THE COMMERCE OF SOUDÂN.
The Commerce of Soudân—Avenues of Trade—The Merchants—Character
of the Imports—Speculation—The Gum Trade of Kordofan—The Ivory
Trade—Abuses of the Government—The Traffic in Slaves—Prices of
Slaves—Their Treatment.
Before taking a final leave of Soudân, it may be well to say a few words
concerning the trade of the country. As the Nile is the principal avenue
of communication between the Mediterranean and the eastern half of
Central Africa, Soudân is thus made a centre of commerce, the character
of which may be taken as an index to all the interior traffic of the
continent.
European goods reach Soudân through two principal channels; by the
port of Sowakin, on the Red Sea, and the caravan route up the Nile and
across the Great Nubian Desert. Of late years the latter has become the
principal thoroughfare, as winter is the commercial season, and the
storms on the Red Sea are very destructive to the small Arab craft. The
merchants leave Cairo through the autumn, principally between the first
of October and the first of December, as they travel slowly and rarely
make the journey in less than two months and a half. The great proportion
of them take the same route I followed, from Korosko to Berber, where
they ship again for Khartoum. Those who buy their own camels at Assouan,
make the whole trip by land; but it is more usual for them to buy
camels in Soudân for the return journey, as they can sell them in Upper
Egypt at advanced prices. In fact, the trade, in camels alone is not
inconsiderable. On my way to Khartoum I met many thousands, in droves of
from one to five hundred, on their way to Egypt.
The merchants who make this yearly trip to Soudân are mostly Egyptians
and Nubians. There are a number of Syrians established in the country,
but they are for the most part connected with houses in Cairo, and their
caravans between the two places are in charge of agents, natives, whose
character has been proved by long service. There were also three or
four French and Italian merchants, and one Englishman (Mr. Peterick, in
Kordofan), who carried on their business in the same manner. It is no
unusual thing for Nubians who have amassed two or three thousand piastres
by household service in Cairo, to form partnerships, invest their money
in cotton goods, and after a year or two on the journey (for time is any
thing but money to them), return to Egypt with a few hundred weight of
gum or half a dozen camels. They earn a few piastres, perhaps, in return
for the long toils and privations they have endured; but their pride is
gratified by the title of _Djellabiàt_—merchants. It is reckoned a good
school, and not without reason, for young Egyptians who devote themselves
to commerce. I met even the sons of Beys among this class. Those who are
prudent, and have a fair capital to start upon, can generally gain enough
in two or three years to establish themselves respectably in Egypt.
The goods brought into Central Africa consist principally of English
muslins and calicoes, the light red woollen stuffs of Barbary, cutlery,
beads and trinkets. Cloths, silks, powder, tobacco, and arakee, are
also brought in considerable quantities, while in the large towns there
is always a good sale for sugar, rice, coffee and spices. The Turkish
officials and the Franks are very fond of the aniseed cordial of Scio,
maraschino, rosoglio, and the other Levantine liquors; and even the
heavy, resinous wines of Smyrna and Cyprus find their way here. The
natives prefer for clothing the coarse, unbleached cotton stuffs of their
own manufacture, one mantle of which is sufficient for years. As may
readily be supposed, the market is frequently glutted with goods of this
description, whence the large houses often send money from Cairo for the
purchase of gum and ivory, in preference to running any risk. At the time
of my visit, all sorts of muslins and calicoes might be had in Khartoum
at a very slight advance on Cairo prices, and the merchants who were
daily arriving with additional bales, complained that the sale would not
pay the expenses of their journey. The remarkable success of the caravans
of the previous year had brought a crowd of adventurers into the lists,
very few of whom realized their expectations. It was the California
experience in another form. No passion is half so blind as the greed for
gain.
Khartoum is the great metropolis of all this region. Some few caravans
strike directly through the Beyooda Desert, from Dongola to Kordofan,
but the great part come directly to the former place, where they dispose
of their goods, and then proceed to Kordofan for gum, or wait the return
of the yearly expedition up the White Nile, to stock themselves with
ivory. On both these articles there is generally a good, sometimes a
great, profit. The gum comes almost entirely from Kordofan, where the
quantity annually gathered amounts to thirty thousand _contar_, or cwt.
It is collected by the natives from that variety of the mimosa called
the _ashaba_, and sold by them at from fifty-five to sixty piastres
the contar. Lattif Pasha at one time issued a decree prohibiting any
person from selling it at less than sixty piastres, but Dr. Reitz, by an
energetic protest, obtained the revocation of this arbitrary edict. The
cost of carrying it to Cairo is very nearly fifty piastres the contar,
exclusive of a government tax of twelve and a half per cent.; and as the
price of gum in Cairo fluctuates according to the demand from one hundred
and fifty to two hundred and fifty piastres, the merchant’s gain may be
as low as ten or as high as one hundred per cent. The gum brought from
Yemen and the shores of the Red Sea is considered superior in quality but
is not produced in such abundance.
The ivory is mostly obtained from the negro tribes on the White Nile.
Small quantities are occasionally brought from Dar-Fūr and the unknown
regions towards Bornou, by Arab caravans. The trading expeditions up
the White Nile, until the winter of 1851-2, were entirely under the
control of the Pasha of Soudân, in spite of the treaty of 1838, making
it free to all nations. The expedition of that winter, which sailed from
Khartoum about two months before my arrival, consisted of seven vessels,
accompanied by an armed force. The parties interested in it consisted
of the Pasha, the Egyptian merchants, and the _rayahs_, or European
merchants. The gains were to be divided into twenty-four parts, eight
of which went to the Pasha, nine to the Turks and seven to the Franks.
Dr. Reitz undertook to enforce the treaty, and actually ran two vessels
belonging to Austrian _protégés_ past the guard established at the
junction of the Niles. The Pasha thereupon had all the sailors belonging
to these vessels arrested, but after two days of violent manœuvres and
counter-manœuvres, allowed the vessels to proceed. The unjust monopoly
was therefore virtually annulled—an important fact to Europeans who may
wish to engage in the trade. The vessels take with them great quantities
of glass beads, ear, arm and nose rings, and the like, for which the
natives readily barter their elephants’ teeth. These are not found in
abundance before reaching the land of the Nuehrs and the Kyks, about lat.
7°, and the best specimens come from regions still further south. They
are sold in Khartoum at the rate of twelve hundred piastres the cwt., and
in Cairo at twenty-two hundred, burdened with a tax of twelve and a half
per cent.
The Government has done its best to cramp and injure Trade, the only life
of that stagnant land. In addition to the custom-house at Assouan, where
every thing going into Egypt must pay duty, the Pasha and his satellites
had established an illegal custom-house at Dongola, and obliged merchants
to pay another toll, midway on their journey. This was afterwards
abolished, on account of the remonstrances which were forwarded to Cairo.
I found the Pasha so uniformly courteous and affable, that at first I
rejected many of the stories told me of his oppression and cruelty, but
I was afterwards informed of circumstances which exhibited his character
in a still more hideous light. Nevertheless, I believe he was in most
respects superior to his predecessors in the office, and certainly to his
successor.
The traffic in slaves has decreased very much of late. The wealthy
Egyptians still purchase slaves, and will continue to do so, till the
“institution” is wholly abolished, but the despotic rule exercised by
the Pasha in Nubia has had the effect of greatly lessening the demand.
Vast numbers of Nubians go into Egypt, where they are engaged as domestic
servants, and their paid labor, cheap as it is, is found more profitable
than the unpaid service of negro slaves. Besides, the tax on the latter
has been greatly increased, so that merchants find the commodity less
profitable than gum or ivory. Ten years ago, the duty paid at Assouan was
thirty piastres for a negro and fifty for an Abyssinian: at present it
is three hundred and fifty for the former and five hundred and fifty for
the latter, while the tax can be wholly avoided by making the slave free.
Prices have risen in consequence, and the traffic is proportionately
diminished. The Government probably derives as large a revenue as ever
from it, on account of the increased tax, so that it has seemed to
satisfy the demands of some of the European powers by restricting the
trade, while it actually loses nothing thereby. The Government slave
hunts in the interior, however, are no longer carried on. The greater
part of the slaves brought to Khartoum, are purchased from the Galla
and Shangalla tribes on the borders of Abyssinia, or from the Shillooks
and Dinkas, on the White Nile. The captives taken in the wars between
the various tribes are invariably sold. The Abyssinian girls, who are
in great demand among the Egyptians, for wives, are frequently sold by
their own parents. They are treated with great respect, and their lot
is probably no worse than that of any Arab or Turkish female. The more
beautiful of them often bring from two hundred to five hundred dollars.
Ordinary household servants may be had from one to two thousand piastres.
My dragoman, Achmet, purchased a small girl for twelve hundred piastres,
as a present for his wife. He intended making her free, which he declared
to be a good thing, according to his religion; but the true reason, I
suspect, was the tax at Assouan.
The Egyptians rarely maltreat their slaves, and instances of cruelty are
much less frequent among them than among the Europeans settled here. The
latter became so notorious for their violence that the Government was
obliged to establish a law forbidding any Frank to strike his slave; but
in case of disobedience to send him before the Cadi, or Judge, who could
decide on the proper punishment. Slavery prevails throughout all the
native kingdoms of Central Africa, in more or less aggravated forms.
The Egyptian merchants who are located in Khartoum as agents for houses
in Cairo, consider themselves as worse than exiles, and indemnify
themselves by sensual indulgence for being obliged to remain in a country
which they detest. They live in large houses, keep their harems of inky
slaves, eat, drink and smoke away their languid and wearisome days. All
the material which they need for such a life is so cheap that their
love of gain does not suffer thereby. One of the richest merchants in
the place gave me an account of his housekeeping. He had a large mud
palace, a garden, and twenty servants and slaves, to maintain which cost
him eight thousand piastres (four hundred dollars) a year. He paid his
servants twenty piastres a month, and his slaves also—at least so he told
me, but I did not believe it.
As for the native Fellahs of Soudân, they are so crushed and imposed
upon, that it is difficult to judge what their natural capacities really
are. Foreigners, Frank as well as Egyptian, universally complain of
their stupidity, and I heard the Pasha himself say, that if he could
have done any thing with them Abbas Pasha might whistle to get Soudân
from him. That they are very stupid, is true, but that they have every
encouragement to be so, is equally true. Dr. Knoblecher, who, of all the
men I saw in Khartoum, was best qualified to judge correctly, assured
me that they needed only a just and paternal government, to make rapid
progress in the arts of civilization.