Sphæricall Superficies of the earth, at any depth, to any perpendicular
line assigned (whose distance from the perpendicular of the entrance:
and the Azimuth, likewise, in respect of the said entrance, is knowen)
certaine way may be præscribed and gone: And how, any way aboue the
Superficies of the earth designed, may vnder earth, at any depth
limited, be kept: goyng alwayes, perpendicularly, vnder the way, on
earth designed: And, contrarywise, Any way, (straight or croked,) vnder
the earth, beyng giuen: vppon the vtface, or Superficies of the earth,
to Lyne out the same: So, as, from the Centre of the earth,
perpendiculars drawen to the Sphæricall Superficies of the earth, shall
precisely fall in the Correspondent pointes of those two wayes. This,
with all other Cases and circumstances herein, and appertenances, this
Arte demonstrateth.+ This Arte, is very ample in varietie of
Conclusions: and very profitable sundry wayes to the Common Wealth. The
occasion of my Inuenting this Arte, was at the request of two Gentlemen,
who had a certaine worke (of gaine) vnder ground: and their groundes did
ioyne ouer the worke: and by reason of the crokednes, diuers depthes,
and heithes of the way vnder ground, they were in doubt, and at
controuersie, vnder whose ground, as then, the worke was. The name onely
(before this) was of me published, _De Itinere Subterraneo_: The rest,
be at Gods will. For Pioners, Miners, Diggers for Mettalls, Stone, Cole,
and for secrete passages vnder ground, betwene place and place (as this
land hath diuerse) and for other purposes, any man may easily perceaue,
both the great fruite of this Arte, and also in this Arte, the great
aide of Geometrie.
+‡Hydragogie‡, demonstrateth the possible leading of Water, by Natures
lawe, and by artificiall helpe, from any head (being a Spring, standing,
or running Water) to any other place assigned.+ Long, hath this Arte
bene in vse: and much thereof written: and very marueilous workes
therein, performed: as may yet appeare, in Italy: by the Ruynes
remaining of the Aqueductes. In other places, of Riuers leading through
the Maine land, Nauigable many a Mile. And in other places, of the
marueilous forcinges of Water to Ascend. which all, declare the great
skill, to be required of him, who should in this Arte be perfecte, for
all occasions of waters possible leading. To speake of the allowance of
the Fall, for euery hundred foote: or of the Ventills (if the waters
labour be farre, and great) I neede not: Seing, at hand (about vs) many
expert men can sufficiently testifie, in effecte, the order: though the
Demonstration of the Necessitie thereof, they know not: Nor yet, if they
should be led, vp and downe, and about Mountaines, from the head of the
Spring: and then, a place being assigned: and of them, to be demaunded,
how low or high, that last place is, in respecte of the head, from which
(so crokedly, and vp and downe) they be come: Perhaps, they would not,
or could not, very redily, or nerely assoyle that question. _Geometrie_
therefore, is necessary to _Hydragogie_. Of the sundry wayes to force
water to ascend, eyther by _Tympane_, _Kettell mills_, _Skrue_,
_Ctesibike_, or such like: in _Vitruuius_, _Agricola_, (and other,)
fully, the maner may appeare. And so, thereby, also be most euident, how
the Artes, of _Pneumatithmie_, _Helicosophie_, _Statike_, _Trochilike_,
and _Menadrie_, come to the furniture of this, in Speculation, and to
the Commoditie of the Common Wealth, in practise.
+‡Horometrie‡, is an Arte Mathematicall, which demõstrateth, how, at all
times appointed, the precise vsuall denominatiõ of time, may be knowen,
for any place assigned.+ These wordes, are smoth and plaine easie
Englishe, but the reach of their meaning, is farther, then you woulde
lightly imagine. Some part of this Arte, was called in olde time,
_Gnomonice_: and of late, _Horologiographia_: and in Englishe, may be
termed, _Dialling_. Auncient is the vse, and more auncient, is the
Inuention. The vse, doth well appeare to haue bene (at the least) aboue
two thousand and three hundred yeare agoe:
[4. Reg. 20.]
in * King _Achaz_ Diall, then, by the Sunne, shewing the distinction of
time. By Sunne, Mone, and Sterres, this Dialling may be performed, and
the precise Time of day or night knowen. But the demonstratiue
delineation of these Dialls, of all sortes, requireth good skill, both
of _Astronomie_, and _Geometrie_ Elementall, Sphæricall, Phænomenall,
and Conikall. Then, to vse the groundes of the Arte, for any regular
Superficies, in any place offred: and (in any possible apt position
therof) theron, to describe (all maner of wayes) how, vsuall howers, may
be (by the _Sunnes_ shadow) truely determined: will be found no sleight
Painters worke. So to Paint, and prescribe the Sunnes Motion, to the
breadth of a heare. In this Feate (in my youth) I Inuented a way, +How
in any Horizontall, Murall, or Æquinoctiall Diall, &c. At all howers
(the Sunne shining) the Signe and Degree ascendent, may be knowen.+
Which is a thing very necessary for the Rising of those fixed Sterres:
whose Operation in the Ayre, is of great might, euidently. I speake no
further, of the vse hereof. Bur forasmuch as, Mans affaires require
knowledge of Times & Momentes, when, neither Sunne, Mone, or Sterre, can
be sene: Therefore, by Industrie Mechanicall, was inuented, first, how,
by Water, running orderly, the Time and howers might be knowen: whereof,
the famous _Ctesibius_, was Inuentor: a man, of _Vitruuius_, to the Skie
(iustly) extolled. Then, after that, by Sand running, were howers
measured: Then, by _Trochilike_ with waight: And of late time, by
_Trochilike_ with Spring: without waight. All these, by Sunne or Sterres
direction (in certaine time) require ouersight and reformation,
according to the heauenly Æquinoctiall Motion: besides the inæqualitie
of their owne Operation. There remayneth (without parabolicall meaning
herein) among the Philosophers,
[A perpetuall Motion.]
a more excellent, more commodious, and more marueilous way, then all
these: of hauing the motion of the Primouant (or first æquinoctiall
motion,) by Nature and Arte, Imitated: which you shall (by furder search
in waightier studyes) hereafter, vnderstand more of. And so, it is tyme
to finish this Annotation, of Tymes distinction, vsed in our common, and
priuate affaires: The commoditie wherof, no man would want, that can
tell, how to bestow his tyme.
+‡Zographie‡, is an Arte Mathematicall, which teacheth and
demonstrateth, how, the Intersection of all visuall Pyramides, made by
any playne assigned, (the Centre, distance, and lightes, beyng
determined) may be, by lynes, and due propre colours, represented.+ A
notable Arte, is this: and would require a whole Volume, to declare the
property thereof: and the Commodities ensuyng. Great skill of
_Geometrie_, _Arithmetike_, _Perspectiue_, and _Anthropographie_, with
many other particular Artes, hath the _Zographer_, nede of, for his
perfection. For, the most excellent Painter, (who is but the propre
Mechanicien, & Imitator sensible, of the Zographer) hath atteined to
such perfection, that Sense of Man and beast, haue iudged thinges
painted, to be things naturall, and not artificiall: aliue, and not
dead. This Mechanicall Zographer (commonly called the Painter) is
meruailous in his skill: and seemeth to haue a certaine diuine power:
As, of frendes absent, to make a frendly, present comfort: yea, and of
frendes dead, to giue a continuall, silent presence: not onely with vs,
but with our posteritie, for many Ages. And so procedyng, Consider, How,
in Winter, he can shew you, the liuely vew of Sommers Ioy, and riches:
and in Sommer, exhibite the countenance of Winters dolefull State, and
nakednes. Cities, Townes, Fortes, Woodes, Armyes, yea whole Kingdomes
(be they neuer so farre, or greate) can he, with ease, bring with him,
home (to any mans Iudgement) as Paternes liuely, of the thinges
rehearsed. In one little house, can he, enclose (with great pleasure of
the beholders,) the portrayture liuely, of all visible Creatures, either
on earth, or in the earth, liuing: or in the waters lying, Creping,
slyding, or swimming: or of any foule, or fly, in the ayre flying. Nay,
in respect of the Starres, the Skie, the Cloudes: yea, in the shew of
the very light it selfe (that Diuine Creature) can he match our eyes
Iudgement, most nerely. What a thing is this? thinges not yet being, he
can represent so, as, at their being, the Picture shall seame (in maner)
to haue Created them. To what Artificer, is not Picture, a great
pleasure and Commoditie? Which of them all, will refuse the Direction
and ayde of Picture? The Architect, the Goldsmith, and the Arras Weauer:
of Picture, make great account. Our liuely Herbals, our portraitures of
birdes, beastes, and fishes: and our curious Anatomies, which way, are
they most perfectly made, or with most pleasure, of vs beholden? Is it
not, by Picture onely? And if Picture, by the Industry of the Painter,
be thus commodious and meruailous: what shall be thought of _Zographie_,
the Scholemaster of Picture, and chief gouernor? Though I mencion not
_Sculpture_, in my Table of Artes Mathematicall: yet may all men
perceiue, How, that _Picture_ and _Sculpture_, are Sisters germaine: and
both, right profitable, in a Commõ wealth. and of _Sculpture_, aswell as
of Picture, excellent Artificers haue written great bokes in
commendation. Witnesse I take, of _Georgio Vasari_, _Pittore Aretino_:
of _Pomponius Gauricus_: and other. To these two Artes, (with other,) is
a certaine od Arte, called _Althalmasat_, much beholdyng: more, then the
common _Sculptor_, _Entayler_, _Keruer_, _Cutter_, _Grauer_, _Founder_,
or _Paynter (&c)_ know their Arte, to be commodious.
[An objection.]
+‡Architecture‡+, to many may seme not worthy, or not mete, to be
reckned among the _Artes Mathematicall_. To whom, I thinke good, to giue
some account of my so doyng. Not worthy, (will they say,) bycause it is
but for building, of a house, Pallace, Church, Forte, or such like,
grosse workes. And you, also, defined the _Artes Mathematicall_, to be
such, as dealed with no Materiall or corruptible thing: and also did
demonstratiuely procede in their faculty, by Number or Magnitude. First,
[The Answer.]
you see, that I count, here, _Architecture_, among those _Artes
Mathematicall_, which are Deriued from the Principals: and you know,
that such, may deale with Naturall thinges, and sensible matter. Of
which, “some draw nerer, to the Simple and absolute Mathematicall
Speculation, then other do.
[☞]
And though, the _Architect_ procureth, enformeth, & directeth, the
_Mechanicien_, to handworke, & the building actuall, of house, Castell,
or Pallace, and is chief Iudge of the same: yet, with him selfe (as
chief _Master_ and _Architect_,) remaineth the Demonstratiue reason and
cause, of the Mechaniciens worke: in Lyne, plaine, and Solid: by
_Geometricall_, _Arithmeticall_, _Opticall_, _Musicall_,
_Astronomicall_, _Cosmographicall_” (& to be brief) by all the former
Deriued _Artes Mathematicall_, and other Naturall Artes, hable to be
confirmed and stablished. If this be so: then, may you thinke, that
_Architecture_, hath good and due allowance, in this honest Company of
_Artes Mathematicall_ Deriuatiue. I will, herein, craue Iudgement of two
most perfect _Architectes_: the one, being _Vitruuius_, the Romaine: who
did write ten bookes thereof, to the Emperour _Augustus_ (in whose daies
our Heauenly Archemaster, was borne): and the other, _Leo Baptista
Albertus_, a Florentine: who also published ten bookes therof.
_Architectura_ (sayth _Vitruuius_) _est Scientia pluribus disciplinis &
varijs eruditionibus ornata: cuius Iudicio probantur omnia, quæ ab
cæteris Artificibus perficiuntur opera._ That is. +Architecture, is a
Science garnished with many doctrines & diuerse instructions: by whose
Iudgement, all workes, by other workmen finished, are Iudged.+ It
followeth. _Ea nascitur ex Fabrica, & Ratiocinatione. &c. Ratiocinatio
autem est, quæ, res fabricatas, Solertia ac ratione proportionis,
demonstrare at[que] explicare potest. +Architecture, groweth of Framing,
and Reasoning. &c. Reasoning, is that, which of thinges framed, with
forecast, and proportion: can make demonstration, and manifest
declaration.+_ Againe. _Cùm, in omnibus enim rebus, tùm maximè etiam in
Architectura, hæc duo insunt: quod significatur, & quod significat.
Significatur proposita res, de qua dicitur: hanc autem Significat
Demonstratio, rationibus doctrinarum explicata. +Forasmuch as, in all
thinges: therefore chiefly in Architecture, these two thinges are: the
thing signified: and that which signifieth. The thing propounded,
whereof we speake, is the thing Signified. But Demonstration, expressed
with the reasons of diuerse doctrines, doth signifie the same thing.+_
After that. _Vt literatus sit, peritus Graphidos, eruditus Geometriæ, &
Optices non ignarus: instructus Arithmetica: historias complures
nouerit, Philosophos diligenter audiuerit: Musicam sciuerit: Medicinæ
non sit ignarus, responsa Iurisperitorũ nouerit: Astrologiam, Cæli[que]
rationes cognitas habeat. +An Architect+_ (sayth he) +_ought to
vnderstand Languages, to be skilfull of Painting, well instructed in
Geometrie, not ignorant of Perspectiue, furnished with Arithmetike, haue
knowledge of many histories, and diligently haue heard Philosophers,
haue skill of Musike, not ignorant of Physike, know the aunsweres of
Lawyers, and haue Astronomie, and the courses Cælestiall, in good
knowledge._+ He geueth reason, orderly, wherefore all these Artes,
Doctrines, and Instructions, are requisite in an excellent _Architect_.
And (for breuitie) omitting the Latin text, thus he hath. +_Secondly, it
is behofefull for an Architect to haue the knowledge of Painting: that
he may the more easilie fashion out, in patternes painted, the forme of
what worke he liketh. And Geometrie, geueth to Architecture many helpes:
and first teacheth the Vse of the Rule, and the Cumpasse: wherby
(chiefly and easilie) the descriptions of Buildinges, are despatched in
Groundplats: and the directions of Squires, Leuells, and Lines.
Likewise, by Perspectiue, the Lightes of the heauen, are well led, in
the buildinges: from certaine quarters of the world. By Arithmetike, the
charges of Buildinges are summed together: the measures are expressed,
and the hard questions of Symmetries, are by Geometricall Meanes and
Methods discoursed on. &c. Besides this, of the Nature of thinges (which
in Greke is called φυσιολογία) Philosophie doth make declaration. Which,
it is necessary, for an Architect, with diligence to haue learned:
because it hath many and diuers naturall questions: as specially, in
Aqueductes. For in their courses, leadinges about, in the leuell ground,
and in the mountinges, the naturall Spirites or breathes are ingendred
diuers wayes: The hindrances, which they cause, no man can helpe, but
he, which out of Philosophie, hath learned the originall causes of
thinges. Likewise, who soeuer shall read Ctesibius, or Archimedes
bookes, (and of others, who haue written such Rules) can not thinke, as
they do: vnlesse he shall haue receaued of Philosophers, instructions in
these thinges. And Musike he must nedes know: that he may haue
vnderstanding, both of Regular and Mathematicall Musike: that he may
temper well his Balistes, Catapultes, and Scorpions. &c. Moreouer, the
Brasen Vessels, which in Theatres, are placed by Mathematicall order, in
ambries, vnder the steppes: and the diuersities of the soundes (which
y^e Grecians call ηχεῖα) are ordred according to Musicall Symphonies &
Harmonies: being distributed in y^e Circuites, by Diatessaron, Diapente,
and Diapason. That the conuenient voyce, of the players sound, whẽ it
came to these preparations, made in order, there being increased: with
y^t increasing, might come more cleare & pleasant, to y^e eares of the
lokers on. &c. And of Astronomie, is knowẽ y^e East, West, South, and
North. The fashion of the heauen, the Æquinox, the Solsticie, and the
course of the sterres. Which thinges, vnleast one know: he can not
perceiue, any thyng at all, the reason of Horologies. Seyng therfore
this ample Science, is garnished, beautified and stored, with so many
and sundry skils and knowledges: I thinke, that none can iustly account
them selues Architectes, of the suddeyne. But they onely, who from their
childes yeares, ascendyng by these degrees of knowledges, beyng fostered
vp with the atteynyng of many Languages and Artes, haue wonne to the
high Tabernacle of Architecture. &c. And to whom Nature hath giuen such
quicke Circumspection, sharpnes of witt, and Memorie, that they may be
very absolutely skillfull in Geometrie, Astronomie, Musike, and the rest
of the Artes Mathematicall: Such, surmount and passe the callyng, and
state, of Architectes:
[A Mathematicien.]
and are become Mathematiciens. &c. And they are found, seldome. As, in
tymes past, was Aristarchus Samius: Philolaus, and Archytas, Tarentynes:
Apollonius Pergęus: Eratosthenes Cyreneus: Archimedes, and Scopas,
Syracusians. Who also, left to theyr posteritie, many Engines and
Gnomonicall workes: by numbers and naturall meanes, inuented and
declared._+
Thus much, and the same wordes (in sense) in one onely Chapter of this
Incõparable _Architect Vitruuius_, shall you finde. And if you should,
but take his boke in your hand, and slightly loke thorough it, you would
say straight way:
[Vitruuius.]
This is _Geometrie_, _Arithmetike_, _Astronomie_, _Musike_,
_Anthropographie_, _Hydragogie_, _Horometrie_. _&c_. and (to cõclude)
the Storehouse of all workmãship. Now, let vs listen to our other Iudge,
our Florentine, _Leo Baptista_: and narrowly consider, how he doth
determine of _Architecture_. _Sed ante[que] vltra progrediar. &c. +But
before I procede any further +_(sayth he) +_I thinke, that I ought to
expresse, what man I would haue to bee allowed an Architect. For, I will
not bryng in place a Carpenter: as though you might Compare him to the
Chief Masters of other Artes. For the hand of the Carpenter, is the
Architectes Instrument._+
[VVho is an Architect.]
+_But I will appoint the Architect to be “that man, who hath the skill,
(by a certaine and meruailous meanes and way,) both in minde and
Imagination to determine and also in worke to finish: what workes so
euer, by motion of waight, and cuppling and framyng together of bodyes,
may most aptly be Commodious for the worthiest Vses of Man.” And that he
may be able to performe these thinges, he hath nede of atteynyng and
knowledge of the best, and most worthy thynges. &c. The whole Feate of
Architecture in buildyng, consisteth in Lineamentes, and in Framyng. And
the whole power and skill of Lineamentes, tendeth to this: that the
right and absolute way may be had, of Coaptyng and ioyning Lines and
angles: by which, the face of the buildyng or frame, may be comprehended
and concluded. And it is the property of Lineamentes, to prescribe vnto
buildynges, and euery part of them, an apt place, & certaine nũber:
a worthy maner, and a semely order: that, so, y^e whole forme and figure
of the buildyng, may rest in the very Lineamentes. &c. And we may
prescribe in mynde and imagination the whole formes, *
[* The Immaterialitie of perfect Architecture.]
all material stuffe beyng secluded. Which point we shall atteyne, by
Notyng and forepointyng the angles, and lines, by a sure and certaine
direction and connexion. Seyng then, these thinges, are thus:_+
[What, Lineament is.]
+_Lineamente, shalbe the certaine and constant prescribyng, conceiued in
mynde: made in lines and angles: and finished with a learned minde and
wyt._+ “We thanke you Master _Baptist_, that you haue so aptly brought
your Arte, and phrase therof, to haue some Mathematicall perfection:
[Note.]
by certaine order, nũber, forme, figure, and _Symmetrie_ mentall:” all
naturall & sensible stuffe set a part. Now, then, it is euident, (Gentle
reader) how aptely and worthely, I haue preferred _Architecture_, to be
bred and fostered vp in the Dominion of the pereles _Princesse_,
_Mathematica_: and to be a naturall Subiect of hers. And the name of
_Architecture_, is of the principalitie, which this Science hath, aboue
all other Artes. And _Plato_ affirmeth, the _Architect_ to be _Master_
ouer all, that make any worke. Wherupon, he is neither Smith, nor
Builder: nor, separately, any Artificer: but the Hed, the Prouost, the
Directer, and Iudge of all Artificiall workes, and all Artificers. For,
the true _Architect_, is hable to teach, Demonstrate, distribute,
describe, and Iudge all workes wrought. And he, onely, searcheth out the
causes and reasons of all Artificiall thynges. Thus excellent, is
_Architecture_: though few (in our dayes) atteyne thereto: yet may not
the Arte, be otherwise thought on, then in very dede it is worthy. Nor
we may not, of auncient Artes, make new and imperfect Definitions in our
dayes: for scarsitie of Artificers: No more, than we may pynche in, the
Definitions of _Wisedome_, or _Honestie_, or of _Frendeshyp_ or of
_Iustice_. No more will I consent, to Diminish any whit, of the
perfection and dignitie, (by iust cause) allowed to absolute
_Architecture_. Vnder the Direction of this Arte, are thre principall,
necessary _Mechanicall Artes_. Namely, _Howsing_, _Fortification_, and
_Naupegie_. _Howsing_, I vnderstand, both for Diuine Seruice, and Mans
common vsage: publike, and priuate. Of _Fortification_ and _Naupegie_,
straunge matter might be told you: But perchaunce, some will be tyred,
with this Bederoll, all ready rehearsed: and other some, will nycely nip
my grosse and homely discoursing with you: made in post hast: for feare
you should wante this true and frendly warnyng, and tast giuyng, of the
_Power Mathematicall_. Lyfe is short, and vncertaine: Tymes are
perilouse: &c. And still the Printer awayting, for my pen staying: All
these thinges, with farder matter of Ingratefulnes, giue me occasion to
passe away, to the other Artes remainyng, with all spede possible.
+The Arte of ‡Nauigation‡, demonstrateth how, by the shortest good way,
by the aptest Directiõ, & in the shortest time, a sufficient Ship,
betwene any two places (in passage Nauigable,) assigned: may be
cõducted: and in all stormes, & naturall disturbances chauncyng, how, to
vse the best possible meanes, whereby to recouer the place first
assigned.+ What nede, the _Master Pilote_, hath of other Artes, here
before recited, it is easie to know: as, of _Hydrographie_,
_Astronomie_, _Astrologie_, and _Horometrie_. Presupposing continually,
the common Base, and foundacion of all: namely _Arithmetike_ and
_Geometrie_. So that, he be hable to vnderstand, and Iudge his own
necessary Instrumentes, and furniture Necessary: Whether they be
perfectly made or no: and also can, (if nede be) make them, hym selfe.
As Quadrantes, The Astronomers Ryng, The Astronomers staffe, The
Astrolabe vniuersall. An Hydrographicall Globe. Charts Hydrographicall,
true, (not with parallell Meridians). The Common Sea Compas: The Compas
of variacion: The Proportionall, and Paradoxall Compasses
[Anno. 1559.]
(of me Inuented, for our two Moscouy Master Pilotes, at the request of
the Company) Clockes with spryng: houre, halfe houre, and three houre
Sandglasses: & sundry other Instrumẽtes: And also, be hable, on Globe,
or Playne to describe the Paradoxall Compasse: and duely to vse the
same, to all maner of purposes, whereto it was inuented. And also, be
hable to Calculate the Planetes places for all tymes.
Moreouer, with Sonne Mone or Sterre (or without) be hable to define the
Longitude & Latitude of the place, which he is in: So that, the
Longitude & Latitude of the place, from which he sayled, be giuen: or by
him, be knowne. whereto, appertayneth expert meanes, to be certified
euer, of the Ships way. &c. And by foreseing the Rising, Settyng,
Nonestedyng, or Midnightyng of certaine tempestuous fixed Sterres: or
their Coniunctions, and Anglynges with the Planetes, &c. he ought to
haue expert coniecture of Stormes, Tempestes, and Spoutes: and such lyke
Meteorologicall effectes, daungerous on Sea. For (as _Plato_ sayth,)
_Mutationes, opportunitates[que] temporum presentire, non minus rei
militari, quàm Agriculturæ, Nauigationi[que] conuenit. +To foresee the
alterations and opportunities of tymes, is conuenient, no lesse to the
Art of Warre, then to Husbandry and Nauigation.+_ And besides such
cunnyng meanes, more euident tokens in Sonne and Mone, ought of hym to
be knowen: such as (the Philosophicall Poëte) _Virgilius_ teacheth, in
hys _Georgikes_. Where he sayth,
[Sidenote: Georgic. 1.]
_Sol quo[que] & exoriens & quum se condet in vndas,
Signa dabit, Solem certissima signa sequuntur. &c.
-------- Nam sæpe videmus,
Ipsius in vultu varios errare colores.
Cæruleus, pluuiam denunciat, igneus Euros.
Sin maculæ incipient rutilo immiscerier igni,
Omnia tum pariter vento, nimbis[que] videbis
Feruere: non illa quisquam me nocte per altum
Ire, ne[que] a terra moueat conuellere funem. &c.
Sol tibi signa dabit. Solem quis dicere falsum
Audeat? -------- &c._