chamber, to which is attached a pressure pump. A manometer made of glass
tubing 6 millimeters in diameter, inside measurement. This tube is
partly filled with mercury, and a scale in centimeters is made from the
top of the right-hand tube (Fig. 84, No. 8). This ruling, or gauge,
should be about 15 centimeters long. Extending from the right extremity
of the U-tube is a small rubber tubing which is attached to the chamber
containing the injection fluid; and extending from the inferior part of
this chamber is another tubing which has the injection needle attached
to the free end.
The injection should be done under 120 millimeters pressure. The stop
cock of the pressure chamber is released sufficiently to raise the
mercury in the U-tube six centimeters, which multiplied by 2, the amount
of work required to raise two columns, makes 120 millimeters pressure.
If this pressure be maintained, all vessels should be injected without
rupture. The same process may be used in injecting the air cells through
the trachea.
The injecting material may consist of one part finely sifted plaster of
Paris, four parts water, and sufficient gentian violet to make a violet
color. For the coloring, red aniline may be used in preparing this
material. The dye should be dissolved in the water to be used in making
the injection liquid. Caution must be used and the work rapidly done, as
the plaster soon sets, or becomes solid, in the needle or in the tubing.
A small cannula should be used, since the endothelial lining of the
arteries are easily injured and difficulty may thus be created.
Select for arterial dissection an old cock, as in a bird of this kind
the arteries are larger and the difficulties are reduced. Select for
bleeding and injection the ischiadic artery in the thigh region. With
the sharp point of the thin blade of a knife make an incision lengthwise
of the artery being careful not to strip back the endothelial lining of
the artery. Allow as much of the blood as will escape before injecting;
in fact, the arteries should be thoroughly emptied, so that there is no
longer danger of a clot’s plugging some vessel and thus preventing its
filling. Since the blood of most birds coagulates in about thirty
seconds, this work must be done rapidly, care being exercised to keep
the flow running as long as possible. After bleeding is completed,
insert the cannula and tie the vessel tightly around the cannula to
prevent the escape of the injecting fluid. See that all connections are
sufficiently tight to prevent the escape of liquid under pressure. After
the injection is completed, remove the cannula and tie the artery with a
small twine, preferably cotton. Quickly remove all injecting fluid from
the needle, the tubing, and the injecting chamber.
During the operation of bleeding the cock may be chloroformed, care
being taken not to administer chloroform to kill him; for it is
necessary to maintain life as long as possible so that the heart may be
kept beating and all blood possible drained from the arteries. After the
injection is completed the bird may be plucked and immersed in the
preservative fluid in the same manner as in the preparation for
dissection for muscles.
The arteries, the veins, and the nerves may now be dissected and studied
in relation to one another and in relation to the muscles, the bones,
and other structures. The skin should not be removed from the shanks
till it is desired to dissect these parts, as the tissues quickly dry
out. In fact, the tendons of the shanks and toes can best be dissected
while the specimen is fresh.
=A Study of the Structure of Bones.=—Longitudinal and transverse
sections of old bone may be made by making thin longitudinal and
transverse sections with the bone saw, and then by making them very thin
with a fine three-cornered file. Examining under the low power
microscope, we note the lacunæ, the canaliculi, and the Haversian
system.
Similar sections in green bone may be studied if prepared as follows.
Secure specimen of bone just removed from a fowl and place it for three
days in a 10 per cent. aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Test by
puncturing with a needle, and, if all the mineral salts are removed,
place in a water bath and wash for four hours. Pass it through the
fluids usually employed in preparing specimens for sectioning with the
microtome. Stain as sections of other tissue for microscopic study. See
the description below. If the ends of the bone be included, it will
enable the student to study not only compact bone but also cancellated
bone and articular, or hyaline cartilage, and in some of the bones, as
the femur, the red marrow.
=Special Technic for the Dissection of Cranial and Spinal Nerves.=—It is
rather difficult to dissect the cranial and spinal nerves of the fowl,
owing to the fact that the structures are very small. The bone is rather
hard and the nerve tissue so delicate that great skill must be attained
to achieve any degree of success.
A simple technic has been developed as follows: Place the head and neck,
or other structures of the spinal column in a 10 per cent. aqueous
solution of hydrochloric acid for three or more days, the time depending
on the size of the specimen and the amount of soft structures
surrounding it. This solution removes all the calcium salts from the
bone and makes the removal of the bony structures a less difficult task.
=Directions for the Study of Soft Structures.=—Secure a specimen of the
tissue to be studied—lung, muscle, intestine, liver, pancreas—from a
normal fowl just killed. The specimen should be not more than ½ inch
square. After first hardening three days in 10 per cent. formaldehyde.
Pass through the following fluids:
1. Alcohol, 95 per cent. 24 hours
2. Alcohol, absolute 24 hours
3. Alcohol and ether, equal parts 24 hours
4. 1 per cent. celloidin 24 hours
5. 2 per cent. celloidin 24 hours
6. 4 per cent. celloidin 24 hours
7. 6 per cent. celloidin 24 hours
8. 10 per cent. celloidin 24 hours
9. Place on block, and as soon as solid, place in 80 per cent. alcohol
until ready to section. Histoloid or parlodion will take the place
of celloidin.
In placing specimen on the block be careful that the specimen lies
conveniently for cutting the sections in the right direction. As soon as
the surface has hardened a little, add a few drops of thick celloidin,
and repeat until there is a good body of celloidin. Allow to stand until
the tissues are quite firmly fastened to the block, but not long enough
to permit shrinking. Then place in 80 per cent. alcohol until the
specimen is perfectly firm, 12 or more hours, before cutting.
All tissues, cut sections, and mounted blocks are to be placed in 80 per
cent. alcohol. As containers for this purpose shell vials will be most
handy.
Cut the sections with the microtome as thin as possible, the thinner the
better. The following process of staining will make the nucleus blue and
the cytoplasm reddish.
1. Float section in a tumbler of tap water.
2. Place section on slide, and immerse in hematoxylon for five to ten
minutes.
3. Immerse in acid alcohol from two to five seconds.
5. Place on slide, and immerse in eosin from one-half to three
minutes.
6. Wash thoroughly in alcohol.
7. Clarify in oil of cloves, oil of cedar, or beechwood creosote, ten
minutes.
8. Mount in balsam.
9. Label and study.
Delafield’s hematoxylon is prepared as follows:
Hematoxylon crystals 4 grams
Alcohol, 95 per cent 25 c.c.
Saturated aqueous solution of ammonia alum 400 c.c.
Add the hematoxylon dissolved in the alcohol to the alum solution, and
expose in an unstoppered bottle to the light and air for three or four
days. Filter and add:
Glycerin 100 c.c.
Alcohol, 95 per cent. 100 c.c.
Allow the solution to stand in the light until the color is sufficiently
dark; then filter, and keep in a tightly stoppered bottle. The solution
keeps well and is extremely powerful. So long as it is good the solution
has a purplish tinge. If time permits, it would be wise to combine the
alum, the hematoxylin, and the water, and to ripen the solution for two
or three weeks before adding the other ingredients, which have a
tendency to prevent oxidation.
The acid alcohol is made as follows:
Absolute alcohol 70 c.c.
Distilled water 30 c.c.
Mix.
Above solution 99 c.c.
Hydrochloric acid 1 c.c.
Eosin is sold in two forms, that soluble in water and that soluble in
alcohol. The eosin soluble in water is preferred, because with it a
greater degree of diffusion in stain can be obtained.
Keep on hand a saturated aqueous solution and dilute with water as
needed. The strength of the solution to be used varies somewhat with the
tissue and the reagent in which it is to be fixed; but usually the
strength should be between ⅒ and ½ per cent. when eosin is used after
hematoxylin. The diluted solutions should contain 25 per cent. of
alcohol, otherwise they will not keep well. When eosin is used before an
aniline dye, such as methylene blue, a 5 per cent. or even a saturated
solution should be used.
=To Stain Sections of Liver for the Study of Kupffer Cells.=—To bring
out this reaction Keys suggests the following technic:
Fix small blocks of the fresh tissue of spleen or liver for eighteen to
twenty-four hours in Müller’s fluid plus 5 per cent. mercuric sublimate.
Imbed in paraffin and section to 4 microns. Fix sections to slide, and
stain twenty to forty minutes with acid carmine. Wash, and transfer to
equal parts of a 2 per cent. aqueous solution of potassium ferrocyanid
and of a 2 per cent. aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Remove after
three to ten minutes, wash in distilled water, and pass quickly through
a 0.5 per cent. aqueous erythrosin solution. Dehydrate in alcohol,
clarify in xylol, and mount in Canada balsam.
=To Prepare Anatomical Specimens for a Museum.=—The Keiserling method
gives the best results, since by this method the tissues retain their
normal color. The three steps are as follows:
1. Place the specimen in the following solution and leave from one to
seven days, the length of time depending upon the size of the specimen.
Formalin 200 c.c.
Potassium acetate 30 grams
Potassium nitrate 15 grams
Water 1000 c.c.
2. Pass the specimen through each of the following solutions, leaving it
in each twenty-four hours or until the normal color is obtained. The
specimen should be removed from alcohol as soon as color is attained. If
it is left in the alcohol too long it will again lose some of its color.
Alcohol 40 per cent.
Alcohol 60 per cent.
Alcohol 80 per cent.
Alcohol full strength
3. Place the specimen in the following permanent solution, label, and
place in museum.
Glycerin 40 c.c.
Potassium acetate 40 grams
Distilled water 400 c.c.
A small piece of thymol must be placed on the top of the liquid in each
jar, or mold will develop and spoil the specimen.
=To Make Specimens Transparent.=—Specimens may be rendered transparent
by the method of Spalteholz.
The steps are essentially as follows:
I. Preparation of the fresh tissue. If any parts are to be made
conspicuous, as blood-vessels, or the lymphatic system, they must be
injected with an insoluble, unbleachable substance. Spalteholz
recommended carmine or methylene blue, and carbon. I have found Higgin’s
ordinary black carbon ink excellent for this purpose. The system or
systems are injected with this substance while the tissue is perfectly
fresh.
II. Fixation. The tissues are fixed preferably in 10 per cent. formalin.
The length of time for fixation depends on the size of the tissue. In
formalin it requires from eight hours upward to fix completely.
III. Rinsing. Running tap water for five or ten minutes accomplishes the
rinsing. If it is impracticable to pass directly into the bleaching
fluid, the tissues may be kept temporarily in 60 per cent. or 70 per
cent. alcohol. They should then be rinsed again thoroughly in water when
ready to bleach.
IV. Bleaching. The bleaching fluid used is hydrogen peroxid to which
ammonia is added until a white precipitate forms. The proportion is
approximately two parts of peroxid and one of ammonia. The material is
bleached until all the color is removed and the tissue looks perfectly
clear or slightly opaque. It may be quite transparent as the protein
coagulate is somewhat white, but all yellow or reddish color should be
bleached away.
V. Washing. Rinse thoroughly in running tap water or through several
changes of water until the odor of ammonia is quite gone.
VI. Dehydration. Pass gradually through alcohol solutions, 30 per cent.,
50 per cent., 60 per cent., 70 per cent., 80 per cent., 95 per cent.,
and last through absolute alcohol. The time required for dehydration
will vary with the size of the material, but in either 95 per cent.
solution or in absolute alcohol the tissue should remain until well
hardened, twenty-four hours or more. Dehydration is completed by passing
from absolute alcohol, to a fluid one-half absolute alcohol and one-half
benzol; thence for a few days to pure benzol.
VII. Clarifying. From benzol the material is finally clarified in
winter-green oil or any other standard clearer, and put up in its final
position in the museum jar.
In commenting on this method Dr. A. F. Contant says: “I have found this
to work very successfully in the injection of the lymphatics of the
human skin, which, as you know, is a rather delicate injection and has
been difficult of demonstration by other methods. With this method,
however, I have prepared whole portions, as the side of the face, the
leg, etc., of small animals and embryos which show clearly the whole
course of the lymphatic vessels and nodes, in situ, and their relations
to surrounding parts.”
EQUIPMENT FOR THE DISSECTION LABORATORY
Figure 84 illustrates some essential equipment for the dissection
laboratory. The equipment should consist of a pump, No. 1, which forces
air through the rubber tube, No. 2, into the pressure tank, No. 4, which
is guarded by the valve at No. 3. A dial, No. 5, indicates the pressure
of the air within the tank. The air as needed is released through an
outlet valve. The air now passes through the rubber tube, No. 6, into
the left arm of the manometer at No. 7. The manometer is simply a glass
tubing filled with mercury to the point indicated at No. 7. By the side
of the opposite arm there is made a scale graduated in centimeters. The
tube at No. 9 being attached to the Y-tube, conveys air under the same
pressure into the injection chamber as that supporting the column of
mercury of the manometer. It is necessary to have a pinch cock, as
indicated at No. 11, to control the liquid within the tube. No. 12
illustrates the tube in the end of which, No. 13, there is inserted a
trocar which is introduced into the artery and tightly tied with a cord.
[Illustration:
FIG. 84.—Photograph showing injection apparatus, dissection
instruments, dissection pan and death chamber.
1, Pump. 2, Rubber tube leading from pump to compression chamber. 3,
Stop cock. 4, Compression air tank. 5, Pressure indicator. 6, Rubber
tube leading from pressure tank to manometer. 7, Top of mercury in
manometer tube. 8, Open end of glass tube showing scale in
centimeters. 9, Tube leading from 4 to injection chamber. 10,
Injection chamber containing injection fluid. 11, Pinch cock on
rubber tube connecting injection chamber with injection canula. 12,
The tube. 13, Injection canula. 14, A metal dissection tray. 15,
Death chamber. 16, Base of same. 17, Rubber tube connecting gas cock
with death chamber. 18, Bone saw. 19, Bone cutter. 20, Scapula. 21,
Tenaculum. 22, Forceps. 23, Straight scissors. 24, Small pair of
curved scissors.
]
A convenient dissection tray may be made from galvanized iron. It should
be 16 inches square and about 1 inch deep (Fig. 84, No. 14).
A death chamber is made by using a bell jar 12 inches in diameter at the
bottom. This is used on a perfectly smooth board 16 inches square.
Through the center of this board is inserted a glass tube ⅜ inch in
diameter. To this glass tube is attached a rubber tube the other end of
which is attached to a gas jet.
The instruments needed in dissecting are illustrated in Fig. 84. No. 18
is a bone saw; No. 20 is a scalpel; No. 21 is a tenaculum; No. 22 is a
pair of forceps; No. 23 is a pair of straight scissors; and No. 24 is a
small pair of curved scissors.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BAUM AND ELLENBERGER, Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie, Berlin,
1912.
BARROWS, H. R., _Me. E. S. Bull._ 232, pp. 16, plates 6, 1914.
BRADLEY, O. CHARNOCK, The Structure of the Fowl, pp. 146,
illustrations 73.
CHAVEAU, A., Comparative Anatomy of Domestic Animals, New York, 1893.
CURTIS, M. R., Ligaments of the Oviduct of the Fowl, _Me. E. S. Bull._
206, 1910.
DUVAL, ——, Atlas of Embryology.
FOSTER AND BALFOUR, Elements of Embryology.
GADOW, H., AND SELENKA, E., Vögel. I. Anatomischer Theil (Dr. H. G.
Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Sechester Band, Vierte
Ahtheiburg), Leipsig, 1891.
GRAY, HENRY, Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical, New York, 1908.
HEISLER, J. C., Embryology, Philadelphia, 1901.
KAUPP, B. F., Male Reproductive Organs of the Fowl, _Am. Jr. Vet.
Med._, vol. x, 11, 2.
KAUPP, B. F., Female Reproductive Organs of the Fowl, _Am. Vet. Rev._,
vol. 49, 11, 4.
Leisering Atlas of Anatomy, edited by W. ELLENBERGER, translated by A.
T. PETERS, Chicago, 1905.
LILLIE, F. R., Embryology of the Chick, Chicago, 1906.
OWEN, R., Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates, London,
1866.
SCHMEISSER, H. C., A Study of the Blood of Fowls, Johns Hopkins
Hospital, 1915.
SHUFELDT, R. W., Myology of the Raven, pp. 318, illustrations 76,
London, 1890.
Strangeways’ Veterinary Anatomy, edited by I. VAUGHAN, Edinburgh,
1892.
SURFACE, F. M., Histology of the Oviduct of the Fowl, _Me. E. S.
Bull._, 206, 1912.
INDEX
Abdominal air-sac, 202
cavity, 156
Abducens nerve, 270
Abductor minimi digiti muscle, 110
Accessorius spinalis nerve, 274
Accessory organs of digestion, 152
Acetabulum, 48
Achillis tendon, 69
Acoustic lamina, 323
nerve, 306
vesicle, 322
Adductor longus muscle, 117
magnus muscle, 117
Adrenal gland, 191
Adventitia, 201
Afferent nerves, 300
Air-sacs, 199, 325
abdominal, 202
anterior diaphragmatic, 202
thoracic, 200
cervical, 201
femoral extensions, 203
humeral extension, 200
posterior diaphragmatic, 202
subpectoral prolongation, 200
subscapular prolongations, 200
suprarenal extensions, 203
Alæ cinereæ, 291
orbitale, 28
temporales, 29
Albumin, 180
portion of oviduct secreting, 185
Allantois, 321
Alula, 311
Alveolar glands, 141
nerve, 270
Amnion, 320, 327
Ampullæ, 306
Ampullar dilatations, 322
Anapophyseal ridge, 38
Anatomic specimen, preparation of, 349
Anconeus muscle, 107
Angiology, 206
Angular glands, 141
groove, 52
Annular ligament, 58
Annulus fibrosus, 58
Anterior coraco-brachialis nerve, 284
diaphragmatic air-sac, 202
fossa, 25
thoracic nerve, 284
Aortic arch, 325
bulb, 324
Aponeurosis, 59
Apparatus, circulatory, 206
digestorius, 135
respiratory, 193
uro-genitalis, 169
vocal, 195
Appendages, structure of, 309
Appendico-costales muscle, 99
Appendicular skeleton, 13
Apteria, 34
Aqueduct of Sylvius, 268, 289
Arachnoid, 288, 289
Arbor vitæ, 291
Arch, hemal, 38
scapular, 40
Area opaca, 332
pellucida, 332
vasculosa, 332
Arteria cerebri profunda, 217
Artery or arteries, 209, 325
acromial, 222
anterior circumflex humeral, 222
vertebral, 221
aorta, 211
auricular, 220
axillary, 222
basilar, 217
brachialis, 222
brachio-cephalic sinister, 212
bronchialis, 215
carotid trunk, 215
carotis cerebralis, 215
communis, 215
externa, 215
celiac axis, 226
cerebral, 217
cerebri profunda, 217
cervicalis ascendens, 221
circumflex femoris, 228
clavicular, 222
coccygeal laterales, 232
collateralis radialis, 223
common aorta, 211
coronary, 209
crural, 228
esophageal, 224
ethmoidal, 218
ethmoidales externa, 218
external facial, 220
thoracic, 222
facial, 220
femoral 228
hemorrhoidalis intima, 232
hepatica dextra, 227
hyoid, 218
iliac, 229
inferior cerebellar, 217
esophageal, 215
thoracic, 222
intercostal, 224
internal alveolar, 220
ethmoid, 218
facial, 220
mammary, 222
maxillary, 220
ophthalmic, 217
pelvic, 228
thoracic, 222
lacrimalis, 217
lingualis, 220
lumbar, 225
median coccygeal, 232
hemorrhoidal, 227
meningeal, 216
mesenteric, 227
muscularis, 207
occipital, 216
occipitalis profunda, 216
sublimis, 216
ophthalmica externa, 216
ovarian, 226
plexus palpebralis, 217
temporalis, 216
posterior aorta, 224
circumflex humeral, 223
mesenteric, 227
vertebral, 221
profunda communis, 231
penis, 232
pudenda externa, 232
pulmonalis dexter, 213
sinister, 213
pulmonary, 213
radial, 223
ramus anterior, 217
posterior, 217
profundus, 209
superficialis, 209
recurrent ciliaris posticus, 217
ilio-celiacus, 227
intestinalis, 227
renalis, 229
sinister, 227
superior hemorrhoidal, 227
ulnar, 223
renal, 226
retinæ centralis, 217
sacralis media, 229, 232
spermatic, 226
sphenoid, 217
spheno-maxillaris, 217
splenic, 227
sternal, 222
sterno-clavicularis, 221
subclavian, 212
subcutaneous colli, 215
subscapular, 222
superior cervical, 215
laryngeal, 218
sylvian, 217
temporal, 216
thoracic, 222
thyroid, 215
tibialis antica, 230
postica, 230
ulnar, 223
umbilical, 228
vertebral, 215
Arthrology, 56
Articulo-jugale, 58
Arytenoid cartilage, 194
Atlas, 37
Auricle, 324
Auricular appendage, 208
meatus, 305
ossicles, 305
ventricular valve, 207
Axial skeleton, 23
Axillaris nerve, 23
Axis, 37
cylinder process, 277
Axolemma, 277
Axone, 277
hill, 277
Barbes, 310
Barbules, 310
Basi-branchial bone, 35
Basi-hyal bone, 33, 36
Basilar artery, 217
Beak, 139, 310, 316
Biceps band, 114
brachii, 104
flexor cruris, 113
Biventer cervicis muscle, 77, 83
Blastema, 322
Blastoderm, 318
Blood, 257
coagulation, 260
composition, 260
formation, 260
function, 257
plasma, 260
reaction, 257
vascular system, 206
vessels, 209
Bloom, 188
Bone or bones, 17
atlas, 37
axis, 37
cancellous, 18
carpus, 44, 47
classification, 20
compact, 17
composition, 21
cervical vertebræ, 35, 37
coccygeal, 35, 41
dorsal vertebræ, 35, 39
entoglossal, 35
ethmoidal, 23, 27
femur, 50
fibula, 53
flat, 21
frontal, 23, 29
furculum, 24
growth, 20
humerus, 44, 45
hyoid, 35, 36
ilium, 49
inferior maxilla, 23, 34
irregular, 21
ischium, 49
jugale, 23, 31, 33
lacrimal, 23, 31, 33
long, 20
lumbo-sacral, 35, 39
maxillæ, 23, 31, 32
metacarpus, 44, 47
metatarsus, 53
nasal, 23, 31, 32
occipital, 23, 35
of cranium, 23
of face, 31
of fore limb, 44
of hind limb, 50
of pelvis, 48
of shoulder, 43
of skull, 23
of thorax, 42
of vertebræ, 26
palatine, 23, 31, 33
parietal, 23, 29
phalanges, 44, 47
premaxilla, 23, 31
pterygoid, 23, 31, 33
pubis, 50
pygostyle, 24
quadrate, 23, 34
quadrate-jugale, 23, 33, 36
radius, 44, 46
ribs, 41
scapular arch, 40
sesamoid, 54
sphenoid, 25, 28
supplied with air, 204
tarsus, 53
temporal, 23, 29
tibia, 52
turbinated, 34, 193
ulna, 44, 46
vomeral, 23, 31, 32
zygomatic, 23, 31, 32
Bowman’s capsule, 171
Brachial nerve plexus, 282
Brain, 288
alæ cinereæ, 291
anterior commissure, 296
aqueduct of Sylvius, 289
arbor vitæ, 291
calamus scriptorius, 290
cerebral peduncles, 291
choroid plexus, 296
corpora restiformia, 289
corpus callosum, 296
striatum, 296
coverings, 288
crura cerebelli, 291
cerebri, 289
fore, 290
fourth ventricle, 290
hind, 290
hippocampus, 297
hypophysis, 289
inferior pyramids, 291
lamina terminales, 295
lateral ventricles, 297
medulla oblongata, 290
mid-, 290
nervi amygdales, 296
optic chiasm, 289
lobes, 289
pars commissuralis, 289
pons varolii, 289
processus cerebri mammillares, 297
pyramidal columns, 291
sulcus centralis, 291
superior pyramids, 291
thalami optici, 289
tubercula olfactoria, 297
valve of Vieussens, 290
ventricles, lateral, 297
Bronchi, 193, 197
diaphragmatic, 197
Bronchial artery, 215
tubes, 197
Bronchialis anticus, 89, 105
longus inferior nerve, 284
superior nerve, 283
posticus, 89
Broncho-trachealis anticus, 38
brevis, 89
Brunner’s glands, 149
Bulla tympaniformis, 195
Bursa of Fabricius, 152
Cæca, 151
Calamus, 310
scriptorius, 290
Canal or canals, caroticus et jugulare, 27
Haversian, 17
hypotarsal, 53
ilio-lumbalis, 48
neural, 38
of Petit, 305
urinary, 170
Volkmann’s, 17
Canaliculi, 17
Cancelli, 17
Capillaries, 209
Capsular ligament, 57
Caput costæ, 42
Carotid trunk, 215
Carotin, 314
Carotis cerebralis artery, 215
communis, 215
externa artery, 215
Carpi radiale, 47
ulnare, 47
Carpus, 44, 47