HOUSING CENTRAL-OFFICE EQUIPMENT
=The Central-Office Building.= Proper arrangement of the central-office
equipment depends largely upon the design of the central-office
building. The problem involved should not be solved by the architect
alone. The most careful co-operation between the engineer and the
architect is necessary in order that the various parts of the telephonic
equipment may be properly related, and that the wires connecting them
with each other and with the outside lines be disposed of with due
regard to safety, economy, and convenience. So many factors enter into
the design of a central-office building that it is impossible to lay
down more than the most general rules. The attainment of an ideal is
often impossible, because of the fact that the building is usually in
congested districts, and its very shape and size must be governed by the
lot on which it is built, and by the immediate surroundings. Frequently,
also, the building must be used for other purposes than those of a
telephone office, so that the several purposes must be considered in its
design. Again, old buildings, designed for other purposes, must
sometimes be altered to meet the requirements of a telephone office, and
this is perhaps the most difficult problem of all.
The exterior of the building is a matter that may be largely decided by
the architect and owner after the general character of the building has
been determined. One important feature, however, and one that has been
overlooked in many cases that we know of, is to so arrange the building
that switchboard sections and other bulky portions of the apparatus,
which are necessarily assembled at the factory rather than on the site,
may be brought into the building without tearing down the walls.
_Fire Hazard._ The apparatus to be housed in a central-office building
often represents a cost running into the hundreds of thousands of
dollars; but whether of large or small first cost, it is evident that
its destruction might incur a very much greater loss than that
represented by its replacement value. In guarding the central-office
equipment against destruction by fire or other causes, the telephone
company is concerned to a very much greater extent than the mere cost of
the physical property; since it is guarding the thing which makes it
possible to do business. While the cost of the central office and its
contents may be small in comparison with the total investment in outside
plant and other portions of the equipment, it is yet true that these
larger portions of the investment become useless with the loss of the
central office.
There is another consideration, and that is the moral obligation of the
operating company to the public. A complete breakdown of telephone
service for any considerable period of time in a large city is in the
nature of a public calamity.
For these reasons the safeguarding of the central office against damage
by fire and water should be in all cases a feature of fundamental
importance, and should influence not only the character of the building
itself, but in many cases the choice of its location.
_Size of Building._ It goes without saying that the building must be
large enough to accommodate the switchboards and other apparatus that is
required to be installed. The requirement does not end here, however.
Telephone exchange systems have, with few exceptions, grown very much
faster than was expected when they were originally installed. Many
buildings have had to be abandoned because outgrown. In planning the
building, therefore, the engineer should always have in mind its
ultimate requirements. It is not always necessary that the building
shall be made large enough at the outset to take care of the ultimate
requirements, but where this is not done, the way should be left clear
for adding to it when necessity demands.
[Illustration: RINGING AND CHARGING MACHINES AND POWER BOARD Plaza
Office, New York Telephone Co.]
_Strength of Building._ The major portion of telephone central-office
apparatus, whether automatic or manual, is not of such weight as to
demand excessive strength in the floors and walls of buildings.
Exceptions to this may be found in the storage battery, in the power
machinery, especially where subject to vibration, and in certain cases
in the cable runs. After the ultimate size of the equipment has been
determined, the engineer and the architect should confer on this point,
particularly with reference to the heavier portions of the apparatus,
to make sure that adequate strength is provided. The approximate weights
of all parts of central-office equipments may readily be ascertained
from the manufacturers.
_Provision for Employes._ In manual offices particularly it has been
found to be not only humane, but economical to provide adequate quarters
for the employes, both in the operating rooms and places where they
actually perform their work, and in the places where they may assemble
for recreation and rest. The work of the telephone operator,
particularly in large cities, is of such a nature as often to demand
frequent periods of rest. This is true not only on account of the
nervous strain on the operator, but also on account of the necessity,
brought about by the demands of economy, for varying the number of
operators in accordance with the traffic load. These features accentuate
the demand for proper rooms where recreation, rest, and nourishment may
be had.
_Provision for Cable Runways._ In very small offices no special
structural provision need be made in the design of the building itself
for the entrance of the outside cables, and for the disposal of the
cables and wires leading between various portions of the apparatus. For
large offices, however, this must necessarily enter as an important
feature in the structure of the building itself. It is important that
the cables be arranged systematically and in such a way that they will
be protected against injury and at the same time be accessible either
for repairs or replacement, or for the addition of new cables to provide
for growth. Disorderly arrangement of the wires or cables results in
disorder indeed, with increased maintenance cost, uneconomical use of
space, inaccessibility, liability to injury, and general unsightliness.
The carrying of cables from the basement to the upper floors or between
floors elsewhere must be provided for in a way that will not be wasteful
of space, and arrangements must be made for supporting the cables in
their vertical runs. In the aggregate their weight may be great, and
furthermore each individual cable must be so supported that its sheath
will not be subject to undue strain. Another factor which must be
considered in vertical cable runs is the guarding against such runs
forming natural flues through which flames or heated gases would pass,
in the event of even an unimportant fire at their lower ends.
=Arrangement of Apparatus in Small Manual Offices.= Where a
common-battery multiple switchboard equipment is used, at least three
principal rooms should be provided--one for the multiple switchboard
proper; one for the terminal and power apparatus, including the
distributing frames, racks, and power machinery; and the third for the
storage battery. These should adjoin each other for purposes of
convenience and of economy in wiring.
[Illustration: Fig. 418. Typical Small Office Floor Plan]
_Floor Plans for Small Manual Offices._ As was pointed out, there are
several plans of disposing of the main and intermediate distributing
frames and the line and cut-off relay racks. The one most practiced is
to mount the relay rack alongside the main and intermediate distributing
frame in the terminal room. A typical floor plan of such an arrangement
for a small office, employing as a maximum five sections of multiple
switchboards, is shown in Fig. 418. This is an ideal arrangement well
adapted for a rectangular floor space and on that account may often be
put into effect. It should be noted that the switchboard grows from left
to right, and that alternative arrangements are shown for disposing of
those sections beyond the second. The cable turning section through
which the multiple and answering jacks are led to the terminal frames is
placed as close as possible to the terminal frames. This results in a
considerable saving in cable. An interesting feature of this floor plan
is the arrangement of unitary sections of main and intermediate frames
and relay racks, representing recent practice of the Western Electric
Company. The iron work of the three racks is built in sections and these
are structurally connected across so that the first section of the main
frame, the intermediate frame, and the relay rack form one unit, the
structural iron work which ties them together forming the runway for the
cables between them. But two of these units, including two sections of
each frame, are shown installed, the provision for growth being
indicated by dotted lines.
The battery room in this case provides for the disposal of the battery
cells in two tiers. This room is merely partitioned off from the
distributing or terminal room. Where this is done the partition walls
should be plastered on both sides so as to prevent, as far as possible,
the entrance of any battery fumes into the apparatus rooms.
The wire chief's desk, as will be noted, is located in such a position
as to give easy access from it not only to the distributing frames and
relay rack, but to the power apparatus as well.
_Combined Main and Intermediate Frames._ For use in small exchanges, the
Western Electric Company has recently put on the market a combined main
and intermediate distributing frame. This is constructed about the same
as an ordinary main frame, the protectors being on one side and the line
and intermediate frame terminals on the other. The lower half of the
terminals on each vertical bay is devoted to the outside line terminals
and the upper half is devoted to intermediate frame terminals. This
arrangement is indicated in the elevation in Fig. 419. With the use of
this combined main and intermediate frame, the floor plan of Fig. 418
may be modified, as shown in Fig. 420.
[Illustration: Fig. 419. Combined Main and Intermediate Frames]
[Illustration: Fig. 420. Small Office Floor Plan]
[Illustration: Fig. 421. Terminal Apparatus--Small Office]
In Fig. 421 is given an excellent idea of terminal-room apparatus
carried out in accordance with the more usual plan of employing separate
main and intermediate distributing frames. At the extreme right of this
figure the protector side of the main frame is shown. It will be
understood that the line cables terminate on the horizontal terminal
strips on the other side of this frame and are connected through the
horizontal and vertical runways of the frame to the protector terminals.
The intermediate frame is shown in the central portion of the figure,
the side toward the left containing the answering-jack terminals, and
the side toward the right the multiple jack terminals, these latter
being arranged horizontally. This horizontal and vertical arrangement of
the terminals on the main and intermediate distributing frames has been
the distinguishing feature between the Bell and Independent practice,
the Bell Companies adhering to the horizontal and vertical arrangement,
while the Independent Companies have employed the vertical arrangement
on both sides. We are informed that in the future the new smaller
installations of the Bell Companies will be made largely with the
vertical arrangement on both sides. At the left of Fig. 421 is shown the
relay rack in two sections of two bays each. This illustration also
gives a good idea of the common practice in disposing of the cables
between the frames in iron runways just below the ceiling of the
terminal room.
_Types of Line Circuits._ The design of the terminal-room floor plan
will depend largely on the arrangement of apparatus in the subscribers'
line circuits with respect to the distributing frames and relay racks.
The Bell practice in this respect has already been referred to and is
illustrated in Fig. 348. In this the line and cut-off relays are
permanently associated with the answering jacks and lamps, resulting in
the answering-jack equipment being subject to change with respect to the
multiple and the line through the jumpers of the intermediate frame. The
practice of the Kellogg Company, on the other hand, has been illustrated
in Fig. 353, and in this the line and cut-off relays are permanently
associated with the multiple and with the line, only the answering jacks
and lamps being subject to change through the jumper wires on the
intermediate frame. This latter arrangement has led to a very desirable
parallel arrangement of the two distributing frames and the relay rack.
These are made of equal length so as to correspond bay for bay, and are
placed side by side with only enough space between them for the passage
of workmen--the relay rack lying between the main and intermediate
frames. In this scheme all the multiple and answering-jack cables run
from the intermediate distributing frame, and the cabling between the
intermediate frame and the relay rack and between the relay rack and the
main frame is run straight across from one rack to the other. This
results in a great saving of cable within the terminal room, over that
arrangement wherein the cabling from one frame to another is necessarily
led along the length of the frame to its end and then passes through a
single runway to the end of the other frame.
=Large Manual Offices.= For purposes of illustrating the practice in
housing the apparatus in very large offices equipped with manual
switchboards, we have chosen the Chelsea office of the New York
Telephone Company as an excellent example of modern practice.
[Illustration: Fig. 422. Floor Plan, Operating Room, Chelsea Office, New
York City]
The ground plan of the building is U-shaped, in order to provide the
necessary light over the rather large floor areas. The plan of the
operating floor--the sixth floor of the building--is shown in Fig. 422.
As will be seen, this constitutes a single operating room, the _A_-board
being located in the right wing and the _B_-board in the left. The point
from which both boards grow is near the center of the front of the
building, the boards coming together at this point in a common cable
turning section. The disposal of the various desks for the manager,
chief operator, and monitors is indicated. Those switchboard sections
which are shown in full lines are the ones at present installed, the
provision for growth being indicated in dotted lines.
[Illustration: Fig. 423. Terminal Room and Operators' Quarters, Chelsea
Office, New York City]
The fifth floor is devoted to the terminal room and operators' quarters,
the terminal room occupying the left-hand wing and the major portion of
the front of the building, and the operators' quarters the right-hand
wing. The line and the trunk cables come up from the basement of the
building at the extreme left, being supported directly on the outside
wall of the building. Arriving at the fifth floor, they turn
horizontally and are led under a false flooring provided with trap
doors, to the protector side of the main frame. The disposal of the
cables between the various frames will be more readily understood by
reference to the following photographs.
A general view of a portion of the _A_-board of the Chelsea office is
shown in Fig. 424, this view being taken from a point in the left-hand
wing looking toward the front. In Fig. 425 is shown a closer view of a
smaller portion of the board. Fig. 426 gives an excellent idea of the
rear of this switchboard and of the disposal of the cables and wires.
The main mass of cables at the top are those of the multiple.
Immediately below these may be seen the outgoing trunk cables. The forms
of the answering-jack cables lie below these and are not so readily
seen, but the cables leading from these forms are led down to the runway
at the bottom of the sections, and thence along the length of the board
to the intermediate distributing frame on the floor below. The layer of
cables, supported on the iron rack immediately above the answering-jack
cable runway, shown at the extreme bottom of the view, are those
containing the wires leading from the repeating coils to the cord
circuits.
An interesting feature of this board is the provisions for protection
against injury by fire and water. On top of the boards throughout their
entire length there is laid a heavy tarpaulin curtain with straps
terminating in handles hanging down from its edges. These may be seen in
Fig. 426 and also in Fig. 425. The idea of this is that if the board is
exposed to a water hazard, as in the case of fire, the board may be
completely covered, front and rear, with this tarpaulin curtain, by
merely pulling the straps. The entire force--both operators and
repairmen--is drilled to assure the carrying out of this plan.
The rear of the boards is adapted to be enclosed by wooden curtains,
similar to those employed in roll-top desks. These are all raised in the
rear view of Fig. 426, the housing for the rolled-up curtain being shown
at the extreme top of the sections. In order to guard the multiple
cables and the multiple jacks against fire which might originate in the
cord-circuit wiring, a heavy asbestos partition is placed immediately
above the cord racks and is clearly shown in Fig. 426.
[Illustration: Fig. 424. Subscribers' Board. Chelsea Office, New York
City]
[Illustration: Fig. 425. Subscribers' Board. Chelsea Office, New York
City]
[Illustration: Fig. 426. Rear View Chelsea Switchboard]
[Illustration: Fig. 427. Terminal and Power Apparatus. Chelsea Office]
A view of the terminal and power room is shown in Fig. 427. In the upper
left-hand corner the cables may be seen in their passage downward from
the cable turning section between the _A_- and _B_-boards. The large
group of cables shown at the extreme left is the _A_-board multiple.
This passes down and then along the horizontal shelves of the
intermediate frame, which is the frame in the extreme left of this view.
The _B_-board multiple comes down through another opening in the floor,
and as is shown, after passing under the _A_-board multiple joins it in
the same vertical run from which it passes to the intermediate frame.
The cord-circuit cables lead down through the same opening as that
occupied by the _A_-board multiple and pass off to the right-hand one of
the racks shown, which contains the repeating coils. The cables leading
from the opening in the ceiling to the right-hand side of the
intermediate distributing frame are the answering-jack cables, and from
the terminals on this side of this frame other cables pass in smaller
groups to the relay terminals on the relay racks which lie between the
intermediate frame and the coil rack.
The power board is shown at the extreme right. The fuse panel at the
left of the power board contains in its lower portion fuses for the
battery supply leads to the operator's position and to private-branch
exchanges, and in its upper portion lamps and fuses for the ringing
generator circuits for the various operators' positions and also for
private-branch exchanges.
At the lower left-hand portion of this view is shown the battery
cabinet. It is the practice of the New York Telephone Company not to
employ separate battery rooms, but to locate its storage batteries
directly in the terminal room and to enclose them, as shown, in a wooden
cabinet with glass panels, which is ventilated by means of a lead pipe
extending to a flue in the wall.
One unit of charging machines, consisting of motor and generator, is
shown in the immediate foreground. A duplicate of this unit is employed
but is not shown in this view. The various ringing and message register
machines are shown beyond the charging machines. Three of these smaller
machines are for supplying ringing current and the remainder are for
supplying 30-volt direct current for operating the message registers.
One of the machines of each set is wound to run from the main storage
battery in case of a failure of the general lighting service from which
the current for operating is normally drawn.
[Illustration: Fig. 428. Terminal Apparatus. Chelsea Office]
[Illustration: Fig. 429. Floor Plan, Automatic Office, Lansing,
Michigan]
Another view of the terminal-room apparatus is given in Fig. 428. This
is taken from the point marked _B_ on the floor plan of Fig. 423. At the
right may be seen the message registers on which the calls of the
subscribers in this office are counted as a basis for the bills for
their service. At the extreme left is shown the private-line test board.
Through this board run all of the lines leased for private use, and also
all of the order wire or call lines passing through this office. The
purpose of such an arrangement is to facilitate the testing of such line
wires. At the right of this private-line test board is shown a
four-position wire chief's desk, upon which are provided facilities for
making all of the tests inside and outside.
[Illustration: Fig. 430. Line-Switch Units]
[Illustration: Fig. 431. Automatic Apparatus at Lansing Office]
The main frame is shown at the right of Fig. 428, just to the right of a
gallery from which a step-ladder leads. The left-hand side of this frame
is the line or protector side, but the portion toward the observer in
this picture is unequipped. These equipped protector strips carry 400
pairs of terminals each, and the consequent length of these strips makes
necessary the gallery shown, in order that all of them may be readily
accessible.
[Illustration: Fig. 432. Main Distributing Frame, Lansing Office]
[Illustration: Fig. 433. Line Switches]
[Illustration: POWER PLANT FOR AUTOMATIC SWITCHBOARD EQUIPMENT Bay
Cities Home Telephone Company, Berkeley, Cal.]
[Illustration: Fig. 434. Secondary Line Switches and First Selectors]
=Automatic Offices.= There is no great difference in the amount of floor
space required in central offices employing automatic and manual
equipment. Whatever difference there is, is likely to be in favor of the
automatic. The fact that no such rigid requirement exists in the
arrangement of automatic apparatus, as that which makes it necessary to
place the sections of a multiple board all in one row, makes it possible
to utilize the available space more economically with automatic than
with manual equipment.
[Illustration: Fig. 435. Second Selectors]
[Illustration: Fig. 436. Toll Distributing Frame and Harmonic
Converters]
In manual practice it is necessary to place the distributing frames and
power apparatus in a separate room from that containing the switchboard,
but in an automatic exchange no such necessity exists; in fact, so far
as the distributing-frame equipment is concerned, it is considered
desirable to have it located in the same room as the automatic switches.
The battery room in an automatic exchange should be entirely separate
from the operating room, since the fumes from the battery would be fatal
to the proper working of the automatic switches.
_Typical Automatic Office._ The floor-plan and views of a medium-sized
automatic office at Lansing, Michigan, have been chosen as representing
typical practice. The floor plan is shown in Fig. 429. The apparatus
indicated in full lines represents the present equipment, and that in
dotted lines the space that will be required by the expected future
equipment.
In Fig. 430 is shown a group of five line-switch units, representing a
total of five hundred lines. The length of such a unit is practically
fourteen feet and the breadth over all about twenty-two inches.
Fig. 431 shows a general view of this Lansing office, taken from a point
of view indicated at _A_ on the floor plan of Fig. 429. Fig. 432 shows
the main distributing frame, which is of ordinary type; Fig. 433 shows a
closer view of some of the primary line switches; Fig. 434 is a view of
the secondary line switches and first selectors, the latter being on the
right; Fig. 435 is a view of the frequency selectors and second
selectors, the former being used in connection with party-line work; and
Fig. 436 is a view of the toll distributing frame and harmonic
converters for party-line ringing.
A general view of the main switching room in the Grant Avenue office of
the Home Telephone Company of San Francisco is given in Fig. 437, this
being taken before the work of installation had been fully completed.
The present capacity of the equipment is 6,000 and the ultimate 12,000
lines. This office is one of a number of similar ones recently installed
for the Home Telephone Company in San Francisco, the combination of
which forms by far the largest automatic exchange yet installed. The
scope of the plans is such as to enable 125,000 subscribers to be served
without any change in the fundamental design, and by means merely of
addition in equipment and lines as demanded by the future subscriptions
for telephone service.
[Illustration: Fig. 437. Grant Avenue Office--San Francisco]