LI.

The first and most necessary place (part, [Greek: topos]) in philosophy

is the use of theorems (precepts, [Greek: theoraemata]), for instance,

that we must not lie; the second part is that of demonstrations, for

instance, How is it proved that we ought not to lie? The third is that

which is confirmatory of these two, and explanatory, for example, How

is this a demonstration? For what is demonstration, what is

consequence, what is contradiction, what is truth, what is falsehood?

The third part (topic) is necessary on account of the second, and the

second on account of the first; but the most necessary and that on

which we ought to rest is the first. But we do the contrary. For we

spend our time on the third topic, and all our earnestness is about it;

but we entirely neglect the first. Therefore we lie; but the

demonstration that we ought not to lie we have ready to hand.

A Selection from the Discourses of Epictetus with the Encheiridion · 第 61 / 62 题