A NORMAN FAMILY
In Appendix K to _Geoffrey de Mandeville_, Mr. J. H. Round presents a
little group, belonging to this period, of three families, together
with a collection of facts and figures which, despite their scantiness,
enable us to obtain more than a glimpse of the London Baron; the owner
of manors and socs within and without the City; the merchant and the
banker; the servant and the officer of the King; the Saxon who was also
the companion and equal of the Norman nobles. “Few discoveries,” says
Mr. Round, “in the course of these researches have afforded me more
satisfaction and pleasure” than the investigation into the origin of
Gervase de Cornhill, which led to the recovery of this group of the
Norman period. It is difficult to imagine greater satisfaction for
one who burrows among the documents of the past than thus to chance
upon a chain of facts which bring to light a whole family, with its
history, at the time when the Normans and the English were beginning to
intermarry, shortly before the time when it was said—
“Jam cohabitantibus Anglicis et Normannis, et alterutrum uxores
ducentibus vel nubentibus, sic permixtae sunt nationes, ut vix discerni
possit hodie, de liberis loquor, quis Anglicus, quis Normannus sit
genere.”
The most important of these families is that descended from one
Herlwin, who, since his son was sheriff in 1130 when he was certainly
not a very young man, was probably born before the Conquest. Since
his name is simply stated without the Norman addition showing his
parentage, we may gather that the Saxons after the Conquest retained
the usage of giving the name without such qualification. Concerning
Herlwin, Mr. Round tells us nothing except that he had at least three
sons and one daughter. One of the sons, Ralph FitzHerlwin, was sheriff
in 1130. The daughter, Ingenolda, married Roger, “nephew of Hubert.”
Ralph FitzHerlwin’s son Robert married Mary, niece of Nicolas, priest
of St. Michael Chepe. Nicolas himself was the son of Algar, priest of
the same church. This priest Algar held the living on lease from St.
Paul’s; his son succeeded him, and presented in his turn the living
to his nephew by marriage, Robert FitzRalph, the grandson of Herlwin.
We see, therefore, that priests married openly and blamelessly, and
that they were able in some cases, as when they held a benefice, to
bequeath, or to transfer it to their heirs. Probably Nicolas had
no sons, or Robert FitzRalph would have had to look elsewhere for a
living. It is also apparent that the parish priests were recruited from
the governing class of the City, and that this class intermarried with
the children of the clergy.
Roger, “nephew to Hubert,” was evidently a man of great consideration.
He was chosen by the King in 1125 with Aubrey de Vere to invest
the House of the Holy Trinity with the Portsoken when the Cnihten
Gild handed it over to the monks. He was sheriff in the same year:
he is mentioned in an earlier document as one of the “Barons of
London,”—“Hugoni de Bocheland, Rogero, Leofstano, Ordgaro, et omnibus
aliis baronibus Lundoniae.” Mr. Round has found two Royal Charters,
one of which conveys to him the Manor of Chalk. Roger was one of the
multitude who were affected by the great religious enthusiasm of the
time: he must needs go on pilgrimage, and went to Jerusalem, dying on
the way there or back, if he did not die in the Holy City itself. It
will be remembered that another city magnate, Gilbert Becket, also went
on pilgrimage to Jerusalem at the same time. The son Gervase was called
De Cornhill, as the heir of his wife’s father, Edward de Cornhill or
Hupcornhill. Mr. Round notes, on the form Hupcornhill, similar forms
at Colchester, as “Opethewalle” and “Hoppeoverhumber,” _i.e._ the man
who came “up from beyond the Humber.” He was sheriff in 1155, and is
mentioned as Justiciar of London in the only Charter left of those
granted by Stephen’s Queen, “Sciatis quod dedi Gervasio Justicianis de
Londonia X marcetas terrae.”
This Gervase of Cornhill or Gervase FitzRoger was one of the most
prominent of the London citizens during the reigns of Stephen and Henry
II. He was born about the year 1110 and he died about the year 1183.
He was a landowner in the City and in the country. The Manor of Chalk,
which had been granted to his father, Roger, was afterwards granted to
him. In the records of the Duchy of Lancaster (1123-1136) is a grant
of land in “Eadintune” by William Archbishop of Canterbury to Gervase
and Agnes his wife. Agnes is described as the daughter of Edward of
Cornhill and Godeleve his wife. The name of Gervase occurs twice under
Stephen and “innumerable times” (Round) under Henry II., both in a
public and a private capacity. Gervase was not only a merchant: like
all successful merchants of the time he advanced money on mortgage and
obtained lands by foreclosing.
The strange history of the Cnihten Gild and its dissolution has already
been told. The light of reality is thrown upon this event when we read
that Edward of Cornhill was one of the Gild; that Edward of Southwark,
the father of Godeleve, and William of Southwark her brother, were
witnesses of the deed conveying Portsoken to the Holy Trinity Priory,
as well as Roger, Gervase’s father.
Turn again to Gervase of Cornhill. His son Henry, Sheriff of London,
Kent, and Surrey, married Alice, a daughter and heiress of the English
branch of the De Courceys. She afterwards married Warin FitzGerald.
The daughter of Henry and Alice, Joan de Cornhill, married Hugh de
Neville, Forester of England. I think that nothing, so far discovered,
better illustrates the position of the London merchants than this
genealogy and these facts, rescued by a laborious antiquary from the
scanty records of the time. We see the Barons of London on an equality
with the Norman aristocracy, acting with them, and intermarrying
with them; acquiring lands in the country; going on pilgrimage to
the Holy Land; becoming the principal actors in that most remarkable
event,—the Dissolution of the venerable Saxon Gild and the transfer of
the property which they held in trust to a Religious House. We see a
merchant of London holding the post of Justiciar. I wish it had been
possible for Mr. Round to have carried his researches further into the
annals of this family. One knows not where their descendants might be
found at the present day.
One more episode in the history of Gervase has been unearthed by Mr.
Round (_Feudal England_, p. 471).
The manor of Langham in Essex, near Colchester, was part of the
property of the great Clare family. It was given by Richard de Clare,
some time before the year 1086, to Walter Tirel, who married his
daughter Adeliza. Sometime between 1138 and 1148, Hugh Tirel sold
the manor, or raised money upon it, the purchaser, or the lender,
being Gervase of Cornhill, who obtained possession of it either by
foreclosing the mortgage or by purchase, Hugh Tirel himself taking
a part in the Crusade, while the London merchant, staying at home,
profited by the religious enthusiasm of the time. Fifty years later,
Richard I. granted permission to Henry, son of Gervase of Cornhill,
to enclose and impark his woods at Langham. “Thus,” says Round, “did
the wealthy Londoner become a country squire some centuries ago.” (See
Appendix V.)
Algar, Herlwin. (?)
Priest of │ │
St. Michael Chepe. │ │
│ │ │
┌───┴────┐ ┌─────────┬────┴───┬────────┐ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Nicolas, Daughter=Baldwin Ralph William, Herlwin, Ingenolda= Roger
Priest of de Arras. FitzHerlwin living 1130. │ (Sheriff
St. Michael. (Sheriff 1130). │ 1125.)
│ ├───(to A)
│ │
Mary = Robert FitzRalph, Alan.
Priest of │
St. Michael Chepe. │
Roger FitzAlan.
(?) Edward Southwark.
│ │
│ │
│ ┌─────┴────┐
│ │ │
Edward Cornehill=Godeleve. William
│ of Southwark.
A──────┐ │
│ │
Gervase=Agnes de Cornhill.
│
│
├─────────────┬────────────┐
│ │ │
Alice de Courci = Henry Reginald Ralph
heiress of the de Cornhill. de Cornhill. de Cornhill.
English de │ │
Courci. │ └───────────────┐
│ │
Joan de Cornhill = Hugh de Nevill, Reginald
Forester of England. de Cornhill.
[Transcriber’s Note: While there is no explicit link in the original
between the Algar tree and the rest, the layout and the text suggest
that Mary is the daughter of Baldwin de Arras and his anonymous wife.]
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
THE RIVER EMBANKMENT
Let us add to this account that of the discoveries made in the Parish
of St. Michael Crooked Lane in connection with the approaches of the
new London Bridge:—
“On cutting through the present embankment of the river, it appeared,
as might be expected, to be of comparatively modern construction. The
outward wall was upright, and of Kentish rag, in courses of about
fourteen inches, and about one foot in the bed. It was backed by
quantities of chalk and great lumps of madrepore; the latter supposed,
from being of foreign produce, to have been brought hither by ships as
ballast, and thrown against the wall as rubbish to fill up the vacant
spaces.
Proceeding northwards, the ground was found to be a mass of marsh,
extending from the river’s edge to about sixty feet beyond Thames
Street, evidently from its having once formed part of the bed of the
river. It shelved up towards Thames Street, and was dug into from ten
to twenty-four feet deep at that part, to find a safe foundation for
laying the south abutment of the land arch built across Thames Street;
but the soil proved to be so loose that vast quantities of solid
materials were obliged to be sunk for making a secure foundation. This
was also the case in laying the foundations of the walls of all the
brick arches which support the northern approach; though in no place
was the soil found of so marshy a nature as here.
The site of the ancient ‘Oyster gate’ was identified by cart-loads
of oyster shells being found on the spot. This place had been hid in
the reign of Elizabeth, by building what Stowe calls the artificial
_forcier_ or engine for increasing the supply of Thames water to
the metropolis, and which was succeeded by the later Waterworks. In
digging at the greatest depth on this site, there was turned up part
of a leathern sandal, singularly looped on the sides, which had been
apparently lost in the mud; also some fragments of Roman pottery, and a
few coins.
The principal discovery here, and beyond it northwards, however, was of
two separate ancient lines of embankment, one being on the _south_ side
of Thames Street, and the other at some distance.
The first embankment, on the south side of Thames Street, was found
about ten feet below the surface of the street, and was traced to the
depth of more than twenty feet. It was formed of large solid trees of
oak and chesnut, about two feet square, roughly hewn, having camp
sheathings, and strong timber waltlings spiked to the piles, the whole
of great strength and massiveness.” (_St. Michael Crooked Lane_, pp.
13-14.)
The original embankment lower down the river at Dagenham was “composed
of large trunks of trees, similar to what were discovered on the above
occasion in Thames Street, only that _yew trees_ were used instead of
_oaks_. On digging down about twenty-two feet, at a place called the
_Moor-logg_ (a marsh which must have aboriginally resembled Southwark),
they met with a vein of divers sorts of rotten wood (yew timber only,
which was found amongst it, being not decayed), which lay about three
feet and a half or four feet underneath the surface of the marsh
ground belonging to the levels, about ten feet in depth, and with very
little mixture of earth that could be discerned amongst it. Underneath
it there was about twelve or fifteen inches depth of blue clay, then
gravel and sand. A great part of this Moor-logg seemed to be comprised
of small brushwood; and many hazel-nuts had been taken up in digging,
which the captain had in his hand, and looked to have been firm, but
upon a very little pressure they broke to dust. Several of the yew
trees found were fourteen or sixteen inches diameter, and perfectly
sound excepting the sap. The willow or sallow trees were, many of
them, found of two feet and upwards diameter, and retained a whitish
colour, like touchwood. Above the vein mentioned they found, as in
Thames Street, stags’ horns. The same sort of marsh ground was found at
Woolwich and Deptford.” (_St. Michael Crooked Lane_, pp. 15-16, note.)
In 1826 an excavation in Tooley Street brought to light a curious
embankment.
“The first few feet were made ground, merely rubbish; then came a
thick, close, sedimentary deposit of alluvial clay and Thames-river
mud, averaging about seven to ten feet thick, which evidently had its
origin in the tidal and sedimentary matter from the adjacent river.
Below this mud and clayey deposit was a close stratum of peat, tightly
compressed, varying materially in thickness in different places along
the street, but averaging from two to four and five feet in thickness.
This peat was chiefly composed of vestiges of hazel trees, hazel-nuts
in beautiful preservation, fragments of oak, beech, and other trees,
and leaves and stems of various plants confusedly intermixed; the wood
and hazel-nuts and the oak differing in no respect, in their character,
from what might be grown at the present time in the same neighbourhood.
This peat and wood had undergone no apparent chemical change. It was
highly saturated with moisture, had rather an agreeable odour, and was
of a light brown colour. Fragments of the hazel and oak wood, on being
kept in a dry situation for two or three months, shrunk into about
one-tenth of their original size by the evaporation of the combined
water, but left the outside bark in its original shape, while the
remaining inside, ligneous fibre of the hazel or oak became, on cutting
it with a knife, nearly as black and as hard as ebony. Below this
stratum of peat came the usual angular fragments, called by geologists
diluvial gravel; consisting of fragments of flint, reposing on the
great argillaceous deposit of the blue London clay.” (_St. Michael
Crooked Lane_, pp. 16-17, note.)
Returning to St. Michael’s, “the 2nd embankment was discovered about
sixty feet beyond the north side of Thames Street, towards Crooked
Lane, and was of a completely different character from the one just
described. It was composed of strong elm piles, from eight to ten feet
long, closely driven together in the ground, with a waling-piece, or
brace, at the top.” (_Ibid._ pp. 16-18.)
APPENDIX II
THE RIVERSIDE DISCOVERIES
_The following extracts from Archæologia, vol. iii., give fuller
information on the results of excavation along the river-side._
“It is well known that, to arrive at the solid clay in Thames Street
for the purpose of planting foundations, a considerable depth must be
attained. It must be remembered that, apart from the accumulation of
centuries since the Roman occupation, the levels of this neighbourhood
were greatly altered at the time of the Great Fire. The slope of the
various hills leading from Cannon Street to the river was entirely
changed, and in Thames Street the roadway was in many places raised
from 3 to 7 feet. In watching, therefore, the sinking of the shafts
which were to receive the piers of the railway arches, it was possible
to trace the successive mementoes of London’s history from the last
century back to the Roman period. There were the traders’ tokens,
bellarmines, and other late pottery, mediæval spurs, daggers, objects
in leather, and lastly occurred the coins, styli, pins in bone and
bronze, personal ornaments, etc., associated with quantities of the
bright red Samian pottery. From 20 to 25 feet appeared to be the
average depth of the Roman level, and here, driven into the clay along
the whole extent of the excavations, were numerous piles and transverse
beams extending right across the street, and forming a complete network
of timber. Many of these beams measured as much as 18 inches square,
and all were of great strength and durability. They doubtless formed
the old water-line and Thames embankment fronting the southern portion
of Roman London. Such beams were observed on both sides of the street,
and many had probably been supports for the Roman buildings which so
plentifully existed in the neighbourhood of Bush Lane and Scots Yard.
Towards Cannon Street were large masses of Roman masonry, such as have
been described by Mr. Roach Smith in the twenty-ninth volume of the
_Archæologia_. Much of this had to be removed, and it was interesting
to observe how completely the old walls defied the appliances of modern
engineering, the necessary dislodgment being only effected by the aid
of gunpowder; in some cases, I believe, the veritable _Roman_ walls now
form foundations for the support of the railway arches. In some places
could be detected the junction of the clay and gravel with the soft
black earth and refuse, betokening the old course of the Wallbrook,
which at Dowgate dock flowed into the Thames. From the great quantity
of antiquities, it has been suggested that this particular spot may
have been an ancient rubbish-shoot, such as the celebrated pit at the
Royal Exchange. The beautiful preservation of the coins and metal
objects favours the idea that the whole had been formerly covered by
the Thames.”
“From the Steelyard there is a very elegant bronze in low relief,
respecting which various conjectures have been made. Mr. Smith
pronounces it a figure of Hope; and he refers to the coins of Claudius,
with a similar figure, inscribed ‘SPES AVGVSTA.’ It seems to have been
affixed to a coffer or to some object as a decoration. It is now in the
possession of Mr. Cecil Brent, to whom we owe so much for the interest
he has so successfully taken in the antiquities of Roman London.
Of coins may be selected large and middle brass of Claudius, Nero,
Vespasian, and Domitian; but their reverses are all well known.
Pottery is well represented, large quantities of Samian having been
found, including some fine examples, bearing _incuse_ patterns, which
are extremely uncommon. There are also some good specimens of Upchurch
pottery; one of the black vessels appears to have had a handle, and is
of an unusual type.
In glass there are pieces known as pillar moulding, which are very
rare in London, though in some parts of England perfect vessels of
this kind have at times been found, and are duly recorded in Mr. Roach
Smith’s _Collectanea Antiqua_, as well as in his _Roman London_.
Pins, needles, knives, and spoons have been found in large numbers
both in bone and bronze. Among the spoons is a perfect example of
the long-stemmed spoon, with a narrow bowl at one end and an oblong
termination at the other. Such are figured by Mr. Roach Smith, who
considers them to have been employed in extracting unguents, etc.,
from the small long-necked bottles familiarly known as lachrymatories.
Two of similar form were, he says, discovered in a metal case with a
box of colours, and a variety of implements and glass bottles, in the
grave of a female painter near Fontenay; and, as the whole of the minor
objects clearly appertained to the profession of the defunct, these
spoons were doubtless used for extracting liquids from the bottles for
mixing and preparing colours, in which process the oblong ends were
probably of service. We have also some good Roman keys, a few fibulæ,
the beam of a pair of scales, and, among the minor relics, a little
fish-hook; a plentiful supply too of Roman leather. Some of the sandals
are beautifully preserved, and indicate the moisture of the soil in
which they were embedded. Most of these (as is usual) are of small and
medium size, having doubtless belonged to females and young people;
but there are those that have evidently belonged to the other sex. The
round-topped nails with which the soles are so densely studded are,
with other appearances of strength, evidences that they once belonged
to feet accustomed to a firm and heavy tread.”
“The numerous piles and transverse beams which extended across Thames
Street were traced for a considerable distance along the river bank,
and in an upward direction towards Cannon Street. So complete a network
of timber did they form, and so massive and durable were the means
employed for holding the entire fabric together, that it is evident
it was intended to resist a heavy strain or pressure. The Wallbrook
here flowed into the Thames, and the drainage of the old city being
on a different scale to what it now is, it is probable that the soil
of the locality would be damp and yielding, and that some protection
for the foundations of the buildings reared along the water line would
be necessary against the inroads of the river. Above this embankment
buildings of great magnitude must have existed, if we may judge from
the strength and solidity of these foundations. Mr. Thomas D. E.
Gunston, who paid great attention to the excavations at the time, took
copious notes, from which he has courteously permitted me to condense
the more important particulars. Running nearly in a line with Bush
Lane was an immense external wall, some 200 feet long, 10 feet high,
and 12 feet in thickness, formed of ragstone, chalk, and a variety of
materials bound together with mortar in the ordinary Roman fashion. At
an angle were foundations 8 feet wide, of flint and rubble supporting
smaller walls, some 3 feet wide, composed principally of bonding tiles
18 inches by 12. These were connected by a series of cross walls 2
feet 6 inches thick, and built of flat tiles 14 inches by 11, also
set on rubble footings 4 feet in width. Still nearer Cannon Street
were the remains of an apartment 50 feet by 40, floored with a coarse
red concrete; this was connected with a second, which had access to
a third but smaller room. A long series of smaller apartments were
satisfactorily traced, with floors of coarse tesseræ of red and yellow
brick in cubes about an inch square. Some little distance in front
of the centre apartment in this series was a square piece of paving
comprised of oblong bricks on edge, known as ‘herring-bone pavement.’
Adjoining a thick rubble wall was a large portion of a mosaic pavement,
comprised of half-inch cubes of black, white, red, and grey tesseræ,
worked into a simple pattern and surrounded by a double border of black
and grey stones of a compact nature, and from 4 to 6 inches square, but
varying in thickness. In close proximity to this human remains were
found. There were evidences of strong timber drains, or waterways,
one 5 feet beneath the foundations of the building, and having a
steep incline to the river. This measured 4 feet across, and was 18
inches deep, the boards forming the sides being 4 inches and those at
the bottom 6 inches in thickness. The other channels were of smaller
dimensions.
Within several of the rooms wall paintings remained, the designs in
various colours; some divided by lines and bands into panels, others
ornamented by a trellis-pattern, or powdering of fancy-coloured spots:
besides a quantity of roofing, hypocaust, and building tiles; fragments
of pottery, glass, and articles of personal and domestic use. On many
of the tiles were the letters PPBR, LON, such as have been observed
before to be worthy of notice, as ‘recording the fact of their having
been made by the first cohort of the Britons stationed at Londinium’;
others were scored with geometrical figures, or small squares worked
with a diamond pattern.”
APPENDIX III
STRYPE ON ROMAN REMAINS
In the Appendix to his edition of _Stow_, 1720, Strype devotes a short
chapter to the antiquities found in London, which I have thought of
sufficient importance to be transcribed in full.
“There are preserved, either in public Repositories, or in more private
Custody, many Antique Curiosities: Found chiefly in digging Foundations
for the Building of London after the great Fire, and occasionally at
other Times.
In the Repository of the Royal Society in Gresham College, there is a
large Glass Urn, that holds about a Gallon; and hath a few Shivers of
Bones in it: It was taken up since the Fire in Spittlefields. The Glass
is somewhat thick, bellying out, and contracting towards the Mouth with
a Lip.
But the Collections made by Dr. John Woodward, Professor of Physic in
Gresham College, is by much the most considerable of any. For, besides
an ancient marble Bust of Jupiter, a Marble Head with a Phrygian Tiara,
a Grecian Basso-Relievo, a Votive Shield, exhibiting the Sacking of
Rome by the Gauls; the Embossment of which is allowed by the greatest
Judges to be the finest and most exquisite that all Antiquity hath
left us: Several Icunculi of the Deities, both Egyptian and Roman: A
considerable Variety of Amulets, Periapta, Phalli, Bullæ, Scarabæi:
Gems with historical Sculpture, Heads, etc. graven upon them. Camei
and Intaglias of Egyptian, Grecian, and Roman Work: Many Roman,
Greek, Syrian, and other Medals: Roman Weights: A Roman Semi-Congius:
Urns, Lachrymatories, and other Things, procured from Alexandria,
Constantinople, Rome, etc. And besides, an ancient Roman Altar from the
Picts Wall in Northumberland, with a considerable Inscription upon it:
Several ancient Weapons of Brass, Thuribula, Pateræ, Urns, etc., found
in the remoter Parts of this Kingdom, Cumberland, the Isle of Man,
Yorkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, Northamptonshire, Devonshire,
etc. He hath a vast Variety of ancient Instruments, Utensils, Vasa,
and the like, that have been discovered in several Places in and
about this City: In particular, several Vessels of religious Use, and
employed in the Sacrifices, as for Example, Præfericula, Simpula,
Pateræ, Thuribula, Labra, digged up; together with Horns, Teeth, and
other Parts of the Beasts that were offered in Sacrifice; above twenty
Sepulchral Urns of various Forms and Sizes: Likewise, Lanxes, Amphoræ,
Crateres, Scyphi, Gutti, Pocula, Ollæ nummariæ clausæ; Parts of the
Plasmata fictilia, in which the embossed Vasa were molded; and Lamps of
various Sorts. The precedent Vessels are of Pot or Earth; several of
them extremely fine, well baked, some curiously glazed, and the Colours
very beautiful.
As to their Forms, they are universally very elegant and handsome. And
indeed the Doctor, the Possessor of them, well observeth, that the
Remains of these Works of the Romans shew them to have been a People of
an exact Genius, good Fancy, and curious Contrivance.
’Tis observable also in this Collection, that the Things are fair,
well preserved, and intire; which, considering the great Number and
Diversity of them; how brittle Pots and Glasses are, and how liable to
be defaced, injured, and dashed in Pieces, is the more extraordinary.
He hath likewise in his cabinet of Antiquities a Glass Urn, with a
Cover; also a Scyphus; divers Ampullæ, Phialæ, and Lachrymatories of
Glass, that are very fair and perfect. Then, there are several Pieces
of British Money, coined both before and after the Descent of the
Romans upon this Island. As also Roman Numismata, coined here: (Besides
Saxon, Danish, and Norman Coins, which, as well as others, are very
fair, and happily preserved). Likewise, Styles of Ivory, Bone, and
Steel: Several Fibulæ, Aciculi, Bullæ, Claves, Armillae, Annuli, Beads
of various Sorts; Aleæ, Tessaræ, Pectines, Calcaria, Spicula, Jacula.
Likewise Tiles, Pieces of Lithostrata, or tessellated Pavements of
Earth, Glass, Paste, Enamel, and gilded.
So that Dr. Woodward’s Musæum is a Treasury of all Sorts of Commodities
and Utensils, sacred and profane, of ancient Heathen Rome: As Vessels
for Sacrifice, and for other subordinate Uses in Sacris. Vessels also
for Uses Domestic, Sepulchral, Military, Personal, for wearing and
dressing: Also divers Pieces of Art relating to Building, or Sculpture,
explanatory of some Parts of Roman History.
Besides these Remains of Roman skill and Workmanship, here are also
reposited several Gothic Historical Carvings, in Copper, Ivory, and
Wood; the Work of some of them very good: Impresses on Lead, and leaden
Seals, that have been affixed anciently to Popes’ Bulls; with various
other Things, all well chosen, of real Importance, and serviceable to
some useful Design.
One great Intention of this learned Gentleman (as he hath assured me)
in amassing together so great a number of these Things, and that with
so great Diligence, Trouble and Expence, was in order to clear and
give Light to those ancient Writers who mention and treat of them,
viz. the Greeks and Romans; which he hath read and studied with great
Exactness. Another of his Ends herein was, to illustrate the History
and Antiquities of this great and noble City; out of the Ruins of which
these Things were retrieved, upon the Occasion of that great digging,
(greater indeed than ever happened from the Foundation of it before)
and the removal of Rubbish that was made in all Parts, after the late
great Fire. And, indeed, the Medals and Coins, the various Figures,
Historical Embossments, and Inscriptions upon the Vases, contribute
very much to that End. And farther, from the various Places in which
the Urns were found reposited, (which, according to the Laws of the
twelve Tables, were to be buried without the Walls) he is able to
ascertain the ancient Bounds of this City, whilst Roman: From several
Things discovered in laying the Foundation of St. Paul’s Church, to
shew, not only that there was anciently a Temple there; but also, by
some Instances to prove that it was dedicated to Diana, according to
the ancient Tradition, notwithstanding that a very learned Antiquary as
well as Divine, has lately offered to the contrary.
Indeed, the far greater Part of these Things is so very considerable,
that it would afford much Satisfaction to inquisitive People, to see
Icons graved of them; and that the Possessor could have spared so much
Time from his Business, and his other Studies, as to have writ his own
Observations and Reflections upon them, that I might have entered them
(as I requested of him) in this Work.
In Black Fryars, in clearing away the Rubbish, in order to building
after the great Fire, they came to a thick Wall, very probably a Part
of the Foundation Wall of the Old Fryery. In which Wall was placed
somewhat like a Cupboard, shut. Which being opened, in it were found
four dead Men’s Heads, reposited in fine Pewter Cases, made for them;
round, only flat on one side; and a thick Cover of Pewter, having
a Ring fastened on the Top, for the more convenient taking it off,
or putting it on. Three of these Heads are now lost; likely enough
conveighed beyond Sea, where they may serve for Relicks. That which
remained is, or was lately, in the Possession of Mr. Prestbury; a
Sopemaker in East Smithfield, who shewed it me Oct. 2, 1703. We took
out the Head from the Case: It had been wrapt in black Silk, which
was then grown rotten. The Skin was like a Piece of tanned Leather,
or Bacon. The Hair of the Temples yellow, but upon the Head the Hair
was red, short, and thick, and would not be pulled off. There was a
Tonsure, or round bare place on the Crown of the Head, that bespake him
to have been in Holy Orders: the Nose flat, as tho’ a piece of it had
been cut off: The Mouth gaping: The Teeth in the Head found, ten in
Number; the rest had been pulled out. The Feature still discoverable.
There remained a great deal of Dust of a brownish Colour in the Case.
On the Side of the Cover was scratched this Name in a bad Character, I.
Cornelius. There was one Corpse found near it under Ground, without a
Head. These seem to have been Fryars of this religious House, or some
of their Benefactors, or their Saints or Martyrs. Whose Heads, perhaps,
were taken out and shewn upon extraordinary Days and Occasions: And
upon the Dissolution of the House (it may be) here concealed.
Near the Foundation of Charing Cross, at a great depth, were Stones
found, which seemed to be a Sort of coarse Marble, of a blackish
colour, and cut into several plain Sides, but irregular. From whence,
saith Dr. Crew, they may be argued to be very ancient. These were given
by Sir Joseph Williamson to the Museum in Gresham College.
In Mark Lane a strange Brick was found 40 Years before, or better,
about 28 Foot deep in the Ground, by Mr. Stockley, while he was digging
a Foundation and Cellars for an House which he built for Mr. Woolly. On
this Brick was formed Sampson (as I had it from J. Bagford) with the
Jaw Bone of an Ass in his right Hand, and his left Hand lifted up; with
two Foxes before him, running together, with Firebrands at their Tails;
scaring them into high standing Corn hard by. This, methinks, might
have belonged to the House of some Jew dwelling thereabouts; signifying
his malice to some neighbouring Christian Merchant that dealt in Corn.
For ’tis remarkable, that near this Place where this Brick was found,
was also digged up burnt Wheat, to the Quantity of many Quarters; very
black, but yet sound: Probably it was some Granary consumed by Fire.
But take what the said Mr. Bagford hath since writ in his letter to
Mr. Hearn of Oxford: That this brick was of a Roman Make, of a curious
red Clay, and in Bass relief; and was a Key Brick to the Arch: And the
burnt Wheat was conjectured to have lain buried ever since the burning
of the City 800 Years before. And that it is preserved in the Museum
belonging to the Royal Society in Fleet Street. And that Mr. Waller’s
Conjecture of it was, that it had been made and set there by some Jew,
settling here, in the Arch of his own Granary.
A Piece of Mosaic Work found deep under Ground in Holborn, near St.
Andrew’s Church, inlaid with black, white, and Red Stones in squares
and other regular Figures. In the abovesaid Museum.
In digging for the Foundations of St. Paul’s Cathedral at the West End
since the Fire, was found variety of Roman sacrificing Vessels, whereof
a great quantity of the Fragments were digged up. They were made of a
curious red Earth; the Glazing of them still remains, which is curious.
They are of divers Shapes and Sizes, as Occasion should require them
to be made Use of in their Sacrifices. And in many, the Potter’s Name
was stamped at the Bottom. Some of these Mr. Bagford, a Citizen of
London, studious of Antiquities and especially of such as relate to
the said city, took up with his own Hands. Farther, on the South Side
of the said West End was found a Potter’s Kiln, the Shape of which was
circular. In this the abovesaid sacrificing Vessels probably were made.
It was near to the Temple where Diana was worshipped, for the more
Convenience of the People that came thither to sacrifice; that they
might be furnished with all Sorts of Vessels they had Occasion for,
at the Time when they made their Sacrifices. And likewise thereabouts
were found several Moulds of Earth, some exhibiting Figures of Men,
of Lions, of Leaves of Trees, and other Things. These were used to
make Impression of those Things upon the Vessels. These Moulds are
also among the forementioned curious Collections of Dr. Woodward. The
representation of the aforesaid Pottery, drawn with a Pen, is in the
Possession of Sir Hans Sloan, Bart, M.D., of the Royal Society, with a
Description of it added.
Also, at the South Side of St. Paul’s Church, at the Beginning to build
it after the Fire, were found several Scalps of Oxen, and a large
Quantity of Boars Tusks, with divers earthen Vessels, especially Pateræ
of different Shapes.
In Canning Street, nigh Bush Lane, was found pretty deep in the Earth,
a large Pavement of Roman Mosaic Work. Dr. Hook gave a Piece of it to
the Repository in Gresham College.
In Goodman’s Fields, without Aldgate, was a Roman burying Place. For,
since the Buildings there, about 1678, have been found there (in
digging for Foundations) vast Quantities of Urns, and other Roman
Utensils, as Knives, Combs, etc., which are likewise in the Possession
of Dr. Woodward. Some of these Urns had Ashes of Bones of the Dean
in them, and Brass and Silver Money: And an unusual Urn of Copper,
curiously enamelled in Colours, Red, Blue, and Yellow.
In Kent Street, all along the Gardens on the right Hand side of the
Road going out of Town, have been digged up several Roman Vessels, as
Urns, Ampullæ, and other things; and among the rest, an Head of Janus,
cut in Stone, that is still preserved, being placed over the Door at
the entry of one of those Gardiners Houses. Money was offered for this
Janus Head, but it would not be taken; being kept superstitiously, as
tho’ it were found by Revelation in a Dream; a Woman, about the Time it
was found, dreaming she was brought to Bed of a child with two Faces.
At Peckham was a very large Urn of Glass digged up in the Highway,
which is now in Gresham College. For these last Accounts I am beholden
to my Friend, the abovesaid Mr. Bagford, late deceased in the Charter
House, having been a Brother there.
In April, in the Year 1707, divers Roman Antiquities were found in
digging by the Wall near Bishopsgate Within. Mr. Joseph Miller, an
Apothecary, living very near the Place, while the Labourers were
digging for Foundations and Cellars, for some new Houses to be built in
Camomile Street, did first discover several of these Antiquities; which
he communicated to Dr. John Woodward of Gresham College aforesaid:
Who, according to his wonted Exactness, gave this Narration of them in
a Letter to Sir Christopher Wren, which he courteously let me peruse.
‘About four Foot under Ground was discovered a Pavement, consisting of
Diced Bricks, the most red, but some black, and others yellow; each
somewhat above an Inch in Thickness. The Extent of the Pavement in
Length was uncertain, it running from Bishopsgate for sixty Foot, quite
under the Foundation of some Houses not yet pulled down. Its Bredth was
about ten Foot, terminating on that Side, at the Distance of three Foot
and an Half from the Wall.
‘Sinking downwards under the Pavement, only Rubbish occurred for about
two Foot, and then the Workmen came to a Stratum of Clay in its natural
State. In which, at the Depth of three Foot more were found several
Urns. Some of them were become so tender and rotten, that they easily
crumbled and fell to Pieces. As for those that had the Fortune better
to escape the Injuries of Time, and the Strokes of the Workmen, they
were of different Forms; but all of very handsome Make and Contrivance,
as, indeed, most of the Roman Vessels we find ever are. Which is but
one of the many Instances that are at this Day extant of the Art of
that People, of the great Exactness of their Genius, and Happiness of
their Fancy. These Urns were of various Magnitudes; the largest capable
of holding three full Gallons, the least somewhat above a Quart. All
these had in them Ashes and Cinders of burnt Bones.
‘Along with the Urns were found various other earthen Vessels; as, a
Simpulus, a Patera of a very fine red Earth, and a bluish Glass Viol
of that Sort that is commonly called a Lachrymatory. On this there
appeared something like Gilding, very fine.’
There were likewise found several Beads, one or two Copper Rings, a
Fibula of the same Metal, but much impaired and decayed; as also a Coin
of Antoninus Pius, exhibiting on one Side the Head of that Emperor,
with a radiated Crown on, and this Inscription, ANTONINUS AUG....
At about the same Depth with the Things beforementioned, but nearer to
the City Wall, and without the Verge of the Pavement, was digged up an
human skull, with several bones that had not been burnt, as those in
the Urns had. But for a larger and more satisfactory Account of these
Antiquities, I refer the Reader to the said learned Doctor’s Letter,
now printed at large by Mr. Hearne, with Leland’s Itinerary, in Octavo.
An Elephant’s Body was found in a Field near to Sir John Oldcastle’s,
not far from Battle Bridge, by Mr. John Coniers, an Apothecary, and a
great Searcher after Antiquities, as he was digging there.
Some years ago, on the South Side of Ludgate, was taken up out of the
Rubbish a Roman Inscription, taken Notice of by learned Men.
Coming in at Ludgate, in the Residentiary’s Yard of St. Paul’s, was
discovered some Years ago an Aqueduct, close adjoining to the Wall
of the City. And such another was found after the Fire by Mr. Span
in Holiday Yard in Creed Lane, in digging the Foundation for a new
Building. And this was carried round a Bath, that was built in a Roman
Form, with Nieches at an equal Distance for Seats.
Anno 1716, in digging for the Foundation of a new Church, to be erected
where the Church of St. Mary Woolnoth in Lombard Street stood, at
the Depth of about 15 foot, and so lower to 22 foot were found Roman
Vessels, both for sacred and domestic Uses, of all Sorts, and in great
Abundance, but all broken: And with all were taken up Tusks and Bones
of Boars and Goats. As also many Medals, and Pieces of Metals; some
tesselated Works, a Piece of an Aqueduct; and at the very bottom a
Well filled up with Mire and Dirt; which being taken away, there arose
a fine Spring of Water. Dr. Harwood, of the Commons, hath been very
exact in taking Notice from Time to Time of these Antiquities; and hath
sorted and preserved a great many of the most curious and remarkable of
them; and supposeth, by probable Conjecture, that here was not only a
Pottery, but also, that on this Place, or near it, stood the Temple of
Concord; which our Roman Historians speak of to have been in this City,
when called Trinobantum. These Sheards were in such vast Quantities,
that many Cart Loads were carried away with the Rubbish, and the Roads
about St. George’s Fields in Southwark mended with them.
Anno 1718, in the Month of May, the Workmen pulling down a Wall at
Bridewel Hospital, found a Gold Ring an Inch and Quarter broad,
enamelled: Having the Resemblance of Christ on the Cross engraved on
it, with a mourning Heart, and a Pillar with a Cock on the Top. The
Inscription was in Arabic; and some Antiquaries who saw it, reckoned
it to be 1500 Years since it was made. This is related in the _Weekly
Journal_, No. 1047.
This is what I could, by diligent Enquiry of my Friends, collect,
concerning Antiquities found in London.” (Strype, _Stow’s Survey_, Vol.
II. Appendix IX. pp. 21-24.)
APPENDIX IV
THE CLAPTON SARCOPHAGUS
_Extract from a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries in 1867
(see L. and M. Archæological Society, vol. iii.)._
“The site is levelled ground, recently meadow-land and market-gardens,
situate at rear of the London Orphan Asylum, Clapton, on the brow of
the hill, passing down to the marshes and river Lea, within a few feet
of an old path just demolished which ran from Homerton to Lea Bridge,
_viâ_ Booksby’s Walk, in the direction from south to north, and another
way, for many years past but a private road to a farm, running west to
east, viz. from Clapton Square, _viâ_ Clapton Alley or Passage, to the
Lea river. These paths intersect each other near the spot; they are
very ancient, and, in all probability, old Roman ways. The coffin was
found on the natural gravel, 2 feet 6 inches from the surface, lying
due east and west, the foot to the east; it is of white coarse-grained
marble, and is cut from a solid block. It is about 6 feet 3 inches
long, 1 foot 3 inches wide, and 1 foot 6 inches deep; the thickness
being about 2½ inches. The inner surface is smooth, with a rise of
half an inch at one end, to serve as a rest for the head. No vestige
of a lid or covering has been found, but at each end are evidences of
clamp fastenings. It is plain on all sides but the front, which is
ornamented with a fluted pattern, the channels being filled to a third
of their height with a bead, and is an excellent illustration of cabled
fluting. The medallion in the centre is deeply cut, about 12 inches
in diameter, and encircles a well-executed bust, possibly a portrait
of the deceased. This is much damaged, with the exception of the hair
and the folds of the toga about the shoulders. These are as sharp
and clear as if just cut. The right hand is supported by the thumb
(apparently hooked within the folds across the breast), the fore and
middle fingers being stretched to their full length, and in an upward
direction. The third and fourth fingers are doubled in. Beneath the
medallion is an inscription in Roman letters, but, unfortunately, it
has not yet been deciphered. This side of the coffin is finished off by
two Corinthian pilasters, as shown in the illustration. I am informed
that, on clearing away the superincumbent débris, the coffin was found
to contain a skeleton, in the position of ordinary Christian burial,
with black mould about it. The skull soon fell to pieces, and the bones
were much decayed; those remaining comprised portions of the head of a
femur (right), middle third of left femur, portions of left tibia and
fibula, and two pieces of ribs. I should judge the deceased to have
been a small-boned man, about 6 feet high, and rather knock-kneed; and
take him to have been a civilian of rank, possibly a jurist, but not
a military man. Not far from the sarcophagus a small brass coin of
Gallienus was discovered.”
“The only sarcophagus that has been found in London which bears any
resemblance to that under consideration is the one from Haydon Square,
Minories, and that only in the fact of its being ornamented on its
front and side; the lid too, which is sharply ridged, is decorated with
a foliated pattern. It is formed of ragstone, and more roughly made
than that from Clapton. In the centre is a bust in bas-relief, and on
either side a striated pattern, such as may be frequently observed on
examples from abroad. At York, sarcophagi have been discovered with
inscriptions upon them on plain labels; others have had objects in
relief. At Avisford in Sussex, a fine example was exhumed containing
glass, pottery, etc., which has been described in the _Journal of the
Sussex Archæological Society_ and other antiquarian publications.
In Gaul and Italy, marble sarcophagi are, of course, the rule; the
material was at hand, and easy of access; consequently the ruins of the
Roman towns produce countless instances of ornamented marble tombs.”
“Fig. 1, Plate 6, is in the museum of Mr. Gunston, and was discovered
in the vicinity of Old Ford, near Bow, associated with pottery.
Another of the same character was found not long since in the same
locality on some property belonging to Mr. Joseph Wilkinson. He has
very kindly sent me all the particulars concerning it. He describes it
as being excavated from some ground held by him for building purposes
near the Saxon Road and Coborn Road, Bow, some 60 yards south of the
Roman highway. The coffin lay upon the gravel beneath some 30 inches
of superincumbent soil. Its length is about 6 feet 6 inches, width
2 feet 1, 2 inches less at the foot. The lid is slightly ridged. In
it were contained the bones of a full-sized man in a good state of
preservation. There was a fracture across the lid through which a
quantity of gravel had fallen, covering as it were the skeleton, which
appeared to have been buried, as the custom was, in lime. Its situation
was east and west, and the arms of the skeleton were drawn down at the
side, differing in this respect from that found some years since in the
same locality, and described by Mr. B. H. Cowper in our Journal. In
the latter case the arms of the skeleton were crossed upon the breast,
and the form of the coffin similar to that in Fig. 1. At a distance
of some 2 feet south of the coffin a large collection of pottery was
discovered.”
“In May last I received a letter from my friend Mr. H. W. King, Hon.
Sec. Essex Archæological Society, announcing that two more sarcophagi
of a similar character had been found in the same locality, in the
course of excavations for buildings on a site some 200 yards south of
the former discoveries.”
APPENDIX V
“With one of these Norman burghers the life of St. Thomas brings
us in contact, and, scanty as are the details of the story, they
agree in a very striking way with the indications afforded us by the
charter of the king. The story of the early years of Thomas Becket has
very naturally been passed over with little attention by his modern
biographers in their haste to fight the battle of his after-career.
But long before he became St. Thomas, Archbishop Thomas, or Thomas
of Canterbury, he was known as Thomas of London, son (to use his own
boast) of ‘a citizen, living without blame among his fellow-citizens.’
So completely was the family adopted into the City, that the monks
of Canterbury could beg loans from the burgesses on the plea that
the great martyr was a Londoner born; and on the City seal of the
fourteenth century, London addressed him as at once her patron and her
son: ‘Me, quae te peperi, ne cesses, Thoma, tueri.’ The name of his
father, Gilbert Becket, is one of the few that remain to us of the
Portreeves, the predecessors of the Mayors, under Stephen; he held a
large property in houses within the walls; and a proof of his civic
importance was long preserved in the annual visit of each newly-elected
chief magistrate to his tomb in the little chapel which he had founded
in the churchyard of Paul’s. Yet Gilbert was one of the Norman
strangers who followed in the wake of the Conqueror. He was by birth
a burgher of Rouen, as his wife was of a burgher family of Caen; he
claimed kinship with the Norman Theobald, and received the Norman Baron
de l’Aigle as a guest.
But the story of the Beckets does more than illustrate the outer
position of the Norman colony: it gives us a glimpse, the more precious
because it is unique, of its inner life. Students of hagiology learn to
be cautious about the stories of precocious holiness, the apocryphal
gospels of the infancy, which meet them at the outset of most saints’
lives; but it is remarkable that in the life of St. Thomas there is
no pretension of the kind. In the stead of juvenile miracles we are
presented with the vivid little picture of a London home, which sets
the Norman colony fairly before us. We see the very aspect of the house
(the Mercers’ Chapel, in Cheapside, still preserves its site for us),
the tiny bedroom, the larger hall opening directly on the bustle of
the narrow Cheap. We gain a hint from the costly coverlet of purple,
sumptuously wrought, which Mother Rohese flings over her child’s
cradle, of the new luxury and taste which the Conquest had introduced
into the home of the trader as into the castle of the noble. A glance
at the guests and relatives of the family shows how the new colony
served as medium between the city and the Court: the young Baron Richer
of Aquila is often there, hunting and hawking with the boy, as he grows
up; Archdeacon Baldwin and Clerk Eustace look in from Canterbury, to
chat over young Thomas and his chances of promotion in the curia of
Archbishop Theobald; there is a kinsman, too, of Gilbert’s, a citizen
of his own stamp, Osbern Huitdeniers, ‘of great name and repute, not
only among his fellow-burghers, but also with those of the Court.’
Without the home, the Norman influence makes itself felt in a new
refinement of manners and breeding; the young citizen grows up free
and genial enough, but with a Norman horror of coarseness in his
geniality. London shares in the great impulse which the Conquest has
given to education; the children of her citizens are sent to the new
Priory of Merton; the burghers flock to the boys’ exercises at the
schools attached to the three principal churches of the town. The chief
care of Rohese was for her son’s education; in his case it is finished
at Paris, before the young Londoner passes to the merchant’s desk.”
(_Historical Studies_, J. R. Green.)
INDEX
Abbot of Westminster, 258, 271
Abbot’s Mill, 11
Abridge, 154
Addle Street, 244
Ælfric, Dialogues of, 204
Æsc, 135
Agas’ map, 114, 117
Agricola, Julius, 22, 59, 60
Albinus, 60
Aldborough, 92
Aldeburg, 22
Aldermanbury, 116, 244
Aldersgate Street, 116
Aldrœnus, 145
Aldwulf, Bishop of Rochester, 164, 165
Alfred, King, 155, 165, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 185,
191, 197, 198, 212
Alfred, son of Ethelred, 192
Algar, 323
Alhune, Bishop, 165
Allectus, 22, 64, 66, 67, 68
Alphage, Archbishop of Canterbury, 170, 173;
translation of remains of, 191-192, 234
Amesbury, slaughter of Britons at, 146
Ammandinus, Valerius, 35
Amphitheatre, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 139
Amusements: badger-baiting, 227, 315;
ball, 312;
bear-baiting, 227, 315;
bone-throwing, 173;
bull-baiting, 227, 312, 315;
casting stones, 315;
chess, 228;
cock-fighting, 312;
dancing, 227, 315;
dice, 228;
“flyting,” 172-173;
hawking, 227, 228, 317;
hunting, 227-228, 317;
ice-sports, 316;
juggling, 173;
jumping, 227;
leaping, 229, 315;
mock battles, 313;
racing, 313-314;
rowing, 227;
running, 229, 313;
sea-fights, 314;
shooting, 315;
skating, 227;
swimming, 227;
taeflmen, 228;
throwing the javelin, 315;
tumbling, 173, 226;
wrestling, 229, 315
Anderida, 135, 148
Andreds Wald, 4
Androgeus, 19
Angevins, 289, 290
Angles, 74, 145
_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 132, 135, 148, 149, 155, 158, 165, 166, 167,
168, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192, 200, 256,
270, 272, 273
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 334, 335, 336
Ansgar, 323
Antoninus’ Wall, 58, 60
Arles, Council of, British Bishops at, 74, 105
Armentarius, Galerius, 64
Armorica, 145
Army of Britain: extent of, in fourth century, 69;
character of, 73
Artesian Wells, 14
Arthur, King, 147, 148
Arts and Crafts: 41, 42, 45, 76, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104,
105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 201, 224, 261, 323, 327
Arundel, Earls of, 326
Asclepiodotus, 67, 68
Athelstan, King, 39, 133, 168, 179, 180, 191, 200, 205
Augustine, 147, 155
Augustus, 22, 53
Aurelian, 61
Aurelius, 145, 146, 147, 148
Ausonius, 89
Avienus, 41
Aylwin, founder of Bermondsey Abbey, 323, 328
Bagford, John, 96
Bamborough, 182
Bamfleet, 176
Bank of England, spring beneath, 29, 321
Barge Yard, 29
Barking Abbey, 212;
Charter of, 164
Basing, 323
Batavians, 64
Baths, 80, 83, 87, 88, 106, 133
Battersea, 26
Bawdwen, Rev. William, 262
Beaumont, Lord, 326
Becket, Gilbert, 289, 346, 363
Becket, Thomas, 289, 318, 363
Bede, 36, 39, 76, 77, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 208, 209,
210, 213, 232
Belgravia, 12
Belinus, 18
Bericus, 54
Berkhampstead, 250
Bermondsey, 26
Bermondsey Abbey, 212, 328
Berthwulf, King of Mercia, 166
Bevis, Sir, of Hampton, 133
Billeting, 287
Billingsgate, 18, 82, 125, 126, 153, 154, 156, 198, 244, 337
Bishopsgate, 121, 123, 124, 136, 244, 325
Bishopsgate Street, 81
Bitterne, 60, 61, 63, 65
Black, Mr. W. H., 98 _note_
Blackfriars, 88
Blackwell Hall, 18
Boadicea, 43, 46, 50, 57
Bonney, Prof. T. G., 24
Bonosus, 61
Bordeaux, in fourth century, 89, 90
Botolph Lane, 326
Botolph Wharf, 105
Boulogne, 62, 63, 64, 66
Bow Lane, 96
Bradwell, 64
Bread Street, 30, 245
Bretagne, 78
Bridge Creek, 26
Bridge Gate, 125
Bridges, 28, 55, 130, 132;
London, 45, 105, 106, 126, 127, 128-132, 154, 156, 185, 186, 187,
189, 194;
Stanstead, 177
Briset, Jordan, 277
Britain, anarchy, lawlessness and oppression in, 73;
disorder after Roman withdrawal, 135, 136,
165, 183;
division of, 69, 73;
famine in, 298;
government of, 69;
revolts in, 57;
spirit and character of its people, 75, 76, 77, 78;
under Cnut, 190, 191;
unrest in, 68, 290, 291, 292, 298
Brook Street, 11
Brunanburgh, Battle of, 179
Brute, 17, 18
Buchuinte, Andrew, 285
Buckerel, 323
Bull and Mouth Street, 116, 124
Burgred, King of Mercia, 165
Caerleon, 19, 58
Cæsar, Julius, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 53, 56
Cambridge, 167;
sacked and burned, 298
Camden, 119, 133
Camomile Street, 96, 118, 123, 124
Camulodunum. See _Colchester_
Candlewick Street, 133
Canterbury, 74, 147, 155, 166, 198
Canulf, King of Mercia, 165
Carausius, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69
Carpenters’ Hall, 96
Cars Dyke, 63, 64
Caruil, 21
Carus, 61
Cassius, Dion, 22, 54, 55, 128, 129
Cassivelaunus, 19, 20, 53
Catena, Paulus, 70, 71, 73, 113
Cedda, Bishop of London, 163
Chaffers, Mr. W., 99
Charmouth, 163, 166
Charter of Geoffrey de Mandeville, 260
Charter of Henry I., 200, 276, 279-288
Charterhouse, pump at, 13
Charters of William the Conqueror, 160, 253, 254, 260, 288, 292
Cheapside, 30, 96, 324
Chelsea, 26, 268
Chepe, 244
Chertsey Abbey, 212
Chester, 58, 74, 138
Chesters (Northumberland), 93
Chichester, 94
Chippenham, 173
Chlorus, Constantius, 64, 66, 67, 68
Cholera, 13
Christianity, 40, 74, 75, 85, 105, 108, 109, 110, 161, 162, 163, 164,
194, 195, 221, 222, 289, 290, 302, 327-329
Christ’s Hospital, 124
Chrysanthus, 73
Church, The, 105, 161, 201, 214, 215, 217, 219, 222, 230, 310-311,
335;
land held by, 262-271;
and William Rufus, 272, 274;
plundered by Stephen, 297
Churches, destruction of, 167, 211-212;
number of, in twelfth century, 302, 321;
Saxon and Danish, 214;
All Hallows, 115, 124, 244;
All Saints, 85;
Bradford on Avon, Saxon church at, 213;
Christ Church, Canterbury, 133;
Greenstead, Essex, 39, 213;
St. Alban’s, Wood Street, 164;
St. Andrew’s, Rochester, 155;
St. Botolph, 244;
St. Clement Danes, 192, 194;
St. Ethelburga, 244;
St. Giles in the Fields, 328;
St. John, Walbrook, 28;
St. Magnus, 173;
St. Martin’s, 212;
St. Mary le Bow, 29, 30, 137;
St. Mary Woolnoth, 96;
St. Michael’s, Crooked Lane, 85, 106;
St. Olave, Hart Street, 182;
St. Olave, Jewry, 182;
St. Olave, Silver Street, 182;
St. Olave, Tooley Street, 182;
St. Osyth, 244;
St. Paul’s, 36, 37, 96, 155, 161, 184, 190, 212, 259, 270, 318,
321;
St. Peter’s, Thorney (afterwards Westminster Abbey), 37, 38, 39,
40, 192, 194, 212, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 253, 256, 257,
258, 260, 261, 328;
St. Saviour’s, 328;
St. Stephen upon Walbrook, 28, 29
Cilcester, 22
Cingetorix, 21
Circus, The, 91
Cirencester, 173
City Ditch, 28
City Wall, 28, 29
City Wards, 157
Claudius, 23, 54, 55
Clausentum. See _Bitterne_
Clerkenwell, 27;
Benedictine Nunnery at, 260, 277, 328
Cnihten Gild, 206, 285, 329-334, 346;
Charters of, 330, 331
Cnut, 39, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 200, 228, 234, 251
Coinage, 42, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 111, 202, 243, 244
Coinred, King of Mercia, 164
Colchester, 23, 43, 56, 58, 74, 94;
massacre at, 57
Coldringham Abbey, 212
Coleman Street, 244
Collegia privata, 206, 207
Comius of Arras, 21
Commodus, 60
“Compter,” the, 122
Compurgation, 280, 286, 287
Conscription, 68
Constans, 70, 145
Constantine, 73
Constantine, brother of Aldrœnus, 145
Constantine, cousin of Arthur, 147, 148
Constantine the Great, 68, 69, 119, 120, 318
Conyers, John, 96, 110
“Cookery, Place of,” 306-307
Cooper’s Row, Crutched Friars, 121
Coote, Mr. H. C., 330, 331, 332
Corner, Mr. G. R., 118
Cornhill, 81, 96, 244
Coronation Service of Ethelred, 236-242
Crayford, Battle of, 132, 135, 148
Criminals, punishment of, 215, 216, 217
Cripplegate, 124
Crooked Lane, 127
Crosby Hall, 326
Crowland Abbey, 203, 212
Crusaders, 300
Cunningham, 261
Cunodagius, 18
Custom-house, the, 105
Danegeld, 276, 280, 286
Danes, 165, 166, 167, 168, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 191;
character of, 170, 171, 173;
in London, 169-175;
religions of, 170, 173
Danish Remains, 245
Deva. See _Chester_
Diana, Temple of, 95, 96
Diocletian, 61, 63, 64, 69, 105
Divitiacus, King of Soissons, 42
Dogs, 228
_Domesday Book_, 198, 212, 259, 262-271, 342
Domitian, 63
Dorchester, 138
Dover, 23, 34, 74, 94, 132
Dover Street, 38
Dowgate, 82, 125, 153, 156
Drinking, 220, 221, 226, 227, 311
Dryburgh Abbey, 203
Dubritius, Archbishop of London, 147
Duckworth, Dr. Dyce, 100
Dulcitius, Duke, 72
Dunstan, 212, 214, 232
Dunwallo, Mulmutius, 18
Dyfan, 36
Eadbald, King, 161, 163
Eadric, 184, 234
Eadwig, King, 331
East Cheap, 158, 337
Edgar, King, 39, 180, 185, 215, 219, 232, 233
Edgar the Atheling, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256
Edgware Road, the, 36, 129
Edmund, King of East Anglia, 167
Edmund, King of the English, 180
Edmund Atheling, 184
Edmund Ironside, 184, 190
Edred, King, 180
Edred’s Hythe. See _Queenhithe_
Edric the Fisherman, 38
Education, 58, 59, 224, 228, 229, 230, 303, 304
Edward the Confessor, 39, 192, 194, 234, 235, 236, 243, 260-261
Edward the Elder, 179, 200
Effeminacy, 76, 77, 274, 277
Egbert, Archbishop, 219
Egbert, King, 165, 166
Egyptian Rule, the, 40
Eia (? Ealing), 267
Elbow Lane, 326
Eleutherius, Pope, 36
Eli, King, 95, 96
Elton, Charles I., 41, 50, 160
Ely Abbey, 203, 212
Embroidery, Anglo-Saxon, 224, 225
Emma, Queen, 39, 224
Erkenwald, Bishop of London, 163, 164, 212
Ermin Street, 136
Ethandun, 173
Ethelbald, King of Mercia, 164, 165
Ethelbert, King, 155, 161, 180
Ethelred, Earl, 232
Ethelred, son-in-law of Alfred, 175, 176, 177
Ethelred the Unready, 39, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 204, 219
Ethelwerd, 145, 148
Ethelwulf, King, 166
Evans, Sir J., 10
Execution, places of, 217
Exeter, 218;
“Fortress” of, 168
Fabyan, 134, 198
Famine of 1126, 277
Farringdon, 323
Fenchurch Street, 244
Ffagan, 36
Fire of London, the, 27, 81, 96
Fires, London, 130, 189, 197, 198, 234, 243, 259, 272, 277, 299, 311,
344
FitzAylwin, Henry, first Lord Mayor of London, 133, 336
FitzStephen, 115, 144, 301-320, 338, 339
Fleet Prison, 86
Florence of Worcester, 272, 334
Folkmote, 217, 230, 252, 280, 284
Fortresses, 64, 69
Fountains Abbey, 203
Frank Pledge, the, 217
Franks, the, 23, 64, 65, 68
Freeman, 180
Friday Street, 245, 320
Frith Guild, 205, 206
Fulham, 168, 173, 174, 264
Gallienus, 60
Garlickhithe, 244
Gauls, 43, 53, 62
Gavelkind, 158, 159, 160
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 17, 19, 145, 148
Germanus, 145
Gervase of Cornhill, 285, 332, 345, 346, 347
Gesoriacum. See _Boulogne_
Geta, Cneius Osidius, 54
Gildas, 73, 76, 105
Giltspur Street, 122, 124
Glanville, 159
Glastonbury Abbey, 212, 232;
lake-dwellings at, 33
Gloucester, 23
Godwin, Earl, 192, 194
Gomme, Mr. G. L., 142, 143, 144
Government, officers of, under Constantine the Great, 69
Gracechurch Street, 244
Granta, 64
Gratian, Emperor, 73
Great Dean’s Yard, Westminster, pump at, 13
Great Tower Street, 244
Green Arbour Court, 86
Green, J. R., 141, 275, 289, 290
Grossetête, Bishop, 240-241
Grunhilda, 182
Guest, Edwin, 54, 55, 94, 128, 129
Guilds, 76, 205-208, 224
Guithelin, Archbishop of London, 145
Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 259
Gurbodus, 18
Hadrian, 60
Hadrian’s Wall, 57, 58, 60
Hales, Professor, 50, 142
Hallowing of St. Peter’s, Thorney, miracle of, 37, 38, 231
Hampstead, 24, 142, 266
Hampstead Barrow, 50
Hampstead Heath, 13
Harold, King, 183, 191, 192, 194, 251
Harthacnut, King, 191, 192, 220
Harwood, John, 96
Haverhill, 323
Hay Hill, 11
Hedge Lane, 95
Helena, 68
Hengist, 135, 145, 146, 147
Henry of Huntingdon, 145, 148, 292, 297, 298, 300, 334
Henry the First, 275-278
Henry the Second, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 300
Henry the Third, 318
Herlwins, the, 345-346
Himilco, 40
Holborn, 132
Holborn Hill, 88
Hollinshed, 299
Holy Trinity, Priory of the, 133, 277, 285, 328, 332
Honey Lane, 245, 320
Honey Lane Market, 30
Honorius, 73
Horn, 17
Horne, 323
Houndsditch, 115
Howell, James, 133
Hoxton, 265
Hurley, Benedictine Priory at, 293
Hustings, the, 194, 217, 280
Hythe, 23
Iceni, the, 57
Inheritance, Right of, 254
Inscriptions and sculptures, list of important Roman, 107-108
Invasions, Danish, 165, 166, 167;
Roman, 20, 21, 23, 53, 54, 60;
Saxon, 36, 37
Iona Abbey, 212
Ipswich, 185
Islington, 265, 270
Jacobs, Joseph, 260
Jarrow Abbey, 212
Jarumnan, Bishop of Lichfield, 183
Jews in England, 260;
cemetery of, 86;
debate with Christians, 273
John, King, 284
John of Cremona, Cardinal of Rome, 334, 335
Jonson, Ben, 27
Julianus, Didius, 60
Justus, Bishop of Rochester, 155, 162, 163
Jutes, 74, 145
Keltoi, the, 54
Kemble, J. M., 164
Kemp, Mr., 96
Ken Street, Southwark, 96
Kencester, 22
Kensington, 268-270
Kilburn, 26
King’s Street, 96
Knightsbridge, 26
Lactantius, 110
Lake-dwellers, 33, 34
Lambeth, 26, 34, 37, 56
Lambeth Hill, 244
Langbourne, 80
Language in fourth century, 70
L’Arche, Pont de, 326
Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162, 163
Lazar-house of St. Giles in the Fields, 277
Leadenhall Street, 244
Lewis, Hayter, 138
Lincoln, 94, 138, 146
Lindisfarne Abbey, 212
Lisson Grove, 270
Living, Archbishop, 190
Locrine, 18
Loftie, Rev. W. J., 85, 222
Lollesworth. See _Spitalfields_
Lollianus, 60
Lombard Street, 244
London, agriculture in, 144;
an annual Fair, 48, 65;
and the Romans, 48, 49;
and William the Conqueror, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254;
appearance of, 197-200;
attacked by Olaf and Swegen, 182, 183;
besieged by Cnut, 184, 185;
Cnut’s trench, 184, 185, 187, 188;
Citadel of, 59, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 128, 130, 131, 132, 138, 147,
156;
described by FitzStephen, 301-318;
desertion and ruin of, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 153, 170,
174;
division of, 81;
first mentioned by Tacitus, 22, 23, 55, 68;
fleet at, 194;
food supply of, 50, 169, 229, 339;
Government and officers of Government, 75, 91, 215, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 310, 344;
growth of, and conditions governing growth, 12-14;
houses of, 229, 230, 322-324, 326;
importance of, in tenth century, 180, 181;
life in, 88, 89, 90, 91;
massacre at, 57, 59, 130;
overlord of, 158, 159, 160;
pen picture of, 83, 84;
plundered, 68;
poorer part of, 83, 84, 88, 93;
population of, 190, 230, 319, 320;
prehistoric monuments of, 50;
prehistoric settlements at, 33, 34;
public lands of, 143, 144, 199, 200, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283;
residential, 49, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 271,
326-327, 339;
settlers in, 261, 289;
site of, 3, 4, 5, 23-32, 54, 55, 139;
social life of, 340, 341;
spirit of its people, 76;
taken by Alfred, 174;
by Danes, 166;
by Saxons, 146, 148;
the lake fortress, 34;
tradition of origin and foundation, 17, 18;
under Alfred, 177;
under Henry I., 276, 278;
under William Rufus, 273-274
London Stone, 80, 133-134, 156, 326
London Wall, 71, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 112-124, 128, 132, 133, 142, 153,
177, 210
Long Acre, 95
Lothbury, 244
Luard, 323
Lucius, King, 36
Lud, King, 18, 19
Ludgate, 18, 19, 50, 244
Lympne (or Lymne), 74, 92, 94
Lysons, Samuel, 91
Madox, 337-338
Magnentius, 70, 92
Maitland, 30, 124, 134, 164, 177, 179, 187, 189, 299
Maldon, 182, 185
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 282, 283, 285, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299
Mandubrace, 20, 21
Manners and customs, 43, 45, 49, 53, 219-230, 304
Marcellus, Ulpius, 60
Marcus, Emperor, 73
Marius, 60
Martial, 59, 63
Martinus, 70, 71
Marylebone, 11
Maryport (Cumberland), 93
Matilda, Empress, 282, 285, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 318
Matthew of Westminster, 145, 148, 259, 335
Maude, Queen, 276, 277, 294, 295, 296
Maurice, Bishop of London, 259
Maurusius, Victorinus, 61
Maximian, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
Maximus, Magnus, 72, 73
Measurement, Roman standard of, 119, 120
Medehamstede. See _Peterborough_
Mela, Pomponius, 22
Mellitus, Bishop of London, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 163, 194
Menapii, 64
Mercer’s Hall, 30
Merlin, prophecy of, 147
Middlesex Forest, 32
Mildred, Bishop of Worcester, 165
Milk Street, 30
Mincing Lane, 59, 125, 225, 244
Minters, under Edward the Confessor, 243;
under Harold, 244;
under Henry I., mutilation of, 276-277;
under William the Conqueror, 244
Miskennings, 287
Mithraism, 75
Monasteries, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212
Monkwell Street, 124
Montfichet Tower, 259
Morality, state of, 247, 276, 301-302, 305
Mordred, sons of, 147, 148
Murder, fines for, 286
Mutilation, 216, 217, 276-277
National Council at Westminster in 1136, 293
Nennius, 145, 148
Nero, 22
Newgate, 82, 85, 123
Newgate Street, 118, 132, 158
Niger, 60
Norman families, 345-347;
genealogies of, 348
Norman house, a, 326
Normans and English, fusion of, 338, 345
Norton, G., 286, 287, 288
Nunneries, 225
Nuns, costumes of, 225-226, 336
Ockley, 166
Offa, King of Essex, 164
Offa, King of Mercia, 38, 39, 164, 232
Olaf, King of Norway, 182, 185, 186, 187
Old Bailey, 118, 124
Old Broad Street, 244
Old Jewry, 260
Old Kent Road, 84
Ongar, 154
Orgar, 323
Osbert, Octodenarius (or Osbern Huitdeniers), 285, 363
Osborne, 190, 191
Oswy, King of Northumbria, 163
Othere, 203
Oxford Street, 79, 132
Oyster Gate, 351
Park (or Tyburn) Lane, 36, 129
Parks, Green, 13, 129;
Hyde, 13;
St. James, 13
Parliament, Acts of, 27
Paulinus, Suetonius, 22, 57
Paul’s Wharf, 326
Pax Romana, 68, 74
Penances, 214, 215
Pendragon, Uther, 145, 146, 147, 148
Pertinax, 60
Peter of Colechurch, 132, 189
Peterborough Abbey, 167, 212
Pevensey, 64
Picts, Raids of, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145
Pie Corner, 99, 100
Pirates, 62, 64, 65, 112
Plautius, Aulus, 23, 54, 55, 56, 128
Pluralism, 325
Plymouth, 166
Poor, feeding of, 219, 220
Population of Britain, 43
Porchester, 64
Portland, 166
Ports, London, 82, 83, 87, 125, 126, 129, 132
Portsoken, 206, 333, 346
Posidonius, 41, 142
Post Office, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 115
Postumus, 60
Poultry, The, 245, 320
Prasutagus, 57
Prestwich, Professor J., 9, 13, 15
Price, Mr. J. E., 122, 123, 134
Priests, marriage of, 334-336, 345-346
Probus, Emperor, 61
Professional life in Bordeaux and London, 89, 90
Ptolemy, 84
Puddle Dock, 83, 327
Pytheas, 40, 41, 42, 45
Queen Street, 96
Queenhithe, 82, 83, 126, 198, 244, 325, 337
Rahere, 328
Ramsey Abbey, 212, 298
Reading, 167
“Recordatorium Civitatis,” 18
Reculver, 204
Religions, Pagan, 75, 81, 108, 109, 110, 161, 173, 221, 222, 223
Religious foundations, 208-215, 290, 328
Repton, 167
Ribchester, 22
Richborough, 22, 23, 64, 73, 85, 94, 204
Rivers: Effra, 26, 31;
Falcon, 23;
Fleet, 4, 12, 26, 27, 28, 29, 86, 321;
Lea, 12, 14, 26, 30, 31, 54, 55;
Ravensborne, 26, 31;
Severn, 56;
Thames, 4, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 29, 31, 34, 46, 50, 55, 100, 128,
129, 131, 139, 142, 155, 158, 166, 186, 302, 351;
Tyburn, 26, 27;
Walbrook, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 46, 55, 59, 81, 84, 85, 88, 321;
Wandle, 26, 31;
Westbourne, 26
Roads, 36, 42, 44, 49, 56, 58, 59, 79, 88, 94, 129, 132, 139, 202,
203, 204, 205, 245
Robert of Gloucester, 232
Robinson, Thomas, 159
Rochester, 74, 155, 166, 174
Rocque, 31
Roger of Wendover, 145, 147, 148, 297, 335
Roman occupation, 59;
end of, 73
Roman remains, 29, 30, 35, 46, 59, 80, 81, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118, 119,
134, 137, 138, 353-355;
Strype on, 356-360.
Roman villa, 91, 92, 138
Round, Mr. J. H., 260, 277, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 292, 293, 296,
299, 330, 333, 345, 346, 347
Rowena, 146
Royal Exchange, New, 100
Rugmere, 265
Sabinus, Flavius, 54
Sacred relics, 39, 40, 210
St. Albans, 22, 43, 75, 147, 297;
massacre at, 57;
government of, 74
St. Alphege, Churchyard of, 115, 124
St. Bartholomew, Priory of, 277, 328
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 277, 328
St. Botolph’s Churchyard (Postmen’s Park), 116
St. Dunstan’s Hill, 96
St. Ethelburga, 164
St. Etheldreda, 224
St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, Churchyard of, 85, 115
St. Ives, sacked and burned, 298
St. John, Priory of, 277, 328
St. Mary Overies, 85, 326;
Priory of, 212, 277
St. Osyth, 163, 164
St. Pancras, 265
Sandwich, 22, 182, 185, 204
Saxon incursions, 74
Saxon remains, 243-245
Saxons, 145, 146, 147, 148, 155, 161, 162, 165, 166, 172;
characteristics of, 135, 136;
in London, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 157, 158, 160
Schools: Holy Trinity, 303;
St. Anthony’s, 228;
St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 212, 228, 305;
St. Mary-le-Bow, 228;
St. Paul’s, 212, 228, 305;
Westminster, 243
Scots, raids of, 59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 73, 112, 145
Seacoal Lane, 86
Sebert, King, 37, 39, 155, 161, 232;
sons of, 161, 162, 163
Sees of London, York, and Caerleon, creation of, 19
Seething Lane, 244
Segorax, 21
Selds, 320
Senate, British, 64
Seneca, 110
Serpentine, the, 26
Settlers, fusion of, 69, 70
Severus, 60
Shaftesbury, Nunnery at, 212
Sharpe, 293, 299
Sheppey, 166
Shops, 337
Shore, Mr. T. W., 158, 160
Sigebert, King of the East Saxons, 163
Sighelm, 168
Sighere, King of East Saxons, 163
Silchester, 80, 94, 137
Size Lane, 164, 244
Slaves, 44, 83, 85, 89, 92, 137, 160, 162, 170, 171, 201, 216, 217,
218, 230, 342, 343
Smith, Mr. C. Roach, 67, 74, 86, 99, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 118,
124, 125
Smith, Mr. Worthington, 10
Smithfield, 271;
fair at, 307-309
Soper’s Lane, 320
Southampton, 34, 166
Southwark, 12, 84, 88, 186, 188, 249, 250, 295
“Speculum,” 18
Spitalfields, Cemetery at, 96-98
Springs, 13, 29, 32;
Badewell, 27;
Clerkenwell, 27, 304;
Fagswell, 27;
Finchampstead, 27;
Godwell, 27;
Holy Well, 304;
Loderswell, 27;
Radwell, 27;
St. Chad’s Well, 27;
St. Clement’s Well, 304;
Shepherd’s Well, 26;
Skinnerswell, 27;
Well Walk, Hampstead, 13
Spurrell, Mr. F. C. J., 10
Staines, 185, 186
Stangate, 129
Stangate Street, Lambeth, 36
Stanley, Dean, 11, 256, 257, 258, 260-261
Stephen, 275, 282, 285, 289-300
Stepney, 262-264, 268
“Sticking,” 222, 223
Stokesay Castle, near Ludlow, 326
Story, Joseph, 143
Stow, 17, 29, 96, 97, 98, 115, 119, 121, 133, 245, 299, 329, 356-360
Strabo, 22, 23
Strype, 17, 96, 97, 98, 115, 133, 356-360
Stubbs, Bishop, 276, 284, 337-338
Stukeley, Dr., 62, 63, 64, 95
Sturbridge, 47
Sturleson, Snorro, 130, 186
Superstitions and credulity, 210, 211, 221, 222, 223, 274, 298
Swegen, King of Denmark, 182, 183
Sylvius, 63, 64
Synods, 334, 335
Taxation, 73, 190, 273, 276, 280, 286, 287, 288, 337
Taximagul, 21
Temples in Roman London, 81
Tertullian, 74, 105
Tessellated pavements discovered in London, list of, 103-104
Tetrici, the, 60
Thames Embankments, discoveries in, 351-355
Thames foreshore, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127, 198, 325
Thames Street, 82, 93, 124, 157, 198, 322, 326, 327, 337
Thames Valley, 3, 4;
ancient implements found in, 10, 11;
earth movements in, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11;
fossils of, 6, 9, 10, 11;
geological strata of, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Thanet, Isle of, 36, 41, 42, 166, 167
Theatre: in Roman London, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91;
miracle plays, 312
Theodosius, 71, 72, 73, 113
Theomantius (or Temanticus), 19
Theonus, Archbishop of London, 147, 148
Thorney, 11, 26, 27, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 53,
129, 132, 135, 192, 231-236
Thorpe, Benjamin, 164, 215
Threadneedle Street, 81
Tin mines, 41, 42
Tintern Abbey, 203
Tite, Sir William, 28, 29, 30, 100, 105, 112, 124
Titus, 56
Tolls, 287
Tombs, 96, 97, 98, 100, 106, 107, 361-362;
as landmarks, 107
Tomlinson, Thomas, 30
Tothill, 26
Tower of London, 88, 259, 294, 296, 302
Tower Hill, 115, 124, 244, 327
Trade, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 55, 58, 70, 74, 76, 79,
88, 93, 94, 110, 132, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 153,
154, 155, 156, 157, 169, 170, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 198, 199,
200-208, 218, 261, 273, 306-307, 323-324, 337, 339;
and coinage, 42, 202, 203;
imports and exports, 46, 47, 132, 143, 310, 343-344
Trades Unions, 224
Traitors and rebels, punishment of, 171
Treves, Roman, compared with Roman London, 86-88
Trial by Ordeal, 215, 216, 286
Trials, criminal, 284;
civil, 286
Trinobantes, 20, 21, 54, 55
Turner, Sharon, 203
Tyburn, 11, 266
Tynemouth Abbey, 212
Tyrants, the Thirty, 60
Urbicus, Lollius, 60
Uriconium, 137
Valentinian, 71
Valentinus, 72
Vere, Aubrey de, 294, 332
Verulam. See _St. Albans_
Vespasian, 54, 56
Victorinus, 60
Village tenure, 143
Vortigern, 145, 146, 147
Vortimer, 146, 148
Walbrook, 30, 47, 56, 81, 85, 88, 125, 126, 198, 244, 325
Wall, river-side, 124-127, 153, 177, 184, 302, 320, 325
Walsingham, 232
Waltham Abbey, 251
Walworth, 84
Wandsworth Island, 31
Wantsum, the, 204
Wards, 323
Ware, 177
Wareham, 168
Warren, Sir Charles, 96
Water Companies, 13
Water supply, 13, 14, 15, 321
Watling Street, 36, 37, 53, 88, 128, 129, 132, 136, 139, 244;
Gate of, 124
Weapons, 42, 45, 172, 217, 218
Wearmouth Abbey, 211-212
Weever, 119
Westbourne Street, Chelsea, 26
Westbourne Terrace, 26
West Chepe, 158
West Chepe Market, 29, 30, 337
Westminster, 27, 56, 194, 266;
King’s House at, 195, 234, 235, 272, 303
Whitaker, W., 11, 13
Whittington, 326
Wihtred, King, 158
William of Malmesbury, 273
William Rufus, 272-274, 275
William the Conqueror, 249-261, 270;
coronation of, 256, 257, 258
Wilson, Archbishop, 219, 220
Winchelsea, 26
Winchester, 146, 147, 166, 167, 192, 296;
Nunnery at, 212
Windows, 110, 111
Witan, 183, 190
Witanagemots: at London, 165, 166, 180;
at Oxford, 191
Women: as courtesans, 274;
education of, 224;
morality of Danish, 171;
occupations of, 224, 230;
punishment of, 217, 222;
treatment of captured, 162
Wood Street, 244, 320
Woodchester, Roman villa at, 91, 92
Woodward, H. B., 15
Woodward, Dr. John, 96, 118
Wool Quay, 105
Wren, Sir Christopher, 107, 134
Wright, Thomas, 60, 72, 74, 75, 190-191, 201, 215, 218, 224, 225
Wroxcester, 22, 94
Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, 261
Wulnoth, Abbot of St. Peter’s, Thorney, 234
Wyngaerde’s Map, 114
York, 19, 58, 63, 68, 69, 73, 74, 94, 146, 147, 198;
government of, 75
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_
[Publisher's Device]
A LIST OF
BOOKS ON
LONDON
PUBLISHED BY
A. & C. BLACK
SOHO SQUARE
LONDON · W.
The first instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s “Magnum Opus,” “The Survey
of London.”
LONDON
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 680 pages. Containing 104
Illustrations from Contemporary Prints, and a Map._
PRICE 30s. NET
PRESS OPINIONS
“Turn where you will in his pages, you get some interesting glimpse
which opens up the past and illumines the present.”—_The Contemporary
Review._
“A handsome and very interesting book is the result, for which the
curious reader and the student will alike be grateful.... Gives an
admirable impression of the times.”—_The Spectator._
“It is excellently planned, and very ably and agreeably executed....
The chief charm of this work is the pleasantness of the style in which
it is written—easy, clear, and individual. To the accuracy of the
ideal historian Sir Walter added the picturesqueness of the popular
novelist.”—_The Globe._
“A book full of entertainment and instruction for modern
Londoners.”—_The Daily Mail._
“To praise this book were superfluous. Sir Walter was ideally suited
for the task which he set himself. He was an antiquarian, but not
a Dryasdust; he had the topographical sense, but he spares us
measurements; he was pleasantly discursive; if he moralised he was
never tedious; he had the novelist’s eye for the romantic; above all,
he loved and reverenced London. Though only a Londoner by adoption,
he bestowed upon the capital a more than filial regard. Besant is
the nineteenth-century Stow, and something more.... This remarkable
volume.... It is a monument of faithful and careful research.”—_The
Daily Telegraph._
“Will be of the utmost value to every student of the life and history
of London.”—_The Standard._
“This handsome and really valuable volume.”—_The Guardian._
“As a general survey of the eighteenth century this work has no
rival.”—_Glasgow Herald._
“It is indeed a living and fascinating book.”—_The Yorkshire Post._
“It is a wonderfully complete history.... Will probably stand to all
time as the brightest and most authoritative book on a period which
is bound, by its very evils, to have a fascination for the student of
customs and manners, and for the student of national development.”—_The
Liverpool Post._
“The reader will gather that this is a work which is of the highest
importance. Beautifully written, beautifully produced and illustrated,
it is in itself a monument to the steady industry and devotion of Sir
Walter Besant, one of the best and sweetest influences this latter
day has felt. The epitaph which honours Sir Christopher Wren might
be inscribed, with a difference, on the title-page of _London in the
Eighteenth Century_, for if we require a monument to Sir Walter Besant
we need only look within.”—_The Church Times._
“Altogether this posthumous work of the historian of London is one
of the most fascinating books which he ever wrote.”—_The Municipal
Journal._
“The book is engrossing and its manner delightful.”—_The Times._
“A work of great value and interest; ... profoundly interesting.”—_The
Westminster Gazette._
“Of facts and figures such as these this valuable book will be found
full to overflowing, and it is calculated, therefore, to interest all
kinds of readers, from the student to the dilettante, from the romancer
in search of matter to the most voracious student of ‘Tit-Bits.’”—_The
Athenæum._
“Stimulating, edifying, interesting, horrifying, in turns, the book has
not a dull moment.... As it is the best, it will surely prove the most
prized and popular of modern books on London.”—_Notes and Queries._
“The work is copiously illustrated with reproductions of old prints,
and is altogether a delightful and fascinating guide to the Metropolis
at an eventful period of its history.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._
“Of the present lordly quarto volume it may be said that it fairly
represents that ‘Survey’ which Sir Walter Besant conceived, and which
he used to refer to as his _magnum opus_. It is a worthy literary
monument to his deep knowledge and love of London.”—_The Academy._
“Besant’s interesting and valuable book.”—_Manchester Guardian._
“It is assuredly a delightful book to lose oneself in, and so to
think one’s way back into a simpler and perhaps, after all, a merrier
England.”—_The Bookman._
“A book to be treasured and studied.... The work as a whole is a
notable achievement, and will stand as the classical authority on
eighteenth-century London.”—_The Speaker._
“_The vast mass of matter I have got together will open people’s eyes
as to the extraordinary coarseness and brutality of that time._”—WALTER
BESANT.
The second instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”
LONDON
IN THE TIME OF THE STUARTS
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 410 pages. Containing 115
Illustrations, mostly from Contemporary Prints, and a reproduction of
Ogilby and Morgan’s Map of London, 1677._
PRICE 30s. NET
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS
HISTORY
James I.—Sir Walter Raleigh—Persecution of Roman Catholics—New
River—_Booke of Sportes_—Colony of Virginia—Charles I.—Outbreak of
Plague—Forced Loan—Assassination of Buckingham—Exasperation in the
City—The Short Parliament—Attack on Spanish Ambassador—Strafford’s
Death—The Civil War—The Trained Bands—Execution of the King—The
Commonwealth—The Fifth Monarchy Men—Cromwell’s Death—The
Restoration—Execution of the Regicides—Act of Uniformity—Charles
closes the Exchequer—Quarrels between the City and the Commons—Court
of Charles II.—James II.—Titus Oates’ sentence—Rising of Monmouth—The
Bishops sent to the Tower—The Landing of William of Orange—Capture
of Jeffreys—William III.—Lord Mayor’s Day—Queen Anne—The Case of
Sacheverell.
RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE
The Puritan Character—The Laudian Persecution—Abolition of the Book
of Common Prayer—Fanaticism—Zachary Crofton—James Naylor—Conventicles
become Churches—Superstitions—William Lilly—Services for the
Cramp Ring and King’s Evil—Sanctuary—Social Distinctions in the
City—Crimping—Saltpetre-’Prentices—Trade—Silkworms—Imports—The Bank of
England—The Royal Exchange and the New Exchange—Coinage—City Companies
in Debt—The Irish Estates.
THE GREAT PLAGUE AND FIRE
Former Plague Records—Desertion of City—Pest Houses—Pepys’
Account—Defoe’s Account—Regulations for the Plague-stricken—The
Symptoms of the Plague—Strange Nostrums—Charms—The Aspect of the
City before the Fire—The Beginning of the Fire—The Destruction of
Property—Amount of Damage estimated—What the Fire left—Origin of
the Fire—People camped on Moorfields—Plans for Rebuilding—Another
Plot to burn the City—Contemporary Evidence—Evelyn’s Account—Pepys’
Account—London rebuilt—Ogilby’s Map—The Suburbs and the City—Confusion
of Property after the Fire—The River—Insanitary Condition of the
City—Shops glazed for the first Time.
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS
Cost of Living—Rents—Furniture—Beer and other Drinks—No Forks in
Use—Cost of Food—The Popularity of the Tavern—The First Use of
Tea—The Virtue of Coffee—Coffee-Houses—Chocolate-Houses—Tobacco
now universal—Puritanic Fashions—Dress of Gallants and
Courtiers—Wigs—Pocket Mirrors—Patches and Powder—Kissing as common
as Shaking Hands—Servants—City Tradesmen—Customs at Weddings—Funeral
Ceremonies—No Coffins for Poor People—Places of Resort—Hyde Park and
St. James’s Park—Spring Gardens—Leper Hospital at St. James’s—James
I.’s Menagerie—New Spring Gardens at Vauxhall—Attractions of
the Shop Girls—Theatres—The First Introduction of Women to the
Stage—The Cockpit—Nell Gwynn—The Time of the Performances—Variation
of the Plays—Wearing of Masks—Coarseness—Music very popular—The
Fine Arts—Arundelian Collection—Raffaelle’s Work—Sports and
Amusements—Puritan Suppression of Sunday Games—Bear-baiting and other
Brutal Sports—Fairs—Athletic Sports—Hunting—Predilection of King
James I. for the Chase—Bowling-Alleys—Fencing—Mohocks—Wrestling—St.
Bartholomew’s Fair—Coaches—Tolls for Road Repair—Punishment and
Crime—Severity of the Punishments—Branding, Pillory, Boring through
the Tongue with a Hot Iron—Case of Alexander Leighton—Earl of Oxford’s
False Marriage—Lord Sanquhar’s Revenge—Prisoners for Debt—Tricks—“The
Brave Shifter”—Usurers—Brokers—Public Morality and the Lord Mayor’s
Proclamation—General Notes—Scarcity of Public Inns—Gentlemen carried
Large Fans—Strange Processions—Horn Fair.
APPENDICES
The Court of Charles II.—List of the London Clergy ejected—List of
Almshouses founded in the Seventeenth Century—Composition of the Lords
and Commons—The New Buildings of London—Rules for Enlargement of the
Streets—Gardens.
SOME PRESS OPINIONS
“Most readable and interesting.... It is a mine in which the student
alike of topography and of manners and customs may dig and dig again
with the certainty of finding something new and interesting.”—_The
Times._
“No lover of London can fail to be grateful to the late Sir Walter for
his many carefully studied pictures of its ancient life, pictures often
quaint and amusing, and bearing always the mark of earnest and minute
research.... The general reader will find in this volume a world of
interesting suggestion.”—_The Daily Chronicle._
“We are again reminded of the vast debt which London owes to the late
Sir Walter Besant by the appearance of this sumptuously printed and
beautifully illustrated book, the second volume of his great Survey
of London—unquestionably his _magnum opus_, upon which his fame will
chiefly rest.... A book which should be in the library of every one
who takes an intelligent interest in the history and development of
London.”—_The Daily Telegraph._
“The pen of the ready writer here is fluent; the picture wants nothing
in completeness. The records of the city and the kingdom have been
ransacked for facts and documents, and they are here marshalled with
consummate skill. In surveying the political history of London from
James I. to Queen Anne, Sir Walter Besant reveals himself as an
unsparing and impartial historian, and in this respect alone the work
must command our admiration and our praise. But there is also included
the most vivid presentation of the story of the Great Plague and
the Great Fire that has ever been brought between the covers of one
book.”—_The Pall Mall Gazette._
“There is not a dull page in the book, and the fact that the treatment
is somewhat discursive makes the volume more delightful. We can give no
idea of its variety and its charm, but every one who wishes to know the
London of two hundred and fifty years ago will feel, as he opens this
volume, that he has stepped back into that world of great events, and
will live again through its civil discord, its Plague, and Fire, and
its strange superstitions.”—_The London Quarterly Review._
“_Nothing at all like it has ever been attempted before._”—WALTER
BESANT.
The third instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”
LONDON
IN THE TIME OF THE TUDORS
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In One Volume, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top, 440 pages. Containing 146
Illustrations, mostly from Contemporary Prints, and a reproduction of
Agas’s Map of London in 1560._
PRICE 30s. NET
CONTENTS
TUDOR SOVEREIGNS
CHAP.
1. HENRY VII.
2. HENRY VIII.
3. EDWARD VI.
4. MARY.
5. ELIZABETH.
6. THE QUEEN IN SPLENDOUR.
RELIGION
1. THE DISSOLUTION AND THE MARTYRS.
2. THE PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION.
3. SUPERSTITION.
ELIZABETHAN LONDON
1. WITH STOW.
2. CONTEMPORARY EVIDENCE.
3. THE CITIZENS.
GOVERNMENT AND TRADE OF THE CITY.
1. THE MAYOR.
2. TRADE.
3. LITERATURE AND ART.
4. GOG AND MAGOG.
SOCIAL LIFE.
1. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
2. FOOD AND DRINK.
3. DRESS—WEDDINGS.
4. SOLDIERS.
5. THE ’PRENTICE.
6. THE LONDON INNS.
7. THEATRES AND SPORTS.
8. THE POOR.
9. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT.
PRESS OPINIONS
“Altogether it forms without question not only a monument to Sir Walter
Besant’s affectionate enthusiasm for London, and devotion to what
he regarded as the great task of his life, but an almost unrivalled
popular presentation of English life and manners in the metropolis
during the age of the Tudors.”—_Glasgow Herald._
“A vivid and fascinating picture of London life in the sixteenth
century—a novelist’s picture, full of life and movement, yet with the
accurate detail of an antiquarian treatise.”—_The Contemporary Review._
“Of books on London we hail all and every one, since none can be
so wholly bad that nothing can be learnt from its perusal; of this
exceptionally able achievement we believe that, whilst its high aim
should act as a stimulus to further endeavour, it will be long before
the literature of ancient London is enriched by a more fascinating work
of introspection.”—_The Times._
“There is not space to analyse this fine book to any adequate extent,
and the temptation to enlarge upon it grows with the perusal of its
fascinating pages.... For the student, as well as for those desultory
readers who are drawn by the rare fascination of London to peruse its
pages, this book will have a value and a charm which are unsurpassed by
any of its predecessors.”—_Pall Mall Gazette._
“We know of no book that is calculated to interest lovers of this great
city of ours to a greater degree than this posthumous contribution
of a gifted writer to what he himself loved so well—the history of
London.”—_Daily Chronicle._
“This splendidly appointed volume, with its wealth of illustrations
from the work of contemporary artists, as well as writers, is in
keeping with its important subject, and, with its companion volumes,
forms a monumental work that will assuredly go down to the far
future.”—_Aberdeen Free Press._
“_I have been walking about London for the last thirty years, and I
find something fresh in it every day._”—WALTER BESANT.
The fourth instalment of Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”
MEDIÆVAL LONDON
Vol. I. Historical and Social · Vol. II. Ecclesiastical
BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In Two Volumes, Demy 4to, Cloth, Gilt Top. Profusely Illustrated._
EACH 30s. NET
CONTENTS
VOL. I.
PART I.—MEDIÆVAL SOVEREIGNS.
1. Henry II. 2. Richard I. 3. John. 4. Henry III. 5. Edward I. 6.
Edward II. 7. Edward III. 8. Richard II. 9. Henry IV. 10. Henry V. 11.
Henry VI. 12. Edward IV. 13. Richard III.
PART II.—SOCIAL AND GENERAL.
1. General View. 2. Port and Trade of London. 3. Trade and Gentility.
4. The Streets. 5. The Buildings. 6. Furniture. 7. Wealth and State of
Nobles and Citizens. 8. Manners and Customs. 9. Food. 10. Sport and
Recreation. 11. Literature and Science in London—§ I. The Libraries of
London; § II. London and Literature; § III. The Physician. 12. Fire,
Plague, and Famine. 13. Crime and Punishment. 14. Christian Names and
Surnames.
VOL. II.
PART I.—THE GOVERNMENT OF LONDON.
1. The Records. 2. The Charter of Henry the Second. 3. The Commune. 4.
The Wards. 5. The Factions of the City. 6. The Century of Uncertain
Steps. 7. After the Commune. 8. The City Companies.
PART II.—ECCLESIASTICAL LONDON.
1. The Religious Life. 2. Church Furniture. 3. The Calendar of
the Year. 4. Hermits and Anchorites. 5. Pilgrimage. 6. Ordeal. 7.
Sanctuary. 8. Miracle and Mystery Plays. 9. Superstitions, etc. 10.
Order of Burial.
PART III.—RELIGIOUS HOUSES.
1. General. 2. St. Martin’s-le-Grand. 3. The Priory of the Holy
Trinity, or Christ Church Priory. 4. The Charter House. 5. Elsyng
Spital. 6. St. Bartholomew. 7. St. Thomas of Acon. 8. St. Anthony’s.
9. The Priory of St. John of Jerusalem. 10. The Clerkenwell Nunnery.
11. St. John the Baptist, or Holiwell Nunnery. 12. Bermondsey
Abbey. 13. St. Mary Overies. 14. St. Thomas’s Hospital. 15. St.
Giles-in-the-Fields. 16. St. Helen’s. 17. St. Mary Spital. 18. St.
Mary of Bethlehem. 19. The Clares. 20. St. Katherine’s by the Tower.
21. Crutched Friars. 22. Austin Friars. 23. Grey Friars. 24. The
Dominicans. 25. Whitefriars. 26. St. Mary of Graces. 27. The Smaller
Foundations. 28. Fraternities. 29. Hospitals.
PRESS OPINIONS
“Like its predecessors, it is a work framed in a style at once popular
and erudite, embracing a historical sketch of each reign included,
and supplementary chapters on the commercial and social conditions of
the period. No book could be suited better than this is to occupy an
honoured place on the family bookshelf.”—_Globe._
“Each volume that appears not merely reveals more vividly the magnitude
of the undertaking, but the skill and knowledge, the historic
imagination, and the picturesque sensibility of the writer. Two volumes
were wisely devoted to Mediæval London. The first set before us the
historical and social aspects of the capital, and did so with the
charm that belongs to a living picture; the second volume, which is
now published, is also marked by movement and colour, and in its pages
are described the ecclesiastical life of the community and the great
religious houses which flourished long before any man had dreamed of
such a movement as the Reformation.”—_Standard._
“It is unquestionably one of the most valuable of the books that have
been published this year. Every ‘London’ collector who can afford to do
so, will, of course, buy it; but it is deserving of a far wider circle
of readers, and it is to be hoped that it will be placed promptly upon
the lists of every public library in the land.”—_The Record._
“It is a mine of wealth to the student, a joy to the antiquary, and a
kaleidoscopic picture of times that were full of moving and changing
events that rendered the history of London, more than at any other
period, the history of the nation that was in the making.”—_Pall Mall
Gazette._
“Written in the charming and fascinating style of which the author was
a master. It is a mine of curious and interesting information for the
historical student. It is a model of lucid arrangement, and presents a
living and moving picture of days long gone by.”—_Aberdeen Free Press._
“For the general reader, this work, for its liveliness and variety,
will do what Chaucer and Langland do for the serious student of the
Middle Ages.”—_Tribune._
“_This work fascinates me more than anything I have ever done._”—WALTER
BESANT.
Chips from Sir Walter Besant’s“Magnum Opus.”
THE FASCINATION OF LONDON
EDITED BY SIR WALTER BESANT
_In Fcap. 8vo, each volume containing a Map of the District._
CLOTH 1/6 NET, LEATHER 2/- NET EACH.
NOTE
A Survey of London, a record of the greatest of all cities—this was the
work on which Sir Walter Besant was engaged when he died. He said of it
himself, “This work fascinates me more than anything I’ve ever done.
Nothing at all like it has ever been attempted before.”
Two of the volumes in this great work were to be devoted to a
perambulation of London, street by street, and enough has been done to
warrant its publication in the form originally intended; but in the
meantime it is proposed to select some of the most interesting of the
districts, and to publish them as a series of booklets, interesting
alike to the local inhabitant and the student of London, because it is
in these street associations that the chief charm of London lies. The
difficulty of finding a general title for the series was very great,
but the solution has been found in the words of the man who loved
London, and made himself her chronicler. The work “fascinated” him, and
it was because of these historical associations that it did so; these
links between past and present in themselves largely constitute “The
Fascination of London.”
[Illustration: SPECIMEN FRONTISPIECE]
VOLUMES
=CHELSEA=
=CLERKENWELL=
AND ST. LUKE’S
=HACKNEY=
& STOKE NEWINGTON
[_in the Press._
=HAMMERSMITH=
PUTNEY AND FULHAM
=HAMPSTEAD=
AND MARYLEBONE
=HOLBORN=
AND BLOOMSBURY
=KENSINGTON=
=MAYFAIR=
BELGRAVIA AND
BAYSWATER
=SHOREDITCH=
AND THE EAST END
[_In the Press._
=STRAND=
=THE THAMES=
=WESTMINSTER=
PRESS OPINIONS
“We have here, in fact, just what will give people who do not know
their London a new interest in every walk they take, and indicate
to those who want more the lines on which their studies may be
conducted.”—_Times._
“It is scarcely necessary to write any words of commendation when
the great knowledge of the editor and the literary charm with which
he always writes of London are taken into consideration.”—_Pall Mall
Gazette._
“The book, and the series of which it is a part, will be welcomed by
those who already possess that detailed knowledge of London and its
associations in which Sir Walter Besant delighted, and a perusal of its
pages by those less fortunate will do much to add to the number of his
disciples.”—_County Council Times._
“This is a very pleasant little book, the work of a competent observer,
who knows what to look for and how to deal with what he finds.”—_The
Spectator._
“Delightful guides. They are just the handbooks to make walks in London
interesting, for they re-people every street with the figures which
have lived in it in the past.”—_The Pilot._
“We fancy that even the most observant and studious lover of the
metropolis will find much in these dainty little volumes to instruct
and surprise him. The glamour of bygone years and the spirit of to-day
jostle each other on every page.”—_Christian World._
“Well written, and valuable historically.”—_St. James’s Gazette._
“These little volumes are of great value in the keeping of fact and
tradition pleasantly alive.”-_The Academy._
“Those who love their London, and are interested in its local history,
should not fail to procure this interesting little volume.”—_The
Tribune._
“The handy and informing topographical series issued by Messrs. Black
under the happy title of ‘The Fascination of London.’”—_The Antiquary._
BEAUTIFUL BOOKS ON
LONDON
WITH FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
(Post Free 20/6) EACH 20s. NET (Post Free 20/6)
_Square Demy 8vo, Cloth, Gilt Top._
LONDON VANISHED AND
VANISHING
PAINTED AND DESCRIBED BY PHILIP NORMAN, F.S.A.
CONTAINING 75 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
“A most beautiful as well as a most interesting book.... It should
teach the citizens of this great capital to love and respect their
city, both for its beauty and for the history and tradition which is
their heritage, and of which some lasting memorials still exist around
them.”—_Daily News._
“Mr. Norman can talk about old London as well as he paints it, and his
chapters are full of noteworthy historical, archæological, and literary
lore.”—_Literary World._
THE SCENERY OF LONDON
PAINTED BY HERBERT M. MARSHALL, R.W.S.
DESCRIBED BY G. E. MITTON
CONTAINING 75 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
“None but a highly-gifted artist who was also a profoundly sympathetic
student of the contributing factors of London’s wonderful appeal to
the eye and imagination could have caught so much of its potent and
infinitely diversified charm, or conveyed its colour and atmosphere and
the many and various conditions with such almost invariable fidelity
as Mr. Marshall has done in these delicate and delightful sketches;
while Miss Mitton has here given fresh and most acceptable proof of
that ‘extensive and peculiar’ knowledge of London which rendered her so
valued a coadjutor of the late Sir Walter Besant.”—_The World._
FAMILIAR LONDON
PAINTED AND DESCRIBED BY ROSE BARTON
CONTAINING 60 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
“Miss Barton yields to no artist as the pictorial chronicler of London.
She gives us the London we know and love, the London which is part of
the workaday lives we spend in the market of the universe.”—DOUGLAS
SLADEN in _The Queen_.
“We cannot recall a collection of London pictures that catches and
conveys better the spirit, the genius, and the charm of modern London
with deeper subtlety and finer execution.”—_Literary World._
LONDON TO THE NORE
PAINTED BY W. L. WYLLIE, R.A.
DESCRIBED BY MRS. WYLLIE
CONTAINING 60 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
“Now, at last, comes a volume which gives us the whole soul and figure,
so to speak, of the great fleet-bearing, commercial, and warlike
stream which constitutes the greatest port in the world—the port of
London.”—_Daily Graphic._
“It is an impressionist view in prose of what the workaday river is.
The book is superbly illustrated by coloured pages of the never-ending
scenes and pictures of men and things that Father Thames opens up to
all who venture on his broad waters.”—JOHN BURNS, M.P., in the _Daily
News_.
“This charming work is in every way welcome, and every Londoner who
reads it will prize it. The reproductions are exquisitely done.”—_Pall
Mall Gazette._
THE THAMES
PAINTED BY MORTIMER MEMPES, R.I.
DESCRIBED BY G. E. MITTON
CONTAINING 75 ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
“There is in it just the desired touch of historical reminiscence,
with never a line of pedantry, nor a phrase in doubtful taste.... The
pictures themselves are characteristic of their author’s happiest
manner, which is but another way of saying that they are certain of
popularity.”—_The Standard._
“Rarely in the long series of coloured books have author and artist
been so evenly matched. Miss Mitton writes as one who revels in
the charms of the Upper Thames, and Mr. Mempes adds colour to the
picture of beauty. Together they have produced a wholly delightful
volume.”—_Review of Reviews._
BEAUTIFUL BOOKS ABOUT
_Square Demy 8vo._ LONDON _Cloth, Gilt Top._
ALL WITH FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR
(Post free 7/11) EACH 7/6 NET (Post free 7/11)
=WESTMINSTER ABBEY=
PAINTED BY JOHN FULLEYLOVE, R.I.
TEXT BY MRS. A. MURRAY SMITH
_Containing 21 Full-Page Illustrations in Colour._
“Alike as a guide for those who are about to pay a visit to the Abbey,
and also as a very attractive memento of visits already paid, this
volume provides what very many people will delight to see, and will
greatly prize.”—_Literary World._
“Mr. Fulleylove has accomplished a difficult task with distinction, and
an admirable sense of poetry in architecture.”—_T. P.’s Weekly._
THE TOWER OF LONDON
PAINTED BY JOHN FULLEYLOVE, R.I.
TEXT BY ARTHUR POYSER
_Containing 20 Full-Page Illustrations in Colour and a Plan_.
The Tower of London stands as an epitome of English history in stone
and lime. It is, as it should be, a never-failing object of interest
to all of us from the days when we went to see it as children to the
days when we take our grandchildren to see it. But a hurried visit to
the old buildings can never satisfy our desire to know more of the
history and the romance, as well as the darker record, of the Tower
and its surroundings. The existing books on the subject are either the
small paper-covered guide-books, or the more costly descriptions in
two and four volumes which cannot appeal, by reason of their bulk and
high price, to every one. This new book on the Tower comes to fill the
middle place. It can be used as a guide, and afterwards, when placed
on the bookshelf, will, by the aid of Mr. Fulleylove’s delightful
water-colours and the author’s sketches of the drama and romance of
Tower history, be found to stand as a descriptive and pictorial record
of one of the most interesting buildings in the world.
INNS OF COURT
PAINTED BY GORDON HOME.
TEXT BY CECIL HEADLAM
_Containing 20 Full-Page Illustrations in Colour._
WINDSOR
PAINTED BY GEORGE M. HENTON
DESCRIBED BY
SIR RICHARD RIVINGTON HOLMES, K.C.V.O.
_Containing 20 Full-Page Illustrations in Colour._
_Demy Quarto, Cloth._ MAPS OF OLD LONDON PRICE 5s.
EDITED BY G. E. MITTON
For the first time there is offered to the public, at a price which
puts it within the reach of all, an atlas containing a series of maps
and plans showing the growth of London from mediæval times. These
maps have hitherto only been obtainable separately, at high prices
and in many sheets; they were reduced for the purposes of the Survey
of London, Sir Walter Besant’s monumental work, and in response to a
suggestion the publishers now issue them in a compact and convenient
form. To trace the spread of the city from the reign of Elizabeth—to
which the first map belongs—through the succeeding centuries, is a work
of absorbing interest, and the student of Old London will learn more
from such a study than by reading many folios of print. Every Londoner
should possess this atlas and search out in it the growth and changes
that have taken place in his own locality.
KEW GARDENS
PAINTED BY T. MOWER MARTIN, R.C.A.
DESCRIBED BY A. R. HOPE MONCRIEFF.
_Containing 24 Full-Page Illustrations in Colour.
Large Crown 8vo, Cloth, Gilt Top._
(Post free 6/4) PRICE 6S. NET (Post free 6/4)
Kew Gardens to-day contain what seems the completest botanical
collection in the world, but before being given up to public pleasure
and instruction, this demesne was a royal country seat, specially
favoured by George III. This homely King had two houses here, and
began to build a more pretentious palace, a design cut short by his
infirmities, but for which Kew might have usurped the place of Windsor.
For nearly a century it had a close connection with the Royal Family.
THE CHILDREN’S
BOOK OF LONDON
BY G. E. MITTON
_Containing 12 Full-Page Illustrations in Colour by_
JOHN WILLIAMSON.
_Square Crown 8vo, Cloth, Gilt Top._
PRICE 6s.
“Children who have never seen London will read it with joyous
anticipation of the delights in store for them, and those who have
spent their young lives in its borders will recognise the scenes they
know and the sights they see with unfailing delight.”—_Truth._
PUBLISHED BY ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK · SOHO SQUARE · LONDON · W.