PHILÆ AND THE CATARACT.
An Official Visit—Achmet’s Dexterity—The Island of
Elephantine—Nubian Children—Trip to Philæ—Linant Bey—The Island
of Philæ—Sculptures—The Negro Race—Breakfast in a Ptolemaic
Temple—The Island of Biggeh—Backsheesh—The Cataract—The Granite
Quarries of Assouan—The Travellers separate.
“Where Nile reflects the endless length
Of dark-red colonnades.”—MACAULAY.
We had scarcely moored our vessel to the beach at Assouan, before a
messenger of the Governor arrived to ask if there was an American on
board. He received the information, and we were occupied in preparing
ourselves for an excursion to the island of Elephantine, when Achmet
called to us: “The Governor is coming.” We had no time to arrange our
cabin for his reception; he was already at the door, with two attendants,
and the most I could do was to clear sufficient space for a seat on my
divan. His Excellency was a short, stout, broad-faced man, with large
eyes, a gray beard and a flat nose. He wore a semi-European dress of
brown cloth, and was blunt though cordial in his manners. His attendants,
one of whom was the Captain of the Cataract, wore the Egyptian dress,
with black turbans. They saluted us by touching their hands to the
lips and forehead, and we responded in similar manner, after which the
Governor inquired after our health and we inquired after his. I delivered
my letter, and while he was occupied in reading it, Achmet prepared the
coffee and pipes. Luckily, we had three shebooks, the best of which,
having an amber mouth-piece, was presented to the Governor. I waited
for the coffee with some trepidation, for I knew we had but two Turkish
_finjans_, and a Frank cup was out of the question. However, Achmet was
a skilful servant. He presented the cups at such intervals that one was
sure to be empty while the other was full, and artfully drew away the
attention of our guests by his ceremonious presentations; so that not
only they but both of us partook twice of coffee, without the least
embarrassment, and I believe, had there been ten persons instead of five,
he would have given the two cups the effect of ten.
After the Governor had expressed his pleasure in flowing Oriental
phrases, and promised to engage me a boat for Korosko, he took his
leave and we crossed in a ferry barge to Elephantine. This is a small
but fertile island, whose granite foundations are fast anchored in the
Nile. It once was covered with extensive ruins, but they have all been
destroyed except a single gateway and an altar to Amun, both of red
granite, and a sitting statue of marble. The southern part is entirely
covered with the ruins of a village of unburnt brick, from the topmost
piles of which we enjoyed a fine view of the picturesque environs of
Assouan. The bed of the Nile, to the south, was broken with isles of
dark-red granite rock, the same formation which appears in the jagged
crests of the mountains beyond the city. Scattered over them were the
tombs of holy men, dating from the times of the Saracens. A thin
palm-grove somewhat concealed the barren aspect of the city, but our
glances passed it, to rest on the distant hills, kindling in the setting
sun.
The island is inhabited by Nubians, and some twenty or thirty
children, of from six to ten years of age—the boys entirely naked,
the girls wearing the _ràhad_, a narrow leathern girdle, around the
loins—surrounded us, crying “_backsheesh!_” and offering for sale bits
of agate, coins, and fragments of pottery. Some of them had cunning
but none of them intelligent faces; and their large black eyes had an
astonishingly precocious expression of sensuality. We bought a few
trifles and tried to dismiss them, but their numbers increased, so that
by the time we had made the tour of the island we had a retinue of fifty
followers. I took the branches of henna they offered me and switched the
most impudent of them, but they seemed then to consider that they had a
rightful claim to the backsheesh, and were more importunate than ever. As
we left, they gathered on the shore and sang us a farewell chorus, but
a few five para pieces, thrown among them, changed the harmony into a
scramble and a fight, in which occupation these lovely children of Nature
were engaged until we lost sight of them.
The next day we visited Philæ. We took donkeys and a guide and threaded
the dismal valley of Saracenic tombs south of the town, into a pass
leading through the granite hills. The landscape was wintry in its
bleakness and ruggedness. The path over which we rode was hard sand
and gravel, and on both sides the dark rocks were piled in a thousand
wonderful combinations. On the surface there is no appearance of regular
strata, but rather of some terrible convulsion, which has broken the
immense masses and thrown them confusedly together. Russegger noticed
that the structure of the primitive strata of Assouan was exactly
similar to that of Northern Lapland. The varieties of landscape, in
different climates, depend therefore upon the difference of vegetation
and of atmospheric effect, rather than that of geological forms, which
always preserve their identity. Dr. Kane also found in the bleak hills
of Greenland the same structure which he had observed in the Ghauts of
tropical India.
After three or four miles of this travel the pass opened upon the Nile,
just above the Cataract. At the termination of the portage is a Nubian
village, whose plantations of doum and date-palms and acacias are
dazzling in their greenness, from contrast with the bleak pyramids of
rock and the tawny drifts of the Lybian sands on the western bank. We
rode down to the port, where a dozen trading vessels lay at anchor, and
took a large boat for Philæ. The Governor of Assouan was there, and His
Excellency showed me the vessel he had engaged for me—a small and rather
old _dahabiyeh_, but the best to be had. The price was one hundred and
fifty piastres for the trip—about one hundred and twenty miles—besides
something for the men. Achmet attributed this moderate demand to the
effect of a timely present, which had been delicately conveyed into the
Governor’s hands the night before. There was a tall gentleman, in the
official Egyptian costume, in company with the Governor. Achmet said he
was a French engineer in the service of Abbas Pasha, and I afterwards
learned that he was none other than M. Linant, or Linant Bey whose
name is so well known through his connection with the exploration of
Petra, and of the antiquities in Ethiopia. He was accompanied by his
wife, a French lady, who greeted us courteously, and two daughters of
semi-Abyssinian origin. The latter were dressed in Oriental costume, but
unveiled. M. Linant is a tall, grave person, about fifty years of age. He
wore a crescent of diamonds on his breast, and his features expressed all
the dignity and repose of one who had become thoroughly naturalized in
the East.
As the wind carried us out into the stream, we saw the towers of the
temple of Isis, on Philæ, through a savage gorge of the river. The
enormous masses of dark granite were piled on either side to a height of
several hundred feet, taking in some places the forms of monoliths and
sitting colossi, one of which appeared so lightly balanced on the loose
summit that a strong gale might topple it down the steep. The current
in the narrow channel was so violent that we could make no headway,
but a Nubian boy, swimming on a palm-log, carried a rope to the shore,
and we were at length towed with much labor into the more tranquil
basin girdling Philæ. The four lofty towers of the two pylons, the side
corridors of pillars and the exterior walls of the temple seem perfectly
preserved, on approaching the island, the green turf of whose banks
and the grouping of its palms quite conceal the ruins of a miserable
mud village which surrounds the structures. Philæ is the jewel of the
Nile, but these ruins are an unsightly blotch, which takes away half its
lustre. The setting is nevertheless perfect. The basin of black, jagged
mountains, folding on all sides, yet half-disclosing the avenues to Egypt
and Nubia; the hem of emerald turf at their feet, sprinkled with clusters
of palm, and here and there the pillar or wall of a temple; the ring of
the bright river, no longer turbid as in Lower Egypt: of these it is the
centre, as it was once the radiant focus of their beauty.
The temple, which belongs to the era of the Ptolemies, and is little
more than two thousand years old, was built by various monarchs, and is
very irregular in its plan. Instead of preserving a fixed direction, it
follows the curve of the island, and its various corridors and pylons
have been added to each other with so little regard to proportion,
that the building is much more agreeable when viewed as a collection
of detached parts, than as a whole. From its locality, it has suffered
comparatively little from the ravages of man, and might be restored to
almost its original condition. The mud which Coptic Christians plastered
over the walls of its sanctuaries has concealed, but not defaced, their
richly-colored sculptures, and the palm-leaf and lotus capitals of its
portico retain the first brilliancy of their green and blue tints. The
double corridor of thirty-six columns, in front of the temple, reaching
to the southern end of the island, has never been finished, some of the
capitals last erected being unsculptured, and others exhibiting various
stages of completion. In Egypt one so accustoms himself to looking back
four thousand years, that Philæ seems but of yesterday. The Gothic
Cathedrals of the Middle Ages are like antediluvian remains, compared
with its apparent newness and freshness.
We examined the interior chambers with the aid of a torch, and I also
explored several secret passages, inclosed in the thickness of the
walls. The sculptures are raised on the face of the stone, and painted
in light and brilliant colors. They represent Isis and Osiris, with
their offspring, the god Horus, which three constituted the Trinity
worshipped in Philæ. In one place Isis is seen giving suck to the infant
god—a group which bore a singular resemblance to some painting I have
seen of the Virgin and Child. The gods are here painted of fair, Greek
complexion, and not, as in the oldest tombs and temples, of a light red.
Their profiles are symmetrical and even beautiful, and the emblems by
which they are surrounded, are drawn and colored in admirable taste.
Those friends of the African Race, who point to Egypt as a proof of what
that race has accomplished, are wholly mistaken. The only negro features
represented in Egyptian sculpture are those of slaves and captives
taken in the Ethiopian wars of the Pharaohs. The temples and pyramids
throughout Nubia, as far as the frontiers of Dar-Fūr and Abyssinia, all
bear the hieroglyphs of these monarchs, and there is no evidence in all
the valley of the Nile that the Negro Race ever attained a higher degree
of civilization than is at present exhibited in Congo and Ashantee.
East of the great temple is a square, open building, whose four sides
are rows of columns, supporting an architrave, and united, at about half
their height, by screens of stone. The capitals are all of different
design, yet exhibit the same exquisite harmony which charmed us in
Hermontis and Esneh. The screens and pillars were evidently intended to
have been covered with sculpture, and a roof of sandstone blocks was to
have been added, which would have made the structure as perfect as it
is unique. The square block, or abacus, interposed between the capital
and architrave, is even higher than in the pillars of Hermontis, and I
was equally puzzled whether to call it a grace or a defect. There was
one thing, however, which certainly did give a grace to the building,
and that was our breakfast, which we ate on a block large enough to
have made an altar for the Theban Jupiter, surrounded by a crowd of
silent Arabs. They contemplated the ruins of our cold fowls with no less
interest than did we those of the temples of Philæ.
Before returning, we crossed to the island of Biggeh, where two pillars
of a temple to Athor stand sentry before the door of a mud hut, and a red
granite colossus is lucky in having no head, since it is spared the sight
of such desecration. The children of Biggeh fairly drove us away with the
cries of “_backsheesh!_” The hideous word had been rung in our ears since
leaving Assouan, and when we were again saluted with it, on landing at
the head of the Cataract, patience ceased to be a virtue. My friend took
his cane and I the stick of my donkey-driver, and since the naked pests
dared not approach near enough to get the backsheesh, they finally ceased
to demand it. The word is in every Nubian mouth, and the very boatmen
and camel-drivers as they passed us said “_backsheesh_” instead of “good
morning.” As it was impossible to avoid hearing it, I used the word in
the same way, and cordially returned the greeting. A few days previous,
as we were walking on shore near Esneh, a company of laborers in a
dourra-field began the cry. I responded, holding out my hand, whereupon
one of the men pulled off his white cotton cap (his only garment), and
offered it to me, saying: “If you are poor, take it.”
We walked down to the edge of the Cataract and climbed a rock, which
commanded a view of the principal rapid. There is nothing like a fall,
and the passage up and down is attended with little peril. The bed of the
Nile is filled with granite masses, around which the swift current roars
and foams, and I can imagine that the descent must be very exciting,
though perhaps less so than that of the Rapids of the St. Lawrence.
Boats are towed up, under the superintendence of one of the raïs, or
captains of the Cataract. There are four of these officers, with a
body of about two hundred men. The fee varies from two to four hundred
piastres, according to the size of the boat. One third of the money is
divided among the captains, and the remainder falls to the portion of the
men. This also includes the descent, and travellers going to the Second
Cataract and back, pay half the fee on returning.
On the following morning we visited the ancient granite quarries of
Assouan. They lie in the hills, south of the town, and more than a mile
from the river. I never saw a more magnificent bed of rock. Its color is
a light red, flecked with green, and its grain is very fine and nearly
as solid as porphyry. An obelisk, one hundred feet long and twelve feet
square at the base, still lies in the quarry, having been abandoned on
account of a slight fissure near its summit. Grooves were afterward
cut, for the purpose of separating it into blocks, but for some reason
or other the design was not carried out. In many parts of the quarry
the method employed by the Egyptians to detach the enormous masses, is
plainly to be Been. A shallow groove was first sunk along the line of
fracture, after which mortices about three inches wide and four deep,
were cut at short intervals, for the purpose of receiving wooden wedges.
These having been driven firmly into their sockets, were saturated with
water, and by their expansion forced the solid grain asunder.
We rode back to the _Cleopatra_ with heavy hearts. Every thing had been
prepared for our departure, my friend for Cairo and Germany, and I for
the Nubian Desert and White Nile. The Governor of Assouan had despatched
a letter to the Governor of Korosko, asking him to have camels ready for
the Desert, on my arrival, my own letters to my friends were finished,
my equipage had been transferred to the shore, and camels had arrived to
transport it around the Cataract to the Nubian village, where my boat was
in readiness. Our handsome sailor, Ali, begged so hard to be allowed to
accompany me, that I finally agreed to take him as a servant, and he was
already on duty. Achmet was nearly as cheerful as he, notwithstanding
he had just written to his family to say that he was going to Soudân,
and had given up, as he afterwards informed me, all hopes of ever
seeing Egypt again. The American flag was run down, and the Saxe-Coburg
colors—green and white—hoisted in its stead. We had a parting visit from
the Governor, who gave me another letter to Korosko, and we then sat down
to a breakfast for which we had no appetite. The camels were loaded and
sent off in advance, under Ali’s charge, but I waited until every man was
on board the good old vessel and ready to push off for Cairo. The large
main-sail was unshipped and laid over the cabin, and the stern-sail, only
to be used when the south-wind blows, hoisted in its place. The tow-rope
was wound up and stowed away, and the large oars hung in the rowlocks.
Finally, every sailor was at his post; the moment came, and we parted,
as two men seldom part, who were strangers six weeks before. I goaded my
donkey desperately over the sands, hastened the loading of my effects,
and was speedily afloat and alone on the Nubian Nile.
[Illustration: Ali.]