INDIANS AND CHINAMEN
Within a few miles of us there was camped a large tribe of Indians, who
were generally quite peaceable, and showed no hostility to the whites.
Small parties of them were constantly to be seen in Hangtown, wandering
listlessly about the street, begging for bread, meat, or old clothes.
These Digger Indians, as they are called, from the fact of their digging
for themselves a sort of subterranean abode in which they pass the
winter, are most repulsive-looking wretches, and seem to be very little
less degraded and uncivilizable than the blacks of New South Wales.
They are nearly black, and are exceedingly ugly, with long hair, which
they cut straight across the forehead just above the eyes. They had
learned the value of gold, and might be seen occasionally in
unfrequented places washing out a panful of dirt, but they had no idea
of systematic work. What little gold they got, they spent in buying
fresh beef and clothes. They dress very fantastically. Some, with no
other garment than an old dress-coat buttoned up to the throat, or
perhaps with only a hat and a pair of boots, think themselves very well
got up, and look with great contempt on their neighbors whose wardrobe
is not so extensive. A coat with showy linings to the sleeves is a great
prize; it is worn inside out to produce a better effect, and pantaloons
are frequently worn, or rather carried, with the legs tied around the
waist. They seemed to think it impossible to have too much of a good
thing; and any man so fortunate as to be the possessor of duplicates of
any article of clothing, puts them on one over the other, piling hat
upon hat after the manner of “Old clo.”
The men are very tenacious of their dignity, and carry nothing but their
bows and arrows, while the attendant squaws are loaded down with a large
creel on the back, which is supported by a band passing across the
forehead, and is the receptacle for all the rubbish they pick up. The
squaws have also, of course, to carry the babies; which, however, are
not very troublesome, as they are wrapped up in papoose-frames like
those of the North American Indians, though of infinitely inferior
workmanship.
They are very fond of dogs, and have always at their heels a number of
the most wretchedly thin, mangy, starved-looking curs, of dirty brindle
color, something the shape of a greyhound, but only about half his size.
A strong mutual attachment exists between the dogs and their masters;
but the affection of the latter does not move them to bestow much food
on their canine friends, who live in a state of chronic starvation;
every bone seems ready to break through the confinement of the skin, and
their whole life is merely a slow death from inanition. They have none
of the life or spirit of other dogs, but crawl along as if every step
was to be their last, with a look of most humble resignation, and so
conscious of their degradation that they never presume to hold any
communion with their civilized fellow-creatures. It is very likely that
canine nature cannot stand such food as the Indians are content to live
upon, and of which acorns and grasshoppers are the staple articles.
There are plenty of small animals on which one would think that a dog
could live very well, if he would only take the trouble to catch them;
but it would seem that a dog, as long as he remains a companion of man,
is an animal quite incapable of providing for himself.
A failure of the acorn crop is to the Indians a national calamity, as
they depend on it in a great measure for their subsistence during the
winter. In the fall of the year the squaws are busily employed in
gathering acorns, to be afterwards stored in small conical stacks, and
covered with a sort of wicker-work. They are prepared for food by being
made into a paste, very much of the color and consistency of opium. Such
horrid-looking stuff it is, that I never ventured to taste it; but I
believe that the bitter and astringent taste of the raw material is in
no way modified by the process of manufacture.[1]
As is the case with most savages, the Digger Indians show remarkable
instances of ingenuity in some of their contrivances, and great skill in
the manufacture of their weapons. Their bows and arrows are very good
specimens of workmanship. The former are shorter than the bows used in
this country, but resemble them in every other particular, even in the
shape of the pieces of horn at the ends. The head of the arrow is of the
orthodox cut, the three feathers being placed in the usual position; the
point, however, is the most elaborate part. About three inches of the
end is of a heavier wood than the rest of the arrow, being very neatly
spliced in with thin tendons. The point itself is a piece of flint
chipped down into a flat diamond shape, about the size of a diamond on a
playing-card; the edges are very sharp, and are notched to receive the
tendons with which it is firmly secured to the arrow.
The women make a kind of wicker-work basket of a conical form, so
closely woven as to be perfectly water-tight, and in these they have an
ingenious method of boiling water, by heating a number of stones in the
fire, and throwing a succession of them into the water till the
temperature is raised to boiling point.
We had a visit at our cabin one Sunday from an Indian and his squaw. She
was such a particularly ugly specimen of human nature that I made her
sit down, and proceeded to take a sketch of her, to the great delight of
her dutiful husband, who looked over my shoulder and reported progress
to her. I offered her the sketch when I had finished, but after admiring
herself in the bottom of a new tin pannikin, the only substitute for a
looking-glass which I could find, and comparing her own beautiful face
with her portrait, she was by no means pleased, and would have nothing
to do with it. I suppose she thought I had not done her justice; which
was very likely, for no doubt our ideas of female beauty must have
differed very materially.
Not many days after we had settled ourselves at Middletown, news was
brought into Hangtown that a white man had been killed by Indians at a
place called Johnson’s Ranch, about twelve miles distant. A party of
three or four men immediately went out to recover the body, and to
“hunt” the Indians. They found the half-burned remains of the murdered
man; but were attacked by a large number of Indians, and had to retire,
one of the party being wounded by an Indian arrow. On their return to
Hangtown there was great excitement; about thirty men, mostly from the
Western States, turned out with their long rifles, intending, in the
first place, to visit the camp of the Middletown tribe, and to take from
them their rifles, which they were reported to have bought from the
storekeeper there, and after that to lynch the storekeeper himself for
selling arms to the Indians, which is against the law; for however
friendly the Indians may be, they trade them off to hostile tribes.
It happened, however, that on this particular day a neighboring tribe
had come over to the camp of the Middletown Indians for the purpose of
having a _fandango_ together; and when they saw this armed party coming
upon them, they immediately saluted them with a shower of arrows and
rifle-balls, which damaged a good many hats and shirts, without wounding
any one. The miners returned their fire, killing a few of the Indians;
but their party being too small to fight against such odds, they were
compelled to retreat; and as the storekeeper, having got a hint of their
kind intentions towards him, had made himself scarce, they marched back
to Hangtown without having done much to boast of.
When the result of their expedition was made known, the excitement in
Hangtown was of course greater than ever. The next day crowds of miners
flocked in from all quarters, each man equipped with a long rifle in
addition to his bowie-knife and revolver, while two men, playing a drum
and a fife, marched up and down the street to give a military air to the
occasion. A public meeting was held in one of the gambling-rooms, at
which the governor, the sheriff of the county, and other big men of the
place, were present. The miners about Hangtown were mostly all
Americans, and a large proportion of them were men from the Western
States, who had come by the overland route across the plains--men who
had all their lives been used to Indian wiles and treachery, and thought
about as much of shooting an Indian as of killing a rattlesnake. They
were a rough-looking crowd; long, gaunt, wiry men, dressed in the usual
old-flannel-shirt costume of the mines, with shaggy beards, their faces,
hands, and arms as brown as mahogany, and with an expression about their
eyes which boded no good to any Indian who should come within range of
their rifles.
There were some very good speeches made at the meeting; that of a young
Kentuckian doctor was quite a treat. He spoke very well, but from the
fuss he made it might have been supposed that the whole country was in
the hands of the enemy. The eyes of the thirty States of the Union, he
said, were upon them; and it was for them, the thirty-first, to avenge
this insult to the Anglo-Saxon race, and to show the wily savage that
the American nation, which could dictate terms of peace or war to every
other nation on the face of the globe, was not to be trifled with. He
tried to rouse their courage, and excite their animosity against the
Indians, though it was quite unnecessary, by drawing a vivid picture of
the unburied bones of poor Brown, or Jones, the unfortunate individual
who had been murdered, bleaching on the mountains of the Sierra Nevada,
while his death was still unavenged. If they were cowardly enough not to
go out and whip the savage Indians, their wives would spurn them, their
sweethearts would reject them, and the whole world would look upon them
with scorn. The most common-sense argument in his speech, however, was,
that unless the Indians were taught a lesson, there would be no safety
for the straggling miners in the mountains at any distance from a
settlement. Altogether he spoke very well, considering the sort of crowd
he was addressing; and judging from the enthusiastic applause, and from
the remarks I heard made by the men around me, he could not have spoken
with better effect.
The Governor also made a short speech, saying that he would take the
responsibility of raising a company of one hundred men, at five dollars
a day, to go and whip the Indians.
The Sheriff followed. He “cal’lated” to raise out of that crowd one
hundred men, but wanted no man to put down his name who would not stand
up in his boots, and he would ask no man to go any further than he would
go himself.
Those who wished to enlist were then told to come round to the other end
of the room, when nearly the whole crowd rushed eagerly forward, and
the required number were at once enrolled. They started the next day,
but the Indians retreating before them, they followed them far up into
the mountains, where they remained for a couple of months, by which time
the wily savages, it is to be hoped, got properly whipped, and were
taught the respect due to white men.
We continued working our claim at Middletown, having taken into
partnership an old sea-captain whom we found there working alone. It
paid us very well for about three weeks, when, from the continued dry
weather, the water began to fail, and we were obliged to think of moving
off to other diggings.
It was now time to commence preparatory operations before working the
beds of the creeks and rivers, as their waters were falling rapidly; and
as most of our party owned shares in claims on different rivers, we
became dispersed. A young Englishman and myself alone remained,
uncertain as yet where we should go.
We had gone into Hangtown one night for provisions, when we heard that a
great strike had been made at a place called ’Coon Hollow, about a mile
distant. One man was reported to have taken out that day about fifteen
hundred dollars. Before daylight next morning we started over the hill,
intending to stake off a claim on the same ground; but even by the time
we got there, the whole hillside was already pegged off into claims of
thirty feet square, on each of which men were commencing to sink shafts,
while hundreds of others were prowling about, too late to get a claim
which would be thought worth taking up.
Those who had claims, immediately surrounding that of the lucky man who
had caused all the excitement by letting his good fortune be known, were
very sanguine. Two Cornish miners had got what was supposed to be the
most likely claim, and declared they would not take ten thousand dollars
for it. Of course, no one thought of offering such a sum; but so great
was the excitement that they might have got eight hundred or a thousand
dollars for their claim before ever they put a pick in the ground. As it
turned out, however, they spent a month in sinking a shaft about a
hundred feet deep; and after drifting all round, they could not get a
cent out of it, while many of the claims adjacent to theirs proved
extremely rich.
Such diggings as these are called “coyote” diggings, receiving their
name from an animal called the coyote, which abounds all over the plain
lands of Mexico and California, and which lives in the cracks and
crevices made in the plains by the extreme heat of summer. He is half
dog, half fox, and, as an Irishman might say, half wolf also. They howl
most dismally, just like a dog, on moonlight nights, and are seen in
great numbers skulking about the plains.
Connected with them is a curious fact in natural history. They are
intensely carnivorous--so are cannibals; but as cannibals object to the
flavor of roasted sailor as being too salt, so coyotes turn up their
noses at dead Mexicans as being too peppery. I have heard the fact
mentioned over and over again, by Americans who had been in the Mexican
war, that on going over the field after their battles, they found their
own comrades with the flesh eaten off their bones by the coyotes, while
never a Mexican corpse had been touched; and the only and most natural
way to account for this phenomenon was in the fact that the Mexicans, by
the constant and inordinate eating of the hot pepperpod, the _Chili
colorado_, had so impregnated their system with pepper as to render
their flesh too savory a morsel for the natural and unvitiated taste of
the coyotes.
These coyote diggings require to be very rich to pay, from the great
amount of labor necessary before any pay-dirt can be obtained. They are
generally worked by only two men. A shaft is sunk, over which is rigged
a rude windlass, tended by one man, who draws up the dirt in a large
bucket while his partner is digging down below. When the bed rock is
reached on which the rich dirt is found, excavations are made all round,
leaving only the necessary supporting pillars of earth, which are also
ultimately removed, and replaced by logs of wood. Accidents frequently
occur from the “caving-in” of these diggings, the result generally of
the carelessness of the men themselves.
The Cornish miners, of whom numbers had come to California from the
mines of Mexico and South America, generally devoted themselves to these
deep diggings, as did also the lead-miners from Wisconsin. Such men were
quite at home a hundred feet or so under ground, picking through hard
rock by candlelight; at the same time, gold mining in any way was to
almost every one a new occupation, and men who had passed their lives
hitherto above ground, took quite as naturally to this subterranean
style of digging as to any other.
We felt no particular fancy for it, however, especially as we could not
get a claim; and having heard favorable accounts of the diggings on
Weaver Creek, we concluded to migrate to that place. It was about
fifteen miles off; and having hired a mule and cart from a man in
Hangtown to carry our long tom, hoses, picks, shovels, blankets, and pot
and pans, we started early the next morning, and arrived at our
destination about noon. We passed through some beautiful scenery on the
way. The ground was not yet parched and scorched by the summer sun, but
was still green, and on the hillsides were patches of wild-flowers
growing so thick that they were quite soft and delightful to lie down
upon. For some distance we followed a winding road between smooth
rounded hills, thickly wooded with immense pines and cedars, gradually
ascending till we came upon a comparatively level country, which had all
the beauty of an English park. The ground was quite smooth, though
gently undulating, and the rich verdure was diversified with numbers of
white, yellow, and purple flowers. The oaks of various kinds, which were
here the only tree, were of an immense size, but not so numerous as to
confine the view; and the only underwood was the mansanita, a very
beautiful and graceful shrub, generally growing in single plants to the
height of six or eight feet. There was no appearance of ruggedness or
disorder; we might have imagined ourselves in a well-kept domain; and
the solitude, and the vast unemployed wealth of nature, alone reminded
us that we were among the wild mountains of California.
After traveling some miles over this sort of country, we got among the
pine trees once more, and very soon came to the brink of the high
mountains overhanging Weaver Creek. The descent was so steep that we had
the greatest difficulty in getting the cart down without a capsize,
having to make short tacks down the face of the hill, and generally
steering for a tree to bring up upon in case of accidents. At the point
where we reached the Creek was a store, and scattered along the rocky
banks of the Creek were a few miners’ tents and cabins. We had expected
to have to camp out here, but seeing a small tent unoccupied near the
store, we made inquiry of the storekeeper, and finding that it belonged
to him, and that he had no objection to our using it, we took possession
accordingly, and proceeded to light a fire and cook our dinner.
Not knowing how far we might be from a store, we had brought along with
us a supply of flour, ham, beans, and tea, with which we were quite
independent. After prospecting a little, we soon found a spot on the
bank of the stream which we judged would yield us pretty fair pay for
our labor. We had some difficulty at first in bringing water to the long
tom, having to lead our hose a considerable distance up the stream to
obtain sufficient elevation; but we soon got everything in working
order, and pitched in. The gold which we found here was of the finest
kind, and required great care in washing. It was in exceedingly small
thin scales--so thin, that in washing out in a pan at the end of the
day, a scale of gold would occasionally float for an instant on the
surface of the water. This is the most valuable kind of gold dust, and
is worth one or two dollars an ounce more than the coarse chunky dust.
It was a wild rocky place where we were now located. The steep
mountains, rising abruptly all round us, so confined the view that we
seemed to be shut out from the rest of the world. The nearest village or
settlement was about ten miles distant; and all the miners on the Creek
within four or five miles living in isolated cabins, tents, and
brush-houses, or camping out on the rocks, resorted for provisions to
the small store already mentioned, which was supplied with a general
assortment of provisions and clothing.
There had still been occasional heavy rains, from which our tent was but
poor protection, and we awoke sometimes in the morning, finding small
pools of water in the folds of our blankets, and everything so soaking
wet, inside the tent as well as outside, that it was hopeless to attempt
to light a fire. On such occasions, raw ham, hard bread, and cold water
was all the breakfast we could raise; eking it out however, with an
extra pipe, and relieving our feelings by laying in fiercely with pick
and shovel.
The weather very soon, however, became quite settled. The sky was always
bright and cloudless; all verdure was fast disappearing from the hills,
and they began to look brown and scorched. The heat in the mines during
summer is greater than in most tropical countries. I have in some parts
seen the thermometer as high as 120 degrees in the shade during the
greater part of the day for three weeks at a time; but the climate is
not by any means so relaxing and oppressive as in countries where,
though the range of the thermometer is much lower, the damp suffocating
atmosphere makes the heat more severely felt. In the hottest weather in
California, it is always agreeably cool at night--sufficiently so to
make a blanket acceptable, and to enable one to enjoy a sound sleep, in
which one recovers from all the evil effects of the previous day’s
baking; and even the extreme heat of the hottest hours of the day,
though it crisps up one’s hair like that of a nigger, is still light and
exhilarating, and by no means disinclines one for bodily exertion.
We continued to work the claim we had first taken for two or three weeks
with very good success, when the diggings gave out--that is to say, they
ceased to yield sufficiently to suit our ideas: so we took up another
claim about a mile further up the creek; and as this was rather an
inconvenient distance from our tent, we abandoned it, and took
possession of a log cabin near our claim which some men had just
vacated. It was a very badly built cabin perched on a rocky platform
overhanging the rugged pathway which led along the banks of the creek.
A cabin with a good shingle-roof is generally the coolest kind of abode
in summer; but ours was only roofed with cotton cloth, offering scarcely
any resistance to the fierce rays of the sun, which rendered the cabin
during the day so intolerably hot that we cooked and ate our dinner
under the shade of a tree.
A whole bevy of Chinamen had recently made their appearance on the
creek. Their camp, consisting of a dozen or so of small tents and brush
houses, was near our cabin on the side of the hill--too near to be
pleasant, for they kept up a continual chattering all night, which was
rather tiresome till we got used to it.
They are an industrious set of people, no doubt, but are certainly not
calculated for gold-digging. They do not work with the same force or
vigor as American or European miners, but handle their tools like so
many women, as if they were afraid of hurting themselves. The Americans
called it “scratching,” which was a very expressive term for their style
of digging. They did not venture to assert equal rights so far as to
take up any claim which other miners would think it worth while to work;
but in such places as yielded them a dollar or two a day they were
allowed to scratch away unmolested. Had they happened to strike a rich
lead, they would have been driven off their claim immediately. They were
very averse to working in the water, and for four or five hours in the
heat of the day they assembled under the shade of a tree, where they sat
fanning themselves, drinking tea, and saying “too muchee hot.”
On the whole, they seemed a harmless, inoffensive people; but one day,
as we were going to dinner, we heard an unusual hullaballoo going on
where the Chinamen were at work; and on reaching the place we found the
whole tribe of Celestials divided into two equal parties, drawn up
against each other in battle array, brandishing picks and shovels,
lifting stones as if to hurl them at their adversaries’ heads, and every
man chattering and gesticulating in the most frantic manner. The miners
collected on the ground to see the “muss,” and cheered the Chinamen on
to more active hostilities. But after taunting and threatening each
other in this way for about an hour, during which time, although the
excitement seemed to be continually increasing, not a blow was struck
nor a stone thrown, the two parties suddenly, and without any apparent
cause, fraternized, and moved off together to their tents. What all the
row was about, or why peace was so suddenly proclaimed, was of course a
mystery to us outside barbarians; and the tame and unsatisfactory
termination of such warlike demonstrations was a great disappointment,
as we had been every moment expecting that the ball would open, and
hoped to see a general engagement.
It reminded me of the way in which a couple of French Canadians have a
set-to. Shaking their fists within an inch of each other’s faces, they
call each other all the names imaginable, beginning with _sacré cochon_,
and going through a long series of still less complimentary epithets,
till finally _sacré astrologe_ caps the climax. This is a regular
smasher; it is supposed to be such a comprehensive term as to exhaust
the whole vocabulary; both parties then give in for want of ammunition,
and the fight is over. I presume it was by a similar process that the
Chinamen arrived at a solution of their difficulty; at all events,
discretion seemed to form a very large component part of Celestial
valor.