whole group is
very difficult, and needs attention.
[Illustration: Fig. 80. _Festuca Myurus. a_, “seed,” nat. size; _b_
and _c_, ditto, × about 6. Compare Fig. 50. Nobbe.]
[Illustration: Fig. 81. _Nardus stricta._ Type of cylindrical “seed”
with a terminal stiff awn, here serrulate; _c_, “seed,” nat. size; _a_
and _b_, ditto, × 8. Compare Fig. 50. Nobbe.]
_Nardus stricta_, L. (Fig. 81).
Outer palea tough and fused, 10-12 mm. long, narrow, lanceolate and
tapering gradually into the stiff, serrulate, terminal awn shorter
than itself. Inner palea minutely toothed at the apex and without awn,
loosely enclosing the red-brownish yellow to bluish grey fruit which
has no groove. “Seed” 4-6 mm. × 0·6 × 0·5 (without the awn), more or
less triangular in section and serrulate on angles above.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BENTHAM AND HOOKER, _British Flora_, London, 1896.
BONNIER and LAYENS, _Nouvelle Flore de France_, Paris, 1887.
BRUNS, _Der Grasembryo_ in _Flora_, 1892, vol. LXXVI.
BURCHARD, _Die Unkrautsamen der Klee-und Grasarten_, Berlin, 1900.
DARWIN, _Power of Movement in Plants_, London, 1880.
DUVAL JOUVE, in _Mémoires de l’Acad. des Sciences de Montpellier_,
1871, vol. VII.
FREAM, _Elements of Agriculture_, London, 1892.
GROB, in _Bibliotheca Botanica_, H. 36, 1896.
GUÉRIN, _Recherches sur le développement du Tégument &c. des
Graminées_ in _Ann. d. Sc. Nat._ 1899.
GÜNTZ, _Unters. ü. d. anatomische Structur d. Grasblätter_, Leipzig,
1886.
HACKEL, in Engler’s _Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien_, II. Th. 2 Abth.
1887.
HARZ, _Landwirthschaftliche Samenkunde_, Berlin, 1885.
HOLZNER, _Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Gerste_, Munich, 1888.
_Index Kewensis_, London, 1893-95.
JACKSON, _A Glossary of Botanic Terms_, London, 1900.
KIENITZ-GERLOFF, _Botanik für Landwirte_, Berlin, 1886.
NOBBE, _Handbuch der Samenkunde_, Berlin, 1876.
PARNELL, _British Grasses_, London, 1845.
PÉE-LABY, in _Annales des Sc. Naturelles_, 1898, vol. VIII.
PERCIVAL, _Agricultural Botany_, London, 1900.
PFITZER, in Pringsh. _Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot._ B. VII.
SCHMID, in _Bot. Centralbl._ 1898, B. LXXVI.
SCHWARZ, _Forstliche Botanik_, Berlin, 1892.
SCHWENDENER, in _Sitzungsber. d. Akad. Berlin_, 1889 and 1890.
SETTEGAST, _Die landwirthschaftl. Sämereien u. d. Samenbau_, Leipzig,
1892.
SINCLAIR, _Hortus gramineus Woburnensis_, London, 1824.
SOWERBY, _The Grasses of Great Britain_, London, 1861.
STEBLER and SCHROETER, _The Best Forage Plants_, London, 1889.
SUTTON, _Permanent and Temporary Pastures_, London, 1886.
TRIMEN, Article _Grasses_, in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 9th ed.
VAN TIEGHEM, _Morphol. de l’embryon &c. chez les Graminées_ in _Ann.
des Sc. Nat._ 1897.
VESQUE, _Traité de Botanique Agricole &c._ 1885.
WARMING, _Lehrb. d. Oekologischen Pflanzengeogr._ Berlin, 1896.
WITTMACK, _Gras- und Kleesamen_, Berlin, 1873.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Some foreign grasses (_Andropogon_, _Panicum_, &c.) have
solid stems, and in _Psamma_ and some others the lower parts may be
solid.]
[Footnote 2: Leaf-stalks occur in tropical Bamboos.]
[Footnote 3: Tropical Bamboos branch in the upper parts and are woody.
_Dinochloa_ and _Olyra_ are climbing grasses.]
[Footnote 4: Except, of course, in cases of virgin ground rapidly
occupied by the seedlings.]
[Footnote 5: The most marked exceptions are the lemon-scented grasses
(especially _Andropogon_) of India and Ceylon.]
[Footnote 6: The pale flanking lines seen in many grasses on each side
of the mid-rib are the series of motor-cells referred to on p. 25.]
[Footnote 7: They may have short microscopic asperities, but there are
no distinct long hairs.]
[Footnote 8: Very like a Poa when opened out, but the leaves are
scabrid at the sheaths.]
[Footnote 9: Strictly speaking a spike is an axis bearing sessile
_flowers_--not sessile _spikelets_: in Grasses, however, the
conventional abbreviated term is sanctioned by long usage. The same
applies to the panicle, &c.]
[Footnote 10: See note, p. 87.]
[Footnote 11: See note, p. 87.]
[Footnote 12: This term does not necessarily imply any botanical
relationship with the true Millets (_Panicum_), but merely that the
caryopsis is short and broad as in these grasses.]
[Footnote 13: In cases where the “seed” has fallen from the glumes the
sample will usually show some of the latter lying loose.]
INDEX,
GLOSSARY AND LIST OF SYNONYMS.
Figures in bold type (+25+) refer to pages whereon the species or
subject is more particularly dealt with; figures in italics (_25_)
refer to pages containing illustrations.
Achene, 123
Acicular--bristle-like
Acuminate--tapering to a long point, 21, 139, 146, 147
Acute--simply pointed, 19, 21
Adaptations, 20, 24, 36, 37, 70, 124, 125, 132
Adventitious roots, 8, 131
Agriculture, 2, 3
_Agropyrum_--Wheat-grass, 11, 14, 22, 25, 26, 36, 49, 50, 51, 57, 69,
88, 90, 91, +106+, 107, 108, 144, 150, 167, 170, 171;
_A. caninum_, 7, 21, 28, 34, +57+, +80+, 92, +107+, 150, 168, _169_,
+170+;
_A. junceum_--var. of _A. repens_, 21, 29, 33, 35, 36, 57, _66_,
+81+, 102, 107;
_A. repens_, 7, 30, +57+, +80+, 81, 93, 102, +106+, 149, +150+,
_169_, +170+
_Agrostis_--Bent-grass, 7, 15, 22, 25, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 82,
88, 89, 91, 103, +104+, 105, 112, 118, 125, 136, 137, 141, 144, 145,
159, 160, +161+;
_A. alba_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 51, 52, 69, 92, +104+,
144, +145+, 162;
_A. canina_, 7, 11, 20, 28, 29, 37, 51, 52, +104+, 161, +162+;
_A. setacea_, 31, 104, 161, +162+;
_A. Spica-venti_, 31, 104, _130_, 161, +162+;
_A. stolonifera_--var. of _A. alba_, 14, +51+, 52, 104, +145+;
_A. vulgaris_--var. of _A. alba_, 29, 51, 52, 66, 104, +145+
_Aira_--Hair-grass, 6, 20, 21, 36, 48, 88, 89, 90, 91, 103, 104, 105,
106, 110, 112, +117+, 118, 125, 127, 138, 141, 144, 145, 159, 162;
_A. alpina_--var. of _A. cæspitosa_;
_A. canescens_, 8, 11, 14, 32, +47+, 66, 78, 91, 112, +159+;
_A. caryophyllea_, 8, 10, 14, 29, 32, +46+, +118+, +160+;
_A. cæspitosa_, 6, 11, 14, 22, 23, 25, 28, 33, 37, 41, +47+, 48, 63,
_65_, 68, 69, +77+, 104, 106, +117+, _128_, 160, +161+;
_A. flexuosa_, 7, 11, 14, 29, 33, 34, +46+, 68, 70, _71_, +79+,
+118+, 158, +160+, _161_, 171;
_A. montana_--var. of _A. flexuosa_;
_A. setacea_--var. of _A. flexuosa_;
_A. præcox_, 8, 10, 29, 30, 32, +47+, 91, +112+, 160
Air-spaces, 21, 39, 40, 62
Aleurone layer, _121_, _122_, 123
_Alopecurus_, 25, 53, 55, 88, 89, 90, 93, +101+, 109, 110, 119, 124,
152, 153, 155;
_A. alpinus_, 31, 101, 156;
_A. agrestis_, 7, 18, 30, 50, 52, 53, +101+, 155, +156+;
_A. bulbosus_--var. of _A. geniculatus_, 8, _9_, 156;
_A. fulvus_--var. of _A. geniculatus_, 156;
_A. geniculatus_, 7, _9_, 11, 14, 15, 28, 29, 33, 40, 48, 52, 53,
+101+, 155, +156+;
_A. pratensis_, 7, 11, 13, 14, _18_, 28, 32, 49, 50, 51, +52+, 55,
+82+, +101+, _155_, +156+
Alpine Foxtail--_Alopecurus alpinus_
Alpine Meadow-grass--_Poa alpina_
Alpine Poa--_Poa alpina_
Alps, 36, 37
_Ammophila--Psamma_;
_A. arundinacea_--_Psamma arenaria_
_Amphicarpum_, 120
Anatomy, 62-71, 95
_Andropogon_, 4, 27
Andropogoneæ, 122
Animal-distribution of seeds, 125
Animals killed by grasses, 127
Annual Beard-grass--_Polypogon monspeliensis_
Annual grasses, 10, 11, 37, 43, 59, 114
Annual Meadow-grass--_Poa annua_
Anther, _93_, 94, 119
Anthesis--the period of opening of the flower, 96
_Anthoxanthum_--Vernal grass, 11, 13, 22, 26, 27, 36, 56, 58, 60, 83,
_87_, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97, 110, 119, 124, 136, 152, _154_;
_A. odoratum_, 7, 28, 32, 33, 34, +57+, +76+, +102+, +103+, +154+;
_A. Puelii_, 67, 154
Anti-ligular peg, 41
_Apera--Agrostis_;
_A. Spica-venti_--_Agrostis Spica-venti_
Apex of leaf, 19, +21+, +22+
Apogamy, 134
Appressed hairs, 65
Aquatic grasses, 27, +28+, 39, 62, 103, 111, 112, 113
Arctic species, 37
_Aristida_, 36;
_A. hygrometrica_, 127
_Arrhenatherum_--False Oat, 6, 11, 13, 14, 17, 26, 32, 55, 56, 58,
60, 61, 66, 89, 90, 91, 92, 119, 152, 155, 157;
_A. avenaceum_, 6, 8, 25, 28, 33, 34, +56+, 66, +77+, _93_, +106+,
_129_, +157+
_Arundo_--Reed, 11, 14, 19, 20, 37, 40, 68, 69, 90, 91, 93, 103, 125,
130, 131, 139, 146, 171;
_A. Donax_, 21, 75;
_A. Phragmites_, 2, 6, 29, 32, 40, +51+, 55, 66, +75+, +138+
Asperities--minute stiff hairs giving roughness to the touch, 24, 45,
65, 66, 75, 77, 127
Auricles--ear-like projections at base of leaf-blade, 22, 133
_Avena_, _5_, 15, 21, 23, 47, 54, 56, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 104,
106, +116+, 117, 125, 127, 138, 155, 157, _158_;
_A. alpina_--var. of _A. pratensis_;
_A. elatior_--_Arrhenatherum avenaceum_;
_A. fatua_, 28, 77, +117+, +156+, 157;
_A. flavescens_, 7, 11, 13, _18_, 26, 28, 56, +60+, 61, +81+,
+117+, +158+, 161;
_A. pratensis_, 7, 11, 14, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, +47+, 56, 61, 63,
66, 81, +117+, 156, +157+;
_A. pubescens_--var. of _A. pratensis_, 16, 26, 27, 32, 33, 56,
+61+, 68, +157+;
_A. strigosa_--var. of _A. fatua_
Aveneæ, 122
Awn, 91, 92, +95+, 99-118, +125+, _126_, 127, _128_, _129_, +130+,
_131_, 142, 144, 151, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 163, _164_, 166,
_167_, 168, _169_, _170_, 171, _173_
Awned grasses, +92+, 99-101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 151-174
Awned Nit-grass--_Gastridium lendigerum_
Awnless Brome--_Bromus inermis_
Awnless grasses, +93+, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 138-151
Awn-point, 114, 115, 116, _123_, 131, _150_
Ballast plants, 30
Bamboos, 1, 5, 6, 37, 38, 96, 97, 123
_Bambusa_, 96
Barge-shaped “seeds,” 128, 163, _164_, 168
Barley--_Hordeum_, 120, 132, +133+, 163
Barley-type of “seed,” 138, 162
Barren Brome--_Bromus sterilis_
Barren flowers, 86, 89, 90, 99, 100
Basal-awn, 92, _128_, _129_, 130, 159
Basal hair-tufts, 138, _158_, 159, 160, 161
Base of leaf, _18_, _19_, 20, 22
Bast-sclerenchyma, 70
Bearded Darnel--_Lolium temulentum_
Bearded Wheat-grass--_Agropyrum caninum_
Beard-grass--_Polypogon_
Bent-grass--_Agrostis_
Bent-grass--_Agrostis canina_
Bermuda grass--_Cynodon Dactylon_
Biennial grasses, 10, 43
Bifid--cleft into two teeth, 95
Bitter-tasting grasses, 58, 59
Blade of leaf, 17, _18_, _19_, 20, 22, _23_, _24_, 26
Blue Moor-grass--_Sesleria cærulea_
Boat-shaped “seeds,” 127, _128_, _129_, 138, 142, _143_, 144, 167,
168, _169_, _170_
Bœhmer’s Phleum--_Phleum Bœhmeri_
_Brachypodium_--False Brome, 11, 14, 20, 60, 70, 88, 90, +107+, 108,
109, 165, 167;
_B. pinnatum_, 7, 34, +61+, +78+, 93, +107+, 130, 168, _170_, +171+;
_B. sylvaticum_, 7, 26, 28, 33, 34, 60, +61+, 76, 78, 92, +107+,
128, _164_, +168+, 171
Bracteoles, 95, 96, 97
Bracts, 94, 97
Branching, 6, 11
Branching of inflorescence, 83
Bristle-grass--_Setaria_
Bristle-leafed Bent-grass--_Agrostis setacea_
Bristle-like leaves, _16_, 21, _24_, 45
Bristle Oat--_Avena strigosa_
Bristles, 67, 125, 130
_Briza_--Quaking-grass, 14, 16, 22, 25, 90, 91, 92, 104, 136;
_B. media_, 8, 11, 17, 27, 32, +45+, 66, +77+, +112+, +142+;
_B. minor_, 10, 17, +45+, 112, 142
Brome--_Bromus_, 166, 167
_Bromus_--Brome-grass, 6, 10, 14, 17, 26, 44, 51, 59, 61, 76, 90, 91,
92, 95, 103, 104, 107, +115+, 117, 144, 151, 168;
_B. Alopecurus_, 95;
_B. arvensis_, 7, 8, 11, 27, 30, 32, +43+, 44, +76+, 108, +115+,
128, +166+, _167_;
_B. asper_, 6, 11, 17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 33, 34, +43+, 44, 59, 76,
+115+, 116, _164_, +165+, 168;
_B. commutatus_--_B. racemosus_;
_B. diandrus_--_B. madritensis_;
_B. erectus_, 7, 11, 13, 14, +43+, 51, 70, 100, +164+, 165, 166;
_B. giganteus_, 6, 11, 28, 33, 34, +43+, 44, 51, 76, 82, +115+,
116, 165, +166+;
_B. inermis_, 13, 22, 31, +43+, 167;
_B. madritensis_, 31, 116, 166;
_B. maximus_, 31, 116, 166;
_B. mollis_--var. of _B. arvensis_, 8, 26, +43+, 44, 108, 115, 143,
+166+, _167_;
_B. multiflorus_--var. of _B. arvensis_;
_B. racemosus_--var. of _B. arvensis_;
_B. Schraderi_, 167;
_B. secalinus_--var. of _B. arvensis_, 115, 166, _167_;
_B. sterilis_, 7, 11, 27, 30, 32, +43+, 44, +76+, +116+, _131_,
+165+, 172
Brown Bent--_Agrostis canina_
Buds, 12
Bulbous Meadow-grass--_Poa bulbosa_
Bulbous Poa--_Poa bulbosa_
Bulbs, 8, 37, 114
_Calamagrostis_--Small reed, 29, 40, 88, 89, 125, 138;
_C. Epigeios_, 31, 70, 78, +103+, +159+;
_C. lanceolata_, 31, 66, 103, +138+;
_C. strigosa_, 103, 159;
_C. stricta_, 31, 103, 159
Canary grass--_Phalaris canariensis_
Carpel, 97, 121
Caryopsis--the true fruit of the grass, _121_, _122_, 123, 124, 127,
_128_, 132, +134+, 135
_Catabrosa_--Whorl-grass, 14, 21, 23, 29, 40, 63, 84, 88, 90, 91, 92,
104, 105, 118, 146;
_C. aquatica_, _12_, 25, 31, 73, +112+, 142
Cat’s-tail grass--_Phleum_
Cat’s-tail type of inflorescence, 100
Cells, 65
Cereals, 1
Chaff, 85, 134
Chalk-fleeing, 35
Chalk species, 27, +32+, 35
_Chamagrostis_--_Mibora_
Chlorophyll, 2, 62, 70, 72, 73, 95
_Cinna_, 97
Circular shoot sections, _16_, 43
Classification according to anatomical characters of leaf, 72-82
Classification according to floral characters, 97, 99-118
Classification according to characters of seed, 135-174
Classification according to vegetative characters, 39-61
Classification of seedlings, 133
Clay species, 32
Cleistogamous--when pollination and fertilisation are completed in
flowers which do not open, 120
Climbing grasses, 6
Close panicle--an inflorescence in which the primary branches do not
diverge widely from the rachis, 110
Cock’s-foot--_Dactylis glomerata_, 83
Cockspur Panicum--_Panicum Crus-galli_
Collar, 58, 123
Coloured nodes, 15
Coloured sheath, 18
Coma, 125
Common Cat’s-tail--_Phleum pratense_
Common Dog’s-tail--_Cynosurus cristatus_
Common Foxtail--_Alopecurus pratensis_
Common Mat-grass--_Nardus stricta_
Common Quaking-grass--_Briza media_
Common Reed--_Arundo Phragmites_
Compact Brome--_Bromus madritensis_
Composites, 2, 125
Compressed shoots, 15, _16_, 40, 41, 48, 53
Conduplicate--folded, 15, _16_, 20, 63
Convolute--inrolled, 15, _16_, 63
Copses, grasses of, 28, 34
Coracle-shaped “seeds,” 128, _137_, 166, _167_
Cord-grass--_Spartina stricta_
Coriaceous--leathery, 21
Corn, 1
Corn-field species, 28
Corn-type of fruit, 136, 138, 167
_Corynephorus canescens_--_Aira canescens_
Cotton-grass--_Eriophorum_
Couch-grass--_Agropyrum repens_.
_See also_ Twitch, 150
Creeping Fescue--_Festuca rubra_
Creeping grasses, _12_, 13, 14, _15_
Creeping grass-seeds, 127
Creeping Soft-grass--_Holcus lanatus_--_Holcus mollis_
Creeping stem, 12
Crested Dog’s-tail--_Cynosurus cristatus_
Crested Kœleria--_Kœleria cristata_
Cross-breeds, 120
Cross-fertilisation, 119, 120
_Crypsis_, 123
Culms, 14, 37, 83
Curved Lepturus--_Lepturus incurvatus_
Cuspidate--ending suddenly in a short point, 135
Cut-grass--_Leersia_
Cuticle, 68, 70
Cutinized, cuticularized--impregnated with corky substance, 64
Cylindrical inflorescence, 90
Cylindrical “seed,” _173_
_Cynodon_--Dog’s-tooth grass, 14, 65, 67, 69, 87, 90, 105;
_C. Dactylon_, _15_, 31, +72+, 137
_Cynosurus_--Dog’s-tail, 14, 18, 25, 49, 50, 52, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93,
103, 130, _148_, 151, 171;
_C. cristatus_, 7, 11, 13, _23_, 28, 32, +50+, +80+, +108+, 147,
+148+;
_C. echinatus_, 100, 108
_Dactylis_--Cock’s-foot, 11, 13, 14, 16, 20, 26, 41, 63, 83, 88, 89,
90, 91, 93, 103, 148, 158;
_D. glomerata_, 7, _16_, 17, 27, 32, 33, 34, +41+, 65, 66, 69,
+74+, +109+, 149, _150_, +151+
Darnel--_Lolium perenne_--_Lolium temulentum_
Decumbent Heath-grass--_Triodia decumbens_
Dehiscent fruits, 123
Depauperated--starved and consequently dwarfed, 109
_Deschampsia cæspitosa_--_Aira cæspitosa_
_Deschampsia flexuosa_--_Aira flexuosa_
_Digitaria_--_Panicum_
Digitate--spread out like fingers, _15_
_Digraphis_--Reed-grass, 6, 11, 13, 26, 40, 41, 51, 55, 69, 73, 75,
90, 91, 92, 103, 131, 139, 146, 159;
_D. arundinacea_, 6, _16_, _23_, 29, 32, +54+, 64, +75+, +103+,
+139+, 150
Dimensions of grasses, 6
_Dinochloa_, 6
Diœcious, unisexual, the male and female flowers being on separate
plants, 119
Disarticulation of fruits, _124_
Dissemination, 125, 127
Distichous--in two ranks on the axis, 106
Distribution of grasses, 2, 37, 38
Distribution of seeds, 124-127
Distribution of sexes, 119
Ditches, grasses of, 28, 29
Dog’s-tooth grass--_Cynodon Dactylon_
Dorsal awn, 92, 112, 116, 130, 159
Double seed--grass “seed” where the remains of a second flower come
away with the first, _152_, _153_
Downs, grasses of, 29
Downy Oat--_Avena pubescens_
Dry leaves, 21
Dry situations, 24, 26, 29
Dry soils, 29, 32
Duration, 10
Dwarfed species, 6
Early Hair-grass--_Aira præcox_
Ears, _19_, 22, 57, 59
_Echinochloa_--_Panicum_
Effects of grasses on soil, 35, 36
Egg-cell, 121
_Eleusine_, 123
Elliptical shoot-section, 16, 44
_Elymus_--Lyme-grass, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22, 25, 36, 48, 57, 63, 65, 69,
79, 90, 92, 102, 170;
_E. arenarius_, 6, 29, 33, 35, 36, +48+, 66, _67_, +108+, +149+,
_150_
Embryo, 121, 131, 133
Embryo-sac, 121
Embryonic bud--plumule, 123
Embryonic roots, 123, 133
Endosperm, 120, _121_, _122_, 123
Energy stored in leaves, 2, 3
Entire--not cut: with unbroken outline, 19
Entire sheath, 17
Entire-sheathed grasses, 17, 39, 113, 115
Epidermis, 25, 36, 62-67, 70, 76, _122_
Equitant--one folded leaf straddling over another, 39, 41
_Eriophorum_, 3
Extra-vaginal shoots, 12
False Oat--_Arrhenatherum avenaceum_
Female flowers, 89
Fertile flowers, 86, 89, 90
Fertilisation--the fusion of the nucleus of the pollen-tube with that
of the egg-cell, 121
Fescue--_Festuca_, 115, 130, 137, 144, 148, 151, 172
_Festuca_--Fescue, 2, 6, 7, 15, 21, 25, 36, 49, 51, 53, 90, 91, 92,
108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, _124_, 144, _147_;
_F. arundinacea_--var. of _F. elatior_, 144, 151;
_F. calamaria_--_F. sylvatica_;
_F. duriuscula_--var. of _F. ovina_, 46, _69_, +78+, 80, 147, 172,
173;
_F. elatior_, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 25, 28, 32, 44, +50+,
51, 63, _64_, 82, _84_, 108, 111, 115, +116+, 128, 131, _143_,
+144+;
_F. gigantea_--_Bromus giganteus_;
_F. heterophylla_--var. of _F. ovina_, 13, 46, 69, 71, 78, 80, 147,
+172+, 173;
_F. uniglumis_, 31, 92, 111;
_F. loliacea_--var. of _F. elatior_, 90, 108;
_F. Myurus_, 8, 10, 14, 19, 20, 28, +46+, 90, 91, 92, 99, +111+,
115, 130, 166, +171+, _173_;
_F. ovina_, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, _19_, 20, 22, _24_, 28, 32, 33, 36,
+45+, 46, 68, 69, 70, +79+, +111+, 112, 115, +116+, 134, +147+,
151, 171, _172_;
_F. pratensis_--var. of _F. elatior_, 7, _19_, _24_, 49, 63, _64_,
_84_, 111, _143_, +144+;
_F. procumbens_--_Poa procumbens_;
_F. rigida_--_Poa rigida_;
_F. rubra_, var. of _F. ovina_, 7, 13, 14, 18, _24_, 33, 46, 69,
78, 80, 147, 151, +171+, _172_;
_F. sabulicola_--_F. rubra_, 46;
_F. sciuroides_--var. of _F. Myurus_, 25, 26, 46;
_F. sylvatica_, 6, 11, 14, 28, 34, +116+, _131_, 147;
_F. tenuifolia_--var. of _F. ovina_, 46, 148, 172;
_F. vivipara_--var. of _F. ovina_
Festuceæ, 122
_Fibichia umbellata_--_Cynodon Dactylon_
Fibrous roots, 8
Fibrous Twitch--_Agropyrum caninum_
Field Brome--_Bromus arvensis_
Filament, 94
Fine Bent--_Agrostis vulgaris_
Finger-grass--_Panicum glabrum_
Fiorin--_Agrostis alba_
Firing, 35, 38
Flanking lines, 41, 53, _63_, 73, 74
Flat leaves, 20, 47, 77
Flat shoots, 15, _16_, 20
Flattened Meadow-grass--_Poa compressa_
Flavour, 27
Fleshy fruits, 123
Floating leaves, 39
Floating Foxtail--_Alopecurus geniculatus_
Floating Meadow-grass--_Glyceria fluitans_
Floating Sweet-grass--_Glyceria fluitans_
Floral diagram, _94_, 95, _96_
Flower, 83, _84_, _85_, +86+, _87_, 89, 90, _93_, _94_, 95, _96_, 97,
99, 105, 106, 112
Flowering glume--the outer palea
Flowering stem, 83, 84
Flying Bent--_Molinia cærulea_
Folded leaves, 15, _16_, 20, 24, 25, 63, _69_, 70, 74
Foreign grasses, 30
Forestry, 3
Forest species, 27, 28, 33
Form of lamina, 19, 20
Foxtail grass--_Alopecurus_
Foxtail type of inflorescence, _9_, 88, 100
Fructification--fruiting, 120
Fruit, 119, 123, 125, _126_, _129_, +134+, +135+-+174+
Fruit-coats, 121, 122
Functions of awns, 95, 125, _126_, 127
Functions of ears, 19
Functions of leaves, 2
Functions of ligule, 18, 19
Functions of lodicules, 96
Functions of spear, 132
Furrows, 23, 78
_Gastridium_--Nit-grass, 90, 91, 101, 103, 105;
_G. lendigerum_, 31
Germination, 123, +131+-+133+
Germination of pollen-grain, _120_, 121
Giant Fescue--_Festuca gigantea_
Girders--supporting bands of sclerenchyma running in the principal
ribs and ridges, _63_, _64_, 65, _66_, _67_, +68+, _69_, 70, 71,
74-80
Glabrous--devoid of hairs, 18, 19, 22, 26, 45, 48, 80, 168
Glaucous--pale sea-green, usually due to a waxy bloom, 22
Glume, 85, 86, _87_, +91+, +92+, 93, +94+, 95, 99-118, 124, 125, 127,
130, 134, 135, 136, 151, _152_, _153_, _154_, _155_, 156
_Glyceria_--Sweet-grass, 6, 14, 20, 21, 37, 40, 54, 67, 90, 91, 92,
136, 137, 138, 146, 148;
_G. aquatica_, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, +39+ 54, 69, +73+, 103,
111, 112, +113+, 142, +145+;
_G. distans_--_Poa distans_;
_G. fluitans_, 6, 11, 16, 17, 25, 28, 32, +39+, 40, 54, 64, 66, 69,
+73+, +111+, 113, _128_, +145+;
_G. maritima_--_Poa maritima_;
_G. procumbens_--_Poa procumbens_;
_G. rigida_--_Poa rigida_
Grain, 86, 95, 121, _122_, 127, 135
Graminaceæ, characters, 3, 36, 37
Gramineæ, _see_ Graminaceæ
Grass, origin of the word, 3
Grass carpets, 2, 37
Grasses, identification of, 3, 4
Grazing, 27
Grey Hair-grass--_Aira canescens_
Grooved leaf, _69_, 70, _71_, 79
Grooved sheath, 18
_Gynerium_, 89
Habit, 13, 34
Habitats, 27-31
Hair-grass--_Aira_
Hairs, _18_, 19, 21, 24, 26, 62, 64, 66, 67, 91, 125, 130, 131, 138,
139, 144
Hair-tufts, 59, 123, 125, _129_, _158_
Hairy grasses, _18_, 19, 21, 22, _23_, +26+, 57, 76, 81
Hairy Brome--_Bromus asper_
Hairy “seeds,” 168
Half-shade species, 34
Halophytes, 36
Hard Fescue--_Festuca duriuscula_
Hard-grass--_Lepturus_
Hard leaves, 21, 47
Hard Meadow-grass--_Poa rigida_
Hardy Bamboos, 38
Hare’s-tail--_Lagurus_
Harsh leaves, 21
Haulm, 83
Havers--_Avena fatua_
Hay, 27, 37
Heath False-Brome--_Brachypodium pinnatum_
Heath-grass--_Triodia decumbens_
Heath-grasses, 20, +29+, 36
Height, 6
_Heleochloa_, 123
Herbaceous--of the ordinary soft texture of herbs, 6, 21, 91
_Heterodera_, 10
Heterophylly, 71
_Heteropogon contortus_, 127
_Hierochloe_--Holy-grass, 20, 27, 66, 73, 91, 92, 105, 155;
_H. borealis_, 30, 65
Hill-pastures, 29
Hispid--covered with stiff and rather long hairs, 58
Histology, 62-71, 122
_Holcus_--Soft grass, 8, 22, 26, 27, 56, 89, 90, 91, 93, +106+, 119,
125, 148, 151, _152_, _153_, 155;
_H. lanatus_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, _23_, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, +59+,
65, 69, +81+, +106+, 143, 151, +152+;
_H. mollis_, 11, 28, 30, 33, 59, +106+, +153+
Holy-grass--_Hierochloe_
Hooded leaf-apex, 21
Hook-hairs, 65
_Hordeum_--Barley, 10, 20, 22, 26, 44, 59, 88, 89, 90, 92, +99+, 100,
108, 127, 134, 163;
_H. jubatum_, 125;
_H. maritimum_, 8, 10, 29, 33, 59, +100+, +163+;
_H. murinum_, 8, 10, 14, 21, 30, 50, +59+, +76+, +100+, 125, 162,
+163+;
_H. pratense_, 7, 11, 14, 21, 22, 28, +58+, +100+, +163+;
_H. sylvaticum_, 7, 11, 14, 28, 34, 44, +58+, 59, +100+, 105, +162+
Humus species, 33, 35
Hybrids, 120
Hydrophytes--plants requiring much water, and therefore aquatic or
semi-aquatic, 37
Hygrophilous species--hydrophytes, 70
Imperfect--rudimentary or staminate, 105
Inconspicuously awned grasses, 93
Indicator-plants, 31, 32, 34
Inflorescence, _5_, _9_, _12_, _15_, 83, +86+-+91+, 97, 99, 102, 103,
105, 106, +109+-+118+, 119
Infolding of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 62, +63+, 64
Inrolling of leaves, 20, 23, 25, 46, 62, +63+, 64, _65_, _66_, _67_,
_69_, 75, 78, 79, 80
Intercellular spaces, 37
Internode, 8, 17
Intra-vaginal shoots, 12, 13
Introduced grasses, 30
Involute--rolled inwards, 20, 47
Irritability of seedlings, 132
Italian Rye-grass--_Lolium italicum_
Keel, 18, _23_, 26, _63_, 68, 69, 91, 113, 127, 140, 144, 146, 147,
148, 149, 151
Keeled grasses, 26, 74
_Knappia_--_Mibora_
Kneed awns, _129_, 130, 151, 153, _154_, _158_
Kneed stem, _9_
Knot-grass--_Polygonum_
_Kœleria_, 11, 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 90, 91, 92, 101, 103, 110, 141,
146, _149_;
_K. cristata_, 8, 29, 32, 66, +81+, +109+, 148, +149+
Lacunæ--air-spaces, 70, 73
_Lagurus_--Hare’s-tail, 76, 88, 90, 92, 100, 101, 109;
_L. ovatus_, 31
Lamina--the blade of the leaf, 63-71, 95
Lanceolate--narrow and tapering at both ends, 163
Lanceolate-acuminate--lanceolate, but the upper end drawn out to a
long point, 163
Large grasses, 6
Lawns, 10, 37
Lax--loose, the spikelets on slender branches some distance apart,
110, 117
Layed shoots, 15
Leaf, +17+-+27+, 39-61, 95, 133
Leaf anatomy, 62-71, 72-82
Leaf-apex, +21+
Leaf-base, 10, 22, 40
Leaf-blade--Lamina
Leaf characters, 4, +20+-+27+
Leaf-margin, +22+, 44, 66
Leaf-section, _16_, 20, +62+-+72+
Leaf-stalk--Petiole
Leaf-surface, +22+, 65, 66, 67
Least Quaking-grass--_Briza minor_
Leathery leaves, 21
_Leersia_--Cut-grass, 67, 70, 77, 90, 91, 92, 105, 120;
_L. oryzoides_, 30, 66, 137
Leguminosæ, 3
_Lepturus_, 87, 90, 99;
_L. filiformis_--_L. incurvatus_;
_L. incurvatus_, 31
Ligule, _18_, _19_, 45, 46, 51, 95, 113, 133
Limestone species, 32
Linear--at least five times as long as broad, with parallel straight
sides, 19
Linear-acuminate--linear, but tapering to a long point at the apex, 19
Linear-acute--linear, but pointed at the apex, 39
Linear-lanceolate--linear, but tapering at both ends, 19, 20, 163, 168
Linear-oblong--oblong, but drawn out so that the sides are parallel
for some distance, 16
Local grasses, 30, 31
Lodicules, 86, _87_, 95, _96_, 97
_Lolium_--Rye-grass, 13, 14, 18, 22, 25, 49, 50, 53, 57, 59, 82, 88,
90, 91, +107+, 108, 109, 144, 151, 167;
_L. italicum_, 7, 11, 28, 31, +49+;
_L. perenne_, 8, 11, 16, _19_, 20, 28, 30, 32, +49+, +81+, 82, 93,
+107+, 128, 131, +142+, 143, 144, 150, 168;
_L. temulentum_, 8, 10, 30, +49+, 50, 82, 92, +107+, _129_, 130,
142, 150, 167, +168+
Loose Panic-grass--_Panicum Crus-galli_
_Lygeum_, 36
Lyme-grass--_Elymus_
Maize, 1, 89, 120
Male flowers, 89, 90, 119
Manna-croup--_Glyceria fluitans_
Many-flowered spikelets, 90
Margin of leaf, 21, +22+, 66
Marginal asperities, 22
Maritime grasses, 29
Marram--_Psamma_
Marsh Bent--_Agrostis alba_
Marsh Foxtail--_Alopecurus geniculatus_
Marsh grasses, 28, 29
Mat-grass--_Psamma arenaria_
Maydeæ, 122
Meadows, 1
Meadow Barley--_Hordeum pratense_
Meadow Fescue--_Festuca elatior_--_Festuca pratensis_
Meadow Foxtail--_Alopecurus pratensis_
Meadow-grass--_Poa pratensis_, 83
Meadow grasses, +27+, +28+, 37, 113
Meadow Soft-grass--_Holcus lanatus_
Mechanical tissues--tissues composed of hard-walled cells
(sclerenchyma) serving for support, 62, _63_, _64_, 68
Medium grasses, 7
_Melica_--Melick, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 34, 63, 90, 91, 92,
110, +136+, 137, 142;
_M. ciliata_, 32;
_M. nutans_, 7, 17, 33, +41+, 78, 104, 105, +137+;
_M. uniflora_, 7, 17, 28, 33, +40+, 41, 78, 104, +105+, 137
_Melocanna_, 123
Membranous ligule, 19
Mesophytes--plants adapted to ordinary conditions of moisture, 37
_Mibora_, 68, 87, 89;
_M. verna_, 31, +74+, +99+
Micropyle, _121_
Microscopic characters, 62, 122
Mid-rib, 15, 20, 21, 25, _63_, 67, 68, 74
_Milium_--Millet-grass, 6, 11, 14, 20, 22, 27, 34, 89, 91, 92, 137;
_M. effusum_, 6, 28, 33, +103+, +136+
Millet--_Panicum_, 135
Millet-grass--_Milium_
Millet-seed type, 127, +135+
Moist soils, 26, 32
_Molinia_, 8, 14, 19, 20, 40, 60, 77, 90, 91, 92, 146, 148, 151, 171;
_M. cærulea_, 7, 26, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, +59+, +110+, +148+,
_149_
Monocotyledons, 97, 134
Monœcious--male and female flowers on the same plant, 119
Moor-grass--_Sesleria_
Moor-grasses, 8, 20, +29+, 37
Moor Mat-grass--_Nardus stricta_, 83
Morphology of flower, 95, 96, 97
Morphology of spikelet, 94
Motor-cells, 25, 41, 62, +63+, 64, _65_, _66_, _67_, _69_, 70, _71_,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80
Mountain Melick--_Melica nutans_
Movements of awns, 125, _126_, 127
Movements of seedlings, 132
Mucronate--with a short point suddenly springing from a rounded apex,
22, 138, 139, 146, 149, _150_
_Myosotis_, 3
Naked fruits, 136
_Nardus_, 8, _9_, 11, 14, 20, 21, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 80, 83, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 130, 146, 171;
_N. stricta_, 8, _9_, 29, 33, 36, +46+, 64, _69_, 70, +99+, 171,
_173_, +174+
Narrow-leafed Oat--_Avena pratensis_
Narrow Small-reed--_Calamagrostis stricta_
Naviculate--Boat-shaped, but pointed at both ends, 16
Nematode worms, 10
Nerves--minute veins on paleæ, 113, 115, _128_, _140_, 144, 168
Nodes, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15
Nodules, 10
Northern Holy-grass--_Hierochloe borealis_
Nucellus--the body of the ovule or young seed, _122_
Nuclei, 121
Numbers of grasses, 2
Oat--_Avena_, 85, 89, +133+
Oat-type of “seed,” 156
Obsolete--so much reduced as to be practically absent, 19, 45, 48,
115, 116
Obtuse--rounded off and blunt at the apex, 19, 91
Odours, 27
Offsets, 12
_Olyra_, 6
One-flowered spikelets, 89
One-glumed Fescue--_Festuca uniglumis_
Open panicle--one where the primary branches stand off at right
angles from the rachis, 112
Orange spiked Foxtail--_Alopecurus fulvus_
Orchids, 2
Ovary, 86, _87_, 89, 95, _96_, 97, 119, 121
Ovate-acute--egg-shaped in outline, but the free narrow end pointed, 61
Ovate-lanceolate--ovate, but tapering above, 168
Pale--Palea, 86, 89
Palea, _84_, _85_, 86, _87_, +92+, _93_, 95, _96_, 97, 99-118, 119,
120, _124_, 125, 127, _128_, _129_, 130, 131, 134, +135+-+174+
Pampas-grass, 1
Panic-grass--_Panicum_
Panicle, _5_, _12_, 87, 88, 90, 91, 103, 105, 109-118
_Panicum_, 4, 19, 67, 69, 72, 87, 90, 92, 101, 105, 109, 124, 135,
136, 137, 142;
_P. Crus-galli_, 137;
_P. glaucum_, 30;
_P. plicatum_, 21;
_P. sanguinale_, 30;
_P. verticillatum_, 30
Papillæ--protruding cells not long enough to be termed hairs, 64, 67
Pappus, 125
Parallel venation, 21, 22
Parenchyma--ordinary soft cellular tissue of herbaceous parts, 64, 65
Partial inflorescence, 86
Pasture, 1, 10
Pasture-grasses, +27+, +28+, 37
Perennial Beard-grass--_Polypogon littoralis_
Perennial grasses, 10, 11, 40, 43, 58, 114
Perennial Oat--_Avena pratensis_
Perennial Oat-grass--_Avena pratensis_
Perfect flowers, 89, 90, 99, 100, 105, 106
Perianth--the floral coverings, 96
Pericarp--the coats of the true fruit, _121_, _122_
Petiole, 5, 17
_Phalaris_--Canary grass, 88, 101, 109, 136;
_P. arundinacea_--_Digraphis arundinacea_;
_P. canariensis_, 31, 139
_Phleum_, 66, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, +102+, 109, 110, 136, 137, 142;
_P. alpinum_, 30, 102;
_P. arenarium_, 7, 10, 29, 37, +55+, +102+, 136;
_P. asperum_, 31, 55, 102, 136;
_P. Bœhmeri_, 8, 31, 55, 102, 136;
_P. nodosum_--var. of _P. pratense_;
_P. phalaroides_--_P. Bœhmeri_;
_P. pratense_, 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 28, 32, +55+, 70, +76+, +102+,
_128_, +135+
Phloem, 67
_Phragmites communis_--_Arundo Phragmites_
Physiognomy, 36, 37
Piercing of soil, 132
Pilose--with scattered, rather long soft hairs, 59
Plaited vernation, 21
_Plantago_, 3
Plicate--plaited
Plume-like inflorescence, 91, 103
Plumule, _121_, 123, 132, 133
_Poa_, 2, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 47, 54, 61, 74, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 103, 104, 109, 110, +113+, 114, 115, 116, 118, 127, 131, 140,
141, 144, 146, 151, 162;
_P. alpina_, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31, +44+, 54, 63, 114, 134,
+146+;
_P. annua_, 8, 10, 14, 16, 30, 34, 42, +53+, 54, _63_, 68, 74, 75,
+114+, _127_, 141, +146+;
_P. aquatica_--_Glyceria aquatica_;
_P. bulbosa_, 8, 11, 14, 29, +54+, 69, 111, 114, 146;
_P. compressa_, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16, 30, 32, 42, +53+, 54, 63, 69,
74, 111, +114+, 139, +140+;
_P. distans_, 29, 30, 114, 146;
_P. fertilis_--_P. serotina_, 45;
_P. fluitans_--_Glyceria fluitans_;
_P. laxa_, 31, 134;
_P. loliacea_, 31, 108, 114, 146;
_P. maritima_, 8, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 26, 29, +47+, 54, +111+, 114,
146;
_P. nemoralis_, 7, 11, 14, 15, 28, 34, 45, +54+, 63, 74, 75, 113,
+114+, 139, _140_, +141+, 161;
_P. pratensis_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 32, 33, 41, 42, +44+,
45, 54, 55, 67, 75, 113, +114+, 139, +140+, 141;
_P. procumbens_, 31, 111, 114;
_P. rigida_, 10, 14, 30, +111+, 114, 146;
_P. stricta_--var.of _P. alpina_, 134;
_P. trivialis_, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, _18_, 27, 32, +42+, 44, 45,
54, +74+, 90, 112, +113+, 139, _140_, +141+, 146, 148
Pollen, _93_, 94, 119
Pollen-grain, _120_, +121+
Pollen-tube, _120_, +121+
Pollination, _93_, 119, +120+, +121+
_Polygonum_, 3
_Polypogon_--Beard-grass, 69, 90, 91, 92, 100, 101, 109;
_P. littoralis_, 31;
_P. monspeliensis_, 31
Ponds, grasses of, 28, 29
Popular names, 6
Potassium salts, 32
Prairies, 1, 36, 38
Prickle-hairs, 66
Primary root, 123, 131
Procumbent Meadow-grass--_Poa procumbens_
Protandrous--when the pollen is mature and shed before the stigma of
the same flower is ready for pollination, 119
Proterogynous--when the stigma is receptive before the pollen of the
same flower is mature, 119
_Psamma_, 4, 11, 13, 14, 21, 25, 36, 48, 79, 81, 89, 90, 92, 95, 138;
_P. arenaria_, 7, 29, 33, 35, 36, +48+, 70, +79+, +102+, 138, +139+
Pubescence--hairiness, 26
Pungent--spine-like, 22
Purple-flowered Small-reed--_Calamagrostis lanceolata_
Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail--_Phleum Bœhmeri_
Purple-veined sheaths, 18
Quadrangular shoot-section, 16, 40
Quake-grass--_Briza_
Quaking-grass--_Briza media_
Racemous--like a raceme, 105
Rachilla, 85, _123_, _124_, _128_, _129_, 131, _137_, 138, 142,
_143_, 144, _149_, _150_, _164_, _167_, _169_, _170_, _172_
Rachis, _9_, 85, 88, 106, 107
Radicle, _121_, 123
Rare grasses, 6, +30+, +31+, 89, 90, 91, 92
Rat’s-tail Fescue--_Festuca Myurus_
Red-sheathed grasses, 18, 49, 59
Reed, 2
Reed Canary grass--_Digraphis arundinacea_
Reed Fescue--_Festuca sylvatica_
Reed-grass, 1, 6
Reed Meadow-grass--_Glyceria aquatica_
Reed Sweet-grass--_Glyceria aquatica_
Reflexed leaves, _16_
Reflexed Meadow-grass--_Poa distans_
Rhizomes, 10, 11, 35, 36, 37
Rhomboidal shoot-section, 16, 42
Rib-grass--_Plantago_
Ribbon-grass--_Digraphis arundinacea_
Ribs--the more opaque veins due to the larger vascular-bundles, 22,
25, 62, 91, _127_
Rice, 1
Ridgeless grasses, 25
Ridges, _18_, 21, 22, +23+, _24_, +25+, 26, 47, 51, 53, 54, _65_,
_66_, _67_, 68, _69_, _71_, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 91
River-banks, 28, 29
Road-sides, 29
Rolled leaves, 15, _16_, 20, 24, 25, 63
Rolling of leaves, 24, 25, 36
Root-cap, _121_
Roots, 8, 12, 35, _121_, 123, 131, 132, 133
Rough Cock’s-foot--_Dactylis glomerata_
Rough Meadow-grass--_Poa trivialis_
Rough Phleum--_Phleum asperum_
Rough-stalked Meadow-grass--_Poa trivialis_
Round shoots, 15, _16_, 42, 50, 57
Ruderal grasses, 29, 32, 34, 35
Rudimentary flowers, 89, 90, 105
Runners, 12, 13, 14
Rushes, 4, 33
Rushy Wheat-grass--_Agropyrum junceum_
Rye--_Secale_, 120, 132, +133+
Rye Brome--_Bromus secalinus_
Rye-grass--_Lolium perenne_
Salt species, 33
Sand-binders, 13, 35, 36, 48, 102, 107, 108
Sand Cat’s-tail--_Phleum arenarium_
Sand dunes, 35, 36
Sand species, 29, 32, 36
Sandy situations, 8, 29, 33
Savannahs, 1, 38
Scaberulous--slightly rough to the touch, 22, 45, 164
Scabrid--rough to the touch, 22, 47, 54
Scarious--as if scorched by fire, 92, 145
Scents, 27
Sclerenchyma--mechanical tissue, 62, _65_, _66_, _67_, +68+, _69_,
70, _71_, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80
_Sclerochloa_--_Poa_
_Sclerochloa maritima_--_Poa maritima_;
_S. procumbens_--_Poa procumbens_;
_S. rigida_--_Poa rigida_
Scorpion-grass--_Myosotis_
Scutellum, _121_, 123
Sea Barley--_Hordeum maritimum_
Sea Cat’s-tail--_Phleum arenarium_
Sea-grass--_Zostera_
Sea Hard-grass--_Lepturus incurvatus_
Sea Lyme-grass--_Elymus arenarius_
Sea Mat-grass--_Psamma arenaria_
Sea Mat-weed--_Psamma arenaria_
Sea Meadow-grass--_Poa maritima_
Sea Poa--_Poa maritima_
Sea Reed--_Psamma arenaria_
Sea-side grasses, 27, 29
Secondary roots, _121_, 123, 131, 133
Secund--turned to one side, _9_, 89, 108, 109, 114
Sedges, 3, 4, 33, 35, 121
Seed--strictly the contents of the caryopsis (fruit), but in practice
the fruit and its adherent paleæ etc. (chaff) are termed “seed,”
119, 120, 121, 123, +124+, 125, _127_, 128, 129, 130, _131_, +134+,
+135+-+174+
Seed-coats, 121, _122_
Seedlings, 132, +133+
Semi-aquatic species, 28, 29
Separation of fruits, _124_
Serrulæ--minute tooth-like asperities, 22, 91, _173_
_Sesleria_--Moor-grass, 22, 25, 63, 64, 68, 90, 91, 93, 101;
_S. cærulea_, 17, +42+, 67, +108+, 149, +151+
Sessile--sitting directly on an axis without an intervening stalk,
87, 99, 107
Setaceous--bristle-like, _16_, 19, 20, 21, _24_, 45, 111, 113
_Setaria_--_Panicum_
Sexual organs, 134
Shade action of grasses, 35
Shade-grasses, 20, +28+, 33, 34, 70
Shapes of caryopsis, 127
Shapes of leaves, 4, 19, 20
Shapes of shoot, 16
Sharp-edged shoots, 16
Sheath, 5, 8, 12, 15, _16_, 17, _18_, _19_, 20, 22, 51, 95, 133
Sheep’s Fescue--_Festuca ovina_
Shelving sheath-margin, 22
Shoot, 10, 12, 15, 16, 123
_Sieglingia decumbens_--_Triodia decumbens_
Siliceous--impregnated with flint--silex, 64, 65, 66
Silky Bent-grass--_Agrostis Spicaventi_
Silvery Hair-grass--_Aira caryophyllea_
Single-husked Fescue--_Festuca uniglumis_
Slender Foxtail--_Alopecurus agrestis_
Small grasses, 7
Small Reed--_Calamagrostis_
Smooth Brome--_Bromus racemosus_
Sociable plants, 36
Sod, 37
Sodium chloride, 33
Soft Brome--_Bromus mollis_
Soft-grass--_Holcus_
Soft Holcus--_Holcus mollis_
Soil formation, 36
Soil protection, 36
Solid leaves, 46
Solid stems, 4
Sour soils, 33
_Spartina_--Cord-grass, 69, 87, 90, 99, 105;
_S. stricta_, 27, 31, 78
Spear, 123, 132
Spikate inflorescence, 99, 106
Spike, _9_, 87, 88, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108
Spiked Fescue--_Festuca loliacea_
Spikelet, 9, _84_, _85_, +86+, _87_, 88, +89+, +90+, _93_, _94_, 95,
97, 99-118, 119, 120, 123, _124_
Spike-like panicle, _9_, 88, 90, 102
Spinescent leaf, 22
_Spinifex_, 125
Split sheath, 5, 17, _18_, _19_
Split-sheathed grasses, 17, _18_, _19_, 45, 50
_Sporobolus_, 123, 134
Squirrel-tail grass--_Hordeum maritimum_
Stamen, 86, _87_, 89, _93_, 94, 95, _96_, 97, 102, 103, 119
Staminate--a flower with stamens and no ovary, 100, 105, 106
Starch, 120, 121, 122
Stem, 4, 6, 8
Steppes, 1, 36, 38
Stigma--stigmatic plumes, 86, _87_, _93_, 94, 96, 97, +119+, _120_, 121
_Stipa_, 36, 96, _126_;
_S. capillata_, 125;
_S. pennata_, 32, 125;
_S. spartea_, 125
Stolon, 10, 12, 35, 114
Stoloniferous grasses, 8, 13, 14, _15_
Stomata, 25, 36, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 73, 77, 80, 95
Strand-plants, 36
Stringy roots, 8
Striped grass--_Digraphis arundinacea_
Struggle for existence, 2, 37, 38
Style, 94, 97, 99
Sub-acute--hardly pointed, 142
Sub-sessile--very shortly stalked, so as to be all but sessile, 99,
106
Sub-terminal awn, 95, 115, _129_, 130, _150_, 151, _152_, 162,
163-168, _169_
Subulate--awl-shaped: stouter than setaceous, 19, 20, 21, 70, _71_, 79
Sugar, 120, 121, 122
Sugar-cane, 1
Sun-plants, 36
Sweet-tasting grasses, 39
Sweet Vernal grass--_Anthoxanthum odoratum_
Sympodium, 11
Tall Brome--_Bromus giganteus_
Tall Fescue--_Festuca elatior_
Tapering leaves, 21
Tastes, 27
Temperate species, 2
Terete--cylindrical and gradually tapering, 6, 54, 163, 171
Terminal awn, 92, 111, 115, 116, _126_, +130+, 162, 168-174, _173_
Texture of leaf, +21+
Three-flowered spikelets, 90
Timothy--_Phleum pratense_
Tomentose--softly hairy, 59
Transpiration, 20
Transverse sections of leaves, _16_, _23_, _24_, _63_, _64_
Transverse section of shoot, 15, 16
_Triodia_--Heath-grass, 11, 14, 19, 25, 26, 90, 91, 103, 139;
_T. decumbens_, 8, 29, 34, +110+, _123_
_Trisetum flavescens_--_Avena flavescens_
_Triticum_--Wheat;
_T. acutum_--_T. laxum_;
_T. junceum_--_Agropyrum junceum_;
_T. laxum_--_Agropyrum laxum_;
_T. pungens_--_T. laxum;_
_T. repens_--_Agropyrum repens_
Tropical species, 1, 2
Truncate, 92, 142
Tuber, 8
Tufted grasses, 13, 14
Tufted Hair-grass--_Aira cæspitosa_
Tufted inflorescences, 90, 99, 102, 103, 109
Tufts, _5_, _9_, 12, 13, 37
Tumble-weeds, 125
Turgescence--the distension of cells with water which they have
absorbed, 63
Tussocks, 13
Twisted awns, 116, 125, _126_, _129_, 130, 151, 154, _158_
Twisting of seedling leaves, 133
Twitch--certain persistent weeds belonging to the genera _Agropyrum_,
_Agrostis_, _Holcus_, etc.: _see_ Couch-grass, 52, 57, 59
Two-flowered spikelets, 90
+U+-shaped leaf-sections, 20
_Uniola_, 97
Upright Brome--_Bromus erectus_.
Also _B. madritensis_
Uses of grasses, 1, 2
+V+-shaped leaf-sections, 20, 53, 73
Vagabond grasses, 29, 32, 34
Variability, 26
Vascular bundles, 21, 22, 62, _63_, _64_, _65_, _66_, _67_, +68+,
_69_, 70, _71_, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81
Vascular-bundle sheath, 68, 95, _122_
Vegetative organs, 4
Veins, 18, 21, 22, 68, 76, 91
Venation, +21+, 62, +67+, 68
Vermin, 35
Vernal grass--_Anthoxanthum_, 83
Vernation--folding of the leaves in bud, 21
Versatile--hung loosely so as to turn freely, 94
Vessels, 67
Violet-brown sheath, 18
Viviparous grasses, 112, 114, 134
_Vulpia Myurus_--_Festuca Myurus_;
_V. uniglumis_--_Festuca uniglumis_
Wall Barley--_Hordeum murinum_
Wall Fescue--_Festuca Myurus_
Walls, grasses of, 29
Waste-places, 29
Water-storing tissues, 36, 70
Water Whorl-grass--_Catabrosa aquatica_
Wavy Hair-grass--_Aira flexuosa_
Wavy Meadow-grass--_Poa laxa_
Wax, 36, 70
Web--minute tufted soft hairs at the base of the caryopsis, 113, 114,
_127_, 131, 138, 139, _140_, 141
Weeds, 27, 28, 29, 35
Wheat--_Triticum_, 1, 120, 127, 132, +133+
Wheat-grass--_Agropyrum_
Whorl-grass--_Catabrosa_
Wild Oat--_Avena fatua_, 117
Wind-borne seeds, 125, _126_
Wings, 125, 142
Wood Barley--_Hordeum sylvaticum_
Wood False-Brome--_Brachypodium sylvaticum_
Wood Meadow-grass--_Poa nemoralis_
Wood Melick--_Melica uniflora_
Wood Poa--_Poa nemoralis_
Wood-species, +28+, 33
Woolly Holcus--_Holcus lanatus_
Xenia--cases where the direct influence of the pollen is evident on
the seed resulting from its action, 120
Xerophilous--of the nature of a xerophyte, 70
Xerophytes--plants adapted to dry situations, 24, 25, 36, 37, 38, 68, 70
Xylem, 67
Yellow Oat-grass--_Avena flavescens_
Yellow-sheathed grasses, 18
Yorkshire Fog--_Holcus lanatus_, 152
_Zostera_, 3
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