Since the Brow speaks often true, since Eyes and Noses have Tongues, and

the countenance proclaims the Heart and inclinations; let observation so

far instruct thee in Physiognomical lines, as to be some Rule for thy

distinction, and Guide for thy affection unto such as look most like

Men. Mankind, methinks, is comprehended in a few Faces, if we exclude

all Visages, which any way participate of Symmetries and Schemes of Look

common unto other Animals. For as though Man were the extract of the

World, in whom all were _in coagulato_, which in their forms were _in

soluto_, and at Extension; we often observe that Men do most act those

Creatures, whose constitution, parts, and complexion do most predominate

in their mixtures. This is a corner-stone in Physiognomy, and holds some

Truth not only in particular Persons but also in whole Nations. There

are therefore Provincial Faces, National Lips and Noses, which testify

not only the Natures of those Countries, but of those which have them

elsewhere. Thus we may make _England_ the whole Earth, dividing it not

only into _Europe_, _Asia_, _Africa_, but the particular Regions

thereof, and may in some latitude affirm, that there are _Ægyptians_,

_Scythians_, _Indians_ among us; who though born in _England_, yet carry

the Faces and Air of those Countries, and are also agreeable and

correspondent unto their Natures. Faces look uniformly unto our Eyes:

How they appear unto some Animals of a more piercing or differing sight,

who are able to discover the inequalities, rubbs, and hairiness of the

Skin, is not without good doubt. And therefore in reference unto Man,

_Cupid_ is said to be blind. Affection should not be too sharp-Eyed, and

Love is not to be made by magnifying Glasses. If things were seen as

they truly are, the beauty of bodies would be much abridged. And

therefore the wise Contriver hath drawn the pictures and outsides of

things softly and amiably unto the natural Edge of our Eyes, not leaving

them able to discover those uncomely asperities, which make

Oyster-shells in good Faces, and Hedghoggs even in _Venus's_ moles.

[Sidenote: SECT. 10]

Court not Felicity too far, and weary not the favorable hand of Fortune.

Glorious actions have their times, extent, and _non ultra's_. To put no

end unto Attempts were to make prescription of Successes, and to bespeak

unhappiness at the last. For the Line of our Lives is drawn with white

and black vicissitudes, wherein the extremes hold seldom one complexion.

That _Pompey_ should obtain the sirname of Great at twenty five years,

that Men in their young and active days should be fortunate and perform

notable things, is no observation of deep wonder, they having the

strength of their fates before them, nor yet acted their parts in the

World, for which they were brought into it: whereas Men of years,

matured for counsels and designs, seem to be beyond the vigour of their

active fortunes, and high exploits of life, providentially ordained unto

Ages best agreeable unto them. And therefore many brave men finding

their fortune grow faint, and feeling its declination, have timely

withdrawn themselves from great attempts, and so escaped the ends of

mighty Men, disproportionable to their beginnings. But magnanimous

thoughts have so dimmed the Eyes of many, that forgetting the very

essence of Fortune, and the vicissitude of good and evil, they apprehend

no bottom in felicity; and so have been still tempted on unto mighty

Actions, reserved for their destructions. For Fortune lays the Plot of

our Adversities in the foundation of our Felicities, blessing us in the

first quadrate, to blast us more sharply in the last. And since in the

highest felicities there lieth a capacity of the lowest miseries, she

hath this advantage from our happiness to make us truly miserable. For

to become acutely miserable we are to be first happy. Affliction smarts

most in the most happy state, as having somewhat in it of _Bellisarius_

at Beggers bush, or _Bajazet_ in the grate. And this the fallen Angels

severely understand, who having acted their first part in Heaven, are

made sharply miserable by transition, and more afflictively feel the

contrary state of Hell.

[Sidenote: SECT. 11]

Carry no careless Eye upon the unexpected scenes of things; but ponder

the acts of Providence in the publick ends of great and notable Men, set

out unto the view of all for no common _memorandums_. The Tragical Exits

and unexpected periods of some eminent Persons cannot but amuse

considerate Observators; wherein notwithstanding most men seem to see by

extramission, without reception or self-reflexion, and conceive

themselves unconcerned by the fallacy of their own Exemption: Whereas

the Mercy of God hath singled out but few to be the signals of his

Justice, leaving the generality of Mankind to the pædagogy of Example.

But the inadvertency of our Natures not well apprehending this favorable

method and merciful decimation, and that he sheweth in some what others

also deserve; they entertain no sense of his Hand beyond the stroak of

themselves. Whereupon the whole becomes necessarily punished, and the

contracted Hand of God extended unto universal Judgments: from whence

nevertheless the stupidity of our tempers receives but faint

impressions, and in the most Tragical state of times holds but starts of

good motions. So that to continue us in goodness there must be iterated

returns of misery, and a circulation in afflictions is necessary. And

since we cannot be wise by warnings, since Plagues are insignificant,

except we be personally plagued, since also we cannot be punish'd unto

Amendment by proxy or commutation, nor by vicinity, but contaction;

there is an unhappy necessity that we must smart in our own Skins, and

the provoked arm of the Almighty must fall upon ourselves. The capital

sufferings of others are rather our monitions than acquitments. There is

but one who died salvifically for us, and able to say unto Death,

hitherto shalt thou go and no farther; only one enlivening Death, which

makes Gardens of Graves, and that which was sowed in Corruption to arise

and flourish in Glory: when Death it self shall dye, and living shall

have no Period, when the damned shall mourn at the funeral of Death,

when Life not Death shall be the wages of sin, when the second Death

shall prove a miserable Life, and destruction shall be courted.

[Sidenote: SECT. 12]

Although their Thoughts may seem too severe, who think that few ill

natur'd Men go to heaven; yet it may be acknowledged that good natur'd

Persons are best founded for that place; who enter the World with good

Dispositions, and natural Graces, more ready to be advanced by

impressions from above, and christianized unto pieties; who carry about

them plain and down right dealing Minds, Humility, Mercy, Charity, and

Virtues acceptable unto God and Man. But whatever success they may have

as to Heaven, they are the acceptable Men on Earth, and happy is he who

hath his quiver full of them for his Friends. These are not the Dens

wherein Falshood lurks, and Hypocrisy hides its Head, wherein

Frowardness makes its Nest, or where Malice, Hard-heartedness, and

Oppression love to dwell; not those by whom the Poor get little, and the

Rich some time loose all; Men not of retracted Looks, but who carry

their Hearts in their Faces, and need not to be look'd upon with

perspectives; not sordidly or mischievously ingrateful; who cannot learn

to ride upon the neck of the afflicted, nor load the heavy laden, but

who keep the temple of _Janus_ shut by peaceable and quiet tempers; who

make not only the best Friends, but the best Enemies, as easier to

forgive than offend, and ready to pass by the second offence, before

they avenge the first; who make natural Royalists, obedient Subjects,

kind and merciful Princes, verified in our own, one of the best natur'd

Kings of this Throne. Of the old Roman Emperours the best were the best

natur'd; though they made but a small number, and might be writ in a

Ring. Many of the rest were as bad Men as Princes; Humorists rather than

of good humors, and of good natural parts, rather than of good natures:

which did but arm their bad inclinations, and make them wittily wicked.

[Sidenote: SECT. 13]

With what shift and pains we come into the World we remember not; but

'tis commonly found no easy matter to get out of it. Many have studied

to exasperate the ways of Death, but fewer hours have been spent to

soften that necessity. That the smoothest way unto the grave is made by

bleeding, as common opinion presumeth, beside the sick and fainting

Languors which accompany that effusion, the experiment in _Lucan_ and

_Seneca_ will make us doubt; under which the noble Stoick so deeply

laboured, that, to conceal his affliction, he was fain to retire from

the sight of his Wife, and not ashamed to implore the merciful hand of

his Physician to shorten his misery therein. _Ovid_,[349] the old

Heroes, and the Stoicks, who were so afraid of drowning, as dreading

thereby the extinction of their Soul, which they conceived to be a Fire,

stood probably in fear of an easier way of Death; wherein the Water,

entring the possessions of Air, makes a temperate suffocation, and kills

as it were without a fever. Surely many, who have had the Spirit to

destroy themselves, have not been ingenious in the contrivance thereof.

'Twas a dull way practised by _Themistocles_[350], overwhelm himself

with Bulls-blood, who, being an _Athenian_, might have held an easier

Theory of Death from the state potion of his Country; from which

_Socrates_ in _Plato_ seemed not to suffer much more than from the fit

of an Ague. _Cato_ is much to be pitied, who mangled himself with

poyniards; and _Hannibal_ seems more subtle, who carried his delivery,

not in the point but the pummel[351] of his Sword.

[349] _Demito naufragium, mors mihi munus erit._

[350] _Plutarch._

[351] Pummel, wherein he is said to have carried something, whereby

upon a struggle or despair he might deliver himself from all

misfortunes.

The _Egyptians_ were merciful contrivers, who destroyed their

malefactors by Asps, charming their senses into an invincible sleep, and

killing as it were with _Hermes_ his Rod. The Turkish Emperour,[352]

odious for other Cruelty, was herein a remarkable Master of Mercy,

killing his Favorite in his sleep, and sending him from the shade into

the house of darkness. He who had been thus destroyed would hardly have

bled at the presence of his destroyer; when Men are already dead by

metaphor, and pass but from one sleep unto another, wanting herein the

eminent part of severity, to feel themselves to dye, and escaping the

sharpest attendant of Death, the lively apprehension thereof. But to

learn to dye is better than to study the ways of dying. Death will find

some ways to unty or cut the most Gordian Knots of Life, and make men's

miseries as mortal as themselves: whereas evil Spirits, as undying

Substances, are unseparable from their calamities; and therefore they

everlastingly struggle under their _Angustia's_, and bound up with

immortality can never get out of themselves.

[352] _Solyman._ Turkish history.

PART III

[Sidenote: SECT. 1]

'Tis hard to find a whole Age to imitate, or what Century to propose for

Example. Some have been far more approveable than others: but Virtue and

Vice, Panegyricks and Satyrs, scatteringly to be found in all. History

sets down not only things laudable, but abominable; things which should

never have been, or never have been known: So that noble patterns must

be fetched here and there from single Persons, rather than whole

Nations, and from all Nations, rather than any one. The World was early

bad, and the first sin the most deplorable of any. The younger World

afforded the oldest Men, and perhaps the Best and the Worst, when length

of days made virtuous habits Heroical and immoveable, vitious,

inveterate, and irreclaimable. And since 'tis said the imaginations of

their hearts were evil, only evil, and continually evil; it may be

feared that their sins held pace with their lives; and their Longevity

swelling their Impieties, the Longanimity of God would no longer endure

such vivacious abominations. Their Impieties were surely of a deep dye,

which required the whole Element of Water to wash them away, and

overwhelmed their memories with themselves; and so shut up the first

Windows of Time, leaving no Histories of those longevous generations,

when Men might have been properly Historians, when _Adam_ might have

read long Lectures unto _Methuselah_, and _Methuselah_ unto _Noah_. For

had we been happy in just Historical accounts of that unparallel'd

World, we might have been acquainted with Wonders; and have understood

not a little of the Acts and undertakings of _Moses_ his mighty Men, and

Men of renown of old; which might have enlarged our Thoughts, and made

the World older unto us. For the unknown part of time shortens the

estimation, if not the compute of it. What hath escaped our Knowledge

falls not under our Consideration, and what is and will be latent is

little better than non existent.

[Sidenote: SECT. 2]

Some things are dictated for our Instruction, some acted for our

Imitation, wherein 'tis best to ascend unto the highest conformity, and

to the honour of the Exemplar. He honours God who imitates him. For what

we virtuously imitate we approve and Admire; and since we delight not to

imitate Inferiors, we aggrandize and magnify those we imitate; since

also we are most apt to imitate those we love, we testify our affection

in our imitation of the Inimitable. To affect to be like may be no

imitation. To act, and not to be what we pretend to imitate, is but a

mimical conformation, and carrieth no Virtue in it. _Lucifer_ imitated

not God, when he said he would be like the Highest, and he imitated not

_Jupiter_, who counterfeited Thunder. Where Imitation can go no farther,

let Admiration step on, whereof there is no end in the wisest form of

Men. Even Angels and Spirits have enough to admire in their sublimer

Natures, Admiration being the act of the Creature and not of God, who

doth not Admire himself. Created Natures allow of swelling Hyperboles;

nothing can be said Hyperbolically of God, nor will his Attributes admit

of expressions above their own Exuperances. _Trismegistus_ his Circle,

whose center is every where, and circumference no where, was no

Hyperbole. Words cannot exceed, where they cannot express enough. Even

the most winged Thoughts fall at the setting out, and reach not the

portal of Divinity.

[Sidenote: SECT. 3]

In Bivious Theorems, and _Janus_-faced Doctrines, let Virtuous

considerations state the determination. Look upon Opinions as thou dost

upon the Moon, and chuse not the dark hemisphere for thy contemplation.

Embrace not the opacous and blind side of Opinions, but that which looks

most Luciferously or influentially unto Goodness. 'Tis better to think

that there are Guardian Spirits, than that there are no Spirits to Guard

us; that vicious Persons are Slaves, than that there is any servitude in

Virtue; that times past have been better than times present, than that

times were always bad, and that to be Men it sufficeth to be no better

than Men in all Ages, and so promiscuously to swim down the turbid

stream, and make up the grand confusion. Sow not thy understanding with

Opinions, which make nothing of Iniquities, and fallaciously extenuate

Transgressions. Look upon Vices and vicious Objects with Hyperbolical

Eyes, and rather enlarge their dimensions, that their unseen Deformities

may not escape thy sense, and their Poysonous parts and stings may

appear massy and monstrous unto thee; for the undiscerned Particles and

Atoms of Evil deceive us, and we are undone by the Invisibles of seeming

Goodness. We are only deceived in what is not discerned, and to Err is

but to be Blind or Dim-sighted as to some Perceptions.

[Sidenote: SECT. 4]

To be Honest in a right Line,[353] and Virtuous by Epitome, be firm unto

such Principles of Goodness, as carry in them Volumes of instruction and

may abridge thy Labour. And since instructions are many, hold close unto

those, whereon the rest depend. So may we have all in a few, and the Law

and the Prophets in a Rule, the Sacred Writ in Stenography, and the

Scripture in a Nut-Shell. To pursue the osseous and solid part of

Goodness, which gives Stability and Rectitude to all the rest; To settle

on fundamental Virtues, and bid early defiance unto Mother-vices, which

carry in their Bowels the seminals of other Iniquities, makes a short

cut in Goodness, and strikes not off an Head but the whole Neck of

_Hydra_. For we are carried into the dark Lake, like the _Ægyptian_

River into the Sea, by seven principal Ostiaries. The Mother-Sins of

that number are the Deadly engins of Evil Spirits that undo us, and even

evil Spirits themselves, and he who is under the Chains thereof is not

without a possession. _Mary Magdalene_ had more than seven Devils, if

these with their Imps were in her, and he who is thus possessed, may

literally be named _Legion_. Where such Plants grow and prosper, look

for no Champain or Region void of Thorns, but productions like the Tree

of _Goa_,[354] and Forrests of abomination.

[353] _Linea recta brevissima._

[354] _Arbor Goa de Ruyz_, or _ficus Indica_, whose branches send down

shoots which root in the ground, from whence there successively

rise others, till one Tree becomes a wood.

[Sidenote: SECT. 5]

Guide not the Hand of God, nor order the Finger of the Almighty, unto

thy will and pleasure; but sit quiet in the soft showers of Providence,

and Favourable distributions in this World, either to thyself or others.

And since not only Judgments have their Errands, but Mercies their

Commissions; snatch not at every Favour, nor think thy self passed by if

they fall upon thy Neighbour. Rake not up envious displacences at things

successful unto others, which the wise Disposer of all thinks not fit

for thy self. Reconcile the events of things unto both beings, that is,

of this World and the next: So will there not seem so many Riddles in

Providence, nor various inequalities in the dispensation of things

below. If thou dost not anoint thy Face, yet put not on sackcloth at the

felicities of others. Repining at the Good draws on rejoicing at the

evils of others, and so falls into that inhumane Vice,[355] for which so

few Languages have a name. The blessed Spirits above rejoice at our

happiness below: but to be glad at the evils of one another, is beyond

the malignity of Hell, and falls not on evil Spirits, who, though they

rejoice at our unhappiness, take no pleasure at the afflictions of their

own Society or of their fellow Natures. Degenerous Heads! who must be

fain to learn from such Examples, and to be Taught from the School of

Hell.

[355] +Epichairekakia+.

[Sidenote: SECT. 6]

Grain not thy vicious stains, nor deepen those swart Tinctures, which

Temper, Infirmity, or ill habits have set upon thee; and fix not by

iterated depravations what time might Efface, or Virtuous washes

expunge. He, who thus still advanceth in Iniquity deepneth his deformed

hue; turns a Shadow into Night, and makes himself a _Negro_ in the black

Jaundice; and so becomes one of those Lost ones, the disproportionate

pores of whose Brains afford no entrance unto good Motions, but reflect

and frustrate all Counsels, Deaf unto the Thunder of the Laws, and Rocks

unto the Cries of charitable Commiserators. He who hath had the Patience

of _Diogenes_, to make Orations unto Statues, may more sensibly

apprehend how all Words fall to the Ground, spent upon such a surd and

Earless Generation of Men, stupid unto all Instruction, and rather

requiring an Exorcist, than an Orator for their Conversion.

[Sidenote: SECT. 7]

Burden not the back of _Aries_, _Leo_, or _Taurus,_ with thy faults; nor

make _Saturn_, _Mars_, or _Venus_, guilty of thy Follies. Think not to

fasten thy imperfections on the Stars, and so despairingly conceive thy

self under a fatality of being evil. Calculate thy self within, seek not

thy self in the Moon, but in thine own Orb or Microcosmical

Circumference. Let celestial aspects admonish and advertise, not

conclude and determine thy ways. For since good and bad stars moralize

not our Actions, and neither excuse or commend, acquit or condemn our

Good or Bad Deeds at the present or last Bar, since some are

Astrologically well disposed who are morally highly vicious; not

Celestial Figures, but Virtuous Schemes must denominate and state our

Actions. If we rightly understood the Names whereby God calleth the

Stars, if we knew his Name for the Dog-Star, or by what appellation

_Jupiter_, _Mars_, and _Saturn_ obey his Will; it might be a welcome

accession unto Astrology, which speaks great things, and is fain to make

use of appellations from Greek and Barbarick Systems. Whatever

Influences, Impulsions, or Inclinations there be from the Lights above,

it were a piece of wisdom to make one of those Wise men who overrule

their Stars,[356] and with their own Militia contend with the Host of

Heaven. Unto which attempt there want not Auxiliaries from the whole

strength of Morality, supplies from Christian Ethicks, influences also

and illuminations from above, more powerfull than the Lights of Heaven.

[356] _Sapiens dominabitur Astris._

[Sidenote: SECT. 8]

Confound not the distinctions of thy Life which Nature hath divided:

that is, Youth, Adolescence, Manhood, and old Age, nor in these divided

Periods, wherein thou art in a manner Four, conceive thyself but One.

Let every division be happy in its proper Virtues, nor one Vice run

through all. Let each distinction have its salutary transition, and

critically deliver thee from the imperfections of the former, so

ordering the whole, that Prudence and Virtue may have the largest

section. Do as a Child but when thou art a Child, and ride not on a Reed

at twenty. He who hath not taken leave of the follies of his Youth, and

in his maturer state scarce got out of that division, disproportionately

divideth his Days, crowds up the latter part of his Life, and leaves too

narrow a corner for the Age of Wisdom, and so hath room to be a Man

scarce longer than he hath been a Youth. Rather than to make this

confusion, anticipate the Virtues of Age, and live long without the

infirmities of it. So may'st thou count up thy Days as some do

_Adams_,[357] that is, by anticipation; so may'st thou be coetaneous

unto thy Elders, and a Father unto thy contemporaries.

[357] _Adam_ thought to be created in the State of Man, about thirty

years Old.

[Sidenote: SECT. 9]

While others are curious in the choice of good Air, and chiefly

sollicitous for healthful habitations, Study thou Conversation, and be

critical in thy Consortion. The aspects, conjunctions, and

configurations of the Stars, which mutually diversify, intend, or

qualify their influences, are but the varieties of their nearer or

farther conversation with one another, and like the Consortion of Men,

whereby they become better or worse, and even Exchange their Natures.

Since men live by Examples, and will be imitating something; order thy

imitation to thy Improvement, not thy Ruin. Look not for Roses in

_Attalus_[358] His Garden, or wholesome Flowers in a venemous

Plantation. And since there is scarce any one bad, but some others are

the worse for him; tempt not Contagion by proximity, and hazard not thy

self in the shadow of Corruption. He who hath not early suffered this

Shipwrack, and in his Younger Days escaped this _Charybdis_, may make a

happy Voyage, and not come in with black Sails into the port. Self

conversation, or to be alone, is better than such Consortion. Some

School-men tell us, that he is properly alone, with whom in the same

place there is no other of the same Species. _Nabuchodonozor_ was alone,

though among the Beasts of the field; and a Wise Man may be tolerably

said to be alone though with a Rabble of People, little better than

Beasts about him. Unthinking Heads, who have not learn'd to be alone,

are in a Prison to themselves, if they be not also with others: Whereas

on the contrary, they whose thoughts are in a fair, and hurry within,

are sometimes fain to retire into Company, to be out of the crowd of

themselves. He who must needs have Company, must needs have sometimes

bad Company. Be able to be alone. Loose not the advantage of Solitude,

and the Society of thy self, nor be only content, but delight to be

alone and single with Omnipresency. He who is thus prepared, the Day is

not uneasy nor the Night black unto him. Darkness may bound his Eyes,

not his Imagination. In his Bed he may ly, like _Pompey_[359] and his

Sons, in all quarters of the Earth, may speculate the Universe, and

enjoy the whole World in the Hermitage of himself. Thus the old

_Ascetick_ Christians found a Paradise in a Desert, and with little

converse on Earth held a conversation in Heaven; thus they Astronomiz'd

in Caves, and though they beheld not the Stars, had the Glory of Heaven

before them.

[358] _Attalus_ made a Garden which contained only venemous plants.

[359] _Pompeios Juvenes Asia atque Europa, sed ipsum Terra tegit

Libyes._

[Sidenote: SECT. 10]

Let the Characters of good things stand indelibly in thy Mind, and thy

Thoughts be active on them. Trust not too much unto suggestions from

Reminiscential Amulets, or artificial _Memorandums_. Let the mortifying

_Janus_ of _Covarrubias_[360] be in thy daily Thoughts, not only on thy

Hand and Signets. Rely not alone upon silent and dumb remembrances.

Behold not Death's Heads till thou doest not see them, nor look upon

mortifying Objects till thou overlook'st them. Forget not how

assuefaction unto any thing minorates the passion from it, how constant

Objects loose their hints, and steal an inadvertisement upon us. There

is no excuse to forget what every thing prompts unto us. To thoughtful

Observators the whole World is a Phylactery, and every thing we see an

Item of the Wisdom, Power, or Goodness of God. Happy are they who verify

their Amulets, and make their Phylacteries speak in their Lives and

Actions. To run on in despight of the Revulsions and Pul-backs of such

Remora's aggravates our transgressions. When Death's Heads on our Hands

have no influence upon our Heads, and fleshless Cadavers abate not the

exorbitances of the Flesh; when Crucifixes upon Mens Hearts suppress not

their bad commotions, and his Image who was murdered for us with-holds

not from Blood and Murder; Phylacteries prove but formalities, and their

despised hints sharpen our condemnations.

[360] _Don Sebastian de Covarrubias_, writ 3 Centuries of moral Emblems

in _Spanish_. In the 88th of the second Century he sets down two

Faces averse, and conjoined _Janus_-like; the one a Gallant

Beautiful Face, the other a Death's-Head Face, with this Motto out

of _Ovid's Metamorphosis_, _Quid fuerim quid simque vide_.

[Sidenote: SECT. 11]

Look not for _Whales_ in the _Euxine_ Sea, or expect great matters where

they are not to be found. Seek not for Profundity in Shallowness, or

Fertility in a Wilderness. Place not the expectation of great Happiness

here below, or think to find Heaven on Earth; wherein we must be content

with Embryon-felicities, and fruitions of doubtful Faces. For the Circle

of our felicities makes but short Arches. In every clime we are in a

periscian state, and with our Light our Shadow and Darkness walk about

us. Our Contentments stand upon the tops of Pyramids ready to fall off,

and the insecurity of their enjoyments abrupteth our Tranquillities.

What we magnify is Magnificent, but like to the _Colossus_, noble

without, stuft with rubbidge and coarse Metal within. Even the Sun,

whose Glorious outside we behold, may have dark and smoaky Entrails. In

vain we admire the Lustre of any thing seen: that which is truly

glorious is invisible. _Paradise_ was but a part of the Earth, lost not

only to our Fruition but our Knowledge. And if, according to old

Dictates, no Man can be said to be happy before Death, the happiness of

this Life goes for nothing before it be over, and while we think

ourselves happy we do but usurp that Name. Certainly true Beatitude

groweth not on Earth, nor hath this World in it the Expectations we have

of it. He Swims in Oyl, and can hardly avoid sinking, who hath such

light Foundations to support him. 'Tis therefore happy that we have two

Worlds to hold on. To enjoy true happiness we must travel into a very

far Countrey, and even out of our selves; for the Pearl we seek for is

not to be found in the _Indian_, but in the _Empyrean_ Ocean.

[Sidenote: SECT. 12]

Answer not the Spur of Fury, and be not prodigal or prodigious in

Revenge. Make not one in the _Historia Horribilis_;[361] Flay not thy

Servant for a broken Glass, nor pound him in a Mortar who offendeth

thee; supererogate not in the worst sense, and overdo not the

necessities of evil; humour not the injustice of Revenge. Be not

Stoically mistaken in the equality of sins, nor commutatively iniquous

in the valuation of transgressions; but weigh them in the Scales of

Heaven, and by the weights of righteous Reason. Think that Revenge too

high, which is but level with the offence. Let thy Arrows of Revenge fly

short, or be aimed like those of _Jonathan_, to fall beside the mark.

Too many there be to whom a Dead Enemy smells well, and who find Musk

and Amber in Revenge. The ferity of such minds holds no rule in

Retaliations, requiring too often a Head for a Tooth, and the Supreme

revenge for trespasses which a night's rest should obliterate. But

patient Meekness takes injuries like Pills, not chewing but swallowing

them down, Laconically suffering, and silently passing them over, while

angered Pride makes a noise, like _Homerican Mars_[362], at every

scratch of offences. Since Women do most delight in Revenge, it may seem

but feminine manhood to be vindicative. If thou must needs have thy

Revenge of thine Enemy, with a soft Tongue break his Bones,[363] heap

Coals of Fire on his Head, forgive him, and enjoy it. To forgive our

Enemies is a charming way of Revenge, and a short _Cæsarian_ Conquest

overcoming without a blow; laying our Enemies at our Feet, under sorrow,

shame, and repentance; leaving our Foes our Friends, and solicitously

inclined to grateful Retaliations. Thus to Return upon our Adversaries

is a healing way of Revenge, and to do good for evil a soft and melting

ultion, a method Taught from Heaven to keep all smooth on Earth. Common

forceable ways make not an end of Evil, but leave Hatred and Malice

behind them. An Enemy thus reconciled is little to be trusted, as

wanting the foundation of Love and Charity, and but for a time

restrained by disadvantage or inability. If thou hast not Mercy for

others, yet be not Cruel unto thy self. To ruminate upon evils, to make

critical notes upon injuries, and be too acute in their apprehensions,

is to add unto our own Tortures, to feather the Arrows of our Enemies,

to lash our selves with the Scorpions of our Foes, and to resolve to

sleep no more. For injuries long dreamt on take away at last all rest;

and he sleeps but like _Regulus_, who busieth his Head about them.

[361] A Book so intitled wherein are sundry horrid accounts.

[362] _Tu miser exclamas, ut Stentora vincere possis,

Vel potius quantum Gradivus Homericus._ Juvenal.

[363] A soft tongue breaketh the bones. _Proverbs_ 25. 15.

[Sidenote: SECT. 13]

Amuse not thyself about the Riddles of future things. Study Prophecies

when they are become Histories, and past hovering in their causes. Eye

well things past and present, and let conjectural sagacity suffice for

things to come. There is a sober Latitude for prescience in contingences

of discoverable Tempers, whereby discerning Heads see sometimes beyond

their Eyes, and Wise Men become Prophetical. Leave Cloudy predictions to

their Periods, and let appointed Seasons have the lot of their

accomplishments. 'Tis too early to study such Prophecies before they

have been long made, before some train of their causes have already

taken Fire, laying open in part what lay obscure and before buryed unto

us. For the voice of Prophecies is like that of Whispering-places: They

who are near or at a little distance hear nothing, those at the farthest

extremity will understand all. But a Retrograde cognition of times past,

and things which have already been, is more satisfactory than a

suspended Knowledge of what is yet unexistent. And the Greatest part of

time being already wrapt up in things behind us; it's now somewhat late

to bait after things before us; for futurity still shortens, and time

present sucks in time to come. What is Prophetical in one Age proves

Historical in another, and so must hold on unto the last of time; when

there will be no room for Prediction, when _Janus_ shall loose one Face,

and the long beard of time shall look like those of _David's_ Servants,

shorn away upon one side, and when, if the expected _Elias_ should

appear, he might say much of what is past, not much of what's to come.

[Sidenote: SECT. 14]

Live unto the Dignity of thy Nature, and leave it not disputable at

last, whether thou hast been a Man, or since thou art a composition of

Man and Beast, how thou hast predominantly passed thy days, to state the

denomination. Un-man not therefore thy self by a Beastial

transformation, nor realize old Fables. Expose not thy self by

four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and _Caricatura_

representations. Think not after the old _Pythagorean_ conceit, what

Beast thou may'st be after death. Be not under any Brutal

_metempsychosis_ while thou livest, and walkest about erectly under the

scheme of Man. In thine own circumference, as in that of the Earth, let

the Rational Horizon be larger than the sensible, and the Circle of

Reason than of Sense. Let the Divine part be upward, and the Region of

Beast below. Otherwise, 'tis but to live invertedly, and with thy Head

unto the Heels of thy _Antipodes_. Desert not thy title to a Divine

particle and union with invisibles. Let true Knowledge and Virtue tell

the lower World thou art a part of the higher. Let thy Thoughts be of

things which have not entred into the Hearts of Beasts: Think of things

long past, and long to come: Acquaint thy self with the _Choragium_ of

the Stars, and consider the vast expansion beyond them. Let Intellectual

Tubes give thee a glance of things, which visive Organs reach not. Have

a glimpse of incomprehensibles, and Thoughts of things, which Thoughts

but tenderly touch. Lodge immaterials in thy Head: ascend unto

invisibles: fill thy Spirit with Spirituals, with the mysteries of

Faith, the magnalities of Religion, and thy Life with the Honour of God;

without which, though Giants in Wealth and Dignity, we are but Dwarfs

and Pygmies in Humanity, and may hold a pitiful rank in that triple

division of mankind into Heroes, Men, and Beasts. For though human Souls

are said to be equal, yet is there no small inequality in their

operations; some maintain the allowable Station of Men; many are far

below it; and some have been so divine, as to approach the _Apogeum_ of

their Natures, and to be in the _Confinium_ of Spirits.

[Sidenote: SECT. 15]

Behold thy self by inward Opticks and the Crystalline of thy Soul.

Strange it is that in the most perfect sense there should be so many

fallacies, that we are fain to make a doctrine, and often to see by Art.

But the greatest imperfection is in our inward sight, that is, to be

Ghosts unto our own Eyes, and while we are so sharp sighted as to look

thorough others, to be invisible unto our selves; for the inward Eyes

are more fallacious than the outward. The Vices we scoff at in others

laugh at us within our selves. Avarice, Pride, Falshood lye undiscerned

and blindly in us, even to the Age of blindness: and therefore to see

our selves interiourly, we are fain to borrow other Mens Eyes; wherein

true Friends are good Informers, and Censurers no bad Friends.

Conscience only, that can see without Light, sits in the _Areopagy_ and

dark Tribunal of our Hearts, surveying our Thoughts and condemning their

obliquities. Happy is that State of Vision that can see without Light,

though all should look as before the Creation, when there was not an Eye

to see, or Light to actuate a Vision: wherein notwithstanding obscurity

is only imaginable respectively unto Eyes; for unto God there was none,

Eternal Light was ever, created Light was for the creation, not himself,

and as he saw before the Sun, may still also see without it. In the City

of the new _Jerusalem_ there is neither Sun nor Moon; where glorifyed

Eyes must see by the _Archetypal_ Sun, or the Light of God, able to

illuminate Intellectual Eyes, and make unknown Visions. Intuitive

perceptions in Spiritual beings may perhaps hold some Analogy unto

Vision: but yet how they see us, or one another, what Eye, what Light,

or what perception is required unto their intuition, is yet dark unto

our apprehension; and even how they see God, or how unto our glorified

Eyes the Beatifical Vision will be celebrated, another World must tell

us, when perceptions will be new, and we may hope to behold invisibles.

[Sidenote: SECT. 16]

When all looks fair about, and thou seest not a cloud so big as a Hand

to threaten thee, forget not the Wheel of things: Think of sullen

vicissitudes, but beat not thy brains to fore-know them. Be armed

against such obscurities, rather by submission than fore-knowledge. The

Knowledge of future evils mortifies present felicities, and there is

more content in the uncertainty or ignorance of them. This favour our

Saviour vouchsafed unto _Peter_, when he fore-told not his Death in

plain terms, and so by an ambiguous and cloudy delivery dampt not the

Spirit of his Disciples. But in the assured fore-knowledge of the

deluge, _Noah_ lived many Years under the affliction of a Flood; and

_Jerusalem_ was taken unto _Jeremy_, before it was besieged. And

therefore the Wisdom of Astrologers, who speak of future things, hath

wisely softned the severity of their Doctrines; and even in their sad

predictions, while they tell us of inclination not coaction from the

Stars, they Kill us not with _Stygian_ oaths and merciless necessity,

but leave us hopes of evasion.

[Sidenote: SECT. 17]

If thou hast the brow to endure the Name of Traytor, Perjur'd, or

Oppressor, yet cover thy Face when Ingratitude is thrown at thee. If

that degenerous Vice possess thee, hide thy self in the shadow of thy

shame, and pollute not noble society. Grateful Ingenuities are content

to be obliged within some compass of Retribution, and being depressed by

the weight of iterated favours may so labour under their inabilities of

Requital, as to abate the content from Kindnesses. But narrow self-ended

Souls make prescription of good Offices, and obliged by often favours

think others still due unto them: whereas, if they but once fail, they

prove so perversely ungrateful, as to make nothing of common courtesies,

and to bury all that's past. Such tempers pervert the generous course of

things; for they discourage the inclinations of noble minds, and make

Beneficency cool unto acts of obligation, whereby the grateful World

should subsist, and have their consolation. Common gratitude must be

kept alive by the additionary fewel of new courtesies: but generous

Gratitudes, though but once well obliged, without quickening repetitions

or expectation of new Favours, have thankful minds for ever; for they

write not their obligations in sandy but marble memories, which wear not

out but with themselves.

[Sidenote: SECT. 18]

Think not Silence the wisdom of Fools, but, if rightly timed, the honour

of Wise Men, who have not the Infirmity, but the Virtue of Taciturnity,

and speak not out of the abundance, but the well weighted thoughts of

their Hearts. Such silence may be Eloquence, and speak thy worth above

the power of Words. Make such a one thy friend, in whom Princes may be

happy, and great Councels successful. Let him have the Key of thy Heart,

who hath the Lock of his own, which no Temptation can open; where thy

Secrets may lastingly ly, like the lamp in _Olybius_ his Urn,[364]

alive, and light, but close and invisible.

[364] Which after many hundred years was found burning under ground, and

went out as soon as the air came to it.

[Sidenote: SECT. 19]

Let thy Oaths be sacred, and Promises be made upon the Altar of thy

Heart. Call not _Jove_[365] to witness with a Stone in one Hand, and a

Straw in another, and so make Chaff and Stubble of thy Vows. Worldly

Spirits, whose interest is their belief, make Cobwebs of Obligations,

and, if they can find ways to elude the Urn of the _Prætor_, will trust

the Thunderbolt of _Jupiter_: And therefore if they should as deeply

swear as _Osman_ to _Bethlem Gabor_:[366] yet whether they would be

bound by those chains, and not find ways to cut such _Gordian_ Knots, we

could have no just assurance. But Honest Mens Words are _Stygian_ Oaths,

and Promises inviolable. These are not the Men for whom the fetters of

Law were first forged: they needed not the solemness of Oaths; by

keeping their Faith they swear,[367] and evacuate such confirmations.

[365] _Jovem lapidem jurare._

[366] See the oath of _Sultan Osman_ in his life, in the addition to

_Knolls_ his Turkish history.

[367] _Colendo fidem jurant._--Curtius.

[Sidenote: SECT. 20]

Though the World be Histrionical, and most Men live Ironically, yet be

thou what thou singly art, and personate only thy self. Swim smoothly in

the stream of thy Nature, and live but one Man. To single Hearts

doubling is discruciating: such tempers must sweat to dissemble, and

prove but hypocritical Hypocrites. Simulation must be short: Men do not

easily continue a counterfeiting Life, or dissemble unto Death. He who

counterfeiteth, acts a part; and is as it were out of himself: which, if

long, proves so irksome, that Men are glad to pull of their Vizards, and

resume themselves again; no practice being able to naturalize such

unnaturals, or make a Man rest content not to be himself. And therefore

since Sincerity is thy Temper, let veracity be thy Virtue in Words,

Manners, and Actions. To offer at iniquities, which have so little

foundations in thee, were to be vitious up hill, and strain for thy

condemnation. Persons vitiously inclined, want no Wheels to make them

actively vitious, as having the Elater and Spring of their own Natures

to facilitate their Iniquities. And therefore so many, who are

sinistrous unto Good Actions, are Ambi-dexterous unto bad; and _Vulcans_

in virtuous paths, _Achilleses_ in vitious motions.

[Sidenote: SECT. 21]

Rest not in the high strain'd Paradoxes of old Philosophy supported by

naked Reason, and the reward of mortal Felicity, but labour in the

Ethicks of Faith, built upon Heavenly assistance, and the happiness of

both beings. Understand the Rules, but swear not unto the doctrines of

_Zeno_ or _Epicurus_. Look beyond _Antoninus_, and terminate not thy

morals in _Seneca_ or _Epictetus_. Let not the twelve, but the two

Tables be thy Law: Let _Pythagoras_ be thy Remembrancer, not thy

textuary and final Instructer; and learn the Vanity of the World rather

from _Solomon_ than _Phocylides_. Sleep not in the Dogma's of the

_Peripatus_, Academy, or _Porticus_. Be a moralist of the Mount, an

_Epictetus_ in the _Faith_, and christianize thy Notions.

[Sidenote: SECT. 22]

In seventy or eighty years a Man may have a deep Gust of the World, Know

what it is, what it can afford, and what 'tis to have been a Man. Such a

latitude of years may hold a considerable corner in the general Map of

Time; and a Man may have a curt Epitome of the whole course thereof in

the days of his own life, may clearly see he hath but acted over his

Fore-fathers; what it was to live in Ages past, and what living will be

in all ages to come.

He is like to be the best judge of Time who hath lived to see about the

sixtieth part thereof. Persons of short times may Know what 'tis to

live, but not the life of Man, who, having little behind them, are but

_Januses_ of one face, and Know not singularities enough to raise Axioms

of this World: but such a compass of Years will shew new Examples of old

Things, Parallelisms of occurrences through the whole course of Time,

and nothing be monstrous unto him; who may in that time understand not

only the varieties of Men, but the variation of himself, and how many

Men he hath been in that extent of time.

He may have a close apprehension what it is to be forgotten, while he

hath lived to find none who could remember his Father, or scarce the

friends of his youth, and may sensibly see with what a face in no long

time oblivion will look upon himself. His Progeny may never be his

Posterity; he may go out of the World less related than he came into it;

and considering the frequent mortality in Friends and Relations, in such

a Term of Time, he may pass away divers years in sorrow and black

habits, and leave none to mourn for himself; Orbity may be his

inheritance, and Riches his Repentance.

In such a thred of Time, and long observation of Men, he may acquire a

_Physiognomical_ intuitive Knowledge, Judge the interiors by the

outside, and raise conjectures at first sight; and knowing what Men have

been, what they are, what Children probably will be, may in the present

Age behold a good part, and the temper of the next; and since so many

live by the Rules of Constitution, and so few overcome their

temperamental Inclinations, make no improbable predictions.

Such a portion of Time will afford a large prospect backward, and

Authentick Reflections how far he hath performed the great intention of

his Being, in the Honour of his Maker; whether he hath made good the

Principles of his Nature, and what he was made to be; what

Characteristick and special Mark he hath left, to be observable in his

Generation; whether he hath Lived to purpose or in vain, and what he

hath added, acted, or performed, that might considerably speak him a

Man.

In such an Age Delights will be undelightful and Pleasures grow stale

unto him; Antiquated Theorems will revive, and _Solomon's_ Maxims be

Demonstrations unto him; Hopes or presumptions be over, and despair grow

up of any satisfaction below. And having been long tossed in the Ocean

of this World, he will by that time feel the In-draught of another, unto

which this seems but preparatory, and without it of no high value. He

will experimentally find the Emptiness of all things, and the nothing of

what is past; and wisely grounding upon true Christian Expectations,

finding so much past, will wholly fix upon what is to come. He will long

for Perpetuity, and live as though he made haste to be happy. The last

may prove the prime part of his Life, and those his best days which he

lived nearest Heaven.

[Sidenote: SECT. 23]

Live happy in the _Elizium_ of a virtuously composed Mind, and let

Intellectual Contents exceed the Delights wherein mere Pleasurists place

their Paradise. Bear not too slack reins upon Pleasure, nor let

complexion or contagion betray thee unto the exorbitancy of Delight.

Make Pleasure thy Recreation or intermissive Relaxation, not thy

_Diana_, Life and Profession. Voluptuousness is as insatiable as

Covetousness. Tranquillity is better than Jollity, and to appease pain

than to invent pleasure. Our hard entrance into the world, our miserable

going out of it, our sicknesses, disturbances, and sad Rencounters in

it, do clamorously tell us we come not into the World to run a Race of

Delight, but to perform the sober Acts and serious purposes of Man;

which to omit were foully to miscarry in the advantage of humanity, to

play away an uniterable Life, and to have lived in vain. Forget not the

capital end, and frustrate not the opportunity of once Living. Dream not

of any kind of _Metempsychosis_ or transanimation, but into thine own

body, and that after a long time, and then also unto wail or bliss,

according to thy first and fundamental Life. Upon a curricle in this

World depends a long course of the next, and upon a narrow Scene here an

endless expansion hereafter. In vain some think to have an end of their

Beings with their Lives. Things cannot get out of their natures, or be

or not be in despite of their constitutions. Rational existences in

Heaven perish not at all, and but partially on Earth: That which is thus

once will in some way be always: The first Living human Soul is still

alive, and all _Adam_ hath found no Period.

[Sidenote: SECT. 24]

Since the Stars of Heaven do differ in Glory; since it hath pleased the

Almighty hand to honour the North Pole with Lights above the South;

since there are some Stars so bright that they can hardly be looked on,

some so dim that they can scarce be seen, and vast numbers not to be

seen at all even by Artificial Eyes; Read thou the Earth in Heaven, and

things below from above. Look contentedly upon the scattered difference

of things, and expect not equality in lustre, dignity, or perfection,

in Regions or Persons below; where numerous numbers must be content to

stand like _Lacteous_ or _Nebulous_ Stars, little taken notice of, or

dim in their generations. All which may be contentedly allowable in the

affairs and ends of this World, and in suspension unto what will be in

the order of things hereafter, and the new Systeme of Mankind which will

be in the World to come; when the last may be the first and the first

the last; when _Lazarus_ may sit above _Cæsar_, and the just obscure on

Earth shall shine like the Sun in Heaven; when personations shall cease,

and Histrionism of happiness be over; when Reality shall rule, and all

shall be as they shall be for ever.

[Sidenote: SECT. 25]

When the _Stoick_ said that life would not be accepted if it were

offered unto such as knew it,[368] he spoke too meanly of that state of

being which placeth us in the form of Men. It more depreciates the value

of this life, that Men would not live it over again; for although they

would still live on, yet few or none can endure to think of being twice

the same Men upon Earth, and some had rather never have lived than to

tread over their days once more. _Cicero_ in a prosperous state had not

the patience to think of beginning in a cradle again. _Job_ would not

only curse the day of his Nativity, but also of his Renascency, if he

were to act over his Disasters, and the miseries of the Dunghil. But the

greatest under-weening of this Life is to undervalue that, unto which

this is but Exordial or a Passage leading unto it. The great advantage

of this mean life is thereby to stand in a capacity of a better; for

the Colonies of Heaven must be drawn from Earth, and the Sons of the

first _Adam_ are only heirs unto the second. Thus _Adam_ came into this

World with the power also of another, nor only to replenish the Earth,

but the everlasting Mansions of Heaven. Where we were when the

foundations of the earth were lay'd, when the morning Stars sang

together,[369] and all the Sons of God shouted for Joy, He must answer

who asked it; who understands Entities of preordination, and beings yet

unbeing; who hath in his Intellect the Ideal Existences of things, and

Entities before their Extances. Though it looks but like an imaginary

kind of existency to be before we are; yet since we are under the decree

or prescience of a sure and Omnipotent Power, it may be somewhat more

than a non-entity to be in that mind, unto which all things are present.

[368] _Vitam nemo acciperet si daretur scientibus._--Seneca.

[369] Job 38.

[Sidenote: SECT. 26]

If the end of the World shall have the same foregoing Signs, as the

period of Empires, States, and Dominions in it, that is, Corruption of

Manners, inhuman degenerations, and deluge of iniquities; it may be

doubted whether that final time be so far of, of whose day and hour

there can be no prescience. But while all men doubt, and none can

determine how long the World shall last, some may wonder that it hath

spun out so long and unto our days. For if the Almighty had not

determin'd a fixed duration unto it, according to his mighty and

merciful designments in it, if he had not said unto it, as he did unto a

part of it, hitherto shalt thou go and no farther; if we consider the

incessant and cutting provocations from the Earth, it is not without

amazement how his patience hath permitted so long a continuance unto

it, how he, who cursed the Earth in the first days of the first Man, and

drowned it in the tenth Generation after, should thus lastingly contend

with Flesh and yet defer the last flames. For since he is sharply

provoked every moment, yet punisheth to pardon, and forgives to forgive

again; what patience could be content to act over such vicissitudes, or

accept of repentances which must have after penitences, his goodness can

only tell us. And surely if the patience of Heaven were not

proportionable unto the provocations from Earth; there needed an

Intercessor not only for the sins, but the duration of this World, and

to lead it up unto the present computation. Without such a merciful

Longanimity, the Heavens would never be so aged as to grow old like a

Garment; it were in vain to infer from the Doctrine of the Sphere, that

the time might come when _Capella_, a noble Northern Star, would have

its motion in the _Æquator_, that the Northern _Zodiacal_ Signs would at

length be the Southern, the Southern the Northern, and _Capricorn_

become our _Cancer_. However therefore the Wisdom of the Creator hath

ordered the duration of the World, yet since the end thereof brings the

accomplishment of our happiness, since some would be content that it

should have no end, since Evil Men and Spirits do fear it may be too

short, since Good Men hope it may not be too long; the prayer of the

Saints under the Altar will be the supplication of the Righteous World.

That his mercy would abridge their languishing Expectation and hasten

the accomplishment of their happy state to come.

[Sidenote: SECT. 27]

Though Good Men are often taken away from the Evil to come, though some

in evil days have been glad that they were old, nor long to behold the

iniquities of a wicked World, or Judgments threatened by them; yet is it

no small satisfaction unto honest minds to leave the World in virtuous

well temper'd times, under a prospect of good to come, and continuation

of worthy ways acceptable unto God and Man. Men who dye in deplorable

days, which they regretfully behold, have not their Eyes closed with the

like content; while they cannot avoid the thoughts of proceeding or

growing enormities, displeasing unto that Spirit unto whom they are then

going, whose honour they desire in all times and throughout all

generations. If _Lucifer_ could be freed from his dismal place, he would

little care though the rest were left behind. Too many there may be of

_Nero's_ mind, who, if their own turn were served, would not regard what

became of others, and, when they dye themselves, care not if all perish.

But good Mens wishes extend beyond their lives, for the happiness of

times to come, and never to be known unto them. And therefore while so

many question prayers for the dead, they charitably pray for those who

are not yet alive; they are not so enviously ambitious to go to Heaven

by themselves: they cannot but humbly wish, that the little Flock might

be greater, the narrow Gate wider, and that, as many are called, so not

a few might be chosen.

[Sidenote: SECT. 28]

That a greater number of Angels remained in Heaven, than fell from it,

the School-men will tell us; that the number of blessed Souls will not

come short of that vast number of fallen Spirits, we have the favorable

calculation of others. What Age or Century hath sent most Souls unto

Heaven, he can tell who vouchsafeth that honour unto them. Though the

Number of the blessed must be compleat before the World can pass away,

yet since the World it self seems in the wane, and we have no such

comfortable prognosticks of Latter times, since a greater part of time

is spun than is to come, and the blessed Roll already much replenished;

happy are those pieties, which solicitously look about, and hasten to

make one of that already much filled and abbreviated List to come.

[Sidenote: SECT. 29]

Think not thy time short in this World since the World it self is not

long. The created World is but a small _Parenthesis_ in Eternity; and a

short interposition for a time between such a state of duration, as was

before it and may be after it. And if we should allow of the old

Tradition that the world should last Six Thousand years, it could scarce

have the name of old, since the first Man lived near a sixth part

thereof, and seven _Methusela's_ would exceed its whole duration.

However, to palliate the shortness of our Lives, and somewhat to

compensate our brief term in this World, it's good to know as much as we

can of it; and also, so far as possibly in us lieth, to hold such a

_Theory_ of times past, as though we had seen the same. He who hath thus

considered the World, as also how therein things long past have been

answered by things present, how matters in one Age have been acted over

in another, and how there is nothing new under the Sun, may conceive

himself in some manner to have lived from the beginning, and to be as

old as the World; and if he should still live on 'twould be but the same

thing.

[Sidenote: SECT. 30]

Lastly, if length of Days be thy Portion, make it not thy Expectation.

Reckon not upon long Life: think every day the last, and live always

beyond thy account. He that so often surviveth his Expectation lives

many Lives, and will scarce complain of the shortness of his days. Time

past is gone like a Shadow; make time to come present. Approximate thy

latter times by present apprehensions of them: be like a neighbour unto

the Grave, and think there is but little to come. And since there is

something of us that will still live on, join both lives together, and

live in one but for the other. He who thus ordereth the purposes of this

Life will never be far from the next, and is in some manner already in

it, by a happy conformity, and close apprehension of it. And if, as we

have elsewhere declared, any have been so happy as personally to

understand Christian Annihilation, Extasy, Exolution, Transformation,

the Kiss of the Spouse, and Ingression into the Divine Shadow, according

to Mystical Theology, they have already had an handsome Anticipation of

Heaven; the World is in a manner over, and the Earth in Ashes unto them.

NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS

AND FISHES FOUND IN

NORFOLK

NOTES ON CERTAIN BIRDS FOUND IN NORFOLK.

I willingly obey your commands in setting down such birds fishes and

other animals which for many years I have observed in Norfolk.

Beside the ordinarie birds which keep constantly in the country many are

discouerable both in winter and summer which are of a migrant nature and

exchange their seats according to the season. Those which come in the

spring coming for the most part from the southward those which come in

the Autumn or winter from the northward. So that they are obserued to

come in great flocks with a north east wind and to depart with a south

west. Nor to come only in flocks of one kind butt teals woodcocks

felfars thrushes and small birds to come and light together, for the

most part some hawkes and birds of pray attending them.

The great and noble kind of Agle calld Aquila Gesneri I have not seen in

this country but one I met with in this country brought from Ireland

which I kept 2 yeares, feeding it with whelpes cattes ratts and the

like, in all that while not giving it any water which I afterwards

presented unto my worthy friend Dr Scarburgh.

Of other sorts of Agles there are severall kinds especially of the

Halyætus or fenne Agles some of 3 yards and a quarter from the

extremitie of the wings, whereof one being taken aliue grewe so tame

that it went about the yard feeding on fish redherrings flesh and any

offells without the least trouble.

There is also a lesser sort of Agle called an ospray which houers about

the fennes and broads and will dippe his claws and take up a fish

oftimes for which his foote is made of an extraordinarie roughnesse for

the better fastening and holding of it and the like they will do unto

cootes.

Aldrovandus takes particular notice of the great number of Kites about

London and about the Thames. Wee are not without them heare though not

in such numbers. There are also the gray and bald Buzzard of all which

the great number of broad waters and warrens makes no small number and

more than in woodland counties.

Cranes are often seen here in hard winters especially about the champian

and feildie part it seems they have been more plentifull for in a bill

of fare when the maior entertaind the duke of norfolk I meet with

Cranes in a dish.

In hard winters elkes a kind of wild swan are seen in no small numbers,

in whom and not in common swans is remarkable that strange recurvation

of the windpipe through the sternon, and the same is also obseruable in

cranes. Tis probable they come very farre for all the northern

discouerers have obserued them in the remotest parts and like diuers

other northern birds if the winter bee mild they commonly come no

further southward then Scotland; if very hard they go lower and seeke

more southern places. Which is the cause that sometimes wee see them not

before christmas or the hardest time of winter.

A white large and strong billd fowle called a Ganet which seemes to bee

the greater sort of Larus, whereof I met with one kild by a greyhound

neere Swaffam another in marshland while it fought and would not bee

forced to take wing, another intangled in an herring net which taken

aliue was fed with herrings for a while. It may be named Larus maior

Leucophæopterus as being white and the top of the wings browne.

In hard winters I have also met with that large and strong billd fowle

which Clusius describeth by the name of Skua Hoyeri sent him from the

Faro Island by Hoierus a physitian, one whereof was shot at Hickling

while 2 thereof were feeding upon a dead horse.

As also that large and strong billd fowle spotted like a starling which

Clusius nameth Mergus maior farroensis as frequently the Faro islands

seated above Shetland, one whereof I sent unto my worthy friend Dr

Scarburgh.

Here is also the pica marina or seapye, many sorts of Lari, seamewes and

cobs; the Larus maior in great abundance in herring time about Yarmouth.

Larus alba or puets in such plentie about Horsey that they sometimes

bring them in carts to Norwich and sell them at small rates, and the

country people make use of their egges in puddings and otherwise. Great

plentie thereof haue bred about Scoulton meere, and from thence sent to

London.

Larus cinereus greater and smaller, butt a coars meat; commonly called

sternes.

Hirundo marina or sea swallowe a neat white and forked tayle bird butt

longer then a swallowe.

The ciconia or stork I have seen in the fennes and some haue been shot

in the marshes between this and Yarmouth.

The platea or shouelard, which build upon the topps of high trees. They

haue formerly built in the Hernerie at Claxton and Reedham now at

Trimley in Suffolk. They come in March and are shot by fowlers not for

their meat butt the handsomenesse of the same, remarkable in their white

colour copped crowne and spoone or spatule like bill.

Corvus marinus, cormorants, building at Reedham upon trees from whence

King Charles the first was wont to bee supplyed. Beside the Rock

cormorant which breedeth in the rocks in northerne countries and cometh

to us in the winter, somewhat differing from the other in largenesse and

whitenesse under the wings.

A sea fowl called a shearwater, somewhat billed like a cormorant butt

much lesser a strong and feirce fowle houering about shipps when they

cleanse their fish. 2 were kept 6 weekes cramming them with fish which

they would not feed on of themselues. The seamen told mee they had kept

them 3 weekes without meat, and I giuing ouer to feed them found they

liued 16 dayes without taking any thing.

Barnacles Brants Branta are common sheldrakes sheledracus jonstoni.

Barganders a noble coloured fowle vulpanser which breed in cunny

burrowes about Norrold and other places.

Wild geese Anser ferus.

Scoch goose Anser scoticus.

Goshander. merganser.

Mergus acutirostris speciosus or Loone an handsome and specious fowle

cristated and with diuided finne feet placed very backward and after the

manner of all such which the Duch call Arsvoote. They haue a peculiar

formation in the leggebone which hath a long and sharpe processe

extending aboue the thigh bone. They come about April and breed in the

broad waters so making their nest on the water that their egges are

seldom drye while they are sett on.

Mergus acutarostris cinereus which seemeth to bee a difference of the

former.

Mergus minor the smaller diuers or dabchicks in riuers and broade

waters.

Mergus serratus the saw billd diuer bigger and longer than a duck

distinguished from other diuers by a notable sawe bill to retaine its

slipperie pray as liuing much upon eeles whereof we haue seldome fayled

to find some in their bellies.

Diuers other sorts of diuefowle more remarkable the mustela fusca and

mustela variegata the graye dunne and the variegated or partie coloured

wesell so called from the resemblance it beareth vnto a wesell in the

head.

Many sorts of wild ducks which passe under names well knowne unto the

fowlers though of no great signification as smee widgeon Arts ankers

noblets.

The most remarkable are Anas platyrinchos a remarkably broad bild duck.

And the sea phaysant holding some resemblance unto that bird in some

fethers in the tayle.

Teale Querquedula, wherein scarce any place more abounding, the

condition of the country and the very many decoys especially between

Norwich and the sea making this place very much to abound in wild fowle.

Fulicæ cottæ cootes in very great flocks upon the broad waters. Upon the

appearance of a Kite or buzzard I have seen them vnite from all parts of

the shoare in strange numbers when if the Kite stoopes neare them they

will fling up spred such a flash of water up with there wings that they

will endanger the Kite, and so keepe him of agayne and agayne in open

opposition, and an handsome prouision they make about their nest agaynst

the same bird of praye by bending and twining the rushes and reedes so

about them that they cannot stoope at their yong ones or the damme while

she setteth.

Gallinula aquatica more hens.

And a kind of Ralla aquatica or water Rayle.

An onocrotalus or pelican shott upon Horsey fenne 1663 May 22 which

stuffed and cleansed I yet retaine. It was 3 yards and half between the

extremities of the wings the chowle and beake answering the vsuall

description the extremities of the wings for a spanne deepe browne the

rest of the body white, a fowle which none could remember upon this

coast. About the same time I heard one of the kings pellicans was lost

at St James', perhaps this might bee the same.

Anas Arctica clusii which though hee placeth about the Faro Islands is

the same wee call a puffin common about Anglisea in Wales and sometimes

taken upon our seas not sufficiently described by the name of puffinus

the bill being so remarkably differing from other ducks and not

horizontally butt meridionally formed to feed in the clefts of the rocks

of insecks, shell-fish and others.

The great number of riuers riuulets and plashes of water makes hernes

and herneries to abound in these parts, yong hensies being esteemed a

festiuall dish and much desired by some palates.

The Ardea stellaris botaurus, or bitour is also common and esteemed the

better dish. In the belly of one I found a frog in an hard frost at

christmas. another I kept in a garden 2 yeares feeding it with fish mice

and frogges, in defect whereof making a scrape for sparrowes and small

birds, the bitour made shifft to maintaine herself upon them.

Bistardæ or Bustards are not vnfrequent in the champain and feildie part

of this country a large Bird accounted a dayntie dish, obseruable in the

strength of the brest bone and short heele layes an egge much larger

then a Turkey.

Morinellus or Dotterell about Thetford and the champain which comes vnto

us in September and March staying not long, and is an excellent dish.

There is also a sea dotterell somewhat lesse butt better coloured then

the former.

Godwyts taken chiefly in marshland, though other parts not without them

accounted the dayntiest dish in England and I think for the bignesse, of

the biggest price.

Gnats or Knots a small bird which taken with netts grow excessively

fatt. If being mewed and fed with corne a candle lighted in the roome

they feed day and night, and when they are at their hight of fattnesse

they beginne to grow lame and are then killed or as at their prime and

apt to decline.

Erythropus or Redshanck a bird common in the marshes and of common food

butt no dayntie dish.

A may chitt a small dark gray bird litle bigger then a stint of fatnesse

beyond any. It comes in May into marshland and other parts and abides

not aboue a moneth or 6 weekes.

Another small bird somewhat larger than a stint called a churre and is

commonly taken amongst them.

Stints in great numbers about the seashore and marshes about Stifkey

Burnham and other parts.

Pluuialis or plouer green and graye in great plentie about Thetford and

many other heaths. They breed not with us butt in some parts of

Scotland, and plentifully in Island [Iceland].

The lapwing or vannellus common ouer all the heaths.

Cuccowes of 2 sorts the one farre exceeding the other in bignesse. Some

have attempted to keepe them in warme roomes all the winter butt it hath

not succeeded. In their migration they range very farre northward for in

the summer they are to bee found as high as Island.

Avis pugnax. Ruffes a marsh bird of the greatest varietie of colours

euery one therein somewhat varying from other. The female is called a

Reeve without any ruffe about the neck, lesser then the other and hardly

to bee got. They are almost all cocks and putt together fight and

destroy each other, and prepare themselues to fight like cocks though

they seeme to haue no other offensive part butt the bill. They loose

theire Ruffes about the Autumne or beginning of winter as wee haue

obserued keeping them in a garden from may till the next spring. They

most abound in Marshland butt are also in good number in the marshes

between Norwich and Yarmouth.

Of picus martius or woodspeck many kinds. The green the Red the

Leucomelanus or neatly marked black and white and the cinereus or dunne

calld little [bird calld] a nuthack, remarkable in the larger are the

hardnesse of the bill and skull and the long nerues which tend vnto the

tongue whereby it strecheth out the tongue aboue an inch out of the

mouth and so licks up insecks. They make the holes in trees without any

consideration of the winds or quarters of heauen butt as the rottenesse

thereof best affordeth conuenience.

Black heron black on both sides the bottom of the neck white gray on the

outside spotted all along with black on the inside a black coppe of

small feathers some a spanne long, bill poynted and yallowe 3 inches

long.

Back heron coloured intermixed with long white fethers.

The flying fethers black.

The brest black and white most black.

The legges and feet not green but an ordinarie dark cork colour.

The number of riuulets becks and streames whose banks are beset with

willowes and Alders which giue occasion of easier fishing and slooping

to the water makes that handsome coulered bird abound which is calld

Alcedo Ispida or the King fisher. They bild in holes about grauell pitts

wherein is to bee found great quantitie of small fish bones. and lay

very handsome round and as it were polished egges.

An Hobby bird so calld becaus it comes in ether with or a litle before

the Hobbies in the spring, of the bignesse of a Thrush coloured and

paned like an hawke maruellously subiet to the vertigo and are

sometimes taken in those fitts.

Upupa or Hoopebird so named from its note a gallant marked bird which I

have often seen and tis not hard to shoote them.

Ringlestones a small white and black bird like a wagtayle and seemes to

bee some kind of motacilla marina common about Yarmouth sands. They lay

their egges in the sand and shingle about June and as the eryngo diggers

tell mee not sett them flat butt upright like egges in salt.

The Arcuata or curlewe frequent about the sea coast.

There is also an handsome tall bird Remarkably eyed and with a bill not

aboue 2 inches long commonly calld a stone curlewe butt the note thereof

more resembleth that of a green plouer and breeds about Thetford about

the stones and shingle of the Riuers.

Auoseta calld shoohinghorne a tall black and white bird with a bill

semicircularly reclining or bowed upward so that it is not easie to

conceiue how it can feed answerable vnto the Auoseta Italorum in

Aldrovandus a summer marsh bird and not unfrequent in Marshland.

A yarwhelp so thought to bee named from its note a gray bird

intermingled with some whitish fethers somewhat long legged and the bill

about an inch and half. Esteemed a dayntie dish.

Loxias or curuirostra a bird a litle bigger than a Thrush of fine

colours and prittie note differently from other birds, the upper and

lower bill crossing each other, of a very tame nature, comes about the

beginning of summer. I have known them kept in cages butt not to outliue

the winter.

A kind of coccothraustes calld a coble bird bigger than a Thrush,

finely coloured and shaped like a Bunting it is chiefly seen in su[=m]er

about cherrie time.

A small bird of prey calld a birdcatcher about the bignesse of a Thrush

and linnet coloured with a longish white bill and sharpe of a very

feirce and wild nature though kept in a cage and fed with flesh. A kind

of Lanius.

A Dorhawke or kind of Accipiter muscarius conceiued to haue its name

from feeding upon flies and beetles, of a woodcock colour but paned like

an Hawke a very litle poynted bill, large throat, breedeth with us and

layes a maruellous handsome spotted egge. Though I haue opened many I

could neuer find anything considerable in their mawes. Caprimulgus.

Auis Trogloditica or Chock a small bird mixed of black and white and

breeding in cony borrouges whereof the warrens are full from April to

September, at which time they leaue the country. They are taken with an

Hobby and a net and are a very good dish.

Spermologus. Rookes which by reason of the great quantitie of corn

feilds and Rooke groues are in great plentie the yong ones are commonly

eaten sometimes sold in Norwich market and many are killd for their

Liuers in order to cure of the Rickets.

Crowes as euerywhere and also the coruus variegatus or pyed crowe with

dunne and black interchangeably, they come in the winter and depart in

the summer and seeme to bee the same which Clusius discribeth in the

Faro Islands from whence perhaps these come, and I have seen them very

common in Ireland, butt not known in many parts of England.

Coruus maior Rauens in good plentie about the citty which makes so few

Kites to bee seen hereabout, they build in woods very early and lay

egges in Februarie.

Among the many monedulas or Jackdawes I could neuer in these parts

obserue the pyrrhocorax or cornish chough with red leggs and bill to bee

commonly seen in Cornwall, and though there bee heere very great store

of partridges yet the french Red legged partridge is not to bee met

with. The Ralla or Rayle wee haue counted a dayntie dish, as also no

small number of Quayles. The Heathpoult common in the north is vnknown

heere as also the Grous, though I haue heard some haue been seen about

Lynne. The calandrier or great great crested lark Galerita I haue not

met with heere though with 3 other sorts of Larkes the ground lark

woodlark and titlark.

Stares or starlings in great numbers, most remarkable in their numerous

flocks which I haue obserued about the Autumne when they roost at night

in the marshes in safe places upon reeds and alders, which to obserue I

went to the marshes about sunne set, where standing by their vsuall

place of resort I obserued very many flocks flying from all quarters,

which in lesse than an howers space came all in and settled in

innumerable numbers in a small compasse.

Great varietie of finches and other small birds whereof one very small

calld a whinne bird marked with fine yellow spotts and lesser than a

wren. There is also a small bird called a chipper somewhat resembling

the former which comes in the spring and feeds upon the first buddings

of birches and other early trees.

A kind of Anthus Goldfinch or fooles coat commonly calld a drawe water,

finely marked with red and yellowe and a white bill, which they take

with trap cages in Norwich gardens and fastning a chaine about them

tyed to a box of water it makes a shift with bill and legge to draw up

the water unto it from the litle pot hanging by the chaine about a foote

belowe.

On the xiiii of May 1664 a very rare bird was sent mee kild about

Crostwick which seemed to bee some kind of Jay. The bill was black

strong and bigger then a Jayes somewhat yellowe clawes tippd black, 3

before and one clawe behind the whole bird not so bigge as a Jaye.

The head neck and throat of a violet colour the back upper parts of the

wing of a russet yellowe the fore and part of the wing azure succeeded

downward by a greenish blewe then on the flying feathers bright blewe

the lower parts of the wing outwardly of a browne inwardly of a merry

blewe the belly a light faynt blewe the back toward the tayle of a

purple blewe the tayle eleuen fethers of a greenish coulour the

extremities of the outward fethers thereof white wth an eye of greene.

Garrulus Argentoratensis.

NOTES ON CERTAIN FISHES AND MARINE ANIMALS FOUND IN NORFOLK.

It may well seeme no easie matter to giue any considerable account of

fishes and animals of the sea wherein tis sayd that there are things

creeping innumerable both small and great beasts because they liue in an

element wherein they are not so easely discouerable. Notwithstanding

probable it is that after this long nauigation search of the ocean bayes

creeks Estuaries and riuers there is scarce any fish butt hath been seen

by some man, for the large and breathing sort thereof do sometimes

discouer themselues aboue water and the other are in such numbers that

some at one time or other they are discouered and taken, euen the most

barbarous nations being much addicted to fishing: and in America and the

new discouered world the people were well acquantd with fishes of sea

and rivers, and the fishes thereof haue been since described by

industrious writers.

Pliny seemes to short in the estimate of their number in the ocean, who

recons up butt one hundred and seventie six species; butt the seas being

now farther known and searched Bellonius much enlargeth, and in his

booke of Birds thus deliuereth himself allthough I think it impossible

to reduce the same vnto a certain number yet I may freelie say that tis

beyond the power of man to find out more than fiue hundred sorts of

fishes, three hundred sorts of birds, more than three hundred sorts of

fourfoted animalls and fortie diversities of serpents.

Of fishes sometimes the larger sort are taken or come ashoar. A

spermaceti whale of 62 foote long neere Welles, another of the same kind

20 yeares before at Hunstanton, and not farre of 8 or nine came ashoare

and 2 had yong ones after they were forsaken by ye water.

A grampus aboue 16 foot long taken at Yarmouth 4 yeares agoe.

The Tursio or porpose is common, the Dolphin more rare though sometimes

taken which many confound with the porpose, butt it hath a more waued

line along the skinne sharper toward ye tayle the head longer and nose

more extended which maketh good the figure of Rondeletius; the flesh

more red and well cooked of very good taste to most palates and

exceedeth that of porpose.

The vitulus marinus seacalf or seale which is often taken sleeping on

the shoare. 5 yeares agoe one was shot in the riuer of Norwich about

Surlingham ferry having continued in the riuer for diuers moneths before

being an Amphibious animal it may bee caryed about aliue and kept long

if it can bee brought to feed. Some haue been kept many moneths in

ponds. The pizzell the bladder the cartilago ensiformis the figure of

the Throttle the clusterd and racemous forme of the kidneys the flat and

compressed heart are remarkable in it. In stomaks of all that I have

opened I have found many wormes.

I haue also obserued a scolopendra cetacea of about ten foot long

answering to the figure in Rondeletius which the mariners told me was

taken in these seas.

A pristes or serra saw fish taken about Lynne commonly mistaken for a

sword fish and answers the figure in Rondeletius.

A sword fish or Xiphias or Gladius intangled in the Herring netts at

Yarmouth agreable unto the Icon in Johnstonus with a smooth sword not

vnlike the Gladius of Rondeletius about a yard and half long, no teeth,

eyes very remarkable enclosed in an hard cartilaginous couercle about ye

bignesse of a good apple. ye vitreous humor plentifull the crystalline

larger then a nutmegge remaining cleare sweet and vntainted when the

rest of the eye was vnder a deepe corruption wch wee kept clear and

limpid many moneths vntill an hard frost split it and manifested the

foliations thereof.

It is not vnusuall to take seuerall sorts of canis or doggefishes great

and small which pursue the shoale of herrings and other fish, butt this

yeare 1662 one was taken intangled in the Herring netts about 9 foot in

length, answering the last figure of Johnstonus lib 7 vnder the name of

_canis carcherias alter_ and was by the teeth and 5 gills one kind of

shark particularly remarkable in the vastnesse of the optick nerves and

3 conicall hard pillars which supported the extraordinarie elevated nose

which wee haue reserued with the scull; the seamen called this kind a

scrape.

Sturio or Sturgeon so common on the other side of the sea about the

mouth of the Elbe come seldome into our creekes though some haue been

taken at Yarmouth and more in the great Owse by Lynne butt their heads

not so sharpe as represented in the Icons of Rondeletius and Johnstonus.

Sometimes wee meet with a mola or moonefish so called from some

resemblance it hath of a crescent in the extreme part of the body from

one finne unto another one being taken neere the shoare at Yarmouth

before breake of day seemed to shiuer and grunt like an hogge as Authors

deliuer of it, the flesh being hard and neruous it is not like to afford

a good dish butt from the Liuer which is large white and tender somewhat

may bee expected; the gills of these fishes wee found thick beset with a

kind of sea-lowse. In the yeare 1667 a mola was taken at Monsley which

weighed 2 hundred pound.

The Rana piscatrix or frogge fish is sometimes found in a very large

magnitude and wee haue taken the care to haue them clend and stuffed,

wherein wee obserued all the appendices whereby they cach fishes butt

much larger then are discribed in the Icons of Johnstonus tab xi fig 8.

The sea wolf or Lupus nostras of Schoneueldus remarkable for its spotted

skinne and notable teeth incisors Dogteeth and grinders the dogteeth

both in the jawes and palate scarce answerable by any fish of that bulk

for the like disposure strength and soliditie.

Mustela marina called by some a wesell ling which salted and dryed

becomes a good Lenten dish.

A Lump or Lumpus Anglorum so named by Aldrouandus by some esteemed a

festiuall dish though it affordeth butt a glutinous jellie and the

skinne is beset with stony knobs after no certaine order. Ours most

answereth the first figure in the xiii table of Johnstonus butt seemes

more round and arcuated then that figure makes it.

Before the herrings there commonly cometh a fish about a foot long by

the fishman called an horse resembling in all poynts the Trachurus of

Rondeletius of a mixed shape between a mackerell and an herring,

obseruable from its greene eyes rarely skye colored back after it is

kept a day, and an oblique bony line running on ye outside from the

gills vnto ye tayle. A drye and hard dish butt makes an handsome

picture.

The Rubelliones or Rochets butt thinly met with on this coast, the

gornart cuculus or Lyræ species more often which they seldome eat butt

bending the back and spredding the finnes into a liuely posture do hang

up in their howses.

Beside the common mullus or mullet there is another not vnfrequent which

some call a cunny fish butt rather a red muellett of a flosculous redde

and somewhat rough on the scales answering the discription of Icon of

Rondeletius vnder the name of mullus ruber asper butt not the tast of

the vsually knowne mullet as affording butt a drye and leane bitt.

Seuerall sorts of fishes there are which do or may beare the names of

seawoodcocks as the Acus maior scolopax and saurus. The saurus wee

sometimes meet with yonge. Rondeletius confesseth it a very rare fish

somewhat resembling the Acus or needlefish before and a makerell

behind. Wee have kept one dryed many yeares agoe.

The Acus maior calld by some a garfish and greenback answering the

figure of Rondeletius under the name of Acus prima species remarkable

for its quadrangular figure and verdigreece green back bone.

A lesser sort of Acus maior or primæ specæei wee meet with much shorter

then the common garfish and in taking out the spine wee found it not

green as in the greater and much answering the saurus of Rondeletius.

A scolopax or sea woodcock of Rondeletius was giuen mee by a seaman of

these seas, about 3 inches long and seemes to bee one kind of Acus or

needlefish answering the discription of Rondeletius.

The Acus of Aristotle lesser thinner corticated and sexangular by diuers

calld an addercock and somewhat resembling a snake ours more plainly

finned then Rondeletius discribeth it.

A little corticated fish about 3 or 4 inches long, ours answering that

which is named piscis octangularis by Wormius, cataphractus by

Schoneueldeus; octagonius versus caput, versus caudam hexagonius.

The faber marinus sometimes found very large answering the figure of

Rondeletius, which though hee mentioneth as a rare fish and to be found

in the Atlantick and Gaditane ocean yet wee often meet with it in these

seas commonly calld a peterfish hauing one black spot on ether side the

body conceued the perpetuall signature from the impression of St Peters

fingers or to resemble the 2 peeces of money which St Peter tooke out of

this fish remarkable also from its disproportionable mouth and many hard

prickles about other parts.

A kind of scorpius marinus a rough prickly and monstrous headed fish 6 8

or 12 inches long answerable vnto the figure of Schoneueldeus.

A sting fish wiuer or kind of ophidion or Araneus slender, narrowe

headed about 4 inches long with a sharpe small prickly finne along the

back which often venemouslv pricketh the hands of fishermen.

Aphia cobites marina or sea Loche.

Blennus a sea millars thumb.

Funduli marini sea gogions.

Alosæ or chads to bee met with about Lynne.

Spinachus or smelt in greatest plentie about Lynne butt where they haue

also a small fish calld a primme answering in tast and shape a smelt and

perhaps are butt the yonger sort thereof.

Aselli or cods of seuerall sorts. Asellus albus or whitings in great

plentie. Asellus niger carbonarius or coale fish. Asellus minor

Schoneueldei, callarias Pliny, or Haydocks with many more also a weed

fish somewhat like an haydock butt larger and dryer meat. A Basse also

much resembling a flatter kind of Cod.

Scombri are makerells in greate plentie a dish much desired butt if as

Rondeletius affirmeth they feed upon sea starres and squalders there may

bee some doubt whether their flesh bee without some ill qualitie.

Sometimes they are of a very large size and one was taken this yeare

1668 which was by measure an ell long and of the length of a good

salmon, at Lestoffe.

Herrings departed sprats or sardæ not long after succeed in great

plentie which are taken with smaller nets and smoakd and dryed like

herrings become a sapid bitt and vendible abroad.

Among these are found Bleakes or bliccæ a thinne herring like fishe

which some will also think to bee young herrings. And though the sea

aboundeth not with pilchards, yet they are commonly taken among

herrings, butt few esteeme thereof or eat them.

Congers are not so common on these coasts as on many seas about England,

butt are often found upon the north coast of Norfolk, and in frostie

wether left in pulks and plashes upon the ebbe of the sea.

The sand eels Anglorum of Aldrouandus, or Tobianus of Schoneueldeus

commonly called smoulds taken out of the sea sands with forks and rakes

about Blakeney and Burnham a small round slender fish about 3 or 4

inches long as bigge as a small Tobacco pipe a very dayntie dish.

Pungitius marinus or sea bausticle hauing a prickle one each side the

smallest fish of the sea about an inch long sometimes drawne ashoare

with netts together with weeds and pargaments of the sea.

Many sorts of flat fishes. The pastinaca oxyrinchus with a long and

strong aculeus in the tayle conceued of speciall venome and virtues.

Severall sorts of Raia's skates and Thornebacks the Raia clauata

oxyrinchus, raia oculata, aspera, spinosa fullonica.

The great Rhombus or Turbot aculeatus and leuis.

The passer or place.

Butts of various kinds.

The passer squamosus Bret Bretcock and skulls comparable in taste and

delicacy vnto the soale.

The Buglossus solea or soale plana and oculata as also the Lingula or

small soale all in very great plentie.

Sometimes a fish aboue half a yard long like a butt or soale called

asprage which I haue known taken about Cromer.

Sepia or cuttle fish and great plentie of the bone or shellie substance

which sustaineth the whole bulk of that soft fishe found commonly on the

shoare.

The Loligo sleue or calamar found often upon the shoare from head to

tayle sometimes aboue an ell long, remarkable for its parretlike bill,

the gladiolus or calamus along the back and the notable crystallyne of

the eye which equalleth if not exceedeth the lustre of orientall pearle.

A polypus another kind of the mollia sometimes wee haue met with.

Lobsters in great number about Sheringham and Cromer from whence all the

country is supplyed.

Astacus marinus pediculi marini facie found also in that place, with the

aduantage of ye long foreclawes about 4 inches long.

Crabs large and well tasted found also in the same coast.

Another kind of crab taken for cancer fluuiatilis litle slender and of a

very quick motion found in the Riuer running through Yarmouth, and in

Bliburgh riuer.

Oysters exceeding large about Burnham and Hunstanton like those of Poole

St Mallowes or Ciuita Vechia whereof many are eaten rawe the shells

being broakin with cleuers the greater part pickled and sent weekly to

London and other parts.

Mituli or muscles in great quantitie as also chams or cochles about

Stiskay and the northwest coast.

Pectines pectunculi varij or scallops of the lesser sort.

Turbines or smaller wilks, leues, striati, as also Trochi, Trochili, or

scaloppes finely variegated and pearly. Lewise purpuræ minores,

nerites, cochleæ, Tellinæ.

Lepades, patellæ Limpets, of an vniualue shell wherein an animal like a

snayle cleauing fast unto the rocks.

Solenes cappe lunge venetorum commonly a razor fish the shell thereof

dentalia.

Dentalia by some called pinpaches because pinmeat thereof is taken out

with a pinne or needle.

Cancellus Turbinum et neritis Barnard the Hermite of Rondeletius a kind

of crab or astacus liuing in a forsaken wilk or nerites.

Echinus echinometrites sea hedghogge whose neat shells are common on the

shoare the fish aliue often taken by the dragges among the oysters.

Balani a smaller sort of vniualue growing commonly in clusters, the

smaller kinds thereof to bee found oftimes upon oysters wilks and

lobsters.

Concha anatifera or Ansifera or Barnicleshell whereof about 4 yeares

past were found upon the shoare no small number by Yarmouth hanging by

slender strings of a kind of Alga vnto seuerall splinters or cleauings

of firre boards vnto which they were seuerally fastned and hanged like

ropes of onyons: their shell flat and of a peculiar forme differing from

other shelles, this being of four diuisions, containing a small

imperfect animal at the lower part diuided into many shootes or streames

which prepossed spectators fancy to bee the rudiment of the tayle of

some goose or duck to bee produced from it; some whereof in ye shell and

some taken out and spred upon paper we shall keepe by us.

Stellæ marinæ or sea starres in great plentie especially about

Yarmouth. Whether they bee bred out of the vrticæ squalders or sea

gellies as many report wee cannot confirme butt the squalderes in the

middle seeme to haue some lines or first draughts not unlike. Our

starres exceed not 5 poynts though I haue heard that some with more haue

been found about Hunstanton and Burnham, where are also found stellæ

marinæ testacæ or handsome crusted and brittle sea starres much lesse.

The pediculus and culex marinus the sea lowse and flie are also no

strangeres.

Physsalus Rondeletij or eruca marina physsaloides according to the icon

of Rondeletius of very orient green and purple bristles.

Urtica marina of diuers kinds some whereof called squalderes, of a

burning and stinging qualitie if rubbed in the hand; the water thereof

may afford a good cosmetick.

Another elegant sort that is often found cast up by shoare in great

numbers about the bignesse of a button cleere and welted and may bee

called fibula marina crystallina.

Hirudines marini or sea Leaches.

Vermes marini very large wormes digged a yarde deepe out of the sands at

the ebbe for bayt. Tis known where they are to be found by a litle flat

ouer them on the surface of the sand; as also vermes in tubulis

testacei. Also Tethya or sea dugges some whereof resemble fritters the

vesicaria marina also and fanago sometimes very large conceaued to

proceed from some testaceous animals, and particularly from the purpura

butt ours more probably from other testaceous wee hauing not met with

any large purpura upon this coast.

Many riuer fishes also and animals. Salmon no common fish in our riuers

though many are taken in the Owse, in the Bure or north riuer, in ye

Waueney or south riuer, in ye Norwich river butt seldome and in the

winter butt 4 yeares ago 15 were taken at Trowes mill in Xtmas, whose

mouths were stuck with small wormes or horsleaches no bigger than fine

threads. Some of these I kept in water 3 moneths: if a few drops of

blood were putt to the water they would in a litle time looke red. They

sensibly grewe bigger then I first found them and were killed by an hard

froast freezing the water. Most of our Salmons haue a recurued peece of

flesh in the end of the lower iawe which when they shutt there mouths

deepely enters the upper, as Scaliger hath noted in some.

The Riuers lakes and broads abound in the Lucius or pikes of very large

size where also is found the Brama or Breme large and well tasted the

Tinca or Tench the Rubecula Roach as also Rowds and Dare or Dace perca

or pearch great and small: whereof such as are in Braden on this side

Yarmouth in the mixed water make a dish very dayntie and I think scarce

to bee bettered in England. Butt the Blea[k] the chubbe the barbell to

bee found in diuers other Riuers in England I haue not obserued in

these. As also fewer mennowes then in many other riuers.

The Trutta or trout the Gammarus or crawfish butt scarce in our riuers

butt frequently taken in the Bure or north riuer and in the seuerall

branches thereof, and very remarkable large crawfishes to bee found in

the riuer which runnes by Castleaker and Nerford.

The Aspredo perca minor and probably the cernua of Cardan commonly

called a Ruffe in great plentie in Norwich Riuers and euen in the

streame of the citty, which though Camden appropriates vnto this citty

yet they are also found in the riuers of Oxforde and Cambridge.

Lampetra Lampries great and small found plentifully in Norwich riuer and

euen in the Citty about May whereof some are very large and well cooked

are counted a dayntie bitt collard up butt especially in pyes.

Mustela fluuiatilis or eele poult to bee had in Norwich riuer and

between it and Yarmouth as also in the riuers of marshland resembling an

eele and a cod, a very good dish and the Liuer thereof well answers the

commendations of the Ancients.

Godgions or funduli fluuiatiles, many whereof may bee taken within the

Riuer in the citty.

Capitones fluuiatilis or millers thumbs, pungitius fluuiatilis or

stanticles. Aphia cobites fluuiatilis or Loches. In Norwich riuers in

the runnes about Heueningham heath in the north riuer and streames

thereof.

Of eeles the common eele and the glot which hath somewhat a different

shape in the bignesse of the head and is affirmed to have yong ones

often found within it, and wee haue found a vterus in the same somewhat

answering the icon thereof in Senesinus.

Carpiones carpes plentifull in ponds and sometimes large ones in broads:

2 the largest I euer beheld were taken in Norwich Riuer.

Though the woods and dryelands abound with adders and vipers yet there

are few snakes about our riuers or meadowes, more to bee found in Marsh

land; butt ponds and plashes abound in Lizards or swifts.

The Gryllotalpa or fencricket common in fenny places butt wee haue met

with them also in dry places dung-hills and church yards of this citty.

Beside horseleaches and periwinkles in plashes and standing waters we

haue met with vermes setacei or hardwormes butt could neuer conuert

horsehayres into them by laying them in water: as also the great

Hydrocantharus or black shining water Beetle the forficula, sqilla,

corculum and notonecton that swimmeth on its back.

Camden reports that in former time there haue been Beuers in the Riuer

of Cardigan in Wales. This wee are to sure of that the Riuers great

Broads and carres afford great store of otters with us, a great

destroyer of fish as feeding butt from ye vent downewards, not free from

being a prey it self for their yong ones haue been found in Buzzards

nests. They are accounted no bad dish by many, are to bee made very tame

and in some howses haue serued for turnespitts.

ON THE OSTRICH.

The ostrich hath a compounded name in Greek and

Latin--_Struthio-Camelus_, borrowed from a bird and a beast, as being a

feathered and biped animal, yet in some ways like a camel; somewhat in

the long neck; somewhat in the foot; and, as some imagine, from a

camel-like position in the part of generation.

It is accounted the largest and tallest of any winged and feathered

fowl; taller than the gruen or cassowary. This ostrich, though a female,

was about seven feet high, and some of the males were higher, either

exceeding or answerable unto the stature of the great porter unto king

Charles the First. The weight was a[370] [ ] in grocer's scales.

[370] Undecipherable in the original.

Whosoever shall compare or consider together the ostrich and the

tomineio, or humbird, not weighing twelve grains, may easily discover

under what compass or latitude the creation of birds hath been ordained.

The head is not large, but little in proportion to the whole body. And,

therefore, Julius Scaliger, when he mentioned birds of large heads

(comparatively unto their bodies), named the sparrow, the owl, and the

woodpecker; and, reckoning up birds of small heads, instanceth in the

hen, the peacock, and the ostrich.

The head is looked upon by discerning spectators to resemble that of a

goose rather than any kind of +strouthos+, or _passer_: and so

may be more properly called _cheno-camelus_, or _ansero-camelus_.

There is a handsome figure of an ostrich in Mr. Willoughby's and Ray's

_Ornithologia_: another in Aldrovandus and Jonstonus, and Bellonius; but

the heads not exactly agreeing. 'Rostrum habet exiguum, sed acutum,'

saith Jonstoun; 'un long bec et poinctu,' saith Bellonius; men

describing such as they have an opportunity to see, and perhaps some the

ostriches of very different countries, wherein, as in some other birds,

there may be some variety.

In Africa, where some eat elephants, it is no wonder that some also feed

upon ostriches. They flay them with their feathers on, which they sell,

and eat the flesh. But Galen and physicians have condemned that flesh,

as hard and indigestible. The emperor Heliogabalus had a fancy for the

brains, when he brought six hundred ostriches' heads to one supper, only

for the brains' sake; yet Leo Africanus saith that he ate of young

ostriches among the Numidians with a good gust; and, perhaps, boiled,

and well cooked, after the art of Apicius, with peppermint, dates, and

other good things, they might go down with some stomachs.

I do not find that the strongest eagles, or best-spirited hawks, will

offer at these birds; yet, if there were such gyrfalcons as Julius

Scaliger saith the duke of Savoy and Henry, king of Navarre, had, it is

like they would strike at them, and, making at the head, would spoil

them, or so disable them, that they might be taken.

If these had been brought over in June, it is, perhaps, likely we might

have met with eggs in some of their bellies, whereof they lay very many:

but they are the worst of eggs for food, yet serviceable unto many other

uses in their country; for, being cut transversely, they serve for

drinking cups and skull-caps; and, as I have seen, there are large

circles of them, and some painted and gilded, which hang up in Turkish

mosques, and also in Greek churches. They are preserved with us for

rarities; and, as they come to be common, some use will be found of them

in physic, even as of other eggshells and other such substances.

When it first came into my garden, it soon ate up all the gilliflowers,

tulip-leaves, and fed greedily upon what was green, as lettuce, endive,

sorrell; it would feed on oats, barley, peas, beans; swallow onions; eat

sheep's lights and livers.--Then you mention what you know more.

When it took down a large onion, it stuck awhile in the gullet, and did

not descend directly, but wound backward behind the neck; whereby I

might perceive that the gullet turned much; but this is not peculiar

unto the ostrich; but the same hath been observed in the stork, when it

swallows down frogs and pretty big bits.

It made sometimes a strange noise; had a very odd note, especially in

the morning, and, perhaps, when hungry.

According to Aldrovandus, some hold that there is an antipathy between

it and a horse, which an ostrich will not endure to see or be near; but,

while I kept it, I could not confirm this opinion; which might, perhaps,

be raised because a common way of hunting and taking them is by swift

horses.

It is much that Cardanus should be mistaken with a great part of men,

that the coloured and dyed feathers of ostriches were natural; as red,

blue, yellow, and green; whereas, the natural colours in this bird were

white and greyish. Of the fashion of wearing feathers in battles or wars

by men, and women, see Scaliger, _Contra Cardan. Exercitat. 220_.

If wearing of feather-fans should come up again, it might much increase

the trade of plumage from Barbary. Bellonius saith he saw two hundred

skins with the feathers on in one shop of Alexandria.

BOULIMIA CENTENARIA.

There is a woman now living in Yarmouth, named Elizabeth Michell, an

hundred and two years old; a person of four feet and half high, very

lean, very poor, and living in a mean room with pitiful accommodation.

She had a son after she was past fifty. Though she answers well enough

unto ordinary questions, yet she apprehends her eldest daughter to be

her mother; but what is most remarkable concerning her is a kind of

_boulimia_ or dog-appetite; she greedily eating day and night what her

allowance, friends, and charitable persons afford her, drinking beer or

water, and making little distinction or refusal of any food, either of

broths, flesh, fish, apples, pears, and any coarse food, which she

eateth in no small quantity, insomuch that the overseers of the poor

have of late been fain to augment her weekly allowance. She sleeps

indifferently well, till hunger awakes her; then she must have no

ordinary supply whether in the day or night. She vomits not, nor is very

laxative. This is the oldest example of the _sal esurinum chymicorum_,

which I have taken notice of; though I am ready to afford my charity

unto her, yet I should be loth to spend a piece of ambergris I have upon

her, and to allow six grains to every dose till I found some effect in

moderating her appetite: though that be esteemed a great specific in her

condition.

UPON THE DARK THICK MIST HAPPENING ON THE 27TH OF NOVEMBER, 1674.

Though it be not strange to see frequent mists, clouds, and rains, in

England, as many ancient describers of this country have noted, yet I

could not but take notice of a very great mist which happened upon the

27th of the last November, and from thence have taken this occasion to

propose something of mists, clouds, and rains, unto your candid

considerations.

Herein mists may well deserve the first place, as being, if not the

first in nature, yet the first meteor mentioned in Scripture, and soon

after the creation, for it is said, Gen. ii. that 'God had not yet

caused it to rain upon the earth, but a mist went up from the earth, and

watered the whole face of the ground,' for it might take a longer time

for the elevation of vapours sufficient to make a congregation of clouds

able to afford any store of showers and rain in so early days of the

world.

Thick vapours, not ascending high but hanging about the earth and

covering the surface of it, are commonly called mists; if they ascend

high they are called clouds. They remain upon the earth till they either

fall down or are attenuated, rarified, and scattered.

The great mist was not only observable about London, but in remote parts

of England, and as we hear, in Holland, so that it was of larger extent

than mists are commonly apprehended to be; most men conceiving that they

reach not much beyond the places where they behold them. Mists make an

obscure air, but they beget not darkness, for the atoms and particles

thereof admit the light, but if the matter thereof be very thick, close,

and condensed, the mist grows considerably obscure and like a cloud, so

the miraculous and palpable darkness of Egypt is conceived to have been

effected by an extraordinary dense and dark mist or a kind of cloud

spread over the land of Egypt, and also miraculously restrained from the

neighbour land of Goshen.

Mists and fogs, containing commonly vegetable spirits, when they

dissolve and return upon the earth, may fecundate and add some fertility

unto it, but they may be more unwholesome in great cities than in

country habitations: for they consist of vapours not only elevated from

simple watery and humid places, but also the exhalations of draughts,

common sewers, and foetid places, and decoctions used by unwholesome

and sordid manufactures: and also hindering the sea-coal smoke from

ascending and passing away, it is conjoined with the mist and drawn in

by the breath, all which may produce bad effects, inquinate the blood,

and produce catarrhs and coughs. Sereins, well known in hot countries,

cause headache, toothache, and swelled faces; but they seem to have

their original from subtle, invisible, nitrous, and piercing

exhalations, caused by a strong heat of the sun, which falling after

sunset produce the effects mentioned.

There may be also subterraneous mists, when heat in the bowels of the

earth, working upon humid parts, makes an attenuation thereof and

consequently nebulous bodies in the cavities of it.

There is a kind of a continued mist in the bodies of animals,

especially in the cavous parts, as may be observed in bodies opened

presently after death, and some think that in sleep there is a kind of

mist in the brain; and upon exceeding motion some animals cast out a

mist about them.

When the cuttle fish, polypus, or loligo, make themselves invisible by

obscuring the water about them; they do it not by any vaporous emission,

but by a black humour ejected, which makes the water black and dark near

them: but upon excessive motion some animals are able to afford a mist

about them, when the air is cool and fit to condense it, as horses after

a race, so that they become scarce visible.

ACCOUNT OF A THUNDER STORM AT NORWICH, 1665.

_June 28, 1665._

After seven o'clock in the evening there was almost a continued thunder

until eight, wherein the _tonitru_ and _fulgur_, the noise and

lightning, were so terrible, that they put the whole city into an

amazement, and most unto their prayers. The clouds went low, and the

cracks seemed near over our heads during the most part of the thunder.

About eight o'clock, an _ignis fulmineus_, _pila ignea fulminans_,

_telum igneum fulmineum_, or fire-ball, hit against the little wooden

pinnacle of the high leucome window of my house, toward the

market-place, broke the flue boards, and carried pieces thereof a

stone's cast off; whereupon many of the tiles fell into the street, and

the windows in adjoining houses were broken. At the same time either a

part of that close-bound fire, or another of the same nature, fell into

the court-yard, and whereof no notice was taken till we began to examine

the house, and then we found a freestone on the outside of the wall of

the entry leading to the kitchen, half a foot from the ground, fallen

from the wall; a hole as big as a foot-ball bored through the wall,

which is about a foot thick, and a chest which stood against it, on the

inside, split and carried about a foot from the wall. The wall also,

behind the leaden cistern, at five yards distance from it, broken on the

inside and outside; the middle seeming entire. The lead on the edges of

the cistern turned a little up; and a great washing-bowl, that stood by

it, to recover the rain, turned upside down, and split quite through.

Some chimneys and tiles were struck down in other parts of the city. A

fire-ball also struck down the wall in the market-place. And all this,

God be thanked! without mischief unto any person. The greatest terror

was from the noise, answerable unto two or three cannon. The smell it

left was strong, like that after the discharge of a cannon. The balls

that flew were not like fire in the flame, but the coal; and the people

said it was like the sun. It was _discutiens, terebrans_, but not

_urens_. It burnt nothing, nor any thing it touched smelt of fire; nor

melted any lead of window or cistern, as I found it do in the great

storm, about nine years ago, at Melton-hall, four miles off, at that

time when the hail broke three thousand pounds worth of glass in

Norwich, in half-a-quarter of an hour. About four days after, the like

fulminous fire killed a man in Erpingham church, by Aylsham, upon whom

it broke, and beat down divers which were within the wind of it. One

also went off in Sir John Hobart's gallery, at Blickling. He was so near

that his arm and thigh were numbed about an hour after. Two or three

days after, a woman and horse were killed near Bungay; her hat so

shivered that no piece remained bigger than a groat, whereof I had some

pieces sent unto me. Granades, crackers, and squibs, do much resemble

the discharge, and _aurum fulminans_ the fury thereof. Of other

thunderbolts or _lapides fulminei_, I have little opinion. Some I have

by me under that name, but they are _è genere fossilium_.

THOMAS BROWNE.

_Norwich_, 1665.

ON DREAMS.

Half our days we pass in the shadow of the earth; and the brother of

death exacteth a third part of our lives. A good part of our sleep is

peered out with visions and fantastical objects, wherein we are

confessedly deceived. The day supplieth us with truths; the night with

fictions and falsehoods, which uncomfortably divide the natural account

of our beings. And, therefore, having passed the day in sober labours

and rational enquiries of truth, we are fain to betake ourselves unto

such a state of being, wherein the soberest heads have acted all the

monstrosities of melancholy, and which unto open eyes are no better than

folly and madness.

Happy are they that go to bed with grand music, like Pythagoras, or have

ways to compose the fantastical spirit, whose unruly wanderings take off

inward sleep, filling our heads with St. Anthony's visions, and the

dreams of Lipara in the sober chambers of rest.

Virtuous thoughts of the day lay up good treasures for the night;

whereby the impressions of imaginary forms arise into sober similitudes,

acceptable unto our slumbering selves and preparatory unto divine

impressions. Hereby Solomon's sleep was happy. Thus prepared, Jacob

might well dream of angels upon a pillow of stone. And the best sleep of

Adam might be the best of any after.

That there should be divine dreams seems unreasonably doubted by

Aristotle. That there are demoniacal dreams we have little reason to

doubt. Why may there not be angelical? If there be guardian spirits,

they may not be inactively about us in sleep; but may sometimes order

our dreams: and many strange hints, instigations, or discourses, which

are so amazing unto us, may arise from such foundations.

But the phantasms of sleep do commonly walk in the great road of natural

and animal dreams, wherein the thoughts or actions of the day are acted

over and echoed in the night. Who can therefore wonder that Chrysostom

should dream of St. Paul, who daily read his epistles; or that Cardan,

whose head was so taken up about the stars, should dream that his soul

was in the moon! Pious persons, whose thoughts are daily busied about

heaven, and the blessed state thereof, can hardly escape the nightly

phantasms of it, which though sometimes taken for illuminations, or

divine dreams, yet rightly perpended may prove but animal visions, and

natural night-scenes of their awaking contemplations.

Many dreams are made out by sagacious exposition, and from the signature

of their subjects; carrying their interpretation in their fundamental

sense and mystery of similitude, whereby, he that understands upon what

natural fundamental every notion dependeth, may, by symbolical

adaptation, hold a ready way to read the characters of Morpheus. In

dreams of such a nature, Artemidorus, Achmet, and Astrampsichus, from

Greek, Egyptian, and Arabian oneirocriticism, may hint some

interpretation: who, while we read of a ladder in Jacob's dream, will

tell us that ladders and scalary ascents signify preferment; and while

we consider the dream of Pharaoh, do teach us that rivers overflowing

speak plenty, lean oxen, famine and scarcity; and therefore it was but

reasonable in Pharaoh to demand the interpretation from his magicians,

who, being Egyptians, should have been well versed in symbols and the

hieroglyphical notions of things. The greatest tyrant in such

divinations was Nabuchodonosor, while, besides the interpretation, he

demanded the dream itself; which being probably determined by divine

immission, might escape the common road of phantasms, that might have

been traced by Satan.

When Alexander, going to besiege Tyre, dreamt of a Satyr, it was no hard

exposition for a Grecian to say, 'Tyre will be thine.' He that dreamed

that he saw his father washed by Jupiter and anointed by the sun, had

cause to fear that he might be crucified, whereby his body would be

washed by the rain, and drop by the heat of the sun. The dream of

Vespasian was of harder exposition; as also that of the emperor

Mauritius, concerning his successor Phocas. And a man might have been

hard put to it, to interpret the language of Æsculapius, when to a

consumptive person he held forth his fingers; implying thereby that his

cure lay in dates, from the homonomy of the Greek, which signifies

dates and fingers.

We owe unto dreams that Galen was a physician, Dion an historian, and

that the world hath seen some notable pieces of Cardan; yet, he that

should order his affairs by dreams, or make the night a rule unto the

day, might be ridiculously deluded; wherein Cicero is much to be pitied,

who having excellently discoursed of the vanity of dreams, was yet

undone by the flattery of his own, which urged him to apply himself unto

Augustus.

However dreams may be fallacious concerning outward events, yet may they

be truly significant at home; and whereby we may more sensibly

understand ourselves. Men act in sleep with some conformity unto their

awaked senses; and consolations or discouragements may be drawn from

dreams which intimately tell us ourselves. Luther was not like to fear a

spirit in the night, when such an apparition would not terrify him in

the day. Alexander would hardly have run away in the sharpest combats of

sleep, nor Demosthenes have stood stoutly to it, who was scarce able to

do it in his prepared senses. Persons of radical integrity will not

easily be perverted in their dreams, nor noble minds do pitiful things

in sleep. Crassus would have hardly been bountiful in a dream, whose

fist was so close awake. But a man might have lived all his life upon

the sleeping hand of Antonius.

There is an art to make dreams, as well as their interpretation; and

physicians will tell us that some food makes turbulent, some gives

quiet, dreams. Cato, who doated upon cabbage, might find the crude

effects thereof in his sleep; wherein the Egyptians might find some

advantage by their superstitious abstinence from onions. Pythagoras

might have calmer sleeps, if he totally abstained from beans. Even

Daniel, the great interpreter of dreams, in his leguminous diet, seems

to have chosen no advantageous food for quiet sleeps, according to

Grecian physic.

To add unto the delusion of dreams, the fantastical objects seem greater

than they are; and being beheld in the vaporous state of sleep, enlarge

their diameters unto us; whereby it may prove more easy to dream of

giants than pigmies. Democritus might seldom dream of atoms, who so

often thought of them. He almost might dream himself a bubble extending

unto the eighth sphere. A little water makes a sea; a small puff of wind

a tempest. A grain of sulphur kindled in the blood may make a flame like

Ætna; and a small spark in the bowels of Olympias a lightning over all

the chamber.

But, beside these innocent delusions, there is a sinful state of dreams.

Death alone, not sleep, is able to put an end unto sin; and there may be

a night-book of our iniquities; for beside the transgressions of the

day, casuists will tell us of mortal sins in dreams, arising from evil

precogitations; meanwhile human law regards not noctambulos; and if a

night-walker should break his neck, or kill a man, takes no notice of

it.

Dionysius was absurdly tyrannical to kill a man for dreaming that he had

killed him; and really to take away his life, who had but fantastically

taken away his. Lamia was ridiculously unjust to sue a young man for a

reward, who had confessed that pleasure from her in a dream which she

had denied unto his awaking senses: conceiving that she had merited

somewhat from his fantastical fruition and shadow of herself. If there

be such debts, we owe deeply unto sympathies; but the common spirit of

the world must be ready in such arrearages.

If some have swooned, they may also have died in dreams, since death is

but a confirmed swooning. Whether Plato died in a dream, as some

deliver, he must rise again to inform us. That some have never dreamed,

is as improbable as that some have never laughed. That children dream

not the first half-year; that men dream not in some countries, with many

more, are unto me sick men's dreams; dreams out of the ivory gate, and

visions before midnight.

OBSERVATIONS ON GRAFTING.

In the doctrine of all insitions, those are esteemed most successful

which are practised under these rules:--

That there be some consent or similitude of parts and nature between the

plants conjoined.

That insition be made between trees not of very different barks; nor

very differing fruits or forms of fructification; nor of widely

different ages.

That the scions or buds be taken from the south or east part of the

tree.

That a rectitude and due position be observed; not to insert the south

part of the scions unto the northern side of the stock, but according to

the position of the scions upon his first matrix.

Now, though these rules be considerable in the usual and practised

course of insitions, yet were it but reasonable for searching spirits to

urge the operations of nature by conjoining plants of very different

natures in parts, barks, lateness, and precocities, nor to rest in the

experiments of hortensial plants in whom we chiefly intend the

exaltation or variety of their fruit and flowers, but in all sorts of

shrubs and trees applicable unto physic and mechanical uses, whereby we

might alter their tempers, moderate or promote their virtues, exchange

their softness, hardness, and colour, and so render them considerable

beyond their known and trite employments.

To which intent curiosity may take some rule or hint from these or the

like following, according to the various ways of propagation:--

Colutea upon anagris--arbor judæ upon anagris--cassia poetica upon

cytisus--cytisus upon periclymenum rectum--woodbine upon jasmine--cystus

upon rosemary--rosemary upon ivy--sage or rosemary upon cystus--myrtle

upon gall or rhus myrtifolia--whortleberry upon gall, heath, or

myrtle--coccygeia upon alaternus--mezereon upon an almond--gooseberry

and currants upon mezereon, barberry, or blackthorn--barberry upon a

currant tree--bramble upon gooseberry or raspberry--yellow rose upon

sweetbrier--phyllerea upon broom--broom upon furze--anonis lutea upon

furze--holly upon box--bay upon holly--holly upon pyracantha--a fig

upon chestnut--a fig upon mulberry--peach upon mulberry--mulberry upon

buckthorn--walnut upon chesnut--savin upon juniper--vine upon oleaster,

rosemary, ivy--an arbutus upon a fig--a peach upon a fig--white poplar

upon black poplar--asp upon white poplar--wych elm upon common

elm--hazel upon elm--sycamore upon wych elm--cinnamon rose upon

hipberry--a whitethorn upon a blackthorn--hipberry upon a sloe, or

skeye, or bullace--apricot upon a mulberry--arbutus upon a

mulberry--cherry upon a peach--oak upon a chesnut--katherine peach upon

a quince--a warden upon a quince--a chesnut upon a beech--a beech upon a

chesnut--an hornbeam upon a beech--a maple upon an hornbeam--a sycamore

upon a maple--a medlar upon a service tree--a sumack upon a quince or

medlar--an hawthorn upon a service tree--a quicken tree upon an ash--an

ash upon an asp--an oak upon an ilex--a poplar upon an elm--a black

cherry tree upon a tilea or lime tree--tilea upon beech--alder upon

birch or poplar--a filbert upon an almond--an almond upon a willow--a

nux vesicaria upon an almond or pistachio--a cerasus avium upon a nux

vesicaria--a cornelian upon a cherry tree--a cherry tree upon a

cornelian--an hazel upon a willow or sallow--a lilac upon a sage tree--a

syringa upon lilac or tree-mallow--a rose elder upon syringa--a water

elder upon rose elder--buckthorn upon elder--frangula upon

buckthorn--hirga sanguinea upon privet--phyllerea upon vitex--vitex upon

evonymus--evonymus upon viburnum--ruscus upon pyracantha--paleurus upon

hawthorn--tamarisk upon birch--erica upon tamarisk--polemonium upon

genista hispanica--genista hispanica upon colutea.

Nor are we to rest in the frustrated success of some single experiments,

but to proceed in attempts in the most unlikely unto iterated and

certain conclusions, and to pursue the way of ablactation or inarching.

Whereby we might determine whether, according to the ancients, no fir,

pine, or picea, would admit of any incision upon them; whether yew will

hold society with none; whether walnut, mulberry, and cornel cannot be

propagated by insition, or the fig and quince admit almost of any, with

many others of doubtful truths in the propagations.

And while we seek for varieties in stocks and scions, we are not to

admit the ready practice of the scion upon its own tree. Whereby, having

a sufficient number of good plants, we may improve their fruits without

translative conjunction, that is, by insition of the scion upon his own

mother, whereby an handsome variety or melioration seldom faileth--we

might be still advanced by iterated insitions in proper boughs and

positions. Insition is also made not only with scions and buds, but

seeds, by inserting them in cabbage stalks, turnips, onions, etc., and

also in ligneous plants.

Within a mile of this city of Norwich, an oak groweth upon the head of a

pollard willow, taller than the stock, and about half a foot in

diameter, probably by some acorn falling or fastening upon it. I could

show you a branch of the same willow which shoots forth near the stock

which beareth both willow and oak twigs and leaves upon it. In a meadow

I use in Norwich, beset with willows and sallows, I have observed these

plants to grow upon their heads; bylders, currants, gooseberries,

_cynocrambe_, or dog's mercury, barberries, bittersweet, elder,

hawthorn.

CORRIGENDA

Vol. I. Page 4, line 24. _For_ than _read_ that.

97, " 10. _For_ fell in love _read_ carnal'd.

227, " 4. _For_ Capio _read_ Capo.

300, " 8. _For_ Apicus _read_ a Picus.

301, " 30. _For_ Caterpillaries _read_ capillaries.

II. 111, " 14. _Prega, Dio_ omit comma.

206, " 1. _For_ Tarus and Fulius _read_ Varus and Julius.

INDEX

Aaron, i. 282, 284;

ii. 123.

Aaron's breastplate, i. 138.

---- mitre, iii. 264.

---- (rod), ii. 279;

iii. 238.

Abdachim, iii, 253.

Abdella, iii. 253.

Abderites, iii. 74.

Abecedary, i. 250.

Abel, i. 61, 92, 124, 131;

ii. 13, 77, 323;

iii. 9.

Aben-Ezra, ii. 168, 232;

iii. 232.

Abergevenny (Lord), iii. 419.

Abortion, i. 171, 235, 282;

ii. 260.

Abraham, i. 19, 27, 70, 187;

ii. 277, 332, 382-3; iii. 205.

Absalom, iii. 2, 37.

Absyrtus, i. 315, 323.

Abydenus, iii. 153.

Academics, i. 99.

Acapulco, iii. 345.

Achilles, i. 93, 230;

ii. 270;

iii. 132, 137, 239.

Achilles's horse, i. 313.

Achilles Tatius, i. 246.

Achitophel, iii. 38.

Achmet, iii. 551.

Aconite, i. 281, 290;

iii. 69.

Acorns, i. 116;

iii. 170-1, 260-1.

Acosta, ii. 354.

Acteon, i. 158.

Actium, ii. 362.

Actius, i. xlix, 89.

_Acus_, ii. 30.

Adam, i. 34, 35, 55-7, 61, 68, 76, 81, 86, 92, 102, 107, 122-5,

127-8, 135, 182, 290;

ii. 10, 13, 37, 75, 130, 137, 210-12, 285;

iii. 5.

Adamant, i. 236.

Adder, i. 337;

ii. 256.

Addercock, iii. 531.

Admah, iii. 326.

Ado of Vienna, ii. 321.

Adrian, Emperor, i. 165;

iii. 106, 144.

Adricomius, iii. 3, 268, 275.

Adultery, i. 325.

Æacides, iii. 327.

Ægineta. _See_ Paulus.

Ælfric, iii. 310.

Ælian, i. 34, 155, 172, 174-5, 189, 291, 313, 321, 328, 332, 344;

ii. 1, 19, 22, 26, 51, 63, 66-8, 71, 89, 159, 202, 234, 254,

259, 277;

iii. 76.

Æmilianus, iii. 436.

Æneas, i. 344;

ii. 333;

iii. 132.

Æneas Sylvius, ii. 396.

Æolian magnets, i. 254.

Æolus, i. 252;

ii. 272.

Æquicola (M.), iii. 320.

Æschines, iii. 45.

Æschylus, iii. 76.

Æsculapius, i. 188, 347;

ii. 106;

iii. 552.

Æson, i. xliii, 61.

Æsop, i. 134, 138, 321-2.

Æthiopia, ii. 7.

Æthiopis, i. 297.

Ætites, i. 235, 282.

Ætius, i. 156, 171, 245-6, 325, 332;

ii. 99, 197-8, 208.

Affection, i. 94.

Africa, i. 25, 78, 227, 230, 235, 344;

ii. 145, 280, 334, 352-3.

Africans, i. 305.

Agades, ii. 372.

Agamemnon, ii. 243;

iii. 132, 139.

Agaric, iii. 296.

Agars, iii. 48.

Agary, iii. 296.

Agate, i. 208, 256, 284.

Agathius, iii. 65.

Age (old), i. 116, 342.

Agesilaus, ii. 320.

_Agnus Castus_, i. 171.

Agostino (A.), iii. 163.

Agricola, Emperor, iii. 108.

---- (Georg), i. 203, 211-12;

ii. 278.

Agriculture, ii. 307-8.

Agrippina, i. xlvii.

Ague, i. 166-7;

ii. 282;

iii. 378.

Agullas, ii. 349.

Ahasuerus, iii. 149.

Ahaz, iii. 3.

Ainsworth, ii. 262;

iii. 265.

Ajax, i. 318;

iii. 132.

Alabaster, i. 256.

Alanes, ii. 280.

Alaric, iii. 143.

Albertus Magnus, i. xxvii, 167, 175, 202, 231, 235, 249, 262-3,

284, 288, 326, 351;

ii. 1, 42, 63, 67-8, 82, 99, 156;

iii. 7, 294-5.

Albricus, ii, 257.

Albuquerque, ii. 365.

Alcala de Henares, ii. 28.

Alcanna, iii. 80.

Alcharma, iii. 224.

Alciati, i. xii, 166;

iii. 65.

Alcinous, iii. 3, 153, 269.

Alcmena, ii. 39, 268.

Alcmena's nights, iii. 136.

Alcoran, i. xxxii, 37, 146, 148.

Alder, i. 271, 274.

Aldrovandus, i. 210, 223, 289, 322, 326, 329, 333, 345;

ii. 1, 6, 15-16, 24-5, 42, 63, 74-5, 85, 89-92, 156, 205,

207, 254;

iii. 251-2, 529, 541.

Aleazar, i. 284.

Alemannus (Nic), iii. 66.

Alexander, i. xxxvi, xlvi, 40, 77, 78, 188, 231, 243, 305, 343;

ii. 148, 237, 264, 357, 366;

iii. 68, 77-8, 125.

---- his boy, ii. 58.

---- (Pope), ii. 21.

---- (Bp.), iii. 410.

Alexandria, i. 243;

ii. 360;

iii. 327, 543.

---- Library, i. 38.

Alexandro (Alexander ab), i. xviii, xli;

ii. 117, 120.

Alexia, i. xxxvii.

Alexis Pedimontanus, i. 176.

Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara, i. 274-5.

Algiers, ii. 280.

Alhazen, i. 335;

iii. 62.

Alkermes, iii. 260.

Allatius (Leo), iii. 71.

Allegories, i. 143.

Almanzor, i. 148.

Almond, ii. 335.

---- trees, i. 293;

iii. 239.

---- bitter, i. 298.

Alnwick (Will.), Bp., iii. 411.

Aloe, i. 256;

ii. 197;

iii. 295-6.

Alphonso, ii. 349.

Alpinus (Prosper), ii. 360.

Alps, ii. 355;

iii. 74.

Alum, i. 204, 255, 256;

ii. 391, 394.

_Alumen plumosum_, ii. 21.

Alured, iii. 310.

Alva (Duke of), iii. 311.

Alvarez (Fr.), i. 230;

ii. 356.

Amandus Zierexensis, iii. 111.

Amaranth, iii. 128.

Amasis, ii. 5.

Amatus Lusitanus, i. 324;

ii. 19, 28;

iii. 24.

Amazons, ii. 123;

iii. 79.

Amber, i. 255, 257, 259, 260;

ii. 268;

iii. 54.

Ambergris, i. 165;

ii. 88.

Ambidexters, ii. 125, 130.

Ambition, iii. 138, 452.

Ambracia, iii. 248.

Ambrose, i. 175, 254, 308;

ii. 259.

---- Hexameron, ii. 4.

Ambuscado, i. 190.

America, i. 36, 227-8, 231, 235, 240, 294, 322;

ii. 25, 61, 81, 83, 137, 274, 339, 341, 354, 357, 367, 371, 378;

iii. 307, 312, 347.

Americus, i. 229.

Amethyst, i. 210, 255, 284-5.

Ammianus Marcellinus, i. xxxiii;

ii. 153.

Ammon, i. 188.

Ammonia, ii. 394.

Ammoniac, i. 204-5.

Ammonites, ii. 280.

Amomum, i. 296.

Amorites, ii. 381.

Amos, iii. 4.

Amphibium, i. 51.

Amphibologie, i. 141.

Amphilochus, iii. 39.

Amphion, iii. 77.

Amphisbæna, ii. 22.

Amphitryon, ii. 39.

Amulets, i. 195, 198, 269.

Anabaptists, i. xvii.

Anacreon, ii. 143.

Anania, i. 328.

Ananias, iii. 71.

Anastasius Sinaita, i. xxx;

iii. 157.

Anatiferous trees, ii. 11.

Anatomy, i. xlii, 54.

Anaxagoras, i. xlvi, 73, 163, 199, 217.

Anaxarchus, i. xlvi.

Anaximander, i. 163.

Anaximenes, ii. 252.

Anchiale, iii. 77.

Anchor, ii. 206.

Anchovy, i. 320.

Ancona, iii. 47.

Anconians, iii. 106.

Andes, ii. 355.

Andirons, i. 221.

Andreas, i. 118.

Andromeda, ii. 193, 250, 375.

Angelo, ii. 212.

Angels, i. xli, xlii, 37, 123, 189, 190, 192;

ii. 378;

iii. 508.

---- Good, i. 47, 48.

_Angelus doce mihi jus_, i. 240.

Anglerius (P. M.), i. 322.

Angles (people), iii. 112.

Anglesea, iii. 113, 432, 518.

Anglia Cymbrica, iii. 112.

Anguillara, iii. 231.

Animadversions, i. 1.

Animals, i. 308;

ii. 11.

Anime. _See_ Gum Anime.

Annihilation, i. 72.

Anomæi, i. xxiii.

Annius of Viterbo, ii. 333, 380.

Answers of the Oracle, iii. 332.

Antæus, iii. 79.

Antemon, i. xlix.

Anthem Book, iii. 302.

Anthology (Greek), ii. 145.

Anthony, i. 194, 245, 350;

ii. 275, 358;

iii. 119.

Anthropophagi, i. 55.

Anthropophagy, i. 158;

ii. 378.

Anticera, i. 149.

Antichrist, i. 12, 46, 66.

Anticks, i. 60.

Antidotes, iii. 69.

Antigonus, i. 170;

iii. 328.

Antimony, i. 209, 255-6, 261, 269, 277;

ii. 141.

Antiochus, i. xxxi, xlix;

ii. 255;

iii. 43.

Antipater, iii. 374.

Antipathies, i. 62, 83.

Antipodes, i. xxxviii, 41, 161, 164, 199;

ii. 301, 339.

Antiquity, i. 152.

Antlers, i. 343.

Antoeci, i. 252;

ii. 301.

Antonini, iii. 433.

Antoninus, i. 174, 196;

ii. 273;

iii. 106.

Antonius, i. xxvii, 171;

ii. 216.

Ants, i. 24.

Anvils, i. 263.

Antwerp, i. 226;

ii. 38, 68.

Anubis, ii. 185.

Ape, i. 312;

ii. 41, 156.

Apelles, i. xxix.

Aper, i. 196.

Apicius, iii. 233, 541.

_Apicus_. _See_ Picus.

Apis, ii. 376.

Apollinaris, i. 192.

Apollo, ii. 4, 89, 118, 272, 362;

iii. 40-1.

Apollodorus, i. 241;

iii. 43.

Apollonius Thyaneus, i. xlviii, 160, 170;

ii. 28.

Aponensis, ii. 93.

Apostles, i. 78.

---- names, i. 303.

Appion, iii. 341.

Apple, i. 293;

ii. 392.

---- of Paradise, iii. 2.

April, ii. 180.

Apuleius, i. xv, xxvii, xxxiii, xli, 155;

ii. 144, 268.

Apulia, iii. 226.

_Aqua fortis_, i. 204, 206, 215, 221, 237, 257, 261, 279, 277;

ii. 64.

Aquapendente, ii. 103.

_Aqua Regis_, i. 277-8.

_Aqua vitæ_, i. 207, 261.

Aqueducts, ii. 268-9.

Aquila, ii. 157, 293.

Aquitaine, iii. 314.

Arabia, i. 32, 243;

ii. 6, 7, 81, 332, 346, 378, 380-2.

Arabians, i. 14, 148.

Arabic writers, i. 176.

Ararat, i. 36;

ii. 348.

Aratus, i. 156, 344;

ii. 164, 305.

Arcadians, ii. 180, 288.

Archangelus, ii. 115.

Archelaus, ii. 33.

Archemorus, iii. 99.

Archidoxes, i. 32.

Archigenes, ii. 167.

Archilochus, ii. 320.

Archimedes, i. 179, 307;

ii. 253;

iii. 75, 77, 79, 136.

Archimime, iii. 130.

Arcotas, ii. 253.

Arcturus, ii. 303, 400.

Arden, i. 138.

Ardoynus, i. 174, 332.

Aremboldus, i. xvi.

Arethusa, i. xix, 13.

Aretius, ii. 333.

Arginusa, ii, 377.

Argol, ii. 394.