HEIGHT AND POSITION OF MOUNT ST. ELIAS.
The height and position of Mount St. Elias have been measured several
times during the past century with varying results. The measurements
made prior to the expedition of 1890 have been summarized and
discussed by W. H. Dall, of the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey, and little more can be done at present than give an abstract
of his report.
The various determinations are shown in the table below. The data from
which these results were obtained have not been published, with the
exception of the surveys made by the United States Coast Survey in
1874, printed in report of the superintendent for 1875.
_Height and Position of Mount St. Elias_.
-----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
Date.| Authority. | Height. | Latitude. | Longitude W.
-----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
1786 | La Pérouse | 12,672 feet | 60° 15' 00" | 140° 10' 00"
1791 | Malaspina | 17,851 " | 60 17 35 | 140 52 17
1794 | Vancouver | ----------- | 60 22 30 | 140 39 00
1847 | Russian Hydrogra- | | |
| phic Chart 1378 | 17,854 " | 60 21 00 | 141 00 00
1847 | Tebenkof (Notes) | 16,938 " | 60 22 36 | 140 54 00
1849 | Tebenkof | | |
| (Chart VII) | 16,938 " | 60 21 30 | 140 54 00
| Buch. Can. Inseln | 16,758 " | 60 17 30 | 140 51 00
1872 | English Admiralty |
| Chart 2172 | 14,970 " | 60 21 00 | 141 00 00
1874 | U. S. Coast Survey | 19,500 ±400 | 60 20 45 | 141 00 12
-----+--------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------
All of the figures given in the table have been copied from Dall's
report, with the exception of the position determined by Malaspina;
this is from a report of astronomical observations made during
Malaspina's voyage, which places the mountain in latitude 60° 17' 35"
and longitude 134° 33' 10" west of Cadiz.[36] Taking the longitude of
Cadiz as 6° 19' 07" west of Greenwich, the figures tabulated above are
obtained.
[Footnote 36: Ante, p. 65.]
{190} It was intended that Mr. Kerr's report, forming Appendix B,
should contain a detailed record of the triangulation executed last
summer, but a careful revision of his work by a committee of the
National Geographic Society led to the conclusion that the results
were not of sufficient accuracy to set at rest the questions raised by
the discrepancies in earlier measurements of the height of Mount St.
Elias; and as the work will probably be revised and extended during
the summer of 1891, only the map forming plate 8 will be published at
this time. Some preliminary publications of elevations have been made,
but these must be taken as approximations merely.[37]
[Footnote 37: The shore-line of the map, plate 8, and the positions of
the initial points or base-line of the triangulation are from the work
of the United States Coast Survey. The extreme western portion is from
maps published by the New York _Times_ and Topham expeditions. All the
topographic data are by Mr. Kerr, and all credit for the work and all
responsibility for its accuracy rest with him. The nomenclature is
principally my own, and has been approved by a committee of the
National Geographic Society.]
By consulting the map forming plate 8 it will be seen that Mounts
Cook, Vancouver, Irving, Owen, etc., are not in the St. Elias range.
Neither do they form a distinct range either topographically or
geologically. Each of these mountains is an independent uplift,
although they may have some structural connection, and are of about
the same geological age. Mount Cook and the peaks most intimately
associated with it are composed mainly of sandstone and shale
belonging to the Yakutat system. Mounts Vancouver and Irving are
probably of the same character, but definite proof that this is the
case has not been obtained.
The St. Elias uplift is distinct and well marked, both geologically
and topographically, and deserves to be considered as a mountain
range. The limits of the range have not been determined, but, so far
as known, its maximum elevation is at Mount St. Elias. The range
stretches away from this culminating point both northeastward and
northwestward, and has a well-marked V-shape. The angle formed by the
two branches of the range where they unite at Mount St. Elias is, by
estimate, about 140°. Each arm of the V is determined by a fault, or
perhaps more accurately by a series of faults having the same general
course, along which the orographic blocks forming the range have been
upheaved. The structure of the range is monoclinal, and {191}
resembles the type of mountain structure characteristic of the great
basin. The dip of the tilted blocks is northward.
The crest of the St. Elias range, as already stated, is composed of
schists which rest on sandstone, supposed to belong to the Yakutat
system. The geological age of the uplift is, therefore, very recent.
The secondary topographic forms on the crest of the range have
resulted from the weathering of the upturned edges of orographic
blocks in which the bedding planes are crossed by joints. The
resulting forms are mainly pyramids and roof-like ridges with
triangular gables. Extreme ruggedness and angularity characterize the
range throughout. There are no rounded domes or smoothed and polished
surfaces to suggest that the higher summits have ever been subjected
to general glacial action; neither is there any evidence of marked
rock decay. Disintegration of all the higher peaks and crests is
rapid, owing principally to great changes of temperature and the
freezing of water in the interstices of the rock; but the débris
resulting from this action is rapidly carried away by avalanches and
glaciers, so that the crests as well as the subordinate features in
the sculpture of the cliffs and pyramids are all angular. The subdued
and rounded contour, due to the accumulation of the products of
disintegration and decay, the indications of the advancing age of
mountains, are nowhere to be seen. The St. Elias range is young;
probably the very youngest of the important mountain ranges on this
continent. No evidences of erosion previous to the formation of the
ice-sheets that now clothe it have been observed. Glaciers apparently
took immediate possession of the lines of depression as the mountain
range grew in height, and furnish a living example from which to
determine the part that ice streams play in mountain sculpture.
{192}
APPENDIX A.
OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS GOVERNING THE EXPEDITION.
In order to make the records of the St. Elias expedition complete,
copies of the instructions under which the work was carried out are
appended:
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, GEOLOGIC BRANCH,
_Washington, D. C., May 28, 1890_.
Mr. I. C. RUSSELL, _Geologist_.
SIR: You are hereby detailed to visit the St. Elias range of Alaska
for work of exploration, under the joint auspices of the National
Geographic Society and the United States Geological Survey. The
Geological Survey furnishes instruments and contributes the sum of
$1,000 towards the expenses of the expedition. The money devoted to
this purpose is taken from the appropriation for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1890, and the manner of its expenditure must conform
to that fact.
The Survey expects that you will give special attention to glaciers,
to their distribution, to the associated topographic types, to
indications of the former extent of glaciation, and to types of
subaërial sculpture under special conditions of erosion, and that you
will also bring back information with reference to the age of the
formations seen and the type of structure of the range.
With the aid of Mr. Kerr, it is expected that you will secure definite
geographic information as to the belt of country traversed by you.
Very respectfully,
G. K. GILBERT,
_Chief Geologist_.
_Approved_,
J. W. POWELL, _Director_.
* * * * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, GEOLOGIC BRANCH,
_Washington, D. C., May 28, 1890_.
Mr. I. C. RUSSELL, _Geologist_.
SIR: You will proceed at the earliest practicable date to Tacoma,
Washington Territory, and thence by water to Sitka, Alaska, at which
point you will make special arrangements to visit the St. Elias range
of mountains and make geological examinations as per instructions
otherwise communicated. Mr. Mark B. Kerr, Disbursing Agent, will
report to you at Victoria, B. C., and accompany you on the expedition,
assisting you in the capacities of Disbursing Agent and Topographer.
On the completion of {193} your work you will return to Washington,
the route being left to your discretion, to be determined by
considerations which cannot now be foreseen.
Very respectfully,
G. K. GILBERT,
_Chief Geologist_.
_Approved_,
J. W. POWELL, _Director_.
* * * * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, GEOLOGIC BRANCH,
_Washington, D. C., May 28, 1890_.
Mr. MARK B. KERR, _Disbursing Agent_.
SIR: You are hereby detailed to assist Mr. I. C. Russell, Geologist,
who starts at once on an expedition to Alaska, under the joint
auspices of the National Geographic Society and the United States
Geological Survey. It is expected that you will immediately aid him in
disbursement, and that you will act during the exploratory part of the
expedition as topographer. Your duties will, however, not be limited
to these special functions, but you will be expected to perform any
other duties he may assign to you, and to labor in every way for the
success of the expedition.
It is expected that you will be reappointed to the grade of
topographer on the United States Geological Survey on the 1st of July,
1890, and you will please take the required oath of office before your
departure.
The money remaining in your possession as Disbursing Agent includes
that needed to meet Mr. Russell's salary and your own, and also the
sum of $1,000, allotted from the funds of the Geographic Branch for
expenses of the expedition prior to June 30. This amount you will
expend as directed by Mr. Russell, and his authority and certificate
will need to accompany your vouchers in rendering account of the same.
Very respectfully,
G. K. GILBERT,
_Chief Geologist_.
_Approved_,
J. W. POWELL, _Director_.
* * * * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, GEOLOGIC BRANCH,
_Washington, D. C., May 28, 1890_.
Mr. MARK B. KERR, _Disbursing Agent_.
SIR: You will proceed at once to San Francisco, California, and thence
by steamer or by rail and steamer to Sitka, Alaska. It is expected
that you will join Mr. I. C. Russell, Geologist, at Victoria, B. C.,
or at Sitka; and you will report to him for further orders.
Very respectfully,
G. K. GILBERT,
_Chief Geologist_.
_Approved_,
J. W. POWELL, _Director_.
* * * * *
{194}
_Washington, D. C., May 29, 1890_.
Mr. MARK B. KERR, _Topographer_.
SIR: You are hereby assigned to field-work in the vicinity of Mount
St. Elias, Alaska, in the party under charge of Mr. I. C. Russell.
Upon the receipt of these instructions you will please proceed without
delay to the field, and map upon a scale of four miles to an inch such
territory in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias, including that mountain,
as the field season will permit. The work should, if practicable, be
controlled by triangulation. Special attention in the course of your
work should be given to measuring the altitude of Mount St. Elias, and
it should be determined by triangulation and also, if practicable, by
barometer in such manner as to be conclusive.
The topographic work should be controlled by triangulation. As many
positions on this coast are approximately known, including a number of
the prominent peaks, astronomical determinations of position will not
be necessary unless needed to supplement the triangulation.
The details of your outfitting and the management of the work will be
left to your own judgment.
Very respectfully,
HENRY GANNETT,
_Chief Topographer_.
* * * * *
_NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY_.
_Memorandum of Instructions to the Party sent out under the Direction
of Mr. I. C. Russell, assisted by Mr. Mark B. Kerr, to explore the
Mount St. Elias Region, Alaska, 1890_.
The general object of the expedition is to make a geographic
reconnoissance of as large an area as practicable in the St. Elias
range, Alaska, including a study of its glacial phenomena, the
preparation of a map of the region explored, and the measurement of
the height of Mount St. Elias and other neighboring mountains.
Observations should also be made and information collected on other
subjects of general scientific interest as far as practicable.
The purpose of these instructions is mainly to suggest the lines of
investigation that give promise of valuable results, but it is not
intended that they shall limit the director of the expedition in the
exercise of his own discretion.
GARDINER G. HUBBARD, _Chairman_,
MARCUS BAKER,
WILLARD D. JOHNSON,
_Committee_.
_Washington, D. C., May 29, 1890_.
{195}
APPENDIX B.
REPORT ON TOPOGRAPHIC WORK.
BY MARK B. KERR.
In addition to the ascent of Mount St. Elias, it was part of the
original plan of the expedition to make an accurate topographic map of
the region explored. It was not, however, for this purpose proposed to
divide the party or to deviate much from the most direct route to
Mount St. Elias from Yakutat bay. Triangulation of fair precision was
provided for. Details were to be filled in by approximate methods.
Field-work began June 20 by the careful measurement of a base-line,
3,850 feet in length, near the point of landing, on the northern shore
of Yakutat bay. Expansion was readily carried to the foot-hills, and
several horizontal angles were taken to an astronomical station of the
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Port Mulgrave. In the
region of these initial triangles, work was done from a central camp;
and topographic details were fixed with considerable precision by
intersection and vertical angles.
After the departure of the expedition from the Base Line camp, an
accident to the transit made resort to an inferior instrument
necessary, and, furthermore, as the region traversed proved to be
ill-adapted to, and the line of travel too direct for, the proper
development of a narrow belt of triangles, the anticipation of a
degree of precision in the triangulation which would give high value
to the determinations of position and altitude of the several peaks
was not realized; but topographic map work, showing the general
features, altitudes and location of the mountain ranges, valleys and
glaciers, was extended over about 600 square miles.
Within the approximate geometric control, stations were interpolated
by the three-point method, and minor locations were multiplied by
intersection and connected by sketch. The best meander possible under
the circumstances was carried forward on the line of travel by compass
directions and estimates of distance from time intervals. The work
ceased August 22 with the abandonment of the instruments in a
snow-storm of four days' duration on the eastern slope of Mount St.
Elias.
The accompanying map (a reduction of which forms plate 8, page 75)
shows the ice-streams and peculiar mountain topography of a region
heretofore unvisited, and constitutes a considerable addition to the
geography of Alaska.
{196}
APPENDIX C.
REPORT ON AURIFEROUS SANDS FROM YAKUTAT BAY.
BY J. STANLEY-BROWN.
Among the specimens obtained by Mr. I. C. Russell during the course of
his explorations on and about Mount St. Elias is a bottle of sand
procured from the beach on the extreme southern end of Khantaak
island, Yakutat bay, and characteristic of the shore material over a
large area. This sand was turned over to me for examination, and
additional interest was given to its study by the fact that it is from
a comparatively uninvestigated region and possesses, perhaps, economic
value; for the sample is gold-bearing, and it is said that a "color"
can readily be obtained by "panning" at many points on the bay shore.
Macroscopically, the sand has the appearance of ordinary finely
comminuted beach material; but it differs in the uniformity of the
size of its particles from beach sand from Fort Monroe and Sullivan
island, South Carolina, with which it was compared. Its mineralogic
constituents greatly surpass in variety those of the sands referred
to, but are markedly similar to those of gold-bearing sand from New
Zealand. At least twelve minerals are present, with an unusual
predominance of one, as will be noted later. Through the mixture of
white, green, and black grains, a dull greenish-black color is given
to the mass. The roundness of fragments is such as usually results
from water action, but it is less than that which results from
transportation by wind.
When put into a heavy liquid (Thoulet solution of a density of 3.1) in
order to determine the specific gravity of the constituents, it was
found that the sand is made up largely of the heavier materials, for
the amount that floated was trifling compared with that which quickly
sank. Even the abundant quartz was largely carried down by the
weightier ingredients bound up within it, and only a few water-clear
fragments were left behind. This would seem to suggest that the
lighter minerals are lacking in the neighboring rocks, or else have
been carried to greater distances by the sorting power of the water.
Among the minerals recognized, gold is the most important, though
relatively not abundant. It occurs in flakes or flattened grains from
a quarter to a half of a millimeter in size. The particles are
sufficiently numerous to be readily selected from their associates by
the aid of "panning" and a hand lens of good magnifying power, and if
distributed throughout the beach as plentifully as in the sample
would, under favorable conditions, pay for working. The flakes in
their rounded character show the effect of the agency which separated
them from their matrix; a separation so complete that no rock is found
adhering to the grains.
{197} Magnetite is present in great abundance and in a finely divided
state, the largest grains not exceeding a millimeter in length. It
forms by weight alone 15 or 20 per cent. of the entire mass, and when
the latter is sifted through a sieve of a hundred meshes to the inch
it constitutes 44 per cent. of this fine material. Crystallographic
faces are rare, and though often marred, still octahedrons (111, 1) of
considerable perfection are found.
Garnet occurs in such profusion that a pink tint is given to a mass of
selected grains of uniform size, and its predominance may be
considered the chief physical characteristic of the sand.
Two species were noted: one is a brilliant wine-red variety, which,
though not nearly so numerous as its duller relative, occurs more
frequently in crystals--the trapezohedral faces (211, 2-2)
predominating. The other garnet is readily distinguished by its
lighter amethystine tint and its greater abundance. Crystallographic
faces are somewhat rare and invariably dodecahedral (110, i). In the
absence of chemical analyses, any statements as to the exact species
to which these garnets should be referred would be largely
conjectural. Attention is quickly drawn to the perfection of these
minute garnets in their crystallographic faces and outlines, and to
their association with rounded fragments of their own kind as well as
of other minerals. Have these crystals survived by reason of their
hardness or by favoring conditions, or does their preservation suggest
the impotency of wave-action in the destruction of minute bodies?
Among the black, heavy grains occur individuals which, except in shape
and non-magnetic character, resemble magnetite. On crushing between
glass slides, thin slivers are obtained which in transmitted light are
green, and which, from their cleavage, pleochroism, high index of
refraction, small extinction angle, and insolubility in acid, are
readily recognized as hornblende.
Two groups of grains were noted which are distinguishable by slight
variation in color. Both are clear-yellowish green, but one is
somewhat darker than the other. The optical properties of both
indicate pyroxene and possibly olivine. Fortunately a fragment was
obtained in the orthodiagonal zone nearly normal to an optic axis
which gave an axial figure of sufficient definiteness to indicate its
optically positive character. A number of grains were selected from
minerals of both colors and subjected to prolonged heating in
hydrochloric acid without decomposition, indicating that both minerals
are pyroxene.
A few zircons, a fraction of a millimeter in size but perfect in form,
were found associated with others rounded on their solid angles and
edges. The crystals are of the common short form and bear the usual
faces in a greater or less degree of development. Pyramids of the
first and second order alternate in magnitude; pinacoid encroaches
upon prism, and _vice versa_.
Quartz constitutes by far the largest proportion of the minerals, both
in bulk and in weight. It is always fragmental; sometimes water-clear,
but chiefly occurs in opaque grains of different colors. It is seldom
free from material of a higher specific gravity, and is often so
tinted as to be almost indistinguishable from magnetite, but readily
bleaches in acid.
{198} Feldspar is sparingly present, and includes both monoclinic and
triclinic forms, whose crystallographic boundaries are invariably
lacking.
Treatment of the sand with dilute acid produces effervescence, which
is not due to incrustations of sodium carbonate. By persistent search
among particles separated in a heavy solution, a few grains were
discovered which, from their complete solubility with effervescence in
very dilute acid, as well as their optical properties, left no doubt
as to their being calcite.
The mica group has only one representative, biotite, and this occurs
most sparingly. Though much of the sand was examined, but few
fragments were found. Its foliated character renders it easily
transported by water and explains its absence from among the heavy
minerals.
Shaly, slaty and schistose material forms the major part of the
coarser grains. Thin sections from the largest pieces plainly
indicated hornblende schist.
A region of glaciers would seem to be favorable not only to the
collection of meteoric material, but also to the destruction of the
country rocks, the setting free of their mineralogic constituents in a
comparatively fresh state, and their transportation to the sea. It was
hoped that this sand would yield some of the rarer varieties of
minerals, but tests for native iron, platinum, chromite, gneiss, and
the titaniferous minerals proved ineffectual. Titanium is present, but
in such small quantities that it could only be detected by means of
hydrogen peroxide. The use of acid supersulphate and the borotungstate
of calcium test of Lasaulx failed to reveal the presence of native
iron.
It will be seen from the foregoing enumeration that the sand is made
up of grains of gold, magnetite, garnet, hornblende, pyroxene, zircon,
quartz, feldspar, calcite and mica, associated with fragments of a
shaly, slaty and schistose character. While the information at hand is
hardly sufficient to warrant much speculation concerning the rock
masses of the interior, still there is no doubt that the sand is
derived from the destruction of metamorphic rocks.
{199}
APPENDIX D.
REPORT ON FOSSIL PLANTS.
BY LESTER F. WARD.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
_Washington, D. C., March 12, 1891_.
Mr. I. C. RUSSELL, _United States Geological Survey_.
MY DEAR SIR: The following report upon the small collection of fossil
plants made by you at Pinnacle pass, near Mount St. Elias, Alaska, and
sent to this division for identification has been prepared by
Professor F. H. Knowlton, who gave the collection a careful study
during my absence in Florida. Previous to going away I had somewhat
hastily examined the specimens and seen that they consisted chiefly of
the genus _Salix_, some of them reminding me strongly of living
species. I have no doubt that Professor Knowlton's more thorough
comparisons can be relied upon with as much confidence as the nature
of the collection will permit, and I also agree with his conclusions.
"The collection consists of seven small hand specimens, upon which are
impressed no less than seventeen more or less completely preserved
dicotyledonous leaves.
"These specimens at first sight seem to represent six or eight
species, but after a careful study I think I am safe in reducing the
number to four, as several of the impressions have been nearly
obliterated by prolonged exposure and cannot be studied with much
satisfaction.
"The four determinable species belong, without much doubt, to the
genus _Salix_. Number 1, of which there is but a single specimen, I
have identified with _Salix californica_, Lesquereux, from the
auriferous gravel deposits of the Sierra Nevada in California.[38] The
finer nervation of the specimens from the auriferous gravels is not
clearly shown in Lesquereux's figures, nor is it well preserved in the
Mount St. Elias specimens; but the size, outline, and primary
nervation are identical.
"Number 2, of which there are six or eight specimens, may be compared
with _Salix raeana_, Heer,[39] a species that was first described from
Greenland and was later detected by Lesquereux in a collection from
Cooks inlet, Alaska.[40] The Mount St. Elias specimens are not very
much like the original figures of Heer, but are very similar, in
outline at least, to this species as figured by Lesquereux.[41] They
are also very similar to {200} some forms of the living _S. rostrata_,
Richardson, with entire leaves. It is clearly a willow, but closer
identification must remain for more complete material.
"Number 3, represented by four or five specimens, is broadly
elliptical in outline, and is also clearly a _Salix_. It is unlike any
fossil form with which I am familiar, but is very similar to the
living _S. nigricans_, For., var. _rotundifolia_, and to certain forms
of _S. silesiaca_, Willd. The nervation is very distinctly preserved,
and has all the characters of a willow leaf.
"Number 4, represented by three or four very fine specimens, is a very
large leaf, measuring 13 cm. in length and 3½ cm. in width at the
broadest point. It may be compared with _Salix macrophylla_, Heer,[42]
but it cannot be this species. It is also like some of the living
forms of _S. nigra_, Marsh., from which it differs in having perfectly
entire margins.
"While it is manifestly impossible, on the basis of the above
identifications, to speak with confidence as to the age or formation
containing these leaves, it can hardly be older than the Miocene, and
from its strong resemblance to the present existing flora of Alaska it
is likely to be much younger." [F. H. Knowlton.]
Very sincerely yours,
LESTER F. WARD.
[Footnote 38: Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. VI, no. 2, 1878, p. 10, pl.
i, figs. 18-21.]
[Footnote 39: Flor. foss. Arct., vol. I, 1868, p. 102, pl. iv, figs.
11-13; pl. xlvii, fig. 11.]
[Footnote 40: Proc. Nat. Mus., vol. V, 1882, p. 447.]
[Footnote 41: loc. cit., pl. viii, fig. 6.]
[Footnote 42: Tert. Fl. Helv., vol. II, 1856, p. 29, pl. lxvii, fig.
4.]
{201}
INDEX.
Admiralty bay, 56
Agassiz glacier, Ascent of, 147
-- -- named, 73
Age of St. Elias range, 175
Alpenstocks, Necessity for, 165
Alpine glaciers, 176, 180
Alton, Edmund, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75
_Archangelica_, Mention of, 89, 114
_Atrevida_ (The), Mention of, 63
Arevida glacier, 92, 105
Auriferous sands, 196, 197, 198
Avalanches, 145, 155
Baie de Monti, 56
-- named by La Pérouse, 60
Baker, Marcus, Explorations by, 70, 72
-- reference to bibliography by, 58
Base Line, Measurement of, 86
Bear, Meeting with, 94, 109
Belcher, Sir Edward, Explorations by, 68, 69
Bell, A. Graham, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Bell, Charles J., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Bering bay, Mention of, 56
Bering, Vitus, Explorations by, 58
Bien, Morris, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Birnie, Jr., Rogers, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Black glacier, Brief account of, 101, 104
Blossom island, Description of, 113, 122
Boursin, Henry, Mention of, 79
Broka, George, Explorations by, 73, 74
Camp hands, 166
Carpenter, Z. T., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Carroll, Captain James, 78
Cascade glacier named, 144
Chaix hills named, 73
Chariot, The, Mention of, 140
Chatham, Mention of, 66
Cherikof, Alexei, Explorations of, 58
Christie, J. H., Member of expedition, 76
-- Work of, 82, 83, 84, 96, 103, 112, 113, 123, 162
Clover, Richardson, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Cook, Captain James, Explorations of, 58
_Corwin_ (The) in Disenchantment bay, 100
-- Return of, 163
Crevasses, 181, 182
-- at Pinnacle pass, 130
Cross sound, visited by Vancouver's expedition, 67
Crumback, J. H., Member of expedition, 76
-- Work of, 96, 103, 122, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137
Dagelet, M., Mention of, 60
Dall, W. H., Explorations by, 70, 72
-- reference to bibliography by, 58
Dalton, John, glacier named for, 98
-- mention of, 73
Definition of formations in St. Elias region, 167
Desengaño bay, named by Malaspina, 63
Digges' sound, named by Vancouver, 68
Diller, J. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Dip at Pinnacle pass, 140
_Discovery_ (The), Mention of, 66
Disenchantment bay, Canoe trip in, 96, 103
-- -- last view of, 163
-- -- mention of, 56
-- -- visited by Malaspina, 63, 64
Dixon, Captain George, Explorations of, 60, 62
De Monti bay, Arrival at, 79
_Descubierta_ (The), Mention of, 63
Devil's club (_Panax horridum_), Mention of, 95, 115
Dobbins, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Dome pass, named, 146
Doney, L. S., Member of expedition, 76
-- Work of, 85, 158, 159, 160, 162
Douglass, Captain, Explorations of, 62
Dry bay, Mention of, 55
Farenholt, Lieutenant Commander O. F., Commander of U. S. S. _Pinta_,
79
Faulted pebble from Pinnacle pass, 171
Faults, 83, 136
-- Thrust, in Hitchcock range, 118
Floral hills, brief account of, 105, 108
-- pass, brief account of, 105, 108, 110
Formations of the St. Elias region, 167
Fossils at Pinnacle pass, 140
-- description of Yakutat system, 172
Fossil plants, Report on, by Lester F. Ward, 199, 200
Gabbro on the Marvine glacier, 123
Galiano, Don Dionisio Alcala, Mention of, 63
Galiano glacier, Visit to, 89, 90
Gannett, Henry, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
-- Instructions from, 194
Geology of the St. Elias region, 167, 190, 191, 174
Geological Survey, Instructions from, 192, 193, 194
Gilbert, G. K., Instructions from, 192, 193
Glacial currents, 187
-- river, best example of, 183
-- streams, 183, 184
Glacier bay, mention of, 67
Glaciers in Disenchantment bay in 1792, 64, 65, 97
-- -- -- -- observed by Malaspina, 64, 65
-- -- -- -- -- -- Puget, 67, 68
-- of the St. Elias region, 176
-- west of Icy bay, 187
Greely, A. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Guides, use of in ascending St. Elias, 166
Guyot glacier named, 73
Haenke, D. Tadeo, Haenke island named for, 65
-- island, Condition of, when seen by Malaspina, 63, 64, 65, 97
-- -- visit to, 96, 103
Hayden, Dr. F. V., glacier named for, 108
Hayden, Everett, Contributions to exploration fund by, 75
Hayden glacier, Brief account of, 108, 110, 111
Hays, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Height and position of St. Elias, 189, 190
Hendriksen, Reverend Carl J., mention of, 80, 83
Hitchcock, Professor Edward, range named for, 112
-- range, brief account of, 112
-- -- from Pinnacle pass, 133
-- -- structure of, 118
Hooper, Captain C. L., Navigation of Disenchantment bay, 56, 100
Hosmer, E. S., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
-- return of, 83
--, volunteer assistant, 76
Hubbard, Gardiner G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
--, glacier named for, 99
Hubbard glacier, brief description of, 99
Icebergs, Formation of, 98, 99, 101, 102
-- in Yakutat bay, description of, 87
Ice tunnels, 184
Instructions from Geological Survey, 192, 193, 194
-- -- National Geographic Society, 194
Irving, Professor R. D., Mountain named for, 144
Johnson, Willard D., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
-- exploration planned by, 75
Judd, J. G., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Jungen, Ensign C. W., Mention of, 81
Kerr, Mark B., assigned as an assistant, 75
-- report on topographic work, 193
Khantaak island, village on, 79, 80
King, Harry, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Knapp, Hon. Lyman E., Mention of, 79
Knight island, scenery near, 83
-- -- named by Puget, 68
Knowlton, F. H., Report on fossil plants, 199, 200
_L'Astrolabe_, Mention of, 58
_La Boussole_, Mention of, 58
Lake Castani, Named, 73
Lakelets on the glaciers, 119, 120
Lakes, Abandoned beds of, near Blossom island, 116
La Pérouse, J. F. S., Explorations of, 58, 60
Leach, Boynton, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Libbey, Professor William, explorations by, 72, 73
Lindsley, W. L., Member of expedition, 76
-- Work of, 122, 131, 134, 135, 139, 144, 149, 150, 153, 157, 158, 164
Lituya bay, mention of, 55
Logan, Sir W. E., Mountain named for, 141
Lucia glacier, brief account of, 192
-- -- crossing of, 105, 106, 108, 109
Lynn canal, mention of, 78
Malaspina, Alejandro, Explorations of, 62, 66
Malaspina glacier, character of, 187
-- --, described and named, 71, 72
-- --, excursion on, 120, 121, 162
-- --, from Blossom island, 118, 119
-- --, mention of, 56
Maldonado, reference to, 62, 63
Marvine, A. R., Glacier named for, 112
Marvine glacier, Account of, 112, 122, 124
McCarteney, C. M., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Mirage in Yakutat bay, 87
Moraines, 195
-- medial, on the Marvine glacier, 123
-- on the Malaspina glacier, 134
-- near Yakutat bay, 191
Mount Augusta, avalanches on the sides of, 145
-- elevation of, 117
Mount Bering, Height and condition of, 65
Mount Cook, Appearance of, 92
-- named, 72
-- rocks composing, 92
Mount Fairweather, height of, 69
Mount Logan, named, 141
Mount Malaspina, Elevation of, 117
-- named, 72
Mount Newton, named, 146
Mount St. Elias (see St. Elias, Mount)
Mount Vancouver, named, 72
Muir glacier, Visit to, 78, 79
Mulgrave, Lord, Port Mulgrave named for, 60
National Geographic Society, Instructions from, 194
Névé fields, 180, 181, 182
Newton glacier, Ascent of, 150
Newton, Henry, Mountain named for, 146
New York _Times_, Expedition of, 72, 73
Nordhoff, Charles, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Norris glacier, Mention of, 78
Nunatak in the Lucia glacier, 106
Oil stoves, Use of, 164
_Orel_, Mention of the, 70
_Otkrytie_, Mention of the, 69
Outfit necessary for Alaskan expeditions, 165
_Panax horridum_, 95, 115
Partridge, William, Member of expedition, 76
-- Work of, 158, 159, 162
Piedmont glaciers, characteristics of, 122, 176, 185, 186
-- -- example of, 120, 121
-- type of glaciers, mention of, 57
Pimpluna rocks, mention of, 70, 187
Pinnacle pass cliffs, account of, 132, 137
-- -- --, height of, 137
-- -- --, view from, 132
-- --, description of, 130, 132
-- -- named, 130
-- system, description of rocks of, 167, 170
-- -- named, 131
_Pinta_, mention of the, 79, 81
Phipps, C. J., Port Mulgrave named for, 60
Plants on Blossom island, 114
Point Esperanza, Camp at, 82, 84, 85
-- Glorious, named, 137
-- Riou, Mention of, 69
Port Mulgrave, 56
-- -- named by Dixon, 60
Powell, J. W., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Powell, William B., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Puerto del Desengaño, Mention of, 56
Puget, Peter, Explorations of, 66, 68
Pyramid harbor, Mention of, 78
_Queen Charlotte_, Mention of the, 60
--, voyage on the, 78, 79
Rations, 164
Report on sands from Yakutat bay by J. Stanley-Brown, 196, 197, 198
Rivers, Glacial, 183
Rope cliff, named, 149
Route (new), suggested, 163, 164
Russell, Israel C., Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Salmon (and trout) fishing, 162
Sands, Auriferous from Yakutat bay, 196, 197, 198
Schwatka, Lieutenant Frederick, explorations by, 72, 73
Serpentine on the Marvine glacier, 123
Seton-Karr, H. W., explorations of, 72, 73
Seward glacier, crevasses on, 133, 179, 180
-- -- crossing of, 142
-- -- description of, 177, 178, 179
Seward, Hon. W. H., Glacier named for, 129
Sitka, arrival at, 79
Snow crests, figures of, 143
-- line, description of Alpine glaciers above, 180
-- -- -- -- -- -- below, 183
Snow line, elevation of, 92, 111
-- on mountain crests, 182
Soundings in Disenchantment bay, 56
Stamy, Thomas, Member of expedition, 76
-- Work of, 137, 139, 144, 150, 153, 157, 158, 160
Stanley-Brown, J., Report on sands from Yakutat bay, 196, 197, 198
St. Elias described by La Pérouse, 59, 60
--, discovery of, by Bering, 58
--, first full view of, 135
--, view of, 91, 92
--, height and position of, 189, 190
-- -- -- -- --, by Tebenkof, 69
-- -- -- of, determined by La Pérouse, 60
-- -- -- -- -- Malaspina, 64, 65, 66
-- range, age of, 175
-- --, character of peaks of, 175
-- region, glaciers of, 176
-- schist, description of rocks of, 167, 173
--, suggested new route to, 163, 164
-- uplift, 190
Stein, Robert, translations by, 59, 64, 65, 66
Strait of Annan, 56
Structure, 174
Swiss guides in Alaskan exploration, 166
_Sulphur_, Mention of the, 69
Taku glacier, Mention of, 78
-- inlet, Visit to, 78
Tebenkof, Captain, Notes on Alaska by, 69, 70
Terrace on northern shore of Yakutat bay, 82, 85
-- point, Brief account of, 106
Thompson, Gilbert, Contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Tide-water glaciers defined, 101
Topographic work, Report on, 195
Topham, Edwin, Explorations by, 73, 74
Topham, W. H., explorations by, 73, 74
-- reference to map by, 177
Triangulation, Commencement of, 86
Tunnels in the ice, 184
Tyndall glacier, Named, 73
Tyndall, J., cited on marginal crevasses, 127
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, explorations of, 70, 72
Vancouver, Captain George, Explorations by, 66, 68
_Veratrum viride_, Mention of, 114
Ward, Lester F., Report on fossil plants, 199, 200
White, Thomas, Member of expedition, 76
--, Work of, 158, 160
Willis, Baily, contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Williams, C. A., contribution to exploration fund by, 75
Williams, William, explorations by, 73, 74
Yakutat bay, Arrival at, 79
-- --, Base camp on Western shore of, 86, 89
-- --, Shores of described, 57
-- --, Synonomy of, 56
-- Indians, described by Dixon, 61
-- system, Description of rocks of, 167
-- -- named, 131