The constitution of the English House of_The century of Columbus

represents, by contrast, in a very striking way the difference between

the old and the new in political matters. At the present time the

House of Lords is almost exclusively hereditary. About one-seventh of

its members are there by appointment or election, and a large part of

even this moiety is chosen from the descendants of the hereditary

nobility. Before the Reformation sixty per cent of the House of Lords

consisted of the Lords Spiritual. Many of these were Bishops, but more

of them were Abbots and Priors of Religious Houses, Masters and

Generals of Religious Orders and other officials representing the

monasteries as large landholders, who at the same time represented

considerable bodies of peasantry, tillers of the soil of monasteries,

who were so happy, as was often said, to be under the cross. Not a few

of the bishops were the self-made sons of the middle class, or even

the poor. A great many of the abbots and representatives of religious

orders came from even the lower orders. They were men who had been

chosen by their fellow-religious to rule over them because they were

considered to have the best qualities of heart and soul for such

positions. In the course of centuries a great many of these men were

saints, that is, represented that character and disposition which made

the men of the after-time declare that they had lived heroic lives of

unselfishness and care for others.

It is true that at times some of the Lords Spiritual were the sons of

the nobility, favorites of kings, men who used political influence in

order to secure Church preferment; but the proportion of these was

never very large, and while many are known, it is because the history

of many centuries is gone over for them. Probably no better second

chamber for conservative legislation could {564} possibly be organized

than this one of the House of Lords before the Reformation actually

was. The majority of the men in it were representatives, not of one

class, but of all the classes of England. There were always many

peasants' sons and the sons of little tradesmen, and these men had

often risen by merit and yet only under such circumstances as

precluded family ambition at least, and usually their advancement was

due to their known lack of personal ambition. As a rule, their

unselfishness had been the principal trait by which they secured

preferment. They had the best interests of the poor classes

particularly at heart. Without any chance for ambition for themselves,

without any desires for the enrichment of a family which did not exist

for them, there were as many safeguards around their fulfilment of

their duty as representatives of the people as can possibly be drawn.

Even such safeguards will not prevent all abuses, but they come as

near doing it as is possible. Nothing is more illuminating, as regards

political conditions from a social standpoint, than this comparative

study of the pre-reformation House of Lords with that of the present.

In political freedom, the times after the Reformation represent

decadence mainly because of the placing in the hands of the civil

government the authority in both political and religious matters. As a

consequence of the elimination of the Church authorities as

independent factors in the life of the people instead of subservient

to government officials, there was a serious inroad upon the rights as

citizens that had been obtained by hard striving during preceding

centuries. Modern political developments are not so much a new

assertion of modern democracy as a reversion to the democratic

principles of the Middle Ages. That will seem to many people

profoundly paradoxical. It is only a paradox, however, to those who do

not know the political life of the Middle Ages. Magna Charta was drawn

up and signed, the fundamental laws of Spain and France adopted, the

Golden Bull in Hungary promulgated, and the Swiss declaration of

independence issued all in a single century of the preceding time--the

thirteenth. Such principles as that there shall be no taxation without

representation were then formulated, and the free cities acquired

rights for their citizens and laid the foundation of that government

of the people, by the people and for the people which is the basis of

modern democracy. All this was seriously disturbed at the time of the

reform movement, and a decadence similar to that which took place in

humanitarianism and the hospital and nursing movement may be traced

with regard to political liberty. It culminated at the end of the

eighteenth century in that awful cataclysm of the French Revolution

which tried to reassert all the old principles of political freedom

and correct all the abuses at once and right the cumulated wrongs of

centuries that was doomed to failure. The series of revolutions of the

early {565} nineteenth century were needed to give people back

something like the rights that they had had in the Middle Ages and to

create a public sentiment once more favorable to democratic

institutions. Hilaire Belloc, who probably knows the French Revolution

as well as any in our generation, declared not long since that it

represented an effort to bring the world back to those ideals of

democracy which had developed in the Middle Ages. Our period

represents exactly the end of the Middle Ages, and it is after the

Reformation that the decadence of the fine old democratic spirit which

had been fostered within the bounds of the old Church may be noted.

Above all, popular happiness decreased and indeed almost disappeared

throughout Europe as the result of the reform movement. Before that,

the Church holy days, nearly twoscore in number in the year, provided

ample opportunities for leisure and recreation, and the Church

societies, by the giving of the mystery and morality plays, and the

guilds by their banquets and outdoor meetings, the various "ales," as

they were called, had furnished frequent occasions for hearty, healthy

amusement. All this stopped with the Reformation. Puritanical

conceptions of religion rubbed the holy days, that were also holidays,

out of the year. We are now engaged in putting them back as

anniversaries of national events and of the births of national heroes

instead of the celebrations of Christian feasts and saints' days, as

bank holidays and memorial days of various kinds. The sects became so

much occupied with discussions of dogma that they took almost no

interest in the amusements of the people. Now men met to dispute over

doctrines that they could not understand, and instead of the beautiful

ceremonies of the old religion, with their satisfying appeal to all

the senses and their charm and teaching quality, even as mere

spectacles, they listened to long-winded, dry-as-dust sermons as a

matter of duty, and went home to sit gloomily in darkened rooms for

the observance of what they called the Sabbath. Before the

Reformation, the people, after the Church services, used to meet for

games and recreation upon the green in front of the Church, and the

young folks had had opportunities for their Sunday pleasures of all

kinds. Only in recent years, with the breaking up of the bonds of

Protestantism, have we gone back to revive medieval ways.

The nations drew away from each other, and the internationalism that

had been developing and that had been fostered by community of Church

interest disappeared. National governments became more consolidated,

but the peoples became more and more separated in sympathy. Until

commerce developed in the modern time, that fine internationalism

which had so often been exhibited in spirit, at least during the

Middle Ages, was at an end. The Crusades had done much to break down

the barriers of narrow nationalism. {566} The religious orders had

still further fostered intercourse and increased sympathy among the

nations. The universities, with their various nations among the

students, had been nurturing grounds for better feeling among men. All

this was now practically at an end. Not only that, but sectionalism in

politics and sectarianism in religion drew men farther and farther

apart and made them look upon those of other nations with less and

less sympathy. The political change made for the concentration of

power in the hands of rulers and the strengthening of the states for

war, but it took away many of the rights of men and, above all,

lessened their sympathies for their kind, except among their own

people, and obliterated that spirit of good fellowship among the

educated and cultured people of the world which had been so well

nurtured in the time before. It is only during the later nineteenth

century that there has come to be that spirit of friendly intercourse

among nations once more which existed in the later medieval and

earlier Renaissance periods.

{567}

INDEX

Abbot Trithemius, 525

Academic liberty, 555

Academies, Italian, 508

Academy,

of Naples, 509;

of Noble Minds, 9;

of Lorenzo de' Medici, 34;

Roman, 509;

Vitruvian, 509

Accademia at Venice, 510

Accademia dei Belli Arti, 196

Accidents, happy, xxv

Achidemoios, 493

Achillini, 361

Acts and scenes division, 489

Adoration of the Lamb, Van Eyck, 71

Adoration of the Magi,

Duerer, 72;

Memling, 72

Advance of surgery, 414

AEgidius, 232, 437

AEneas Sylvius, 502, 543

AEschylus, 533

Age of Leo X, xl, 41

Agostino, 540

Agricola, Rudolph, xxxv, 505, 520, 524, 527

Agrippa, Cornelius, 393

Agrippa and New Thought, 394

A Kempis, 517;

and Marcus Aurelius, 432;

and Epictetus, 432

A Kempis' Imitation, 431;

other books, 431

Alberti, Leon Battista, xxxi, xxxv, 114;

De re aedificatoria, 114;

San Francesco (Rimini), 115

Albertus Magnus, 348, 361

Alcala, Paranimfo, 125;

University of, 539

Aldus Manutius, 151, 303, 521;

accomplishments, 154;

advice to bores, 155;

_editiones principes,_ 510

Aleander, Jerome, 531

Alessi, 122

Alexander VI, 228

Allegri, Antonio (Correggio), 66

Almagest of Ptolemy, 346

Almshouses at Stratford, 175

Amadis de Gaul, 478

Amerbach, Portrait of Boniface, 78

America,

and Africa, colonized, 272;

discovery of, xxv;

first book printed in, 286-7;

first printing press, 287;

in Columbus' Century, 275

Amerigo Vespucci, 264

Amyot, translation of Plutarch, 471

Anaesthesia, 425

Anathemia, Mondino's, 361

Anatomy,

pathological, 395;

Renaissance and, 361;

Teaching of, in Bologna, 363

Anchyloses, 424

Animuccia, xxxii, 143;

brothers, 137

Anne of Bretagne, xxxix, 330

Annotations on Dioscorides Cordus, 337

Antimony, and auto-toxaemia, 392

Antonio Lebrixa, 538

Antonio of Palermo, 510

Antwerp, 110

Apollo and Marsyas, 56

Appendix, vermiform, 362

Apuleius, Golden Ass, 458

Aquinas, 361

Arabic types, 151

Arcadelt, 136

Archiepiscopal Palace Court, 126

Architecture, Michelangelo's, 40

Arcolani, 395

Arculanus, 417

Argelata, 414

Argyropulos, 506, 542

Ariosto,

comparisons, 444;

Italian humor, 445;

Sonnet of, 445

Armor, 113

Arnold, Matthew, 432

Arras, 110

Art, and Savonarola, 57;

after Reformation, 559

Art decadence, 98;

Arthur, King-statue (Innsbrueck): 103

Arts,

deeds, and words, xxvii;

The Book of the, xxviii

Ascham, Roger, xxxv, 336

Asepsis, 418

Asse, De, 532

Astrology, 352

Asylums, 169;

founded at Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, Valencia, and Valladolid, 203

Athenaeus, antiquities of, 536

Augsburg, 102

Australia, discovery of, 268

Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, 459

Auto-toxaemia always with us, 392

Balboa, 271

Baldung, Hans, 161

Bale, on neglect of books, 556

Ballad, Lorenzo dei Medici, 447

Ballate, 447

Balneotherapy, 402

Bandages, moulded, 423

Bandello, 458

Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio). 27

Baptista dei Malatesti, 316

Barbosa, 538

Barclay, Alexander, 492

Baronius, 182

Basil Valentine, 391

Bath, Wife of, 490

Bayard, 208

Beaufort, Margaret, 335

Beccadelli, 510

{568}

Beckere, Peter, of Brussels, xxxi

Bedlam, at London, 203

Bedlam, Hogarth's, 204

Bedlamites, 204

Beethoven, 88

Beguines, 178

Behem, Martin, 348

Bellarmine, 216

Bellay, Joachim du, 468, 469

Bellini, Angels Mourning over Christ, 63

Bellini, Presentation of Infant Christ, 63

Bellinis, the, xxix

Belloc, Hilaire, 191

Belon, Pierre, 379

Bembo, Pietro, xlii, 298

Benivieni, 395

Benozzo Gozzoli, xxviii, 55

Benvenuto Cellini, xxx, 92

Berengar of Carpi, 361, 418

Berenson, 70

Bernardine of Feltre, 180

Bernard van Orley, 74

Bernini, 95

Bessarion, Cardinal, 346, 503;

and Cusanus, 504;

and Purbach, 504;

and Regiomontanus, 504

Bibbiena, 34

Bible, Complutensian Polyglot, xxxv

Blashfields, Italian Cities, 6

Blaubeuren, Stalls in, 99

Blind Harry, 496

Blondeel, 74

Blood,

circulation of, 371;

transfusion, 415

Boerhaave, 379

Bollandists, 216

Bologna, xxix;

Papal University of, 368

Bonfigli, xxix, 55

Book,

appreciation, 146;

bindings old and new, 166;

first American, 287;

Massachusetts Bay Psalm, 287;

making, decadence in, 148;

illustration, 159

Books,

illuminated, xxxiii;

reform and destruction of, 556;

twelve best, 434

Borgia, Aldus Manutius (Garnett), 303

Borgia, Lucretia, 301;

at Ferrara, 303

Borgias, the, 302

Borgo, the Fire in the, 10

Borgognone, 117

Boscan, 480

Botticelli, xxviii, 53, 55, 56, 58, 75

Botticelli's Birth of Venus, 58;

illustrations for Dante, 60:

Madonna of the Magnificat, 59;

Mythology, 59;

Psychology, 58;

Spring, 58;

Tondi, 59

Bourbon, 208

Bourdischon, 80

Bourne, Prof., 277, 286, 287

Bouts, Dirk, 73

Bramante, xxxi, 117, 196;

Church at Lodi, 116;

Great Court of Hospital (Milan), 195;

Santa Maria delle Grazie, 117

Brancas, surgeons, 418

Brantome, xlii

Braunschweig, 411

Breboeuf, 213

Brethren of The Common Life, xxxv, 517

Bridgett, Life of Sir Thomas More, 240

Briggs, Prof., 259

Brothers,

Do-Good Little, 202;

of Mercy, 201

Browning, Mrs., 484

Bruges, 110;

tombs at, 98;

town hall at, 127;

sculpture of, 98

Brunelleschi, xxxi, 349

Brunfels, 376

Bruno, Giordano, 473

Brunschwig, 422

Brussels,

Broodhuis at, 127;

Hotel de Ville, 127;

Maison du Roi. 137

Budaeus, 505, 532;

absorption in study, 532

Bude, 532

Bugiardini, 10

Burckhardt, 91, 319, 341;

on Leonardo, 31

Burdett, Hospitals and Asylums of the World, 205

Burgkmaier, Hans, 161

Burke, Edmund, 478

Burnett, Bishop, 232

Burnett's Utopia, 233

Burning Bush, 10

Butzbach, Johann, 338

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 265

Cabrol, 417

Caesalpinus, xxxvii, 372, 379

Caesarean operation, 416

Cagliari, Paolo, 69

Caius, John, xxxviii, 229, 347, 385, 542

Caius College, 229

Calepinus, 511

Calixtus III, 510

Calvin, xlii, 246;

and intolerance, 254

and Servetus, 255, 370;

Loyola, Rabelais, fellow students, 533

Calvin's austerity, 253

Cambridge Modern History, 302

Camera del Eliodoro, 10

Camera del Incendio, 10

Camerini of women of Renaissance, 322

Camoeens, xlii, 264;

and Da Gama, 266

sonnet by, 484

Campbell, Lord, Lives of the Lord Chancellors of England, 241

Canani, 362

Cancer, surgery in, 417

Canossa, Counts of, 32

Canova, 96

Cantor, 344

Cape Verde Islands, discovery of, 262

Caprarola, Palace of, 122

Caracci, xxix

Cardan, Jerome, 403

Carlo Dolci, 66

Carlo Maratta, xxix

Carnival songs, 448

Carpaccio, xxix

Cartoons of Raphael, 11

Cartwright, Julia, 340

Castiglione, Baldassare, 4, 298

Catherine, of England, xxxix;

of Genoa, xl;

of Sforza, 301

Caviceo, 304

Caxton, William, 151

Caxton's experience, 146

Celestina, 479 {569}

Cellini, Benvenuto, 92, 206;

_alto_ and _basso rilievo,_ 93;

autobiography, 459;

Christ by, 93;

Perseus and Head of Medusa, 93

Celsus, 507

Celtes, 338, 524

Certosa at Pavia, xxx;

sculpture, 95

Cervantes, 208;

and books of chivalry, 478

Cespedes, The Last Supper, 83

Chalcondyles, 506

Champ Fleury, 158

Champlain, on Mexico, 288

Chanca, Dr., 284

Chancery,

calendar cleared, 235;

Court of, 234

Charity, decline of, after Reformation, 559

Charlemagne, 313;

Coronation of, 10

Charles V, xxxiii, 208

Charles, of Orleans, xlii, 463

Charles the Bold's tomb, 98

Chaucer, 152

Chess, Game & Pleye of, 152

Chevy Chase, 495

Chicheley, 542

Chiericate Palace, 122

Chivalry, Tales of, 478

Christ the Light of the World, 73

Christ, Imitation of, xli, 430

Christi, De Imitatione, 429

Christina, Princess of Denmark, 340

Church, Dean, 433

Cicero, 522

Ciceronianism, 508

Cinthio, Hecatomithi or Hundred Fables, 458

Circulation of Blood,

Caesalpinus, 369;

Columbus, 366;

Harvey, 368;

Rabelais, 369;

Servetus, 369

Circulation, systemic, 372

Cisneros, 538

Claude Goudimel, xxxii, 137

Claudio Monteverde, 143

Clement Marot, xlii

Clocks, 113

Clopton, Sir Hugh, 131. 173, 175

Clouet, Elizabeth of Austria, 79

Clouets, 80

Club-foot surgery, 421

Clusius, Carolus, 400

Clym of the Clough, 495

Cobbett's History of Reformation, 257

Coimbra, Teachers' College at, 541

Colet, Dean, xxxv, 229, 235, 543

Colet, Dame, 229

Collects of the English Prayerbook, 500

College de France, xxxvi, 533

College of Santa Cruz, 279

Colombe, xxxi, 80, 104

Colombo, Francesco, 159

Colonists, English and Spanish, 276

Colonization, ancient and modern, 272

Columbus,

character, xxvi;

letter, 283;

lifetime, xxvii

Columbus, Realdus, xxxvii, 366

Columella, 508

Common Life, Brethren of, 514

Company of Jesus, 222

Condivi, 41

Conrad, 338

Contagion of tuberculosis, 408

Convents and educated women, 341

Copernicus, 223, 243, 349;

and Reformation, 352

Copperplate engraving, 160

Cordova, 208

Cordus, Valerius, 376

Cornaro, 404

Cornelius a Lapide, 216

Corporation of the Royal Readers, 533

Correggio, xxix, 53, 66, 75, 92;

and Leonardo, 67;

and Michelangelo, 67

and Raphael, 67

Corsets, surgical, 416

Cortes, 269

Cortez, Martin, 263

Cortigiano and Cellini's autobiography, 461

Courteys,

Jean, 122;

Pierre, 122

Cousin, Jean, 80

Coverdale, 500

Coxcie, Michiel, 74

Cranach, 161

Cranmer, 500

Cretinism and endemic goitre, 387

Culture, Transmission of European, 278

Cusanus, 344, 518;

and Bessarion, 504:

love of truth, 519

Da Imola, xxix

Dalberg, Johann von, 525

Dame Quickly, 490

Danes, Pierre, 533

Danesius, 533

Daniel, 212

Dante, 149;

sonnet by Michelangelo, 42

David, Gerard, 74, 97

Da Vinci, 44 (see Leonardo)

Dean Colet, 229

Decadence, political, after Reformation, 562

Deed, The Book of the, xxxiii

Defectives, Village care for, 203

Delacroix on Titian, 65

Delft, 110

Delirium, 402

Della Croce, 415

Della Porta, xxxi

Della Robbia, 89

Della Robbias, xxx

Denifle and Luther, 248

De Quincey, 432

D'Este,

Isabella, 303;

Beatrice, 318

Deventer, 517

De Vigo, 411

Dias, Bartholomew, 263

Dibden, 149

Dickenson, Study of the History of Music, 140

Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, 152

Dietetics, popular, 406

Dionysius, the Areopagite, 544

Discoveries and drugs, 400

Diseases,

occupation, 387;

mental, 401

Disputa, 8

Dodsley's Old English Plays, 488

Doge's Palace, 120

Dolet, Etienne, 473

Dominant seventh, xxxii;

chord of, 143

Donatello, xxx, 65, 70, 102 {570}

Donatello's,

Bambino Gesu, 87;

St. Francis, 87;

St. George, 87;

St. John the Baptist, 87

Donizetti, Lucretia Borgia, 304

Dorothea de Juanes, 84

Dosso Dossi, xxix

Douglas, Gawin, 496

Drake, Sir Francis, 288

Dream of the Knight, Raphael, 4

Drug abuses later, 403

Drugs, American and Oriental, 400

Dunbar, William, 496; Scotch Chaucer, 497

Duerer, Albert, xxix, 75, 99, 161. 378;

Marriage of the Blessed Virgin, 163;

Melancholia, 15;

Nativity, 339;

St. John the Baptist preaching, 100;

wood-engravings, 161;

writings, 77

Dussart, S. J., Father, on Memling, 73

Echegaray on Teresa, 309

Educated women, number of, 320

Educated women's homes, 321

Education, feminine, xxxix;

phases of feminine education, 313;

physical training and feminine, 317;

feminine, in Spain, 332;

feminine, and Rabelais, 536;

feminine, opportunities for, 320

Edward VI Grammar Schools, 173

Efficiency, Studies in (Leonardo), 26

Eliot's, George, Romola, 185

Elizabeth, 337;

and Isabella, 293

Elizabeth, torture under, 189

Emperor Frederick, 432

Encomium Moriae, 77, 440

Englishmen of the Sixteenth Century, Sidney Lee, 437

English Prayerbook, Collects of the, 500

Engraving,

copper, 162;

wood, 162

Ephemerides Astronomicae, 348

Erasmus, xxxv, 223, 226, 259, 337, 521, 528;

Colloquia, 440;

on scholasticism, 245;

on copyright, 155;

and More, 226;

Escala Espiritual, La, first American printed book, 287

Estienne the Elder, 157

Euclid, 526

Eustachius, xxxvii, 395;

anatomical plates of, 164;

discoveries, 367

Eustachian tube, 367

Evelyn, 181, 204

Everyman, 485

Exercitia Spiritualia, 429

Experts, medico-legal, 399

Fabrica Humani Corporis, 365

Fabricius of Aquapendente, 421

Fallopius, 366, 415;

discoveries, 367

Farnesina, 6

Farrar, Archdeacon, 434

Fathers of Church and Pagan Culture, 529

Fedele, Cassandra, 327

Felixmarte de Hircania, 478

Female pre-eminence, 394

Ferdinand and Isabella, xxxiii, 208, 292

Ferrara, xxix

Ferri, 411

Festus, 507

Ficino, 34, 507, 524

Field, Miss, on St. Teresa, 312

Field of the Cloth of Gold, xxxiv, 255

Filippino Lippi, xxviii

Fiorovanti, 417

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 237, 521

Florence, Academy at, 507;

and social reforms, 184

Fontenelle, 433

Forli, Virago of, 301

Fortune, making a, 177

Foster, Professor, 372

Fouchet, Jean, 105

Fountain of the Innocents, xxxi

Fouquet, Jehan, 80, 149;

miniature painting from the Livy MSS., 150

Four Elements, the Interlude of, 489

Four P's, 489, 493

Fra Angelico, xxviii, 53, 92;

angels of 54:

Madonnas of, 54;

paintings of, 54

Fra Bartolommeo, xxviii, 6, 56, 92;

Descent from the Cross, 57;

Lamentation over Christ, 57;

Marriage of St. Catherine, 57;

The Last Judgment, 57;

Savonarola, 58

Fra Gioconda, 131, 159

Fracastorius, 397

Fracture of the skull by contrecoup, 418

Francia, 151

Francis I, xxxiii, 533;

contempt of the world, 464-5

Frederick of Urbino, 2

Free, John, 542

Froissart translation, 470

Fuchs, 376

Furniture, 113

Fust, 146

Gairdner, 256

Galileo and Copernicus, 350

Gammer Gurton's Needle, xlii

Gamp, Mrs., 490

Garcilaso de la Vega, 285, 480

Garofalo, xxix

Garnett, 302

Gaspara Stampa, 327

Gasquet, 502

Gaston de Foix, 208

Gaza, Theodore, 505, 520

Geert de Groote, 514

Geiler of Kaisersberg, 529

Genoa, Heroines of, 300

Gentile da Fabriano, xxix

George Eliot on Teresa, 308

German People, History of the, 528

Germany,

Preceptor of, 522;

schoolmaster of, 520;

the Humanists of, 527;

three-tongued wonder of, 523:

united, 519

Gerssdorff, Hans von, 422

Gesner, Conrad, 377, 385

Ghent, town hall of, 127

Ghirlandajo, 34, 55, 56, xxviii

Giles, Peter, 232, 437

Giorgione, xxix, 63

Giotto, 65

Giulio Romano, xxix

Glass-making, xxxiii

God's promise, 494 {571}

Goldsmiths sculptors, xxxii, 341

Gonzaga,

Cecilia, 316;

Elizabeth, 298;

Isabella, 301, 304;

Paola, 341;

women of the house of, 320

Gonzagas, xxxix

Good Hope, Cape of, 263

Gordon, General Chinese, 432

Goudimel, Claude, 137

Goujon, Jean, xxxi, 80, 105

Gounod, 140

Gout,

bilious, 399;

melancholy, 399;

Pare on, 399;

pituitary, 399;

sanguine, 399

Gower, 152

Graft, political, 248

Grammar, Spanish specialty, 540

Granada, Cathedral at, 118-9

Greek, first book printed in, 151

Greene, Prof. Edward L., 375

Gregorovius, 302

Grey, Lady Jane, xl, 336;

Lord, of Grimm, 5;

Life of Michelangelo, 56;

on Correggio, 66;

on Michelangelo, 52

Grisar's Luther, 248

Grocyn, 543

Grolier, 156, 164, 166

Groote, Geert de, 514

Guarino, 542

Guercino, xxix

Guicciardini, 451

Guido, xxiii

Guilds,

flourishing, xxxviii;

insurance, 170;

grammar schools of, 173;

of the Holy Cross at Stratford, 172:

social work of the, 170;

the children of the, 171

Gunshot wounds, experiments in, 412

Gurlt, History of Surgery, 412

Gutenberg, 146

Guy de Chauliac, 410

Guzman, 537

Gynaecology and obstetrics, 416

Hallam on Reformation, 246

Haller, 377

Hamboys, 136

Hannay, David, 476

Hans Holbein, 162

Hare, Augustus, 460

Harvey, 369

Headlam, Cecil, 102

Health, Board of, at Lucca, 407

Heart surgery, 417

Heathen writers and Christian culture, 529

Hebrew types, 151

Hellenists, new academy of, 510

Helyot, Lea Ordres Monastiques, 198

Hemophilia, 415

Henderson, The Story of Music, 135

Henry VIII, xxxiii, 246

Henry, the Navigator, xxxiii, 262

Henryson, Robert, 496

Heptameron, 305, 465

Hernandez, 399

Heynlin von Stein, 529

Heywood, John, 493

Higden, 151

Hildegarde, Abbess, 314

History of the English Reformation, 257

of the Popes, 220;

of wood-engraving, 161

Hogarth's Bedlam, 204

Holbein, xxix, 77, 162;

and the Iconoclasts, 78;

religious pictures, 78

Hospital, first American, 287;

of St. John at Bruges, 72, 199

Hospitals, 169;

and surgery, 410;

decline after Reformation, 560;

decoration of, 199;

gardens of, 199;

in Spain, 201;

medieval, 192;

modern, 192;

nursing, 198;

of the Innocents, 90;

old-time, 192;

organization of, 197;

private patients in, 197;

Santo Spirito, 196;

Sir Thomas More on, 200-201

Hotel de Ville of Louvain, 124

Houillier (Holleris), Jacques, 396

Hours, Book of, 148

House of the Red Children, 306

Howard, Earl of Surrey, 497

Hroswitha, the nun dramatist, 314

Hugo von Pfolspeundt, 421

Hugo, Victor, on Lucretia Borgia, 304

Humanists, The,

and antiquity, 528;

and Christianity, 528;

and England, 531;

and France, 531;

The Earlier or Scholastic, 527;

The Intermediate or Rational, 527;

The Later or Protestant, 527;

Throughout all of Western Europe, 531;

Portugal and, 531;

Spain and, 531

Hunt, Bonavia, 138

Hunter, George Leland, on tapestries, 109

Hunter, William, 364

Hutchinson, Ann, 255

Hutten, Ulrich von, 523

Hydrophobia, 402

Hygiene, popular, 406

Hythlodaye, Raphael or Ralph, 438

Ignatius Loyola, 208 (see St. Ignatius)

Ignorantia, De Docta, 345

Illicini, 455

Incunabula, medical, 383

Indian manual training, 286

Indulgences,

Luther and, 249;

Manning and, 249;

Newman and, 249

Ingrassias, 414

Innocents, Hospital of the, 90

Innsbrueck, xxxi, 102

Inquisition in Spain, 295

Insane, Care for,

in Spain, 203;

Brutal suppression of in 1750, 205;

Visiting, as entertainment, 204

Insanity, studies in, 401

Interlude of Virtue, 493

Isaac, Sacrifice of, 10

Isabella of Castile, xxxix;

administration, 291;

and Elizabeth, 293;

children of, 292;

benevolence of, 295;

Indians and, 293;

Inquisition and, 295;

Letters of, 476;

studies of, 291;

style of, 292;

unhappiness of, 293

Isabella D'Este's apartments, 323

Italian academies, 510;

teachers everywhere, 501

Italy,

best gentlewoman of, 301;

graduate study of, 347, 501;

medical world teaching in, 386

{572}

Jaeger, Johann, of Dornheim, 523

Janssen, 244, 528

Jan van Mabuse, 74

Jessop, Rev. Augustus, 174, 256;

Before the Great Pillage, 257

Jesuit,

astronomy, 218;

bibliography, 216;

competition, 214;

constitution, 209

Missions in Brazil, Chile, China, India, Japan, North America,

Mexico, Peru, 211;

relations, 213;

schools, 214;

scientists, 217;

students, 215;

themes, 214

Jesuits,

Bacon and, 215;

bark, 213;

Bancroft and, 213;

Descartes and, 215

Harvey and, 218;

instructors in Europe, 215;

Kepler and, 218;

meteorology and, 220:

Parkman and, 215;

philology and, 213;

seismology, 220

Jewel boxes, 113

Jodocus Lommius, 396

Jogues, 213

John of Avila, 480

John of Bologna,

Mercury, 94;

Neptune, 94;

Rape of Sabines, 95

John of Dalberg, 520, 524

John II of Portugal, 263

John, Prester, 263

Johnson, Samuel, 432;

on More, 498

Joinville, 470

Joost van Lom, 396

Joerg, Syrlin, 99

Josquin, xxxii, 135;

Ave Maria, 136

Juan de Borgona, 82

Juan de Juanes, 82

Julius II, Pope, 7;

Tomb of, 37

Juste, Jean, xxxi, 105

Justinian, Pandects of, 532

Justin Martyr, 533

Justus of Ghent, 4, 74

Kalkar, 164

Kelly, Fitz-Maurice, 479

Kettelwell, Life of Thomas a Kempis, 516

Kildare, 314

King's Highway, 289

King's Quair, 496

Kircher, 218

Kircherian Museum, 219

Kraft, xxxi;

Adam, 101

Kraus, Professor, 9

Labe, Louise (La Cordiere), 331

Ladies of the Olden Time, 462

La Gioconda, 15

La Harpe, 433

Lallemant, 212

Lamartine, 433

Lamennais, 433

Lancisi, 368

Landino, 507

Lang, Mr. Andrew, 385

Langen, Rudolph von, 521, 527

Lapide. 216

Lascaris' Grammar, 151

Las Casas, 186; 270;

and Indian abuses, 187

Lasso, _princeps musicae,_ 138

Lassus, 138

Latimer, 543

Latin, universal academic language, 427

Latres of Mons, 137

Laws, pure food, 406

Lazarillo de Tormes, 479

Learning, New, 246;

confusion of, 502

Lecky, 203

Lee, Mr. Sidney, 276, 437

Leland the antiquary, 176

Leonardo da Vinci, xxx, 1, 5, 55, 67, 75, 92, 102;

and Michelangelo, 36;

as biologist, 355;

as engineer, 21;

as scientist, 353;

botany, 25;

canals, 22;

career, 26:

dissection, 24;

geology, 23;

inventions, 21, 353;

mechanical toys, 28;

optics, 354;

on war, 30;

philosophy of life, 30;

proposed text-books of anatomy, 364;

studies in efficiency, 26;

study of flying, 28;

weather gauge, 354;

zoology, 25

Leonardo's Christ, 17

Leonicenus, Nicholas, 384

Leopardi, xxx, 92

Leyden pulpit, 98

Liddon, 434

Lille, 110

Lilies, The Valley of, a Kempis, 431

Lily, William, 492, 543

Linacre, xxxv, xxxviii, 223, 228, 235;

translations by, 471

L'Indaco, 10

Linnaeus, 378

Lippo Lippi, xxviii

Literature,

English Dramatic, 485;

Latin, 428;

mystical, 480;

Portuguese, 481

Liver fatalities, 424

Livy,

edition of, in 1543, 80;

illuminations, 80

Lollardism, 256

Longevity, Cornaro on, 404

Lords, House of, before and after Reformation, 563

Lorenzo de' Medici, xxxv, xlii, 4, 40;

poetry, 447;

lament for, 448

Lorenzo di Credi, 55

Lorenzo Lotto, 63

Lo Spagna, xxix

Lotti, Lorenzo, xxix

Lotto, 7

Louvain university, 225;

town hall of, 124

Low Countries, 307

Lubbock, Sir John, 434

Luebeck, 102

Luca delta Robbia, 89

Lucas van Leyden, 74, 161

Lucca health board, 407

Lucretia Borgia's apartments, 324;

husband's grief, 305 (see Borgia)

Lucretia Tornabuoni de' Medici, xlii, 317

Lucretius, 507

Luigi da Porto, 455

Luis de Granada, 480

Luis de Morales, 82

Luis de Vargas, 82

Luis de Leon, 480

Luther, 135, 246;

and Denifle, 248;

Grisar, 248;

McGiffert, 251, 252;

indulgences, 249;

on divorce, 251; {573}

permits bigamy, 251;

relations to Zwingli, 250

Mabie, Mr. Hamilton, 515

Macaulay, 220;

on the reformers, 258

MacFarren, Sir George A., 143

Machiavelli, 449:

Acton on, 451;

drama, 450;

history, 450;

Morley on, 451;

novel, 455;

place in literature, 450;

style of, 450;

"The Prince," 209

Madrigals, 446

Magellan, Ferdinand, 266;

Straits of, 267

Maggi, 412

Magnet in surgery, 416

Magnetism, 390

_Maioli et amicorum,_ 166

Malory, Sir Thomas, 152, 495

Mania, 402

Mantegna, Andrea, xxix

Manuzio, Paolo, 154

Marcantonio, 162

Marcellus, The Mass of, 139

Margaret of Anjou, 335

Margaret of Angouleme, or Navarre, or Valois, (See Marguerite.)

Marguerita de Juanes, 84

Marguerite of Angouleme, (or Navarre, or Valois), xxxix;

affection for brother, 305:

charity, 306;

grief, 306;

Heptameron, 465;

Marguerites de la Marguerite, 466;

religious poetry, 466

Marguerite of Bourgogne, xxxix

Marot's, Clement, sonnet on happiness, 464

Marquette, 213

Marriage of Witte and Science, 489

Martin of Bohemia, 263

Martinotti, 363

Martyr's _De Rebus Oceanicis, et Orbe Novo,_ 164

Mary of Burgundy's tomb, 98, 307

Mary, Queen of Scots, xxxix, 331, 336

Masaccio, xxviii, 65

Massa, 414

Massuccio Salernitano, 454

Masters, Four, of Salerno, 410

Matsys, Quentin, xxix, 73

Matthews, Brander, 166

Maximilian I, 525

McGiffert on Luther, 252

Medallion, xxxiii

Medici, Clarice de', 301

Medici, Lorenzo de', (See Lorenzo.)

Medicine and philosophy, 408;

clinical, 382;

incunabula of, 383;

in Mexico, 281

legal, 408;

medieval, 381;

observation in, 401;

printing and, 383;

Rabelais on, 382;

Renaissance in, 382

Meistersingers, 137

Melancholia, 402;

Duerer, 15

Melancholy as self-will, 311

Melanchthon, 522;

Servetus, 255

Melin de Saint Gelais, 467

Melozzo da Forli, 4, 65

Memling, xxix, 71, 97, 199

Memmelinc, 72

Memory, importance of, 503

Mercy, Brothers of, 201

Metal-engraving, 162

Method, inductive, 356

Mexico and Medicine, 281

Mexico's palaces, 288

Meyer, History of Chemistry, 389

Michelangelo, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xlii, 1, 5, 6;

admiration of, 43;

age of, 51;

and architecture, 40;

and Dante, 41;

and Leonardo, 36;

and Vittoria Colonna, 47;

as architect, painter, poet, sculptor, 52;

dissection and, 44;

early works, 35;

handiness, 44;

last words, 51;

lack of jealousy, 43;

little interest in books, 33;

lonely, 45;

modesty, 44;

on matrimony, 45-6:

personality, 47;

Shakespeare and, 33, 41;

the "divine master," 51

Michelangelo's

David, 36;

Moses, 38;

religion, 49;

St. Peter's (Rome), 116

Middle Ages, contempt for the, 245

Mignonne! Allons voir, 468

Milman, Dean, 434

Modernism, Renaissance, 244

Mona Lisa, 15

Monardes, 400

Monarquia Indiana, 279

Monasteries,

evils of, 557;

suppression of, 557

Montagnana, 395

Montaigne, 533

Montanus, 385, 386

Montefeltro, Battista, 319

Monte, Giovanni de, 386

Monti di Pieta, 180

More, Margaret, 337, 227

More, Sir Thomas, xxxv, xlii, 223, 259. 543;

apology of, 233;

as barrister, 226;

as chancellor, 234;

Confutation of Tindale and, 233:

daughter of, 238;

Deballation of Salem and Bizance, 233;

Erasmus and, 226;

family life, 226;

household, 227;

humor, 241;

oath of supremacy, 236;

obstinacy, 239;

on hospitals, 200, 545;

on marriage, 225;

on physicians, 545;

precocity, 224

Quoth He and Quoth I, 233;

religious toleration, 545;

sordid successors of, 242;

standing armies and, 545;

Supplication of Souls, 233

wealth display barbaric, 545

Moriae, Encomium, 241

Moroselli, 55

Morris, William, 148

Morte d' Arthur, 152, 495

Morton, Cardinal, xxxv;

household of, 224

Moses, Michelangelo's, 38

Mouton, Jean, 143

Mummies, 390

Municipalata palace, 122

Muretus, 541

Murmellius, 521

Music, xxxii;

Columbian, 134;

Doctor of, 136;

polyphonic, xxxii, 139

Musurus, handwriting of, 153

Muth, Conrad, Mutianus, Rufus, 523, 527

Nanini brothers, xxxii, 137

Nature imitates art, 70

Nature study,

in Dante, 361;

medieval, 360;

Renaissance, 360

Nativity,

Duerer, 339;

Plays, 486 {574}

Navarrete, 82

Navigation, French, 268

Neri, St. Philip, xxxii

Nervousness, selfishness and, 311

Neuburger, 362

Newman, Cardinal, 181

Newton, xxvi

New York, Discovery of, 268

Nicholas V, 510;

chapel of, 53

Nicholas of Cusa, 27, 344, 518, 529;

on truth, 519;

on united Germany, 519

Nigramansir, 493

Novelas de Picaros, 479

Novelle, Italian, 454

Nunez, 540

Nuremberg, xxxi, 75, 99;

Bronze Founders of, 102;

intellectual center, 347;

Virgin of, 188

Nursing,

Dark Period of, 193;

decline after Reformation, 560;

history of, 179;

uniforms, 200

Nusquama, 233

Nutting and Dock History of Nursing, 179

Ockeghem, or Ockenheim, xxxii, 135

Olympia Morata, 327

Opera, xxxii

Oratorio, xxxii

Orlando Furioso, 443

Orthopedics, 413;

Spain in, 421

Osler, Prof., 397

Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, 196

Oviedo, 399

Padua, xxix

Paganism and the New Learning, 529

Palace,

Grimani, 120;

Guadagni, 120;

of Caprarola, 122;

Pitti, 120;

Riccardi, 120;

Rucellai, 120;

Thiene, 121;

Tursi-Doria, 122;

Vendramini, 120

Palestrina, xxxii, 136

Palilia, 508

Palladio, xxxi, 120

Palma Vecchio, xxix, 63

Palmerin de Inglaterra, 478

Pamplona, 206

Papal Physicians,

Caesalpinus, 373;

Columbus, 366;

Eustachius, 367;

Lancisi, 368

Papinian, 536

Paracelsus, xxxvii, 223, 386;

Father of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 390;

medical chemistry and, 357;

miracles and, 390;

surgical hints, 419;

wound epidemics and, 420

Paraguay Reductions, 212

Pardoner and the Friar, 489

Pare, xxxviii;

Father of Modern Surgery, 411;

on gout, 398;

orthopedic armamentarium, 413

Pascal, 432

Passion Plays, 486, 488

Pater, Walter, 15, 58

Pathology,

Aranzi, 395;

Arcolani, 395;

Benivieni, 395;

Berengar, 395;

Eustachius, 395;

Montagnana, 395;

Savonarola, 395;

Vesalius, 395

Paul Preaching to the Athenians, 12

Pausanias, Monuments of, 536

Pavia, Battle of, xxxiv

Peasant and Prince, 469

Perreal, 80

Perugino, xxix, 5, 7. 53, 55

Peruzzi, 7, 10, 17

Petau, or Petavius, 216

Peter of Pieve, 55

Pfolspeundt, Heinrich von, 383;

advice to young surgeons, 423

Phillimore, Prof, J. S., 498

Phrenitis, 402

Physicians, Royal College of, 229;

More's praise of, 408

Phytography, Cordus, 376

Picaresque novels, 479

Piccolomini, AEneas Sylvius, (See Pius II.)

Pico della Mirandola, xlii, 9, 34, 223, 230, 507, 511, 524.

Pierluigi of Palestrina, 142

Piero dei Franceschi, 65

Piero della Francesca, 4, 55

Pieta of Michelangelo, 36

Pillage, Before the Great, 174

Pilon, Germain, xxxi, 105

Pincianus, 539

Pinel, 203

Pinturicchio, xxix, 503

Pirkheimer, Charitas, or Charity, 330, 525;

Conrad Celtes, 338;

friend of scholars, 338

Pirkheimer, Wilibald, 338:

Academy of Mainz, 524;

friend of Duerer, 77;

numismatics, mathematics, science, 526

Pius II, xxxv, 502, 543

Pizarro, 270

Placques, 112

Plant Iconography, 376

Plantin, Christopher, 464

Platina, 508

Plato, 8, 516, 526, 530

Platonic love, 48

Plays,

Mystery and Miracle in England, 485;

in Italy, 445;

on the continent, 487;

Morality, xlii;

Nativity, 486;

Passion, 488

Pledges, unredeemed, 180

Pleiades, xlii, 468

Pliny, 535;

the Elder, 378

Plumptre, Dean, 434

Plutarch, 526, 536;

morals of, 536

Poetry,

Latin, 428;

of passion, 467

Poggendorff, 219

Poliphilo, Dream of, 159

Politian, 34, 327, 507;

Orfeo of, 445

Pollaiuolo, xxxii

Polychronicon, 151

Polyglot, Complutensian, 539

Pomponius Laetus, 508, 524

Ponce, Maitre, 105

Pontano, 510

Portugal, scholarship in, 541

Porretane, 454

Portuguese, Sonnets from, 484

Pott's Disease, 414

Predestination, 254

Prescott, 293;

on Ferdinand and Isabella, 333;

on the Inquisition, 295;

Isabella and Elizabeth contrasted, 293

Prieur, Barthelemy, 105

Prince, The, 449;

and Peasant, 469

Printing, medical, 383 {575}

Prohibitionist, early, 407

Propertius, 507

Ptolemy, 526;

Almagest of, 346

Puerbach, or Purbachius, 345;

and Bessarion, 504

Purgatory, Treatise on, 299

Puritan intolerance, 255

Puschmann, History of Medical Education, 362

Pyaemia, 420

Queen Elizabeth (see Elizabeth)

Quentin Matsys, 97

Quintilian, 507

Quoth He and Quoth I, 233

Rabelais, xlii;

and feminine education, 536;

and medicine, 382;

circulation of blood and, 369;

misunderstood, 472;

place in literature, 474;

Renaissance and, 475;

tolerance of time, 473

Radewyns, Florence, 515

Ralph Royster Doyster, xlii, 494

Ranke, 220;

on Guicciardini, 452

Raphael, 1, 67, 75, 92, 107;

as archaeologist, 14;

as art director, 14

Rapiarium, 517

Rea, Hope, 88

Recreation before Reformation, 565

Reductions of Paraguay, 212

Reformation, 243;

and academic freedom, 555;

and art, 554;

and education, 554;

and decadence, 554;

and internationalism, 566;

and House of Lords, 563;

and political descent, 564;

and popular happiness, 565;

and progress, 553;

and sectarianism, 566;

Andrew Lang on, 258;

Copernicus and, 352;

Frederic Harrison on, 258;

Macaulay on, 258;

ruins art, 558;

ruins scholarship, 555

Regiomontanus, 28, 223;

and Bessarion, 504

Reisch, 529

Rembrandt, 15

Renaissance, xxvii;

Italian, xxxi;

ladies of the, 290;

Science in, 343;

The Later, 476

Repplier, Miss Agnes, "Our Loss of Nerve," 312

Reuchlin, xxxv, 523, 528;

Cabalistic Books of, 393

Reuisch, 7

Revolt, Religious, in Germany, 243

Revolution, French Reactionary, 191

Rhodes, Cecil, and Cortes, 269;

and Pizarro, 269;

and Vasco da Gama, 269

Ribalta, xxix

Ricci, Father, 211

Ricordi, 452

Robbia, Andrea della, Bambine of, 90

Robbia, Luca della, 89

Robusti, Jacopo, 68

Roman antiquities, 14

Rome, Ancient, Raphael's reconstruction, 14

Rome, Social Work at, 182

Romeo and Juliet, 454

Roses, Little Garden of, 431

Roses, Wars of the, 223

Rossetti, William, 93

Ronsard, 468

Rudolph von Langen, 520

Ruellius, 379

Rugs, Oriental, 107

Ruskin, xxvii;

on Noble grotesque, 60;

Stones of Venice, 60

Russell of Killowen, 432

Sachs, Hans, 136

Sacristy of San Lorenzo, 40

Sahagun, 278

St. Ambrose, 522

St. Augustine, 522;

De Civitate Dei, 437

St. Bernardine of Siena, 180

St. Brigid, 314

St. Catherine, of Genoa, 181, 298;

Treatise on Purgatory, 299

St. Chrysostom, 522

St. Francis de Sales, 432

St. Francis Xavier, 210

St. George and St. Michael, 4

St. Gregory Nazienzen, 529

St. Ignatius Loyola, 182, 439;

Spiritual Exercises of, xli, 439

St. Jerome, 522

St. Philip Neri, 137, 142;

the Apostle of Rome, 181

St. Teresa, 307, 340, 476. (Sec also Teresa.)

St. Sebald, shrine, 101

Saint-Amand, Imbert, 464

Sainte-Beuve, 464

Saintsbury, xl, 443

Salvers, 112

Sanchez, Minerva, 540

Sandys, 280, 524, 527, 532, 540

Sangallo, xxxi, 117

San Michele, xxxi, 120

Sannazaro, 510

Sansovino, xxxi, 102

Santa Croce Cathedral, xxxi

Santi Raphael, 2

Sarto, Andrea del, xxviii

Sassoferato, xxix

Satire of Religious Abuses, 455

Savadino, degli Arienti, 454

Savonarola, 56, 183, 185;

and art, 57;

Benedict XIV, 185;

Pius VII, 185;

Raphael, 185;

the reformer, 184;

vindication of, 185

Scala, Alessandra, 327

Scaliger, 505. 537

Scent boxes, 113

Schoeffer, 146

Schaeuffelin, Hans, 161

Schenck von Graffenberg, 396

Schwarzerd (Melanchthon), 522

Scholarship, xxix;

and wealth, 468;

place of, xxxv;

decadence in, 95;

Teutonic, 513

Scholarship in Italy, decadence of, 512

Scholasticism, Erasmus and contempt, 245

Schongauer, Martin, 162

School of Athens, 8

Schubert, 140

Science,

in Renaissance, 343;

Jesuits and, 217;

Progress of, xxxvii

Sciences, Biological, 360

Scripture, knowledge of, 488 {576}

Sculpture, Certosa, 95;

decadence in, 95

Sebastiano Luciani, 63

Secchi, S. J.. Father, 218

Selling, William, 543

Seneca, 516, 522

Servetus, 369;

and Calvin, 255

Seutonius, 522

Shakespeare and Michelangelo, 33

Sidney, Sir Philip, 481

Signorelli, 10, 56;

and Melozzo, 65

Simon de Collines, 157;

Book of Hours, 160

Sistine Chapel, 8;

tapestries in, 111

Social Work and Workers, 169

Societas Literarum Danubiana, 524

Societas Literarum Vistuliana, 524

Socrates, 8, 516

Sodalitas Literarum Rhenana, 524

Sodoma, 7

Sophocles, 533

Sorel, Agnes, tomb of, 105

Spain,

and care for insane, 203;

architecture, 118;

Feminine education, 333;

in America, 278;

scholarship, 537

Spanish America, 277;

Literature, Golden age of, 484

Spiritual Life in shorthand, 440

Spirituality and common sense, 312

Splenectomy, 417

Springinklee, Hans, 161

Squarcione, xxix

Staley, Edgcumbe, 300

Stanley, Dean, 514;

the explorer, 432

Statius, 507

Staupitz, John von, 260

Stefano, Vanneo, xxxii

Strachey, Henry, 8

Stratford, Chapel of Guild and Alms-houses at, 172, 176

Stratford-on-Avon, 131, 176

Suarez, 216

Superstition, Post-reformation, 561

Supper, Last, Leonardo's, 16

Supremacy oath, More and, 236

Surgeons, learned, 425

Surgery,

and anatomy, 526;

cosmetics in, 418;

experience in, 425;

hospitals and, 410

Sweating sickness, 383

Sylvaticus, 383

Sylvius, Matthaeus, 365, 383

Symonds, J. Addington, 41, 446

Taft, President, on Philippines, 273

"Tag Day," 178

Taine, History of English Literature, 177, 353

Tales of Chivalry, 479;

of Roguery, 479

Tapestries,

Sistine, 11;

art and, 107;

Cluny, 111;

Golden age of, 109;

Morgan, 110;

Rheims and, 109;

Their Origin, History and Renaissance, 109

Tapestry, French and Flemish manufacture of, 110

Telegraph, sympathetic, 356

Telesio, Bernardino, 356

Terence, 522

Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada, (St. Teresa), 307

Teresa, St., Crashaw on, 477;

"Doctor of Church," 308;

humor of, 310;

hymn, 477 (see St. Teresa)

Teresa,

_mater spiritualium,_ 308;

mystic, 310;

power of, 310:

style of, 309;

writings, 477 (see St. Teresa)

Terra Cottas, 89

Theater, Picture of, 491

Theophrastus Dioscorides, 378

Theodoric, 410

Thiene Palace, 121

Thompson, Francis, 207;

Life of St. Ignatius, by, 221

Three Graces of the Tribune of Chantilly, 5

Tibullus, 508

Tilly, Arthur, on Rabelais, 474

Tindale, Confutation of, 233

Tintoretto, xxix, 53;

Bacchus and Ariadne, 68

Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, 542

Titian, xxix, 53, 75:

Assumption by, 63;

Bacchanals of, 64;

Bacchus and Ariadne, 64;

Entombment of Christ, 63;

Presentation of Blessed Virgin, 63

Tolerance of Rabelais' time, 473

Torquemada, Juan de, 279

Torture, date of, 188;

post-reformation, 561;

under Tudors, 189

Tory, Geoffrey, 149, 156;

Book of Hours, 157;

King's printer, 158

Toscanelli, 28, 348

Tournai, 110

Tournefort, 377

Tours, xxxi

Toussain, Jacques, 533

Tracheotomy tube, 416

Tragus, 376

Tramps, 171

Translations, Classic, 499

Trebizond, 505

Tregaskis, 149

Trithemius, 525, 527, 529;

and Christian scholarship, 529

Trivulzio, Domitilla, 327

Troye, Recuyell, of the Historyes of, 152

Truth, Love of, Cusanus, 519

Turnebus, 533

Tursi-Doria Palace, 122

Tyndale, 500

Types,

Arabian, 151;

Anglo-Saxon, 151;

Greek, 151;

Hebrew, 151;

Irish, 151;

Italian, 151;

Russian, 151;

Syrian, 151

Udall, Nicholas, 494

Ulm, Choir stalls of, 99

University

of Lima, 279;

of Mexico, 279

University, Papal charters, 281

Ursula, Shrine of St., 73

Ursulines,

Charlestown fire, 329;

foundation of, 329;

in America, 329;

New Orleans in 1726, 329

Utopia, xli, 232, 436;

and Plato's Republic, 439;

Astrology, 551;

Author's home, 553;

books in, 552;

division of day in, 552;

forest conservation, 551;

life of pleasure in, 551;

illustrations in, 162;

More's, 429;

Religious toleration in, 546;

standing armies in, 547

{577}

Valentine, Basil, 357;

works, 392

Valles, Francisco, 396

Valves in veins, 361

Van Eyck, brothers, xxix, 71, 97

Vanneo, Stefano, xxxii

Vannucci, Pietro, 55

Van der Weyden, Roger, 71, 97

Varro, 508, 533

Vasari, xlii, 17, 87, 89, 107, 453;

Herodotus of art, 453

Vasco da Gama, 263

Veit Stoss, 99

Velasquez, 15

Vendramini Palace, 120

Venturino, Francesco, 33

Vergara, 540

Vernacular, 246

Vernazza, Battistina, 300

Verona, Isotta of, 327

Veronese, xxix, 53;

Marriage at Cana, 69

Veronica de Gambara, 327

Verrazano, 268

Verrocchio, xxx, 55, 90;

Colleoni, 21

Vesalius, xxxvii, 25;

Father of anatomy; 164, 365

Vespucci, Amerigo, 264

Vidus Vidius, 416

Viel, Gabriel, 529

Vignola, 122

Vigo, John de, 414

Villa of Pope Julius, 122

Villehardouin, 470

Villon, xxxvi, 462

Virago of Forli, 301

Virgil, study of, 315;

birthplace of, 315

Virgins, youthful, 36

Vischer family, xxxi, 101, 104

Vischer, Peter, 101

Visualization, artistic, 70

Vittoria Colonna, xxxix;

and Michelangelo, 47;

character, 297;

letter on honesty, 296;

writings, 297

Vittorino da Feltre, 314

Vivarinis, xxix

Vives, 540

Warham, Archbishop; xxxv, 521

War, the climax of animal frenzy, (Leonardo), 30

Wars of the Roses, 223

Wasmann, S. J., Father, 219

Wealth and scholarship, 468

Wesley, John, 190, 259

West, The Call of the, 276

Weyden, Roger van der, xxix, 97

Weyer (Wierius), Johann, 396, 416

Wickersheimer, 405

William of Salicet, 410

Wimpheling, 520, 527, 529

Windesheim, 515

Wine, abuse of, 407

Winternach, 402

Witchcraft, 190

Wolff, Caspar, 417

Wolseley, General, 432

Wolsey, Cardinal, 234

Women,

and Renaissance gardens, 322;

chances of education for, 326;

wrongs of, 332

Women's apartments, 322

Woodberry, 161

Wood-carving,

Bruges, 98;

German, 99

Wood-engraving, 161

Woodville, Elizabeth, 335

Worms, Diet of, xxxiv

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 497

Wynken de Worde, 151

Wuertz, Felix, 411, 417

Xenophon, German, 526

Ximenes, Cardinal, xxxv, 438

Zwingli, 250

End of Project Gutenberg's The Century of Columbus, by James J. Walsh

The constitution of the English House of Lords since the Reformation