movement of the great sea of restless ice. This is Peter Island. It was
discovered by the Russian explorer, Bellingshausen, in 1821, and it
has not been seen since. The _Belgica_, in her year’s drift, came
close to the assigned position, but we saw no indications of land. It
would be interesting to know if this island really exists, and if it is
not a part of another small archipelago.
Before passing from the known to the possibilities of the unknown,
I will answer the business man’s question: “To whom do these lands
belong?” It seems to me that the nations seeking to divide China and
Africa might turn their ambitions briefly towards the antarctic. Here
are millions of square miles which belong to nobody; at least, there
are no valid claims filed, except those which accrue from the right
of discovery. Victorialand would seem to belong to England, but it
is possible for the United States to lay a strong claim by right of
extension of territory. Wilkes, the American explorer, was the first
to see and to chart the great masses of land of which Victorialand is
a part. The work of Ross, though better in quality, is supplementary
to that of Wilkes, which gives the United States a priority claim.
There is also a small French claim. There is indeed room for a future
boundary dispute of the limits and claims of the Americans, English,
and French in Wilkesland. The British Government seems to have no doubt
on this question, for twelve years ago the Queen issued a grant for
Possession Island, making Mr. Albert McCormick Davis, of Montreal,
colonial governor of its numerous cities of penguins, and giving him
for a stipulated period a monopoly of its guano-beds. Mr. Davis never
rose to the dignity of being the first south polar king. He was content
with the honours of appointment, and returned his credentials three
months after their issue.
[Illustration]
Peter and Alexander islands, and one or two islands of the Sandwich
group, belong to Russia. The Bellany and Biscoe and Sandwich groups, as
well as Enderbyland and Kempland, belong to Great Britain. Grahamland,
like Wilkesland, offers many bones of contention. The entire northern
coast should belong to the United States. A part of the eastern coast,
and a part of the still uncharted western coast, belong to England.
Norway has a claim for about two hundred miles on the eastern coast.
The recent discoveries of the _Belgica_ give to Belgium the most
beautiful and the most useful body of water in the entire antarctic
area. In the adjustment of these various claims there is no end of
trouble in store.
It is generally held that all these countries belong to nobody--indeed,
that they are not worthy of ownership; but this is not true. The issue
of a grant for Possession Island is an indication of the sentiment in
England; another indication is to be perceived in an incident which
happened a few years ago. The Argentine Government, being anxious to
secure possession of the South Shetland Islands, aiming probably to
control the harbours and the possible fisheries, made some preparation
to place there a lighthouse and thus take possession by right of prior
occupation. In response to this, according to a rumour said to have
been based on official instruction, a British cruiser was ordered
to speed, as soon as the Argentine steamer left port, to the South
Shetlands and there to receive the Argentinos. The long period which
has elapsed since the discovery of everything antarctic weakens the
natural claims, and any one who now takes the trouble to occupy any
portion of it would undoubtedly become the owner. The man who sits on
the southern ice, under the hellish antarctic storms, long enough to
make good his deed, deserves all there is under him, even if it proves
a Klondike.
I must beg leave to differ with the prevailing opinion, regarding
polar exploration, that there is no commercial or material reward
commensurate with the expenditure of time and money. In the antarctic
there are several prospective industries, and much of the future work
has a direct bearing upon commerce. There are seals, penguins, and
whales in abundance around the circumpolar area. Every rock which
offers an accessible beach is covered with either seals or penguins,
and every channel of open water between the pack-ice or around the
ice-sheltered lands is alive with whales. Fur-seals were at one time so
numerous that a whole fleet of American sealers were engaged in the
hunt; but the fur-seals are now nearly extinct. The several varieties
of antarctic seals have a coarse coat of single hair which is useless
as a fur; but the skin and oil are of considerable value. There is no
reason why a profitable fishery could not be prosecuted, like that
off the coast of Labrador and Greenland. The penguins are not widely
known to commerce, but their countless millions will surely attract
enterprise and yield some useful product. Already they are being taken
at the Falkland Islands for the oil they possess. We must abandon the
hope that right whales, possessing the prized whalebone, exist here in
numbers sufficient to warrant a promise of future whaling. Ross reports
having seen right whales, but a diligent search since has failed to
confirm this report. From the _Belgica_ we saw no whales of this
variety, but finback and bottlenose whales were seen in great numbers.
These are small whales having no bone of commercial value, and a
somewhat inferior quality of oil. But the hunt for a similar variety of
whales in Norway has given profitable employment to thousands of men
in the past ten years. Whaling and sealing in the antarctic cannot,
however, be made to pay the enormous expense of fitting out from Europe
and North America for so distant a hunting-ground. To make these
industries successful, permanent bases must be established either in
the antarctic, on the sub-antarctic islands, or in the southern parts
of South America or Australia.
The guano-beds of Possession Island offer an enterprise which seems to
promise certain results. The guano is rich in nitrates, and exists in
quantities sufficient to keep a fleet of cargo-vessels occupied for
years. There are strong possibilities of the existence of hundreds of
other islands within the area of the unknown, loaded with a similar or
even a greater weight of the fertiliser. Such islands may be found
in more accessible places, outside of the pack-ice, off the coast
of Grahamland, or among the partly known groups such as the South
Shetland, Bouvet, Prince Edward, or Macquarie islands.
The future for fisheries and guano industries has an appearance of
reasonable certainty, but this is not true of the possible mineral
wealth or of other revenue-bearing material which may be hidden behind
the icy gates. Our geological knowledge of this area is still too
imperfect to offer even a guess of the probable finds of precious
metals or gems. Arguing by analogy, the South Shetlands in general
appearance, and what little is known of the geological formation,
resemble Tierra del Fuego, and we now know that gold is here found in
paying quantities. Since these islands are an extension of the Fuegian
lands, is it unreasonable to expect to find gold here? An antarctic
Alaska is by no means beyond the future possibilities.
Are there not people or unknown animals in the regions around the
south pole? Novelists have pictured this mysterious region since the
time of Dalrymple, in 1760, with curious races of people and strange
forms of animal life. It is the last unexplored expanse on the globe of
sufficient area to offer room for fictitious creations of new worlds,
and it will continue to be a special domain for imaginative writers
for many years. From the explorations thus far, we have no reason to
hope for any startling discoveries of human or other animal life.
Borchgrevink, owing to his inexperience and hasty conclusions, mistook
ordinary penguin tracks for the footprints of some large and unknown
animal. No reliable traces of either large new animals or human beings
have been found. The regions are, as homes for adapted people, far
superior to the arctic lands, where the Eskimos periodically starve or
live in blubbery abundance. If sailors or wild people were cast adrift
on the antarctic shores they would not necessarily starve. There is
food and fuel, and even clothing, to be had from the seals and penguins
everywhere. The life would not be full of comforts, if measured by
our standards, but compared to Eskimo existence there is a decided
advantage in life-sustaining prospects of the southern pole--not in
climate or in the degrees of cold, but in the certainty of food. People
then, if they once find a foothold, might easily thrive, but to the
present we have found but one doubtful sign. This was reported by
Captain Larsen, the Norwegian sealer, in 1893. Larsen found about fifty
clay balls, perched on pillars of the same material, on Seymour Island,
off the eastern coast of Grahamland. “These,” said Larsen, “had the
appearance of having been made by human hand.”
There is one train of industries for which the antarctic and
sub-antarctic regions offer the best conditions of the globe. This is
the farming of fur-bearing animals. It is an industry which is still
in its infancy, but the recent experiments upon the barren Alaskan
islands have been eminently successful. There are thousands of isolated
islands in the southern oceans which offer just the conditions for
the cultivation of such life. These islands, though almost barren of
vegetable life, are fertile with birds and seals and smaller forms
of marine life, which will offer food to prospective generations of
transplanted animals. So far as I know, this is a new suggestion to the
future south polar possibilities, but the conditions which I have seen
are too favourable to be ignored. The antarctic lands lie isolated in a
deserted and frozen sea. The drift-ice and the overland mass of glacial
ice bar the passage to adventurous travellers who seek to penetrate
the mysteries of the frozen south. But it is just these barriers which
fence the “land of promise” for the coming fur-farmer, who is to
take the place of the life-destroying hunter. I am sure that in the
near future these wild wastes of the antarctic, with their million
of bird-inhabited islands, will form an island empire of thrifty
fur-farmers. What nation shall guard the interests of this coming race
of hardy pioneers?
Independent of material results, a continued exploration of the
antarctic will certainly disclose priceless scientific acquisitions.
A region of the globe nearly eight million square miles in extent,
into which the foot of man has not yet trodden, is not likely to
prove barren of scientific data. The polar question is not a problem
of adventure, as it is ordinarily thought to be, nor is it a matter
of dollars and cents. It is a problem of science, and has for its
principal objects an exact knowledge of the limits of land and water;
a careful study of the physical condition of the earth and of the
life; in short, it aims at perfecting that network of lines with which
comparative science seeks to surround our planet even at the poles. The
prosecution of this labour will add to our knowledge of the physical
laws which regulate climates, which indicate the origin and destiny of
atmospheric and sea currents, and which serve as analogies for geology
and other natural sciences. The Gulf Stream was discovered by a study
of polar phenomena. Our present knowledge of the glacial system, which,
at some distant time, covered not only the poles, but the lands we now
inhabit, would not have been conceivable without a knowledge of the
present polar ice. Who will say that new gems will not be added to the
annals of science by antarctic explorers?
Specifically, terrestrial magnetism, geography, meteorology, geology,
and oceanography are to be most enriched by the results of far southern
exploration. Magnetism has an important bearing upon the navigation
of the southern hemisphere, and even upon the land surveys. If the
bearings of the compass cannot be accurately deduced, evidently the
course of a ship or the base-line or fixed point of a survey must be
unreliable. For greater accuracy of the all-important compass, more
continued and more prolonged magnetic observations in various parts
of the antarctic are indispensable. Even the seemingly simple task of
fixing by calculation the location of the south magnetic pole is, with
our present knowledge, impossible. The positions assigned by the best
authorities differ several hundred miles from each other, and the work
of the _Belgica_ placed it approximately two hundred miles east
of the spot designated by Ross, whose observations have been generally
accepted.
Closely associated with the magnetic pole is the mysterious phenomenon,
the aurora australis. It would be interesting to have a prolonged
series of auroral observations to add to the first records taken by
the _Belgica_. Perhaps this information would help to solve the
puzzling questions of the physical character and the origin of the
mysterious celestial lights. Some of these questions are: What is the
difference between the aurora australis and the aurora borealis? Is
there any coincidence in the appearance of the phenomena at both poles?
What is the relation of the exhibits with the sun-spots? What relation
have auroras with meteorological phenomena--the weather, the clouds,
the atmospheric electricity? What are the connections between auroras,
earth-magnetism, and telluric currents?
The geographical possibilities have been indicated in our discussion of
the known lands. It would be interesting to know if the various traces
of land, so close to the polar circle, are or are not connected to form
one large continent. What are the physical conditions of this great
unknown area of land or sea? Geographically, this is the only remaining
unknown expanse of our globe where great discoveries may be expected.
The interior south polar lands are likely to prove the coldest part
of the earth. This is contrary to what might be expected, because
the great circular sea which surrounds the entire globe should
warm the comparatively small expanse of land. In the region of the
_Belgica’s_ drift, however, the indications were otherwise. Our
position was in a restless sea of ice, far from land, with large
open lanes of water constantly about us. It follows, then, that we
should have had a mild marine climate. But our temperatures were
persistently low, from -5° to -45° C., rarely above the freezing-point.
And, following southerly winds, the mercury at once sank into the
bulb. The suddenness and intensity of cold which came with interior
winds bespeaks a very high and a very cold area. This question and a
hundred others will be solved by meteorological studies. Problems of
weather are associated with neighbouring phenomena. For the proper
understanding of the climate of the southern hemisphere there is
necessary a long-continued series of meteorological studies within the
limits of perpetual ice.
In geology nearly everything remains to be done. Here are indications
of some very interesting problems. Among them are the numerous open
questions of the great ice age. In the period immediately preceding the
ice age the polar regions were not, as they are now, submerged under a
continental sea of ice, but had a somewhat profuse growth of plants,
extending even to the base of the mountain glaciers. The fossil remains
which have been found in the north and in the south prove that at this
time there existed, among these growths, plants which are now found
only in subtropical regions. This period was a noteworthy epoch in the
history of our planet. It was the time when man first appeared, and
it was the time when the earth was dressed in her best mantles. The
continents then had a greater extension, the life a curious diversity,
and the forests were much more luxuriant than they are to-day. The
antarctic is likely to throw new light upon this interesting period.
The fossil finds may establish the previous existence of a life of
which we now have no indication. In the many departments of geology we
may expect startling discoveries.
To zoology the south offers less flowery prospects than to the
other sciences. The study of the organic life is important for the
understanding of the earlier life of our planet, but some of this has
been gathered. The work which remains to be done is the detail of
anatomy and physiology and the study of microscopical forms of life. It
is not probable that there remain large animals of which we have found
no traces.
Probably the most important results of immediate practical use to both
science and commerce, will be the gain to the newly born science,
oceanography. The ever-increasing usefulness of the ocean for the needs
of modern commerce or warfare, of cable service, and as a nursery for
food, makes it necessary that we know as much as possible about it. We
must know not only the surface, but the bottom and intermediate waters.
We must know not only the warm seas, but the cold as well. There is
a constant interchange between the water of the tropics and that of
the poles, just as there is an interchange of the winds. The cold,
ice-laden waters have a tendency to flow into the warmer regions. The
overheated torrid waters flow poleward. This is the theory, and in part
it is supported by observation; but what is the mechanism?
It is evident that the missing keystones to the rising arches of
science are many, and the material for some of these will certainly be
found in the neglected blank around the under-surface of our globe.
The reasonable certainty of these results is likely to arouse a south
polar enthusiasm within a few years, and in anticipation of this I wish
to offer a preliminary word of warning. Up to the present, antarctic
history has to record no great loss of life, no awful calamities,
like the arctic tragedies. If due precaution is taken, none should be
reported. The arctic and the antarctic are alike only in degrees of
cold and in the quantities of ice. Even in these they differ somewhat,
and in every other respect there is little resemblance. From this it
follows that an antarctic explorer should be differently equipped
from the man who travels in the far north. The hopeless isolation and
impossibility of retreat make a fixed outline, a permanent station, and
strong vessels imperative.
Should an expedition risk their fortunes, as did the crew of the
_Belgica_, in a single vessel, and in the unknown drift lose their
ship, which is always possible, the disaster would mean certain death
for nearly everybody. It is true that the _Belgica_ experienced
no great damage by pressure, but that we escaped with our vessel is
a matter due quite as much to accident as to any wisely prompted
construction of the ship. If a field of ice two miles in diameter
should press upon any vessel in the wrong situation, it would certainly
crush her. This is always to be expected in antarctic navigation, and
it makes a companion ship desirable. The south, also, is a hard school
for explorers. Young men who wish to engage in this work should take
their schooling in the more congenial arctic regions.
From what we saw of the antarctic lands south of Cape Horn, it is clear
that the previously conceived impossibility of landing on south polar
lands is a misconception. The _Belgica_ made twenty debarkments,
and it was discovered that it was possible to land on nearly every
island and neck of land offering a projecting northerly exposure. From
the experiences of the _Belgica_ it would seem that a permanent
base of operations might be established far south, either in Weddell
or in Ross Sea. These are the only regions offering a promising route
to the south pole. The possibilities of reaching it will depend upon
the character of the inland ice. If it is a smooth, even surface,
without mountain ridges or extensive crevasses, such as the interior of
Greenland, and if this land ice extends to the pole, then it is within
the power of man, with present means, to tread on the spot; but if
it is otherwise, then there is only a small prospect of reaching the
southern axis.
In the future exploration of the south polar regions there is the
prospect of universal association which has long been the golden dream
of science. Indeed, just at present such international alliances are
the topics of the hour. The final filaments of the fabric which will
bind together the three greatest nations of the earth are being spun.
It is not a triple alliance in an ordinary sense; it is one of the
products of the evolution of nations. It is a natural selection of the
three peoples best fitted for each other. England, Germany, and the
United States are, at present, held together by a sort of matrimonial
bond, and this bond must be strengthened. Could there be a more fitting
seal to this family union than a triple alliance to explore the last
great unknown area of the globe? England and Germany are organising
expeditions. Will Americans, who have carried the Stars and Stripes
to the farthest reaches of the earth, stand aloof and look on? If we
are to have a well-equipped expedition, ready to work with England
and Germany, some merchant king must come to our rescue. The present
government indications are not favourable to such a venture, but with
the liberal hand of a Bennett, a Harmsworth, or a Jessup, we could
work hand in hand with the subjects of the Queen and the Kaiser. The
combined armies of peace could, in this way, march into the white
silence, the unbroken, icy slumber of centuries about the south pole,
and there collect the needful scientific spoils.
INDEX
A
Adelaide Island, impression as to, 164
Agassiz, Professor, 54
Argentine Republic, offer of, 97
Air charged with drift snow, 258
Alaculoofs, 98, 99
Alarming physical condition, 327, 328
Alexander Islands, 166, 167, 186, 198
Alexanderland, charted Alexander I. Land, 164
Alexanderland, inlet north of, 169
Alcohol, 90
Alcohol, deleterious effect of, 334
Ambition, 392
American discovery, remarkable fact in, 23
American topics, 327
Amusement, uncomfortable, 313, 314
Animal life, 128, 132–134, 140, 141, 183, 186, 198, 201, 210, 236,
239, 242, 243, 248, 255, 256, 258, 260, 269, 270, 273, 274,
277, 287, 293, 294, 313, 327, 334–337, 350, 356, 359, 360, 368,
369, 383, 384, 392
Amundsen, Roald, mate, appearance of, 42, 127, 136, 141, 147, 158,
244;
presence of mind of, 246;
patching boots, 259;
investigates a light, 286, 287, 300, 335, 349, 378;
resolve of, 382, 383
Ancient explorers, contrast to, 240
Antarctic, mainlands of the, 128–131
Antarctic midnight past, 323
Antarctic, first camping experience in the, 143
Antarctic pack, striking peculiarity of, 174, 175
Antarctic tent, 349
Antipodes, different surroundings in, 131
Anvers Island, 148
Appearances of land deceptive, 272
April 1st, 244;
2d, 245;
3d, temperature, 245;
4th, latitude, longitude, and temperature, 246;
5th, 246;
temperature, 247;
6th, 247;
8th, 248;
9th, 249;
10th, 253;
11th, 255;
12th, temperature, 257, 269;
latitude and longitude, 270;
14th, temperature, 258;
15th, 258;
16th, 258;
20th, temperature, 259;
21st, temperature, 260;
latitude, 261;
22d, temperature and position, 261;
23d, 25th, 261;
temperature, 262, 263;
latitude and longitude, 264;
26th, temperature and sounding, 267;
28th, temperature, 268;
30th, 269;
latitude and longitude, 270
Arc Aurora, 242, 253, 254
Arc snowshoes, 353
Arctic, redeeming features in the, 295
Artificial light, 316, 318, 367
Arctowski, Henryk, geologist, 42;
on Auguste Island, 132, 133, 136, 139, 141, 158, 175, 181;
interviewed by sea-leopard, 211;
in the crow’s-nest, 216;
arranging a new system, 241, 248, 280;
working in the laboratory, 299, 300;
saying of, 334, 335, 336;
on deck, 337, 347;
record of, 391
Astrup Eivind, 147
Atmosphere, clearness of, 145
Auguste Island, 138;
landing at, 131–133
August second, 358
Aurora, patches of, 236
Auroras, 212, 214, 225, 226, 258, 296, 297, 324, 335, 337, 343
Auroras, antarctic, average strength of, 262
Auroral display, 238
B
“Baking treatment,” 22, 331, 336, 351
Balaenoptera Sibbaldi, 369
Banquet, Rio Belgian, 9, 10
Barrier, 356
Barros, Trudente de Moreas, President, 9, 13;
attempt to assassinate, 28
Bay-ice, 186
Bay of Rio, parting view of, 15
Beagle Channel, eastward through, 119
Beauty contest, 250;
official record of, 251, 252;
disputes arising out of, 254
Bellinghausen, 164, 266
Belgian Consulate, visitor from, 28
Belgian national feasts, 336
Belgians, modesty of, 240
_Belgica_, expedition ship, 4–6;
on board the, 13;
leaves Rio, 16;
sleep on the, 17–19;
young bachelors of, 36;
purchase of, 41, 42;
public exhibition of, 44;
flag of, 46, 48;
crowded decks of, 46;
appearance of, 50, 51;
construction, 51–53;
equipment, 53, 55;
laboratory, 55;
library, 56;
quarters, 56, 57;
life on, 58;
leaves Montevideo, 59, 62, 63;
through the _pampero_, 64;
garb for the south pole, 65;
Chaplain’s duties on, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 97, 98;
strikes a reef, 119–121, 137;
anchoring to an iceberg, 140;
cruise to the south, 143, 154, 164, 170;
ploughs between heavy masses of ice, 178, 179, 183, 187;
refuses to mind the helm, 191, 192;
runs before the storm, 194–196, 205;
fear for, 220, 234, 240, 246, 249;
housing of, 256, 257;
serious drift of, 264, 274;
settling of, 268;
in icefloe, 275, 278–280;
normal air of, 290, 293, 296, 297;
in ice-walls, 298, 304, 306, 312;
alive with weird noises, 314, 318, 320, 333, 343;
only speck of human life, 352;
position of, 359, 361;
prepared for sea, 369, 371, 375;
injurious effect on, 376;
in huge drift, 380, 381, 384, 385;
liberatingthe, 393–399, 405
Belgica Strait, 135;
position and landmarks of, 146–149;
navigation of, 147, 154, 192
Belgium, Royal Society of, 406
Bird, a new, 377
Bird’s-eye view, pictures of, 217
Biscoe, Captain, 129, 147
Birds, resting places for, 141
Bismarck Inlet, 169
Bismarck Strait, 154
Blackness, effect of, 281–283
_Blake_, the, exploring ship, 43
Blessing, Dr., 321
Blow-holes, 328
_Bon voyage_, wishes for, 12, 14, 16
Borgen Bay, debarkments in, 146
Bransfield Strait, 128, 147
Brazilian Coast, 16, 18, 19
Brialmont Bay. See _Weddell Sea_
Bridges, Lucas, Mr., 120
Bridges, Thomas, Mr., 97
British explorers, custom of, 240
Brooklyn Island, 144, 148
Brussels, municipality of, 406
Brussels, Royal Geographical Society of, 40, 406
Buls Bay, 141
Bunks, 65
Butter, substitute for, 61
C
Calculation, careful, 281
Calm, unexpected, 224
Camping equipments, impracticability of, 274
Camp, site for a, 353
Canal, entering a, 144
Canal-making, 396–399
Canned foods, disgust with, 302, 303
Canvas suits ineffective, 325
Cape Anna, debarkment at, 140, 141, 145
Cape Castillo, 22
Cape Eivind Astrup, 146
Cape Errera, 147
Cape Horn, south of, 121–123
Cape Lancaster, 147
Cape Murray, off, 143
Cape Polonio, in harbour of, 21;
ashore at, 25–27
Cape Reclus, rounded, 144
Cape Reynard, 147
Cape von Sterneck, altitude of, 135
Castillo Island, off, 20–22
_Castine_, cruiser, 32
Cheerlessness, 319
Chenal de la Plata, 144
Christensen, Mr., 42
Christmas in midsummer, 385, 386
Chronometers regulated, 324
_Cincinnati_, cruiser, 13
Circumpolar ocean, characteristic ice of, 170
_Cleopatra_, the, wreck of, 69
Clouds, luminous, 270;
stratus and altro stratus, 193
Coaster, Brazilian, 18, 19
Coast, following the, 138
Coast-pilot, French, budget of, 72
Colchichoali, 107
Cockburn Channel, in, 94
Coldest period of the year, 362, 363
Cold metal, contact with, 262, 263
Cold not a serious cause of suffering, 257
Colony, Belgian, 59
Colours sparingly distributed, 184
Cornet, 382
Coming of the night, preparing for the, 208
Comparisons, 172, 173
Complaints, 206, 207, 231, 330
Conclusion, one, 374, 375
Constellations, new, 17, 18
Contrast, weird, 196
Cook, Captain, 223, 266
Cook, Frederick A., Dr., joins antarctic expedition, 3–5, 7, 19,
21;
volunteers services to expedition, 47, 48;
on the _Belgica_, 50;
visits sheep farm, 72–76;
efforts to return to the _Belgica_, 76, 77;
aids Wiencke, 127;
attempts to land, 132, 133, 158;
responds to call, 141, 179;
rescues Gerlache, 189;
plans of, 192;
sleeping on a floe, 212–215;
views ice-pack from crow’s-nest, 216–218, 239, 243, 248;
gives aid, 249, 272;
impressions, 287;
literary work, 300;
omits breakfast, 304, 305;
sees Danco’s illness, 309;
birthday of, 313, 314;
experience of, 321;
method of treatment, 322;
diagnosis of Lecointe’s case, 331;
treats Lecointe, 333, 378;
resolve of, 382;
plans ship’s release, 393
Crab-eating seals, 229, 242, 243
Crow’s-nest, 53;
view of pack from, 216–218
D
Dallman, German sealer, 129, 155
Danco, Emile, magnetician, 42, 43, 56, 136, 141, 142, 143, 149,
239;
unable to journey farther, 240;
building a hut, 241, 259, 263;
contrivance of, 273;
observatory of, 280;
illness of, 287, 292;
steadily failing, 296;
keeping up, 300;
sinking rapidly, 303;
failing, 309;
death of, 310;
burial of, 311, 312, 331
Danco land, 137, 143, 144, 149, 174
Darkness, soul-despairing, 295
Darkness, veil of, 276
Darwin, 96
Dawn, a long, 334;
shades of, 335
Day of departure, guesses at, 378
Day, the darkest, 323
Days and nights, change in length of, 221
Days of misery, 160;
rapidly getting shorter, 184, 248;
the darkest, 323;
of promise, 342, 343;
of feasting, 343
Debarkment, ready for, 29;
fourteenth, 145
December second, latitude and longitude, 378;
temperature, 379;
sixteenth, temperature, 381
Deception Island, 126, 192
Deep-sea creatures, 268, 269
De Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento, survey’s Magellan Strait, 83
De Gerlache, Adrian, Commandant, 4, 5, 22;
projects exploring expedition, 39;
secures the _Belgica_, 41, 42;
visits Norway, 41, 43;
sinks financial support, 44;
room of, 56, 57;
attempts to land on Auguste Island, 132, 133, 141, 142, 158, 183;
inclines to winter in the pack, 191, 239, 244, 248, 287;
work on ship’s log, 300;
order of, 327, 335;
opinion of, 349, 372
Departing day, last signs of, 286
Deplorable condition, 336
Depth, increase in, 276
Despondency, 312
Destination, deceptive nearness of, 352, 353
Destiny, doubtful, 199–201
Destruction, threatened, 280
_Detroit de la Belgica_, 147
Diet, 351
Discoveries, names affixed to, 131;
on the threshold of, 154
Diurnal range, greatest, 381
Dobrowolsky, Ass. Meteorologist, 182;
assists Lecointe, 263, 336
Doyle, A. Conan, 308
Drake, Francis, Sir, 24;
through Magellan Strait, 83
Dredges, trawls and, 54
Drift, 209, 210, 262–266, 269, 271, 276, 297, 315, 337, 338;
longitudinal, 367, 378
Drift-snow, 227
_Dulce de leche_, 61
E
Easter Sunday 254, 255
Edges of the fields, difficulty in determining, 363
El Cerro, Mount of, 29
Electric glow, 247
Electricity, 273
Elizabeth, Queen, 24
Elizabeth Island, debarkment at, 77;
sheep-farming on, 77, 78;
discovery by Drake, 78
Embalmed meats, 208, 232
Energy decreasing, 300
Escapes, narrow, 150
Eskimo model, 336, 337
Evaporation, 351
Exact latitude, uncertainty of, 342
Excursion to iceberg, 286–288
Expedition, entire success of, 406
Extended outing, longing for, 345
Exercise, 334
Expedition, Belgian Antarctic, in Rio, 4, 6, 7;
farewell to, 12;
project of, 40–45;
feast for, 44;
leaves Antwerp, 45;
at Ostend, 46;
accepts Dr. Cook’s services, 47;
leaves Ostend, 48, 49;
prepared for scientific study, 53;
discomforts of, 93, 96
Expedition, Danish East Greenland, 43
Expedition, Vega, 45
F
Favourite temperature, 297
Feast, subscription, 44
February 7th, 8th, 144;
9th, 146;
12th, 150–152;
13th, 152;
14th, 156–159;
15th, 159;
16th, 162;
longitude, 164;
17th, rate of speed, 167, 168;
18th, 169;
19th, longitude, 172;
sounding, 175;
20th, temperature, 177;
21st, 180;
temperature and position, 183, 184;
22d, 184;
temperature, 187;
23d, 188–192;
latitude and longitude, 189;
24th, 192;
25th, temperature and position, 193;
27th, latitude and longitude, 193, 194;
28th, 194
Fire, excitement of a, 21, 246
First duty, 208
Fishing through a sounding-hole, 284
Fish, pelagic, 193
Fiskabolla, 233;
hatred of, 244
Fissures, large, 268
Fletcher, Rev. Mr., notes of, 24, 25
Floes, mysterious turning of, 210;
tendency of, 239;
disheartening change of, 278–280;
grown to encouraging dimensions, 305;
protecting, 306;
charged with bergs, 375;
lessening slowly, 381
Flores Island, heading for, 28
Food, dissatisfaction with, 231–233, 397, 398, 405
Force expended, 297
Fuegian life, studies of, 192
Fuegians, the unknown, 98
Fuel, necessary to economise, 256
Fur sealers, American, 129
G
Game, difficulty of bringing in, 243
Gaston Islands, 138
Geographical problems proven, 265
Giant petrels, 222, 223
Glaciers, 124
Gold-mining, 86, 89, 90
Government, Chilean, 100
Grahamland, 148, 151, 152, 155, 192;
questions as to coast of, 163
Grand Island, 148
Gray days, 204
Greenland, regions about, 295
Gregory Bay, landing in, 69–72
H
Hail storm, debarking in, 30
Halos, 363
Harry Island, landing on, 136, 137
Health, 301, 302, 307, 334, 335, 362
Heart action, 291, 292
Heated discussions, 327
Heavens, brightness of the, 247
High temperature, danger of, 296
Highway, 147, 197
Hoarfrost, fur of, 351
Home-going, 400, 401
Hope Harbour, in, 92
Horizon, cheerful glow of, 336
Horses, Patagonian, 72, 73
“Hotel,” captain’s, 280
Hotel Oriental, night’s rest in, 31
Housebuilding, 248, 249
Hovgaard, Captain, 45
Howard, Mr. Thomas W., U. S. Consul to Uruguay, 37
Hughes Inlet, in, 133, 134
Humidity, suffering caused by, 257
Hummocks, 273, 287
I
Ice, wall of, 128, 130, 135–139;
varieties of, 153;
new world of, 154, 155;
start out over the, 179;
rambling through, 202;
signs of pressure on the, 225;
crevassed, 239;
commotion in the, 253;
spreading of the, 255;
new, 328;
purple, 335;
experience of greenish yellow, 353;
now most continuous, 363;
studying the changes of, 386–388;
thickness of, 388
Icebergs, the first, 122, 129;
grazing on, 168, 169;
seventy-eight, 175;
different forms ascribed to, 180–182, 195–198;
disturbing element of, 229, 230;
huge tabular, 239;
changing positions of, 305;
winter effect upon, 330, 384
Ice-blink, 161, 195, 198
Ice crystals, 245, 260, 287
Ice-fields, 287
Ice-flowers, 237, 238
Ice-pack, colours of the, 225
Ice pans, size of, 197
Ice-plain, snowless, 380
Ice-ramming, two days of, 198
Ice-surface, condition of, 350, 351
Ice-haze, opaque circle of, 371
Igloo, 357, 358
Imprisoned in sight of open sea, 400
Incident, startling, 285, 286
Indian huts, sites of, 95
Individual floes, movement among, 274, 275
Insomnia, 374
Islands, 94, 95
J
Jackson apparatus, 354
January 1st, 386;
5th, 390;
9th, 391;
sounding, 392;
12th, 393
Johansen, 336
Journey due north, 239, 240
June 1st, 303, 304;
2d, temperature, 304;
3d, 305;
temperature, 308;
4th, 309;
5th, 310;
7th, 311;
temperature, 312;
10th, 312;
temperature, latitude and longitude, 314;
10th, temperature, 329;
12th, temperature, 214;
19th, temperature, 318;
22d, temperature, 323;
24th, temperature, latitude and longitude, 324;
26th, 325;
29th, 326
July 4th, Independence Day, 327;
8th, temperature, 328;
12th, 330;
14th, temperature, 333;
15th, 334;
17th, 334;
21st, temperature, 335;
latitude and longitude, 337;
22d, 339;
23d, 342;
temperature, 343;
24th, 343;
temperature, 344;
25th, 344;
31st, temperature, 350, 354
Jupiter, 324
K
_Kartenaar_, the, cruiser, 46
Keeping watch, 360, 361
Killing a seal, 222
Knudsen, 125, 336
Koren, Y., 182, 242, 243
Kydbolla, 232, 233
L
Labours appreciated, 406
Lamp chimneys, substitutes for, 318
Lamplight necessary, 269
Lamp specialist, 318
Land life, forms of, 18
Larder, addition to, 330
Larsen Islands, debarkment on, 138, 139
Latitude and longitude, 189, 198
Latitude, 194;
farthest south, 297
Laurys, Consul, 8
Lawrence, John, Mr., 97
Leads, large, 235;
large open, 236;
converted into lakes, 237;
breadth of, 239;
green colours of, 262;
general direction of, 353, 368, 379
Lecointe, George, captain, 4;
describes final departure, 48, 49, 56, 57;
victim of _Mal de Mer_, 66;
visits sheep farm, 72–76;
efforts to return to the _Belgica_, 76, 77;
volunteers to rescue Wiencke, 127, 128, 136;
reports discovery of islands, 143;
sees first south polar star, 162, 164, 181;
obtains an observation, 189, 215, 221;
pays a forfeit, 244;
puts up box-shaped house, 248;
first observation in new house, 249;
mending instruments, 259;
tries observations, 261;
sighting the stars, 262, 263, 276;
sees inexplicable light, 285;
deduces position, 297;
completes details, 300;
certificate presented by, 313;
experiment of, 314;
in the “baking treatment,” 321;
good humour of, 330;
bad symptoms of, 331;
recovery of, 333;
elation of, 337;
appearance of, 341, 349, 378;
observations, 391, 395
Legation, Belgian, 3
Leopold, King, 41;
visits the _Belgica_, 47;
birthday of, 249, 250, 386, 406
Leptonychotes Weddelli, 383
Le Maire, navigator, 83
Lichens, moss and, 141
Liege Island, 137, 145, 148
Life, only cheerful, 183;
on the pack, 202;
value of, 372
Livingston Island, 123, 124
Light daily increasing, 330
Loboden Carcinophaga, 368, 383
Londonderry Island, on, 95, 96
Long night, commencement of, 278;
fifth day of, 288
Low Island, 128
M
Machine, Monacho, 55
Magalhães, Fernão de, 67–69
Magelestris, 186
Magellan, 82, 98
Magellan Strait, fortification of, 83
Magdalene Sound, through, 93
Mail, reading the, 405
Mainland, continuation of, 162
_Mal de mer_, 65, 66
March 1st, latitude and longitude, 264;
4th, 201;
sounding, 202;
13th, 206;
15th, 211;
16th, 214;
temperature, 218;
17th, temperature, 221;
18th, 221;
19th, 223;
20th, temperature, latitude and longitude, 227;
21st, 230;
22d, temperature, 234;
23d, temperature, 234;
25th, 236;
26th, temperature, 237;
27th, 238;
28th, 241, 401;
29th, 241;
31st, temperature, 243
Maury, Lieutenant, 54
May 1, 274;
16th, latitude and longitude, 281;
17th, 283;
temperature, 284;
18th, 286;
health and spirits, 289–292;
22d, temperature, 292;
27th, temperature, 294;
29th, 296;
temperature, 297;
31st, latitude, 367;
latitude and longitude, 297;
temperature, 298
Meal, a needed, 354;
time in preparing a, 356
Medicament of little service, 331, 332
Megaptera Boops, 369
Melaerts, J., 336
Men, humorous and sorrowful sight of, 173;
kept busy, 305
Menendez, Alexander, Chilean sheep-farmer, 72, 73–75, 107
Mending, 259
Meteorological work, 300
Michotte, the cook, importance of, 182;
strength of, 331
Midnight, darkest days of, 318–321
Midnight thaw, 318
Mirage of the moon, 299
Mirages seen for the first time, 184
Mission, success of, 390, 391
Mist, opaque, 361
Monotony, effect of, 301
Mount Allo, 130, 138
Mount Brugman, 137
Mount Buena Vista, form of, 22
Mount Pierre, 130
Mount Sarmiento, glaciers of, 94
Mount William, 147
Montevideo, cable message to, 405;
in the harbour of, 28;
city of, 29, 31–33;
University of, 33;
time spent in, 35;
promenades of, 36;
charming women of, 36, 37;
general impressions of, 38
Monte-Video, San Felipe de, 31
Month of August, disappointment in, 362
Months, happiest, 270, 271
Moon, anomalous faces of the, 206;
curious attraction of the, 247;
first glimpse of, 269, 270
Monotony, 326
Mother Earth, substitute for, 306
Murray, John, “Antarctica” of, 265
Mysterious land signs of, 185, 186
N
Nansen, Fridtjof, Dr., 43;
wires Belgian expedition, 45;
health of crew of, 321;
pattern of, 347;
tent plans of, 348
Nansen Island, 144, 148
“Nansen,” the mascot, 325, 326
Narratives, part suppressed of, 290
Nautical observations, conditions permitting, 172
Navigation, extreme difficulty of, 185
Navigation, season for, 188
Neumayer Channel, 148
Neumayer, Dr., 45
News, happiest, 338
Newspapers, 404
Newly discovered land, formal taking possession of, 240
New Year’s Day, 386–389
Nights, character of, 176, 177
Night of special interest, 151, 152
Noises, 132, 187, 197, 198, 297
Noonatak, ascent of a, 141–143
Noonataks, 138
Nordenskiold, Professor, 39
Notable sights, 146
Northerly winds, characteristic of, 261
November 4th, 18;
7th, 19;
8th, 20;
10th, 27;
9th, 373;
16th, storm on, 61–64;
25th, latitude and longitude, 373;
26th, 274, 376;
temperature, 375;
27th, temperature, 377
O
Observations, 263
Occupations, 269, 382
Oceanography, 54
October 15th, 367;
29th, 30
Officers and men, work of, 397, 398
Official holidays, 336
Official weather forecasts, 350
Ogmorhynus Leptonyx, 383
Omnatoplesca Rossi, 392
Onas, notes on the, 97;
the giant, 99;
homes of, 99, 100;
trouble with, 100, 101;
population, 102, 103;
physical development, 103, 104;
mental equipment, 104;
language, 105;
food, 105, 106;
delegation to sheep farm, 106–108;
weapons, 108, 109;
chase, 109, 110;
clothing, 110;
house, 111;
family, 112;
Ona girl, 112–114;
marriage relations, 114–116;
unwritten laws, 116, 117;
morals, 117, 118
Open leads, no, 336
Open sea, heading for the, 400
Open spaces of water, special study in finding, 363, 364
Opinion, difference of, 206, 207
Ossifragea gigantea, 383
Ossifrages, 186
Osterrieth, Madame, 44
Osterrieth Mountains, 146
Outhouses, 273, 280
Outlook, melancholy, 294
P
Pack, expansion of, 228, 229;
appearance of, in drift snow, 235;
danger of venturing over the, 268;
movement in the, 374, 375
Pack-ice, southward through the, 163, 164;
in the, 183;
travelling over, 386;
last latitude of, 400
“Pack Loafer’s World,” 232
Pagodroma nivea, 381
Palmer archipelago, 148
Palmer, Nathaniel, Captain, 129, 148
_Pampero_, 61–64
Panorama, view of new, 163
Pans separated, 359, 360;
diminution of, 379
Paraselenas, 247, 258, 363
Parhelias, 245, 247, 258, 260, 363, 371
Patagonia, along the coast of, 64–66;
sheep farming in, 73–75
Paths, 273
_Patria_, the, 41
Peary, Arctic Expedition, 331
Peary, Lieutenant, 147, 316
Peary, Mrs., 7
Peculiar phenomena, 389
Pedersen, Captain, 41
Penguins, 78, 79;
city of, 143, 186, 187;
royal, 193, 198, 201, 202, 210;
weird response of, 224, 229;
meat use of, 234;
group of, 235;
tracks, direction of, 239;
meat, 333, 334;
hunting, new system of, 382
Peter Island, 202, 265
Petrels, 193, 198, 201, 218, 229
Phosphorescent snow, 286
Phosphorescence, tests of, 367, 368
Photographic, day, a, 145
Photographs, feeble light for, 262, 293, 373
Photograph, midnight, 144
Physical appearance, 398
Physical loss, 291
Physiognomies, curious, 404
Polar anæmia, 302, 321, 322, 331
Polar farm, 279
Polar night, attractions of, 366
Polar regions, reasons for fascination of, 218–220
Polar river, great, 356
Polar summer, passing into, 370
Polar work, Brazilian versions of, 7
Port Famine, 84
Predecessors, historical record of, 129, 130
Premonitions, 190
Presidents, methods for changing, 28, 29
Pressure, great, 298
Prismatic effects, 260
Programmes, long series of new, 192, 372
Puntas Arenas, growth of, 80;
astonishing character, 81, 82;
history of, 82–86;
street scenes, 86–88;
location, 88;
result of discoveries, 88–90;
architecture, 90;
immigrants, 90, 91;
leaving, 92;
in port at, 401–405
Q
Questions, 315
R
Racovitza, Emile, zoölogist, in advance of expedition, 8, 42;
arrangements made by, 81, 132, 133, 136;
discovery of, 143;
finds sea algae, 175;
plans of, 192;
studies, 241, 242;
kills seals, 243, 244;
patches pantaloons, 259;
fishes, 267, 268;
in the laboratory, 299;
plans a book, 300;
humor of, 337;
plays whist, 344;
sees new bird, 377;
gets specimens, 391;
remark of, 395, 405
Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 83
Recreation, 239
Recuperation, backwardness in, 365, 366
Regions, disheartening series of, 351
Renewed interest, 342
Resting place for the night, 150
Results, 390, 391
_Retribution_, H. M. S., 32
Reynard, H. I., Mr., originator of first Magellanic sheep farming,
77, 78
Rhodes, 91
Ridges, 272, 273
Rio de Janeiro, city of, 10–12
Rio de la Plata, importance of the, 22, 23;
in the, 59, 60
Rio, from Madeira to, 17
Rio Grande do Sul, province of, 20
Rising, difficulty of, 303, 304
Ross seals, 392
Routine, regular, 301
Royal Geographical Society opens subscription list, 41
S
Sail Rock, 125, 126
Samples of sea life, 299
Sanarelli, I., Dr., Italian bacteriologist, 33–35
Sandy Point, first sight of, 79
Schollaert, Mr., Minister of the Interior, 44
Schouten, navigator, 83
Scene, a despairing, 196;
fairy-like, 352
Scientific staff, short excursions of, 227;
return home of, 405
Sea algae, 175, 217, 286
Sea-ice, 229, 230
Sea lanes, 217
Sea-leopard, 210, 211
Seals, 186, 198, 201, 202, 210, 328, 329;
examine tent, 360;
killed, 277;
means of obtaining, 382
Sealers, Norwegian, 40
Sealing, 27
“Seal, new,” 180
Seal shooting, 293
Securing game, efforts in, 364
Sensation, a strange, 199
September 8th, temperature, 363
Settlement, penal, 84, 85
Sheep farming, 73–76, 86, 89, 100, 102
Ship arranged for the winter, 271, 272
Short-lived hilarity, cause of, 372, 373
Sierra Du Fief, 147
Sight, an exciting, 204–206
Signs, constant, 203;
deceptive, 186;
of nearness to open sea, 275, 276
Silence, 343
Situation, a curious, 199
Ski, on, 235, 239, 248, 274, 306, 319, 320, 329, 353, 384
Ski-travelling, excellent, 239
Skis and sledges, difficulty of using, 242
Skis, Norwegian, 228
Sledge journeys, 349
Sledges, lesson learned regarding, 244
Sledging party, return of, 359, 362
Sledge-shoeing, 351
Sledging-party, 349
Sledge travelling, 350–353, 355, 356, 359–362
Sleep, character of, 201
Sleeping bag, 212, 214
Smith Island, 123
Snowfall, total, 379
Snow, filled with, 371, 372
Snowhouse, building the second, 356, 357;
sojourn in, 358
Snow made adhesive, 242
Snow-shoes, 222;
travel on, 228
Snow showers, 376
Social enthusiasm worn out, 385, 386
Society, Rio Geographical, 10, 12
Solid ground, longing for, 386
Solvay, Mr., promoter of science, 40
Sophie Rocks, opposite, 144
Sounding, 202;
deep-sea, 189
Soundings, 121, 122
South America, milk and butter in, 60, 61;
most noted man in, 33
South American cities, growth of, 25
Southern cross, 315
South polar exploration, season for, 43
South polar lands shielded, 203
South Shetland Islands, 121–125, 128, 129
Special feast, 313
Star, first south polar, 162
Steaming slowly westward, 152
Staten Island, final adieu at, 121
Steubenrach, Mr., 100
Storm, a melancholy, 126–128;
demons, 62–64;
effect of, 220–224;
off Patagonia, 61–64;
on edge of the pack, 194–197
Storms, temperature after, 227
Stoves, 316–318
Strait of Magellan, in the, 69–71
Suits, different styles of, 347
Summer nightless days, 373, 374
Sun, a peep at the, 224;
unreliable as a fixed point, 261;
sight of the returning, 339–342;
normal face of the, 344, 345;
highest altitude of, 387
Sun effect, 283, 284
Sunset phenomena, 187, 188, 190;
strikingly beautiful, 19, 20
Sunday jaunt, 293
Sunday, observance of, 296
Sunburst, slight suggestion of, 277, 278
Sunshine, rarity of, 376
Surroundings, new charms of, 201
Surprise, ornithological, 171
Survey, 145
System, American Sigsbee, 54
T
Tabular iceberg, deceptive nearness of, 352;
distance and appearance of, 355, 356;
reached, 383–385
Task, first large, 121
Temperature, 137, 209, 210, 218, 224, 333;
maximum and minimum, 363, 372, 373;
normal, 377, 383
Temperatures at various depths, 189
Tent pitched, 353, 354, 360, 361
Tents, 348
Terre de Danco, 149
Thaw coming, 222
Tierra del Fuego, 186, 390
Tollefsen, 179;
permanently deranged, 385
Top line, 287
Tonite, 53;
explosive power of, 394, 395
_Torro_, the, gunboat, 92
Tracks, 335
Transformation, rapid, 208, 209
Treatment, system of, 332
Trenches, cutting, 393, 394
Triangulation, sights made for, 138
Trophies, 385
Tropical night, approach of, 16
Twilight, bright blue, 344;
midday, 288, 299
Two days gale, 370–372
Two Hummock Islands, 136
U
Undercurrent, suggestion of an, 375
Uruguay, sandy beds of, 27, 28;
population, 31;
imports, 32;
fruit and vegetables of, 60
Ushuaia, small town of, 97
V
Van der Steen, Count, Minister of Belgian Legation, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,
12, 16
Van Mirlo, desperate effort of, 361
Van Wyck Island, 148
Van Wyck, Mayor, 148
View, general aspect of, 272, 273
Vapour, peculiar, 287
Ventilation, best means of, 256
Vessel, desperate attempt to reach, 361, 362
View, superb, 136, 137
Volunteers called for, 141
Visit of penguins and seals, 210
W
Walk, awkward, 402, 403
Wandel, Commander, of Copenhagen, 43
Warm weather, constant complaints of, 277
Watches, 355
Water-sky, 171, 185, 187, 217, 305
Water supply, 139, 140
Wauwermans Islands, 147
Weather unendurable, 308
Weddell sea-leopards, 356
Weddell Sea, search for opening into, 135
Welcoming the day, 342
Westerly, a chance to push, 193
Whaleboat Sound, in, 94, 95
Whist, game of, 304
White House, 8
White rainbow, or fog-eater, 262
White Squadron, 32
Wiencke, loss of, 126–128
Wiencke Island, 147
Wild life, stirs of, 165
Wilhelmina Bay, 143
Wilhelmina, Queen, 46, 386
Wilke, 266
“Williwaws,” 93
Wind, fury of the, 20, 21;
weather depending on the, 258, 310;
service of, 388
Winter campaign of work, 241
Wintering in the pack, opposition to, 191, 192
Work, first and most important, 271
Women, first glimpse of, 403
Y
Yacht Club, Antwerp, 46
Yahgans, 99
Yankee Harbour, 192
Yellow fever, germ of, 33–35
FOOTNOTES:
[2] G. Neumayer, “Die Erforschung des Süd-Polar Gebietes.” Berlin, 1872.
G. Neumayer, “Ueber Südpolarforschung” (Report of the Sixth
International Geographical Congress, London, 1895).
Sir John Murray, “The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration” (“Geographical
Journal,” January, 1894); and the “Narrative” of the _Challenger_
Reports.
K. Fricker, “Entstehung und Verbreitung des Antarktischen Treibeises.”
Leipzig, 1893.
K. Fricker, “Antarktis.” Berlin, 1898.
For bibliography, see T. Chavanne, “Die Literatur über die
Polar-Regionen der Erde” (Wien, 1878); and the Antarctic Number of the
“Scottish Geographical Magazine” (October, 1898).
[3] Bull. Soc. Géol. de France [3], xxiii, p. 589.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected silently.
2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the
original.
3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
been retained as in the original.
4. Italics are shown as _xxx_.