A circular letter by the Commander-in-Chief, Sir E. Barnes, 2nd of

November, 1832, dispenses with the duty of submitting the sentence of

regimental, detachment, and brigade courts martial for confirmation

to the general officer commanding the division; and authorizes the

officer who assembles the court to carry the sentence into effect

without reference to higher authority; and to mitigate the punishment

awarded, or remit it altogether; and to order the dismissal of the

soldier who has been sentenced to corporal punishment, though he

should remit the flogging, 'for it may happen that a soldier may be

found guilty of an offence which renders it improper that he should

remain any longer in the service, although the general conduct of the

man has been such that an example is unnecessary; or he may have

relations in the regiment of excellent character, upon whom some part

of the disgrace would fall if he were flogged.' Still no court

martial but a general one could sentence a soldier to be simply

dismissed. To secure his dismissal they must first sentence him to be

flogged.

On the 24th of February, 1835, the Governor-General of India in

Council, Lord William Bentinck, directed that the practice of

punishing soldiers of the native army by the cat-o'-nine-tails, or

rattan, be discontinued at all the presidencies; and that henceforth

it shall be competent to any regimental, detachment, or brigade court

martial to sentence a soldier of the native army to dismissal from

the service for any offence for which such soldier might now be

punished by flogging, provided such sentence of dismissal shall not

be carried into effect unless confirmed by the general or other

officer commanding the division.'

For crimes involving higher penalties, soldiers were, as heretofore,

committed for trial before general courts martial.

By Act 23 of 1839, passed by the Legislative Council of India on the

23rd of September, it is made competent for courts martial to

sentence soldiers of the native army in the service of the East India

Company to the punishment of dismissal, and to be imprisoned, with or

without hard labour, for any period not exceeding two years, if the

sentence be pronounced by a general court martial; and not exceeding

one year, if by a garrison or line court martial; and not exceeding

six months, if by a regimental or district court martial.

Imprisonment for any period with hard labour, or for a term exceeding

six months without hard labour, to involve dismissal. Act 2 of 1840

provides for such sentences of imprisonment being carried into

execution by magistrates or other officers in charge of the gaols.

[W. H. S.]

This last paragraph has been brought up from the end of the volume

where it is printed in the original edition.

The army has been completely reorganized since the author's time, and

the regulations have been much modified.

In October, 1833, Lord William Bentinck had assumed the command of

the army, on the retirement of Sir Edward Barnes, and thus combined

the offices of Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, as the

Marquis Cornwallis and the Marquis of Hastings had done before him.

7. Batavia was occupied by Sir Samuel Auchmuty in August, and the

whole island was taken possession of in September, 1811. But at the

general peace which followed the great war the island of Java, with

its dependencies, was restored to the Dutch.

8. The Isle of France, otherwise called the Mauritius, which is still

British territory, was gallantly taken at the end of November, 1810,

by Commodore Rowley and Major-General Abercrombie. Full details of

the Java and Mauritius expeditions are given in Thornton's twenty-

second chapter. The brilliant operations in both localities deserve

more attention than they usually receive from students of Indian

history.

9. The funeral obsequies which are everywhere offered up to the manes

of parents by the surviving head of the family during the last

fifteen days of the month Kuâr (September) were never considered as

acceptable from the hands of a soldier in our service who had been

tied up and flogged, whatever might have been the nature of the

offence for which he was punished; any head of a family so flogged

lost by that punishment the most important of his civil rights--that,

indeed, upon which all others hinged, for it is by presiding at the

funeral ceremonies that the head of the family secures and maintains

his recognition. [W. H. S.] I have invariably found that natives of

India, enjoying a good social position, who happen to be interested

in an offender, care nothing for the disgraceful nature of the

offender's crime, while they dread the disgrace of the punishment,

however just it may be.

10. The worst feature of this abolition measure is unquestionably the

odious distinction which it leaves in the punishments to which our

European and our native soldiers are liable, since the British

legislation does not consider that it can be safely abolished in the

British army. This odious distinction might be easily removed by an

enactment declaring that European soldiers in India should be liable

to corporal punishment for only two offences: first, mutiny, or gross

insubordination; second, plunder or violence while the regiment or

force to which the prisoner belongs is in the field or marching. The

same enactment might declare the soldiers of our native army liable

to the same punishments for the same offences. Such an enactment

would excite no discontent among our native soldiery; on the

contrary, it would be applauded as just and proper. [W. H. S.]

Subsequently, corporal punishment in the Indian or native army was

again legalized. The present law is thus stated by Sir Edwin Collen:

'A "summary court martial"... may pass any sentence allowed by the

articles of war, except . . . and may carry it out at once. Corporal

punishment not exceeding fifty lashes may be given for certain

offences, but is rarely awarded, and the amount of military crime is,

on the whole, very small in the native army. The native officers have

power to inflict minor punishments' [_I.G. (1908), vol. iv, p. 370].

Flogging in the British army in time of peace was prohibited in

April, 1868, by an amendment to the Mutiny Bill, and was completely

abolished by the Army Discipline Act of 1881.

11. The author also gives the Hindustani word as 'kaelkur-hin', which

seems to be intended for _qâil kareñ_, or in rustic form _karahiñ_,

meaning 'confute'.

12. No wonder that the native army, pampered in this sentimental

fashion, gradually became more and more inefficient, till it needed

the fires of the Mutiny to purge away its humours. No army could be

efficient when its subordinate officers on the active list were men

of sixty or seventy years of age.

13. The sepoys were quite right; no other service in the world was

managed on such principles. The illusion of the old Company's

officers about the gratitude and affection of the men generally was

rudely dispelled nineteen years after the conversations recorded in

the text. But, even in 1857. a noble minority remained faithful and

did devoted service.

14. The best troops now are the Sikhs, Gôrkhâs, and frontier

Muhammadans. Oudh men still enlist in large numbers, but do not enjoy

their old prestige. The army known to the author comprised no Sikhs,

Gôrkhâs, or frontier Muhammadans. The recruitment of Gôrkhâs only

began in 1838, and the other two classes of troops were obtained by

the annexation of the Panjâb in 1849.

15. Enlistment in the native army is absolutely voluntary, and does

not even require to be stimulated by a bounty. A subsequent passage

shows that the author refuses to describe the British army as an

'entirety voluntary' one, because a soldier when once enlisted is

bound to serve for a definite term; whereas the sepoy could resign

when he chose.

16. Desertions are frequent among the regiments recruited on the

Afghan frontier. These regiments did not exist in the author's day.

17. An ordinance issued in France so late as 1778 required that a man

should produce proof of four quarterings of nobility before he could

get a commission in the army. [W. H. S.]

18. '_Est et alia causa, cur attenuatae sint legiones_,' says

Vegetius. 'Magnus in illis labor est militandi, graviora arma, sera

munera, severior disciplila. Quod vitantes plerique, in auxiliis

festinant militiae sacramenta percipere, ubi et minor sudor, et

maturiora sunt premia.' Lib._ II. _cap._ 3. [W. H. S.] Vegetius,

according to Gibbon and his most recent editor (_recensuit Carolus

Lang. Editio altera. Lipsiae, Teubner_, 1885), flourished during the

reign of Valentinian III (A.D. 425-55). His 'Soldier's Pocket-book'

is entitled 'Flavi Vegeti Renati Epitoma Rei Militaris'.

'Montesquieu thought that 'the Government had better have stuck to

the old practice of slitting noses and cutting off ears, since the

French soldiers, like the Roman dandies under Pompey, must

necessarily have a greater dread of a disfigured face than of death.

It did not occur to him that France could retain her soldiers by

other and better motives. See _Spirit of Laws_, book vi, chap. 12.

See _Necker on the Finances_, vol. ii, chap. 5; vol. iii, chap. 34. A

day-labourer on the roads got fifteen sous a day; and a French

soldier only six, at the very time that the mortality of an army of

forty thousand men sent to the colonies was annually 13,333, or about

one in three. In our native army the sepoy gets about double the

wages of an ordinary day-labourer; and his duties, when well done,

involve just enough of exercise to keep him in health. The casualties

are perhaps about one in a hundred. [W. H. S.]

20. Just precisely what the French soldiers were after the revolution

had purged France of all 'the perilous stuff that weighed upon the

heart' of its people. Gibbon, in considering the chance of the

civilized nations of Europe ever being again overrun by the

barbarians from the North, as in the time of the Romans, says: 'If a

savage conqueror should issue from the deserts of Tartary, he must

repeatedly vanquish the robust peasantry of Russia, the numerous

armies of Germany, the gallant nobles of France, and the intrepid

free men of Britain.' Never was a more just, yet more unintended

satire upon the state of a country. Russia was to depend upon her

'robust peasantry'; Germany upon her 'numerous armies'; England upon

her 'intrepid free men'; and poor France upon her 'gallant nobles'

alone; because, unhappily, no other part of her vast population was

then ever thought of. When the hour of trial came, those pampered

nobles who had no feeling in common with the people were shaken off'

like dew-drops from the lion's mane'; and the hitherto spurned

peasantry of France, under the guidance and auspices of men who

understood and appreciated them, astonished the world with their

powers. [W. H. S.]

21. The allusion is to the now half-forgotten war with the United

States in the years 1812-14, during the course of which the English

captured the city of Washington, and the Americans gained some

unexpected naval victories.

22. The author has already denounced the practice of impressment,

_ante_, chapter 26, note 27.

23. 'to' in the original edition.

24. See McCulloch, _Pol. Econ._, p. 235, 1st ed., Edinburgh, 1825.

[W. H. S.]

25. Many German princes adopted the discipline of Frederick in their

little petty states, without exactly knowing why or wherefore. The

Prince of Darmstadt conceived a great passion for the military art;

and when the weather would not permit him to worry his little army of

five thousand men in the open air, he had them worried for his

amusement under sheds. But he was soon obliged to build a wall round

the town in which he drilled his soldiers for the sole purpose of

preventing their running away--round this wall he had a regular chain

of sentries to fire at the deserters. Mr. Moore thought that the

discontent in this little band was greater than in the Prussian army,

inasmuch as the soldiers saw no object but the prince's amusement. A

fight, or the prospect of a fight, would have been a feast to them.

[W. H. S.] It is hardly necessary to observe that the modern system

of drill is widely different.

26. Speaking of the question whether recruits drawn from the country

or the towns are best, Vegetius says: '_De qua parte numquam credo

potuisse dubitari, aptiorem armis rusticam plebem, quae sub divo et

in labore nutritur; solis patiens; umbrae negligens; balnearum

nescia; delictarurum ignara; simplicis animi; parvo contenta; duratis

ad omnem laborem membris; cui gestara ferrum, fossam ducere, onus

ferre, consuetudo de rare est.' (De Re Militari_, Lib. i, cap. 3.)

[W. H. S.] The passage quoted is disfigured by many misprints in the

original edition.

27. As the Madras sepoys do.

28. The writing of the bulk of this work was completed in 1839. These

concluding supplementary chapters on the Bengal army seem to have

been written a little later, perhaps in 1841, the year in which they

were first printed. The publication of the complete work took place

in 1844. The Mutiny broke out in 1857, and proved that the fidelity

of the sepoys could not be so easily assured as the author supposed.

29. I believe the native army to be better now than it ever was--

better in its disposition and in its organization. The men have now a

better feeling of assurance than they formerly had that all their

rights will be secured to them by their European officers that all

those officers are men of honour, though they have not all of them

the same fellow feeling that their officers had with them in former

days. This is because they have not the same opportunity of seeing

their courage and fidelity tried in the same scenes of common danger.

Go to Afghanistan and China, and you will find the feeling between

officers and men as fine as ever it was in days of yore, whatever it

may be at our large and gay stations, where they see so little of

each other. [W. H. S.] The author's reputation for sagacity and

discernment could not be made to rest upon the above remarks. His

judgement was led astray by his lifelong association with and

affection for the native troops. Lord William Bentinck took a far

juster view of the situation, and understood far better the real

nature of the ties which bind the native army to its masters. His

admirable minute dated 13th March, 1835, published for the first time

in Mr. D. Boulger's well-written little book (_Lord William

Bentinck_, 'Rulers of India', pp. 177-201), is still worthy of study.

As a corrective to the author's too effusive sentiment, some brief

passages from the Governor-General's minute may be quoted. 'In

considering the question of internal danger,' he observes, 'those

officers most conversant with Indian affairs who were examined before

the Parliamentary Committee apprehend no danger to our dominion as

long as we are assured of the fidelity of our native troops. To this

opinion I entirely subscribe. But others again view in the native

army itself the source of our greatest peril. In all ages the

military body has been often the prime cause, but generally the

instrument, of all revolutions; and proverbial almost as is the

fidelity of the native soldier to the chief whom he serves, more

especially when he is justly and kindly treated, still we cannot be

blind to the fact that many of those ties which bind other armies to

their allegiance are totally wanting in this. Here is no patriotism,

no community of feeling as to religion or birthplace, no influencing

attachment from high considerations, or great honours and rewards.

Our native army also is extremely ignorant, capable of the strongest

religions excitement, and very sensitive to disrespect to their

persona or infringement of their customs. . . . In the native army

alone rests our internal danger, and this danger may involve our

complete subversion. . . .

'All these facts and opinions seem to me to establish

incontrovertibly that a large proportion of European troops is

necessary for our security under all circumstances of peace and war.

. . .

'I believe the sepoys have never been so good as they were in the

earliest part of our career; none superior to those under De Boigne.

. . I fearlessly pronounce the Indian army to be the least efficient

and most expensive in the world.'

The events of 1857-9 proved the truth of Lord William Bentinck's wise

words. The native army is no longer inefficient as a whole, though

certain sections of it may still be so, but the less that is said

about the supposed affection of mercenary troops for a foreign

government, the better.

30. Of course, all the military forces, British and Indian, are now

alike the King's. Each service has its own rules and regulations.

31. 'General Baird had started from Bombay in the end of December

1800, but only arrived at Kossir, on the coast of Upper Egypt, on the

8th of June. In nine days, with a force of 6,400 British and native

troops, he traversed 140 miles of desert to the Nile, and reached

Cairo on 10th August with hardly any loss. The united force then

marched down on Alexandria, and on 31st August Menou capitulated, and

the whole French army evacuated Egypt.' (Balfour, _Cyclopaedia_, 3rd

ed., s.v. 'Egypt.') The Indian native army again did brilliant

service in the Egyptian campaign of 1882.

32. Great progress has been made in the task of lightening the

miseries of European soldiers in India by the provision of innocent

amusements. Lord Roberts, during his long tenure of the office of

Commander-in-Chief, pre-eminently showed himself to be the soldier's

friend.

33. Their commanding officers say, as Pharaoh said to the Israelites,

'Let there be more work laid upon them, that they may labour therein,

and not enter into vain discourses.' Life to such men becomes

intolerable; and they either destroy themselves, or commit murder,

that they may be taken to a distant court for trial. [W. H. S.] The

quotation is from Exodus v. 9. The Authorized Version is, 'Let there

be more work laid upon the men, that they may labour therein; and let

them not regard vain words.'

34. See Livy, lib. ii, cap. 59. The infantry under Fabius had refused

to conquer, that their general, whom they hated, might not triumph;

but the whole army under Claudius, whom they had more cause to

detest, not only refused to conquer, but determined to be conquered,

that he might be involved in their disgrace. All the abilities of

Lucullus, one of the ablest generals Rome ever had, were rendered

almost useless by his disregard to the feelings of his soldiers. He

could not perceive that the civil wars under Marius and Sylla had

rendered a different treatment of Roman soldiers necessary to success

in war. Pompey, his successor, a man of inferior military genius,

succeeded much better because he had the sagacity to see that he now

required not only the confidence but the affections of his soldiers.

Caesar to abilities even greater than those of Lucullus united the

conciliatory spirit of Pompey [W. H. S.]

35. This curious incident, which is not mentioned by Thornton in the

detailed account of the Nepalese War given in his twenty-fourth

chapter, may be the failure of the 53rd Regiment to support General

Gllespie in the attack on Kalanga, in 1814, not 1815 (Mill, Bk. II,

chap. 1; vol. viii, p. 19, ed. 1858). The war was notable for the

number of blunders and failures which marked its earlier stages.

36. Vegetius, _De Re Militari_, Lib. iii, cap. 4, If corporal

punishment be retained at all, it should be limited to the two

offences I have already mentioned; [W. H. S.] namely, (l) mutiny or

gross insubordination, (2) plunder or violence in the field or on the

march. (_Ante_, chapter 76, note 6.)

37. Polybius says that 'as the human body is apt to get out of order

under good feeding and little exercise, so are states and armies.'

(Bk. II, chap. 6.)--Wherever food is cheap, and the air good, native

regiments should be well exercised without being worried.

I must here take the liberty to give an extract from a letter from

one of the best and most estimable officers now in the Bengal army:

'As connected with the discipline of the native army, I may here

remark that I have for some years past observed on the part of many

otherwise excellent commanding officers a great want of attention to

the instruction of the young European officers on first joining their

regiments. I have had ample opportunities of seeing the great value

of a regular course of instruction drill for at least six months.

When I joined my first regiment, which was about forty years ago, I

had the good fortune to be under a commandant and adjutant who,

happily for me and many others, attached great importance to this

very necessary course of instruction, I then acquired a thorough

knowledge of my duties, which led to my being appointed an adjutant

very early in life. When I attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel I

had, however, opportunities of observing how very much this essential

duty had been neglected in certain regiments, and made it a rule in

all that I commanded to keep all young officers on first joining at

the instruction drill till thoroughly grounded in their duties. Since

I ceased to command a regiment, I have taken advantage of every

opportunity to express to those commanding officers with whom I have

been in correspondence my conviction of the great advantages of this

system to the rising generation. In going from one regiment to

another I found many curious instances of ignorance on the part of

young officers who had been many years with their corps. It was by no

means an easy task to convince them that they really knew nothing, or

at least had a great deal to learn; but when they were made sensible

of it, they many of them turned out excellent officers, and now, I

believe, bless the day they were first put under me.'

The advantages of the System here mentioned cannot be questioned; and

it is much to be regretted that it is not strictly enforced in every

regiment in the service. Young officers may find it irksome at first;

but they soon become sensible of the advantages, and learn to applaud

the commandant who has had the firmness to consult their permanent

interests more than their present inclinations. [W. H. S.]

38. Among the many changes produced in India by the development of

the railway system and by other causes one of the most striking is

the abolition of small military stations. Almost all these have

disappeared, and the troops are now massed in large cantonments,

where they can be handled much more effectively than in out-stations.

The discipline of small detached bodies of troops is generally liable

to deterioration.

39. Many instances of semi-religious honour paid by natives to the

tombs of Europeans have been noticed.

40. There are, I believe, many Jemadârs who still wear medals on

their breasts for their service in the taking of Java and the Isle of

France more than thirty years ago. Indeed, I suspect that some will

be found who accompanied Sir David Baird to Egypt. [W. H. S.] Such

old men must have been perfectly useless as officers. Sir David

Baird' s operations took place in 1801.

41. The rate of pay of Jemadârs in the Bengal Native Infantry now is

either forty or fifty rupees monthly. Half of the officers of this

rank in each regiment receive the higher rate. The grievance

complained of by the author has, therefore, been remedied. The pay of

a Havîldâr is still, or was recently, fourteen rupees a month.

CHAPTER 77

Invalid Establishment.

I have said nothing in the foregoing chapter of the invalid

establishment, which is probably the greatest of all bonds between

the Government and its native army, and consequently the greatest

element in the 'spirit of discipline'. Bonaparte, who was, perhaps,

with all his faults, 'the greatest man that ever floated on the tide

of time', said at Elba, 'There is not even a village that has not

brought forth a general, a colonel, a captain, or a prefect, who has

raised himself by his especial merit, and illustrated at once his

family and his country.' Now we know that the families and the

village communities in which our invalid pensioners reside never read

newspapers,[1] and feel but little interest in the victories in which

these pensioners may have shared. They feel that they have no share

in the _éclat_ or glory which attend them; but they everywhere admire

and respect the government which cherishes its faithful old servants,

and enables them to spend the 'winter of their days' in the bosoms of

their families; and they spurn the man who has failed in his duty

towards that government in the hour of need.

No sepoy taken from the Râjpût communities of Oudh or any other part

of the country can hope to conceal from his family circle or village

community any act of cowardice, or anything else which is considered

disgraceful to a soldier, or to escape the odium which it merits in

that circle and community.

In the year 1819 I was encamped near a village in marching through

Oudh, when the landlord, a very cheerful old man, came up to me with

his youngest son, a lad of eighteen years of age, and requested me to

allow him (the son) to show me the best shooting grounds in the

neighbourhood. I took my 'Joe Manton' and went out. The youth showed

me some very good ground, and I found him an agreeable companion, and

an excellent shot with his matchlock. On our return we found the old

man waiting for us. He told me that he had four sons, all by God's

blessing tall enough for the Company's service, in which one had

attained the rank of 'havîldâr' (sergeant), and two were still

sepoys. Their wives and children lived with him; and they sent home

every month two-thirds of their pay, which enabled him to pay all the

rent of the estate and appropriate the whole of the annual returns to

the subsistence and comfort of the numerous family. He was, he said,

now growing old, and wished his eldest son, the sergeant, to resign

the service and come home to take upon him the management of the

estate; that as soon as he could be prevailed upon to do so, his old

wife would permit my sporting companion, her youngest son, to enlist,

but not before.

I was on my way to visit Fyzabad, the old metropolis of Oudh,[2] and

on returning a month afterwards in the latter end of January, I found

that the wheat, which was all then in ear, had been destroyed by a

severe frost. The old man wept bitterly, and he and his old wife

yielded to the wishes of their youngest son to accompany me and

enlist in my regiment, which was then stationed at Partâbgarh.[3]

We set out, but were overtaken at the third stage by the poor old

man, who told me that his wife had not eaten or slept since the boy

left her, and that he must go back and wait for the return of his

eldest brother, or she certainly would not live. The lad obeyed the

call of his parents, and I never saw or heard of the family again.

There is hardly a village in the kingdom of Oudh without families

like this depending upon the good conduct and liberal pay of sepoys

in our infantry regiments, and revering the name of the government

they serve, or have served. Similar villages are to be found

scattered over the provinces of Bihâr and Benares, the districts

between the Ganges and Jumna, and other parts where Râjpûts and the

other classes from which we draw our recruits have been long

established as proprietors and cultivators of the soil.

These are the feelings on which the spirit of discipline in our

native army chiefly depends, and which we shall, I hope, continue to

cultivate, as we have always hitherto done, with care; and a

commander must take a great deal of pains to make his men miserable,

before he can render them, like the soldiers of Frederick, 'the

irreconcilable enemies of their officers and their government'.

In the year 1817 I was encamped in a grove on the right bank of the

Ganges below Monghyr,[4] when the Marquis of Hastings was proceeding

up the river in his fleet, to put himself at the head of the grand

division of the army then about to take the field against the

Pindhârîs and their patrons, the Marâthâ, chiefs. Here I found an old

native pensioner, above a hundred years of age. He had fought under

Lord Clive at the battle of Plassey, A.D. 1757, and was still a very

cheerful, talkative old gentleman, though he had long lost the use of

his eyes. One of his sons, a grey-headed old man, and a Sûbadâr

(captain) in a regiment of native infantry, had been at the taking of

Java,[5] and was now come home on leave to visit his father. Other

sons had risen to the rank of commissioned officers, and their

families formed the aristocracy of the neighbourhood. In the evening,

as the fleet approached, the old gentleman, dressed in his full

uniform of former days as a commissioned officer, had himself taken

out close to the bank of the river, that he might be once more during

his life within sight of a British Commander-in-Chief, though he

could no longer see one. There the old patriarch sat listening with

intense delight to the remarks of the host of his descendants around

him, as the Governor-General's magnificent fleet passed along,[6]

every one fancying that he had caught a glimpse of the great man, and

trying to describe him to the old gentleman, who in return told them

(no doubt for the thousandth time) what sort of a person the great

Lord Clive was. His son, the old Sûbadâr, now and then, with modest

deference, venturing to imagine a resemblance between one or the

other, and his _beau idéal_ of a great man, Lord Lake. Few things in

India have interested me more than scenes like these.

I have no means of ascertaining the number of military pensioners in

England or in any other European nation, and cannot, therefore, state

the proportion which they bear to the actual number of forces kept

up. The military pensioners in our Bengal establishment on the 1st of

May, 1841, were 22,381; and the family pensioners, or heirs of

soldiers killed in action, 1,730; total 24,111, out of an army of

82,027 men. I question whether the number of retired soldiers

maintained at the expense of government bears so large a proportion

to the number actually serving in any other nation on earth.[7] Not

one of the twenty-four thousand has been brought on, or retained

upon, the list from political interest or court favour; every one

receives his pension for long and faithful services, after he has

been pronounced by a board of European surgeons as no longer fit for

the active duties of his profession; or gets it for the death of a

father, husband, or son, who has been killed in the service of

government.

All are allowed to live with their families, and European officers

are stationed at central points in the different parts of the country

where they are most numerous to pay them their stipends every six

months. These officers are at-- 1st, Barrackpore; 2nd, Dinapore; 3rd,

Allahabad; 4th, Lucknow; 5th, Meerut. From these central points they

move twice a year to the several other points within their respective

circles of payment where the pensioners can most conveniently attend

to receive their money on certain days, so that none of them have to

go far, or to employ any expensive means to get it--it is, in fact,

brought home as near as possible to their doors by a considerate and

liberal government.[8]

Every soldier is entitled to a pension when pronounced by a board of

surgeons as no longer fit for the active duties of his profession,

after fifteen years' active service; but to be entitled to the

pension of his rank in the army, he must have served in such rank for

three years. Till he has done so he is entitled only to the pension

of that immediately below it. A sepoy gets four rupees a month, that

is, about one-fourth more than the ordinary wages of common

uninstructed labour throughout the country.[9] But it will be better

to give the rate of pay of the native officers and men of our native

infantry and that of their retired pensions in one table.

TABLE OF THE RATE OF PAY AND RETIRED PENSIONS OF THE NATIVE OFFICERS

AND SOLDIERS OF OUR NATIVE INFANTRY.

_Rank_ _Rate of Pay_ _Rate of_

_per_ _Pension per_

_Mensem._ _Mensem._

_Rupees._ _Rupees._

A Sepoy, or private soldier. (Note.--

After sixteen years' service eight

rupees a month, after twenty years

he gets nine rupees a month) . . 7.0 4.0

A Nâik, or corporal . . . . 12.0 7.0

A Havîldâr, or sergeant . . . . 14.0 7.0

A Jemadâr, subaltern commissioned officer 24.8 13.0

Sûbadâr, or Captain . . . . 67.0 25.0

Sûbadâr Major . . . . . 92.0 0.0[a]

A Sûbadâr, after forty years service . 0.0 50.0

A Sûbadâr Bahâdur of the Order of British

India, First Class, two rupees a day

extra; Second Class, one Rupee a day

extra. This extra allowance they

enjoy after they retire from the

service during life.[b]

a. I presume this means that no special rate of pension was fixed for

the rank of Sûbadâr Major.

b. The monthly rates of pay and pension now in force for native

officers and men of the Bengal army are as follows:

_Rank_ _Pay._ _Pension._

_Ordinary._ _Superior._ _Ordinary._ _Superior._

_Rs._ _Rs._ _Rs._ _Rs._

Sûbadâr 80 100[c] 30 50

Jemadâr 40 50[c] 15 25

Havîldâr 14 -- 7 12

Naick (nâik) 12 -- 7 12

Drummer or Bugler 7 -- 4 7

Sepoy 7 -- 4 7

c. Half of this rank in each regiment receive the higher rate of pay.

The circumstances which, in the estimation of the people, distinguish

the British from all other rulers in India, and make it grow more and

more upon their affections, are these: The security which public

servants enjoy in the tenure of their office; the prospect they have

of advancement by the gradation of rank; the regularity and liberal

scale of their pay; and the provision for old age, when they have

discharged the duties entrusted to them ably and faithfully.[l0] In a

native state almost every public officer knows that he has no chance

of retaining his office beyond the reign of the present minister or

favourite; and that no present minister or favourite can calculate

upon retaining his ascendancy over the mind of his chief for more

than a few months or years. Under us they see secretaries to

government, members of council, and Governors-General themselves

going out and coming into office without causing any change in the

position of their subordinates, or even the apprehension of any

change, as long as they discharge their duties ably and faithfully.

In a native state the new minister or favourite brings with him a

whole host of expectants who must be provided for as soon as he takes

the helm; and if all the favourites of his predecessor do not

voluntarily vacate their offices for them, he either turns them out

without ceremony, or his favourites very soon concoct charges against

them, which causes them to be tumed out in due form, and perhaps put

into jail till they have 'paid the uttermost farthing'. Under us the

Governors-General, members of council, the secretaries of state,[11]

the members of the judicial and revenue boards, all come into office

and take their seats unattended by a single expectant. No native

officer of the revenue or judicial department, who is conscious of

having done his duty ably and honestly, feels the slightest

uneasiness at the change. The consequence is a degree of integrity in

public officers never before known in India, and rarely to be found

in any other country. In the province where I now write,[12] which

consists of six districts, there are twenty-two native judicial

officers, Munsifs, Sadr Amîns, and Principal Sadr Amîns;[13] and in

the whole province I have never heard a suspicion breathed against

one of them; nor do I believe that the integrity of one of them is at

this time suspected. The only one suspected within the two and a half

years that I have been in the province was, I grieve to say, a

Christian; and he has been removed from office, to the great

satisfaction of the people, and is never to be employed again.[14]

The only department in which our native public servants do not enjoy

the same advantages of security in the tenure of their office,

prospect of rise in the gradation of rank, liberal scale of pay, and

provision for old age, is the police; and it is admitted on all hands

that there they are everywhere exceedingly corrupt. Not one of them,

indeed, ever thinks it possible that he can be supposed honest; and

those who really are so are looked upon as a kind of martyrs or

penitents, who are determined by long suffering to atone for past

crimes; and who, if they could not get into the police, would

probably go long pilgrimages on all fours, or with unboiled peas in

their shoes.[15]

He who can suppose that men so inadequately paid, who have no

promotion to look forward to, and feel no security in their tenure of

office, and consequently no hope of a provision for old age, will be

zealous and honest in the discharge of their duties, must be very

imperfectly acquainted with human nature--with the motives by which

men are influenced all over the world. Indeed, no man does in reality

suppose so; on the contrary, every man knows that the same motives

actuate public servants in India as elsewhere. We have acted

successfully upon this knowledge in all other branches of the public

service, and shall, I trust, at no distant period act upon the same

in that of the police; and then, and not till then, can it prove to

the people what we must all wish it to be, a blessing.

The European magistrate of a district has, perhaps, a million of

people to look after.[16] The native officers next under him are the

Thânadârs of the different subdivisions of the district, containing

each many towns and villages, with a population of perhaps one

hundred thousand people. These officers have no grade to look forward

to, and get a salary of _twenty-five rupees a month each_.[17]

They cannot possibly do their duties unless they keep each a couple

of horses or ponies, with servants to attend to them; indeed, they

are told so by every magistrate who cares about the peace of his

district. The people, seeing how much we expect from the Thânadâr,

and how little we give him, submit to his demands for contribution

without a murmur, and consider almost any demand venial from a man so

employed and paid. They are confounded at our inconsistency, and say,

where they dare to speak their minds, 'We see you giving high

salaries and high prospects of advancement to men who have nothing on

earth to do but to collect your revenues and to decide our disputes

about pounds, shillings, and pence, which we used to decide much

better among ourselves when we had no other court but that of our

elders to appeal to; while those who are to protect life and

property, to keep peace over the land, and enable the industrious to

work in security, maintain their families and pay the government

revenue, are left without any prospect of rising, and almost without

any pay at all.'

There is really nothing in our rule in India which strikes the people

so much as this glaring inconsistency, the evil effects of which are

so great and so manifest. The only way to remedy the evil is to give

the police what the other branches of the public service already

enjoy--a feeling of security in the tenure of office, a higher rate

of salary, and, above all, a gradation of rank which shall afford a

prospect of rising to those who discharge their duties ably and

honestly. For this purpose all that is required is the interposition

of an officer between the Thânadâr and the magistrate, in the same

way as the Sadr Amîn is now interposed between the Munsif and the

Judge.[18] On an average there are, perhaps, twelve Thânas, or police

subdivisions, in each district, and one such officer to every four

Thânas would be sufficient for all purposes. The Governor-General who

shall confer this boon on the people of India will assuredly be

hailed as one of their greatest benefactors.[19] I should, I believe,

speak within bounds when I say that the Thânadârs throughout the

country give at present more than all the money which they receive in

avowed salaries from government as a share of indirect perquisites to

the native officers of the magistrate's court, who have to send their

reports to them, and communicate their orders, and prepare the cases

of the prisoners they may send in for commitment to the Sessions

courts.[20] The intermediate officers here proposed would obviate all

this; they would be to the magistrate at once the _tapis_ of Prince

Husain and the telescope of Prince Ali--media that would enable them

to be everywhere and see everything.

I may here seem to be 'travelling beyond the record', but it is not

so. In treating on the spirit of military discipline in our native

army I advocate, as much as in me lies, the great general principle

upon which rests, I think, not only our _power_ in India, but what is

more, the _justification of that power_. It is our wish, as it is our

interest, to give to the Hindoos and Muhammadans a liberal share in

all the duties of administration, in all offices, civil and military,

and to show the people in general the incalculable advantages of a

strong and settled government, which can secure life, property, and

character, and the free enjoyment of all their blessings throughout

the land; and give to those who perform duties as public servants

ably and honestly a sure prospect of rising by gradation, a feeling

of security in their tenure of office, a liberal salary while they

serve, and a respectable provision for old age.

It is by a steady adherence to these principles that the Indian Civil

Service has been raised to its present high character for integrity

and ability; and the native army made what it really is, faithful and

devoted to its rulers, and ready to serve them in any quarter of the

world.[21] I deprecate any innovation upon these principles in the

branches of the public service to which they have already been

applied with such eminent success; and I advocate their extension to

all other branches as the surest means of making them what they ought

and what we must all most fervently wish them to be.

The native officers of our judicial and revenue establishments, or of

our native army, are everywhere a bond of union between the governing

and the governed.[22] Discharging everywhere honestly and ably their

duties to their employers, they tend everywhere to secure to them the

respect and affection of the people. His Highness Muhammad S'aîd

Khân, the reigning Nawâb of Râmpur, still talks with pride of the

days when he was one of our Deputy Collectors in the adjoining

district of Badâon, and of the useful knowledge he acquired in that

office.[23] He has still one brother a Sadr Amîn in the district of

Mainpurî, and another a Deputy Collector in the Hamîrpur District;

and neither would resign his situation under the Honourable Company

to take office in Râmpur at three times the rate of salary, when

invited to do so on the accession of the eldest brother to the

'masnad'. What they now enjoy they owe to their own industry and

integrity; and they are proud to serve a government which supplies

them with so many motives for honest exertion, and leaves them

nothing to fear, as long as they exert themselves honestly. To be in

a situation which it is generally understood that none but honest and

able men can fill[24] is of itself a source of pride, and the sons of

native princes and men of rank, both Hindoo and Muhammadan,

everywhere prefer taking office in our judicial and revenue

establishments to serving under native rulers, where everything

depends entirely upon the favour or frown of men in power, and

ability, industry, and integrity can secure nothing.[25]

Notes:

1. This can no longer be safely assumed as true. Newspapers now

penetrate to almost every village.

2. Fyzâbâd (Faizâbâd) was the capital for a short time of the Nawâb

Wazîrs of Oudh. In 1775 Âsaf-ud-daula moved his court to Lucknow. The

city of Ajodhya adjoining Fyzâbâd is of immense antiquity.

3. In. the south of Oudh. It is not now a military station.

4. Monghyr (Mungêr) is the chief town of the district of the same

name, which lies to the east of Patna.

5. August, 1811.

6. Such a spectacle is no longer to be seen in India. Four or five

inconspicuous railway carriages or motor-cars now take the place of

the 'magnificent fleet'.

7. The percentage is 29 1/2.

8. All these arrangements have been changed. Military pensioners are

now paid through the civil authorities of each district.

9. Wages are now generally higher.

10. This sentence might misled readers unacquainted with the details

of Indian administration. Every official who satisfies the formal

rules of the Accounts department gets his pension, as a matter of

course, in accordance with those rules, whether his service has been

able and faithful or not. The pension list is often the last refuge

of incompetent and dishonest officials, to which they are gladly

consigned by code-bound superiors, who cannot otherwise get rid of

them. Nor am I certain that British rule 'grows more and more upon

the affections' of those subject to it.

11. The author means secretaries to the Government of India or

provincial governments.

12. The Sâgar and Nerbudda (Narbadâ) Territories, now included in the

Central Provinces.

13. The designations Sadr Amîn and Principal Sadr Amîn have been

superseded by the title of Subordinate Judge. The officers referred

to have only civil jurisdiction, which does not include revenue and

rent causes in the United Provinces.

14. Most experienced officers will, I think, agree with me that the

author was exceptionally fortunate in his experience. So far as I can

make out, the standard of integrity among the higher Indian officials

has risen considerably during the last century, but is still a long

way from the perfection indicated by the author's remarks.

15. These observations on the police are merely a repetition of the

remarks in Chapter 69, which have been discussed in the notes to that

chapter.

16. The districts in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh are

usually much smaller than those in Bengal or Madras, but even in

Northern India a district with only a million of inhabitants is

considered to be rather a small one. Some districts have a population

of more than three millions each.

17. All has been changed. Many comparatively well paid officials of

Indian birth now intervene between the District Magistrate and the

small people on twenty-five rupees a month. Sometimes the District

Magistrate himself is an Indian.

18. The anthor's note to this passage repeats the quotation from

Hobbes's _Leviathan_, Part II, sect. 30, which has been already cited

in the text, chapter 69, following [12], and need not be repeated

here. The note continues: 'Almost every Thânadâr in our dominions is

a little Tarquin in his way, exciting the indignation of the people

against his master. When we give him the proper incentives to good,

we shall be able with better conscience to punish him severely for

bad conduct. The interposition of the officers I propose between him

and the magistrate will give him the required incentive to good

conduct, at the same time that it will deprive him of all hope of

concealing his "evil ways", should he continue in them.' [W. H. S.]

He still manages to continue in his evil ways, and generally to

conceal them.

19. This statement seems almost like sarcasm to a reader who knows

what manner of men well-paid Inspectors of Police commonly are, and

how they are regarded by the non-official population. They are not

usually reverenced as 'protectors of the poor'.

20. The reader who is not practically acquainted with the work of

administration in India will probably think that the magistrate who

allows such intrigues to go on must be very careless and inefficient.

But that thought, though very natural, would be unjust. The author

was one of the best possible district magistrates, and yet was unable

to suppress the evils which he describes, nor have the remedies which

he advocated, and which have been adopted, proved effectual. The

Thânadâr now has generally to pay the Inspector and the people in the

District Superintendent's office, in addition to 'the native officers

of the magistrate's court'.

21. We have already seen how mistaken the author was concerning the

army.

22. This statement requires to be guarded by many qualifications. The

author's following remarks only illustrate the well-known fact that

in India official rank is ardently desired by the classes eligible

for it, and carries with it great social advantages.

23. Râmpur is the small Rohilla state within the borders of the

Bareilly District, United Provinces.

24. This description of the class of officials alluded to is somewhat

idealized, though it applies to a considerable proportion of the

class.

25. These propositions were, doubtless, literally correct in the

author's time, but they are not at all fully applicable to the

existing state of affairs.

APPENDIX

THUGGEE, AND THE PART TAKEN IN ITS SUPPRESSION BY GENERAL SIR W. H.

SLEEMAN, K.C.B.

NOTE BY CAPTAIN J. L. SLEEMAN, ROYAL SUSSEX REGIMENT

The religion of murder known as 'Thuggee' was established in India

some centuries before the British Government first became aware of

its existence, It is remarkable that, after an intercourse with India

of nearly two centuries, and the exercise of sovereignty over a large

part of the country for no inconsiderable period, the English should

have been so ignorant of the existence and habits of a body so

dangerous to the public peace. The name 'Thug' signifies a

'Deceiver', and it will be generally admitted that this term was well

earned.[1] There is reason to believe that between 1799 and 1808 the

practice of 'Thuggee' (Thagî) reached its height and that thousands

of persons were annually destroyed by its disciples. It is

interesting to note the legendary origin of this strange and horrible

religion: In remote ages a demon infested the earth and devoured

mankind as soon as created. The world was thus left unpeopled, until

the goddess of the Thugs (Dêvî or Kâlî) came to the rescue. She

attacked the demon, and cut him down; but from every drop of his

blood another demon arose; and though the goddess continued to cut

down these rising demons, fresh broods of demons sprang from their

blood, as from that of their progenitors; and the diabolical race

consequently multiplied with fearful rapidity. At length, fatigued

and disheartened, the goddess found it necessary to change her

tactics. Accordingly, relinquishing all personal efforts for their

suppression, she formed two men from perspiration brushed from her

arms. To each of these men she gave a handkerchief, and with these

the two assistants of the goddess were commanded to put all the

demons to death without shedding a drop of blood. Her commands were

immediately obeyed; and the demons were all strangled. Having

strangled all the demons, the two men offered to return the

handkerchiefs; but the goddess desired that they should retain them,

not merely as memorials of their heroism, but as the implements of a

lucrative trade in which their descendants were to labour and thrive.

They were in fact commanded to strangle men as they had strangled

demons.

Several generations passed before Thuggee became practised as a

profession--probably for the same reason that a sportsman allows game

to accumulate--but in due time it was abundantly exercised. Thus,

according to the creed of the Thug, did their order arise, and thus

originated their mode of operation.

The profession of a Thug, like almost everything in India, became

hereditary, the fraternity, however, receiving occasional

reinforcements from strangers, but these were admitted with great

caution, and seldom after they had attained mature age. The Thugs

were usually men seemingly occupied in most respectable and often in

most responsible positions. Annually these outwardly respectable

citizens and tradesmen would take the road, and sacrifice a multitude

of victims for the sake of their religion and pecuniary gain. The

Thug bands would assemble at fixed places of rendezvous, and before

commencing their expeditions much strange ceremony had to be gone

through. A sacred pickaxe was the emblem of their faith: its

fashioning was wrought with quaint rites and its custody was a matter

of great moment. Its point was supposed to indicate the line of route

propitious to the disciples of the goddess, and it was credited with

other powers equally marvellous. The brute creation afforded a vast

fund of instruction upon every proceeding. The ass, jackal, wolf,

deer, hare, dog, cat, owl, kite, crow, partridge, jay, and lizard,

all served to furnish good or bad omens to a Thug on the war-path.

For the first week of the expedition fasting and general discomfort

were insisted on, unless the first murder took place within that

period. Women were never murdered unless their slaughter was

unavoidable (i.e. when they were thought to suspect the cause of the

disappearance of their men-folk). Children of the murdered were often

adopted by the Thugs, and the boys were initiated in due course in

the horrid rites of Thuggee. Men skilled in the practice of digging

and concealing graves were always attached to each Thug gang. These

were able to prepare graves in anticipation of a murder, and to

effectually conceal all trace of the crime after they were occupied.

To assist the grave-diggers in this duty all roads used by Thugs had

selected places upon them at which murders were always carried out if

possible. The Thugs would speak of such places with the same

affection and enthusiasm as other men would of the most delightful

scenes of their early life.

It was these people, versed in deceit and surrounded by a thousand

obstacles to conviction, that General Sir W. H. Sleeman so nobly set

out to exterminate. Within seven years of his first commencing the

suppression of Thuggee it had practically ceased to exist as a

religion; and he had the privilege of seeing it entirely suppressed

as such before giving up this work for the Residentship at Lucknow.

He was described when taking over the latter appointment as follows:

'He had served in India nearly forty years. His work had been of the

best. He had done more than any one to suppress 'Thuggee' finally,

and had a knowledge of the Indian character and language possessed by

very few. He was personally popular with all classes of Indians, and

respected, feared, and trusted by all.'

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES BY THE EDITOR

Captain J. L. Sleeman, who had intended to contribute an account in

some detail of his grandfather's operations for the suppression of

Thuggee, has been ordered on active service, and consequently has

been unable to write more than the short note printed above.

The editor thinks it desirable to supplement Captain Sleeman's

observations by certain additional remarks.

The earliest historical notice of Thuggee appears to be the statement

in the History of Fîrôz Shâh Tughlak (1351-88) by a contemporary

author that at some time or other in the reign of that sovereign

about one thousand Thugs were arrested in Delhi, on the denunciation

of an informer. The Sultan, with misplaced clemency, refused to

sanction the execution of any of the prisoners, whom he shipped off

to Lakhnauti or Gaur in Bengal, where they were let loose. (Elliot

and Dowson, _Hist. of India_, iii. 141.) That absurd proceeding may

well have been the origin of the system of river Thuggee in Bengal,

which possibly may be still practised.

The next mention of Thugs refers to the reign of Akbar (1556-1605).

Both Meadows Taylor and Balfour affirm that many Thugs were then

executed, and according to Balfour, they numbered five hundred and

belonged to the Etawah District, I have not succeeded in finding any

mention of the fact in the histories of Akbar--the memory of the

event may be preserved only by oral tradition. Etawah, between the

Ganges and Jumna, in the province of Agra, has always been notorious

for Thuggee and cognate crime.

In the year 1666, towards the close of Shahjahân's reign, the

traveller de Thevenot noted that the road between Delhi and Agra was

infested by Thugs. His words are:

'The cunningest Robbers in the World are in that Countrey. They use a

certain slip with a running-noose, which they can cast with so much

slight about a Man's Neck, when they are within reach of him, that

they never fail; so that they strangle him in a trice.' (English

transl., 1686, Part III, p. 41.)

After the capture of Seringapatam in 1799 the attention of the

Company's government was drawn to the prevalence of Thuggee. In 1810

the bodies of thirty victims were found in wells between the Ganges

and Jumna, and in 1816 Dr. Sherwood published a paper entitled 'On

the Murderers called Phânsigars', _sc._ 'stranglers', in the _Madras

Journal of Literature and Science_, which was reprinted in _Asiatic

Researches_, vol. xiii (1820). Various officers then made

unsystematic efforts to suppress the stranglers, but effectual

operations were deferred until 1829. During the years 1881 and 1832

the existence of the Thug organization became generally known, and

intense excitement was aroused throughout India. The Konkan, or

narrow strip of lowlands between the Western Ghâts and the sea, was

the only region in the empire not infested by the Thugs. (See H. H.

Wilson in supplement to Mill, _Hist. of British India_, ed. 1858,

vol. ix, p. 213; Balfour, _Cyclopaedia of India_, 3rd ed., 1885,

_s.v._ Thug; and Crooke, _Things Indian_, Murray, 1906, _s.v._

Thuggee.)

The records summarized above prove that the Thug organization existed

continuously on a large scale from the early part of the fourteenth

century until Sir William Sleeman's time, that is to say, for more

than five centuries. In all probability its origin was much more

ancient, but records are lacking. It is said that a sculpture

representing a Thug strangulation exists among the sculptures at

Ellora executed in the eighth century. No such sculpture, however, is

mentioned in the detailed account of the Ellora caves by Dr. Burgess.

The magnitude of the organization with which Sleeman grappled is

indicated by the following figures.

During the years 1831-7 3,266 Thugs were disposed of one way or

another, of whom 412 were hanged, and 483 were admitted as approvers.

Amîr Alî, whose confessions are recorded in Meadows Taylor's

fascinating book, _The Confessions of a Thug_, written in 1837 and

first published in 1839, proudly admitted having taken part in the

murders of 719 persons, and regretted that an interruption of his

career by twelve years' imprisonment in Oudh had prevented him from

completing a full thousand of victims. He regarded his profession as

affording sport of the most exciting kind possible.

V. A. S.

Notes:

1. Pronounced 'T'ug', a hard cerebral _t_, with some aspiration.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

[Transcriber's note: These have been incorporated into the e-text.

The note numbers below correspond to the original text, not to the

renumbered notes of the e-text.]

When the printing of the book was almost completed, the following

additions and corrections were kindly communicated by Mr. J. S.

Cotton, editor of _I. G._, 1907, 1908.

Page 14, text, line 13. For 'leader', read 'barber'.

Page 57, note 4, line 2. After 'Baitûl', insert 'Mandlâ'.

Page 115, text, line 27. 'G----' appears to have been Robert Gregory,

C.B.

Page 115, note 2. Add, 'In 1911, Michael Filose of Gwâlior was

appointed K.C.I.E.'

Page 124, note 3. After '1860', insert 'and constitutes the District

called Pânch Mâhals in the Northern Division of the Bombay

Presidency. The vernacular word _pânch_, like the Persian _panj_,

means 'five'.

Page 124, note 3. Add at end, 'and is still used by Marâthâ nobles.'

Page 146, note 3. For 'may be' read 'is'. _Dele_. 'The name is

common.'

Page 241, note 1, line 2. _Dele_ 'in the Nizam's territories '.

Page 262, note 2. The author may possibly have referred to Agra and

Gwâlior, rather than to Lucknow and Udaipur.

Page 338, note 2. For the clause 'From 1765 . . . English',

substitute, 'From 1765 to 1771 he was the dependant of the English at

Allahabad. From 1771 to 1803 he was usually under the control of

Marâthâ chiefs, and from the time of Lord Lake's entry into Delhi, in

1803, he became simply a pensioner of the British Government. His

successors occupied the same position.'

Page 452, line 17. 'Southern' is in original edition, but 'Western'

would be more accurate.

Page 453, line 18. For 'its' read 'his own'.

Page 459. 'The story of the murder of Fraser is told very differently

in Bosworth-Smith's _Life of Lord Lawrence_, where all the detective

credit is given to Lord L., apparently on his own authority. See also

an article in the _Quarterly Review_ for April 1883, by Sir H. Yule,

and another in _Blackwoods Magazine_ for January 1878.'

Page 555, note, line 1. For 'Supreme' read Superior'.

Page 581, note, line 18. For 'James Watts', read 'William Watts'.

Page 584, note 2. For 'vexare' read 'vexari'.

Page 595, note 2. 'The best account of Begum Sumroo is to be found in

_A Tour through the Upper Provinces of Hindustan_, 1804-14, by A. D.

= Ann Deane (1823). Walter Scott introduces more than one of the

stories about the Begum into _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (1827), e.g.:

"But not to be interred alive under your seat, like the Circassian of

whom you were jealous," said Middlemas, shuddering' (vol. 48, Black's

ed. of the novels, p. 382).

Page 596, note 4. Probably 'Gorgîn' is a corruption of 'Gregory'.

Page 615, note l. Perhaps the author was mistaken, and the letter was

sent by Lady Bentinck, whose name was Mary.

INDEX

[Transcriber's note. Many of the spellings in this index differ from

the spelling used in the text and notes, especially in the use of the

diacritical mark.]

Abû-Alîsena, or Avicenna, 339, 524.

Abû Bakr, Khalîf, 199.

Abûl Fazl, 111 n., 355 n.; on music, 562 n.

Abûl Hasan = Amîr Khusrû, poet, 508 n.

_Acacia suma_, worshipped, 174 n.

Adam's Bridge, 692 n.

Adham Khân, tomb of, 503 n.

_Âdi Granth_, Sikh scripture, 477 n.

Adilâbâd, in Old Delhi, 487 n.

Adoption, 211 n.

Adultery, 198-201.

Afghan War, first, 291 n., 417; history, 288-91.

Ages, Hindu, 522 n.

Agra, Christians at. II, 335; buildings at, 312-24; date of fort at,

357 n.; books about, 358 n.

Ahmadnagar, kingdom, 458 n.

Ahmad Shâh, Durrânî, 289.

Ajmêr, 350.

Ajodhya, kingdom, 374; city, 457 n., 641.

Akbar (I), the Great, taxed marriages, 40 n.; had Abûl Fazl as

minister, 111 n.; officials of, 283 n.; tomb and bones of, 323, 325,

354 n.; character of, 356 n.; Maryam-uz-Zamânî, queen of, 348 n.;

sons of, 350; conquests of, 458; punished Thugs, 652. (II), titular

emperor, 309 n., 337, 501 n., 509 n., 525 n.

Âl dye, 228 n.

Alâ-ud-dîn Muhammad Shâh, 489, 490 n., 497 n., 503.

Alîgarh District, 435 n., 441 n.; battle of, 566 n.

Altamsh, _see_ Îltutmish. Sultan.

Amânat Khân, calligraphist, 316 n., 516.

Amarkantak, 14.

America, war with, 628.

Amîr Alî, Thug, 653.

Amîr Jumla, 513 n., 360 n.

Amîr Khân, Nawâb, 66 n., 130.

Ammonites, 121.

Angels, Muhammadan beliefs about, 40.

Angora, battle of, 531 n.

Anûpshahr, 605.

Anurshîrvân (Naushîrvân), 135 n.

_Apis dorsata_, bee, 4 n.

Arboriculture, 451 n.

Archaeological Survey, 520 n.

Architecture in India, 456.

Aristotle, 341,524.

Arjumand Bânô Bêgam, 315 n., 325.

Armenian tombs, 335 n.

Arms, license to carry, 246 n.

Army, value of native Indian, 632.

Arrian quoted, 285.

Arsenic, poisoning by, 86 n.

Art in India, 379.

Âsaf Khân (1), Akbar's general, 191 n.; (2) brother of Nûr Jahân,

328, 329, 332, 334.

Âsaf-ud-daula, of Oudh, 641.

Ascetics, 592 n.

Asîrgarh, 163 n.

Asoka, monolith pillars of, 493 n.

Assaye, battle of, 600.

Assassins, sect of, 491 n.

Attar of roses, 216.

Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 619 n.

Auckland, Lord, 291 n., 347 n., 563 n., 571.

Aurangzêb, emperor, 273-6, 314, 335, 513.

Austin de Bordeaux, 319, 516.

_Avatâr_, 10, 45.

Avicenna, 339, 524.

Ayesha, story of, 198.

Azam, Prince, 274 n.

Azîm-ash-Shân, Prince, 275 n.

Azîz Koka, 504 n.

Bâbur, 527.

Babylon, history of, 452.

Badarpur, in Old Delhi, 486 n., 487 n.

Bagree dacoits, xxxiii.

Bahâdur Shâh (I), 275 n.; (II), 309 n., 501 n.

Bâhmani dynasty, 458 n.

_Baid_, defined, 107 n.

Baijnâth shrine, 590.

Bairâgîs, 300, 370, 591, 592 n.

Baird, Sir David, 634, 640 n.

Baitantî river, 209.

Baiza Bâî, 303,466.

Bajazet (Bâyazîd), Greek emperor, 531.

Bâjî Râo, I and II, Peshwâs, 381 n.

Bâjpai family, xxxii.

Bajranggarh, Râjâ of, 293.

_Bakshî_, or paymaster, 211.

Bâlâ Bâi, 563.

Balban, Sultan, 420 n., 488 n., 502.

Baldêo (Bâladeva), (1) brother of Krishna, 379; (2) Singh, defender

of Bharatpur, 360.

Bali Râjâ, a demon, 2, 33.

Ballabhgarh, 475.

Ballot Act, 399 n.

Bamboos, 311.

Bamhauri, in Orchhâ State, 124, 172.

_Bâna-linga_, 122 n., 141 n.

Bânda, town, 78.

_Baniyâ_, defined, 295 n.

Banjâra tribe, 100.

Bankers, Indian private, 409 n.

Banks, Presidency, 424 n.

Banyan tree, 385, 566 n.

_Bâolî_, defined, 442, 446.

Barber, as match-maker, 16.

Barlow, Sir George, 271 n.

Barnes, Sir B., C.-in-C-., 618 n., 619 n.

Baroda, Gaikwâr of, 286.

Barrackpore, mutiny at, 2.

Barwâ Sâgar, 207.

Basalt, 96-8, 113, 261, 268.

_Basant_ festival, 501.

Basrah (Bussorah), 199.

Batavia, capture of, 691 n.

Bathing, religions merit of, l.

Bâwarias of Muzaffarnagar, 235 n.

Beef, eating of, 194, 203.

Bees, at Marble Rocks, 4.

Bêgam Sarâi at Delhi, 510 n.

Belemnites, fossil, 121.

Benares, city, 25, 103 n.; province, 434 n.

Bengal, permanent settlement of, 64 n.; Islam in, 424 n.;

territories, defined, 553 n.; river thuggee in, 652.

Bentinck, Lord William, 109, 321 n., 341 n., 445, 547, 548, 571, 614,

618, 619 n., 632 n.

Berâr, kingdom, 156 n., 458 n.

Bernier, (1) François, on suttee, 26 n., 47 n.; historical work of,

273 n.; (2) Major, 606.

Betel leaf, 216 n.

Betiyâ (Bettia), Christian colony at. 11, 13 n.

_Bhâgavata Purâna_, 10 n.

_Bhagvân_ = Vishnu = God, 2.

Bharat, brother of Râma, 374, 382.

Bharatpur (Bhurtpore), sieges of, 116, 355, 359-62, 377, 562 n.

Bherâghât (-garh), 1, 6, 18, 54.

Bhîl tribes, 295.

Bhîlsâ, town, 264.

Bhôjpur, 146.

Bhonslâs of Nâgpur, 103 n., 286, 292, 381.

Bhopâl, 238.

_Bhrigu-pâtâ_ sacrifice, 103 n.

_Bhûmiâwat_, 245-52.

_Bhûmkâ_, 60 n.

Bhurtpore, see Bharatpur.

Biâs river, (1) = Hyphasis, in Panjâb, 3 n., 165 n.; (2) in Central

Provinces, 204, 290.

Bîdar kingdom, 458 n.

_Bîghâ_, defined, 453 n.

Bihârî Mall, Râjâ, 348 n.

Bîjâpur, great gun at, 241 n.; fall of, 286 n.; kingdom, 458 n.

Bindâchal, 590.

Bindrâban (Brindâban), 120.

Bird, Robert Merttins, 575 n.

Birjû Bâulâ, singer, 562.

Bîrsingh Dêo, Râjâ, 134, 164 n., 232, 237.

Black buck, 236 n.; Hole, 582.

Blake, Mr., murder of, 503, 504 n.

Blights, 193-8.

Boigne, General de, 271.

Bombay land System, 576.

Borak, Muhammad's donkey, 541.

Bow, use of, 80.

Brahmâ, god, 7, 9, 45 n., 376 n., 594.

Brahmans forbid marriage of widows, 26; sacrificed, 46.

Bruce, Captain, (1) brother of (2), 270; (2) James, traveller, 270 n.

Budha Gupta, king, 55 n.

Budhuk dacoits, xxxv.

Buffaloes, sacrificed, 46 n.

Bulâkî, Prince, 334.

_Buland Darwâza_, 352 n.

Bullocks, price of, 437.

Bundêla Râjpûts, 144 n., 185.

Bundêlkhand, 94 n., 111, 112, 149, 185, 207, 209 n., 227.

Bundêlkhandî dialects, 188 n.

Burial, alive, 570; customs, 218 n.

Burn, Lieut.-Col., 421 n.

Bussorah, see Basrah.

Buxar, battle of, 338 n.

Cairo, mosques at, 494 n.

Calcutta, commercial crisis of 1883 at, 422.

Canals, 158 n.

Cannibalism, 152.

Capital, foreign, 422.

Carpets made at Jhânsî, 217, 241.

Caste, 45-51.

Cattle-poisoning, 86 n.

Cawnpore, rise of, 445 n.

Ceded provinces, 434 n.

Census, 194 n.

Central India, 178.

Central Provinces, 57 n., 94 n.

Chambal river, 301, 303.

_Chambêlî_, or jasmine, 33.

Champat Râî, Bundêla, 190 n.

_Chandamirt_ (_chandan mirt_), 141, 588, 593.

Chand Bardâi, poet, 190 n.

Chandêl Râjpûts, 144 n., 178 n., 185, 189.

Chandêrî State, 193, 251, 293.

_Chândnî Chauk_, Delhi, 604 n.

Chandra, Râjâ, 498 n.

_Chaprâsî_, or orderly, 74 n.

_Cheonkal_ (_chhonkar_) tree, 174.

Cherry, Mr., murder of, 473.

Chhatarpur State, 192.

Chhatarsâl, Râjâ, 94, 193.

Chick-pea, or gram, 414 n.

Chiefs' colleges, 256 n.

China, land tenure in, 423; Tîmûr's designs on, 533.

Chingîz Khan, 535.

_Chîtal_, spotted deer, 244 n.

Chitôr, towers at, 493 n.

Chitragupta, secretary to Yamarâja, 9.

Chitrakôt, 95.

Cholera, beliefs about, 163, 232.

Christians, 11-13, 335, 424.

Chuhârî, Christian colony at, 13 n.

_Cicer arietinum_, gram, 150 n.

Cis-Sutlaj States, 476 n.

Cities, growth of, 455.

Civil Service of India, 426 n., 649.

Clerk, Sir George, 90 n.

Coal, 230, 231 n.

Codes, 65 n., 66 n.

Coins, of Nûrjahân, 333 n.; of Sikhs, 477 n.; largesse, 479 n.

Colebrooke, Sir B., 461.

Combermere, Lord, 355 n., 359, 618.

Concan, _see_ Konkan.

Conquered Provinces, 434 n.

Corn laws, 574.

Cornwallis, Lord, second administration of, 460 n.

Corporal punishment, _see_ Flogging.

Corruption, official, 403.

Cotton, soil, black, 94 n., 149 n., 258 n.; -tree, 385.

'Covenanted' service, 426 n.

Cow, veneration of, 163, 202.

Criminal tribes, 234 n., 557 n.; law, 305 n.

Crooke, Mr. William, xix; on veneration of the cow, 163 n.

Cubbon, Sir Mark, 90 n.

Customs, inland, 347 n.; hedge, 426 n.

Dacoits, Sleeman's books on, xxxiii, xxxv, 89.

_Daityas_, bad spirits, 10.

Dalhousie, Lord, xxv; annexation policy of, 187 n.

Damoh, town, 76.

Dâniyâl, Prince, 334.

Dârâ Shikoh, Prince, 272-4, 511-13 n.

Darbhanga, 51.

_Dargâh_, defined, 568 n.

Dasahara ceremonies, 175 n., 241 n., 293, 296.

Dasân river, 108.

Dasaratha, Râjâ, 382.

Datiyâ, Râjâ of, 193, 221, 226.

_Datûra_, poisoning, 82-6.

Daulatâbâd, 490.

Daulat Râo Sindhia, 563.

Davis, Mr., gallant defence by, 474 n.

Dâwar Baksh, Prince, 334.

De Boigne, _see_ Boigne, General de.

Deccan, geology of, 97 n., 114 n,; kingdoms of, 285; early history

of, 457.

Deeg, _see_ Dîg.

Delhi, territories, 420 n., 448, 459 n.; province, 459 n.; defended

by Burn, 421; old city of, 486-503; Sultans of, 488 n.; new city of,

504-30; Jâmi Masjid at, 514; Motî Masjid at, 514 n.; palace at, 515-

19; peacock throne at, 517; books about, 519 n.; taken by Tîmûr, 529.

Denudation, sub-aerial, 138 n.

Deorî, town, 124, 129.

De Thevenot, _see_ Thevenot, de.

_Devas_, good spirits, 10.

Devî, goddess, 7, 593.

Devil, Muhammadan myth of, 537.

Devils, 223 n.

Dhamonî, 110.

Dhandêla Râjpûts, 187.

_Dhanuk_ jag festival, 173.

_Dharmsâlâ_, defined, 568 n.

_Dhaû_ (_Lythrum fructuosum_) tree, 237.

Dhîmar caste, 76.

Dhôlpur State, 272, 302-10.

Diamonds, great, 290.

Dîg (Deeg), garden at, 364; battle at, 421, 566 n.

_Dînâî_, slow poison, 142.

Dinapore, 341.

Discipline, military, xxxiii, 615-40.

Diseases, Hindoo notions about, 168.

Districts, civil, size of, 646 n.

_Dîwân-i-Âmm_, at Delhi, 515.

_Dîwân-i-Khâs_, at Delhi, 517.

_Dîwanî_, grant of, 500.

_Doâb_ defined, 233 n.

Dost Muhammad, 291.

Drowning, suicide by, 219.

Dubois, _Hindu Manners_, xix.

Dudrenec, Monsieur, 603.

Durgâvatî, queen, 190.

Dutch factory at Agra, 335.

Dyce, Colonel, 611.

Dyce-Sombre, Mr., 595, 610.

Education, of young nobles, 256 n.; Muhammadan and English, 523, 524

n.

Egypt, expedition to, 634, 640 n.

Electricity, 311.

Elephant-drivers, 50.

Elichpur (Îlichpur), 156.

Ellis, Mr., at Patna, 597.

Ellora, 8 n.; 653.

Epidemics, 161-72.

Epilepsy, 221.

Eran, pillar at, 55.

_Erythrina arborescens_, or coral-tree, 74 n.

Etâwah, Thuggee in, 652.

Evil eye, 168.

Exogamy, 144 n.

Exorcisers, 168.

Fairs, 1.

Fakîrs, 370, 591, 592 n.

Famine, of 1833, 148; policy, 150; in Mâlwâ, 441 n.

Fanshawe, H. C., on Delhi, 520 n.

Farhad, poet, 136.

Farîdâbâd (Farîdpur), 479, 480 n.

Farîd-ud-dîn Ganj Shakar, saint, 507 n.

Faringia (Feringheea), Thug, 78.

Farrukhsîyar, emperor, 275 n.

Fathpur-Sîkrî, 351-8.

_Fatwa_, defined, 200 n., 536.

Fergusson, on Indian architecture, 359 n.

Fertility, diminution of, 413 n.,415.

Feudal System, 145, 578 n.

_Ficus religiosa_, pîpal tree, 205 n.

Filose, Jean Baptiste, 115 n., 293, 296.

Finch, traveller, quoted, 324 n.

Fîrôzâbâd at Delhi, 497 n.

Fîrôzpur, 420, 459.

Fîrôz Shâh Tughlak, deported Thugs, 652.

Fish, Persian order of, 135, 137; eating, 307.

Flattery, 243.

Flax plant, 195.

Flogging in army, 616-22, 637.

Fontenne, de, maiden name of Lady Sleeman, xxiii.

Forest department, 451 n.

Forester, Lady, 612 n.

Fortresses, insalubrity of, 111.

Fossils, 98, 121.

_Francolinus vulgaris_, black partridge, 44 n.

Fraser, Mr. C., xxiii, 89 n.; Mr. Hugh, xxiv; Major-General, 89 n.;

Mr. W., murder of, 420, 458-75.

Frederick the Great, 625, 629.

Fullerton, Dr., 597.

Funeral obsequies, 620 n.

Furse, Mrs., sister of author, xxv n., xxx.

Futtehpore Seekree, see Fathpur-Sîkrî.

Fyzâbâd, 457 n., 641.

Gabriel, angel, 37.

Gaîkwâr of Baroda, 286.

Galen, 339, 524.

Gandak river, 121 n.

Ganges river, 6, 17; water, 141 n., 588, 594.

Gardiner (Gardner), Colonel, 346.

Garhâ, Rânî of, 56, 73.

Garhâ Kota, 293.

Garhâ Mandla, xxxii, 190.

_Gârpagrî_, hail-charmer, 60 n,.

Gaur, 330 n.

Gaurî Sankar, 6, 54.

Geronimo Veroneo, 320 n.

Ghaznî, 454 n.

Ghiyâs-ud-dîn, Khwâja, 328.

Ghorapachhâr rivers, 298.

Ghosts, 221-6.

Ghulâm Kâdir, 338 n.

Gipsies, 535, 557 n.

God, ninety-nine names of, 323 n.

Gohad, Rânâ of, 270-2, 302.

Golconda, fall of, 286 n.; kingdom of, 458 n.

Gonds, xxxii, 68, 102, 128, 221, 384.

Gondwâna rocks, 231 n.

Gosâîns, 218, 370, 591, 592 n.

Govardhan, 337,371-83.

Gram, 197, 198 n., 227, 414 n.

Grasses, 124.

Groves, 260, 433-41, 444, 565.

Guinea-worm, 77.

Gûjar caste, 192, 469 n.

Gujarât, 149, 441.

_Gulistan_, quoted, 401.

Guns made in India, 241.

Gûrkhas (Gôrkhâs), 350, 625 n.

Guru Govind, 477 n.

Gwâlior State, 258-70, 292, 294, 299; city, 262; fortress, 266-71.

Hâfiz Rahmat Khân, 599.

Hâjî Bêgam, 511 n.

_Hakîm_ defined, 107 n.

Hamîda Bâno Bêgam, 511 n.

Hânsî, 604 n., 605 n.

Hanumân, monkey-god, 27, 300, 371, 374.

Hardaul, Lâlâ, legend of, 162-5, 232.

Hardinge, Lord (Viscount), letter to, xxix n.

Hasan, 483 n.

Hastings, Lord (Marquis of), 229, 292, 321, 381 n.

Haunted villages, 221-6.

Hawking, 237.

Hay in Bundêlkhand, 124.

Herbert, Sir Thomas, quoted, 332 n.

Hervey, _Some Records of Crime_, xxvi.

High Courts, 555 n.

Hiliyâ (Haliyâ) Pass, 444 n.

Himâlaya, v, xxiv.

Hinduism, 176.

Hippocrates, 339, 524.

Hirtius, nom de plume of author, xxxi.

Holî, festival, 204, 483 n.

Holkar dynasty, 286, 381.

Horal (Hodal), town, 426.

Hornets, 56.

Human sacrifice, 46 n., 101.

Humâyûn, emperor, tomb of, 511.

Husain. 483 n.

Hyderâbâd Contingent, 156 n.

Hyphasis (Biâs) river, 3, 165.

Iblîs, the devil, 538.

Ibn Batuta, traveller, 488 n.

Ibrâhîm Lodi, Sultan, 269.

_Id-ul-Bakr_ festival, 163 n.

Îltutmish, Sultan, 269; buildings of, 492, 494 n., 495 n., 497, 500;

tomb of, 501.

Imam Mashhadî, tomb of, 503.

Imâm-ud-dîn Ghazzâlî, 341 n., 524. Imperial Service Troops, 280 n.

Impressment, 184, 628.

India, people of, vi; population of, 38 n.

Indore State, 286, 292.

Indra, god, 2, 10, 33.

Industries, 159 n.

Infanticide, 28.

Inheritance, law of, 578.

Invalid establishment, 640.

Iron mines, 93, 230; pillar of Delhi, 498.

Islam in Lower Bengal, 424 n.

Isle of France (Mauritius), 311, 620 n., 622.

Itimâd-ud-daula, 326-9.

Jabalpur, _see_ Jubbulpore.

Jack-tree, 225.

Jagannâth, shrine of, 589.

_Jâgîrdârs_, 181.

Jahânârâ Bêgam, tomb of, 510.

Jahângîr, (1) emperor, 111 n., 333, 452, 568 n., mother of, 348 n.;

birth of, 351, 355; (2) Mirzâ, tomb of, 509.

Jain statues at Gwâlior, 267 n.

Jaipur State, xxxii, 503.

Jaitpur, Râj of, 193 n.

Jalâl-ud-dîn, Fîrôz Shâh Khiljî, 489.

Jâlaun State, 185, 193.

Jamâldehî Thugs, 82.

Jang Bahâdur, Sir, 598 n.

Jasmine, 33.

Jâts (Jats), 307, 380 n.; outrages of, 354 n.; and Râjpûts, 476 n.

Java, conquest of, 619, 640 n.

Jaxartes, river, 532.

Jesuit missionaries, 337 n.

Jesus, inscription quoting, 354, 504.

Jeswant Râo Holkar, 165, 421, 474 n.

Jhajjar, Nawâb of, 474.

Jhânsî State, 185, 193 n., 209-19.

_Jhirni_, Thug signal, 81.

Jodh Bâî, tomb of, 348.

Johilâ river, 14, 16.

Johnson (Johnstone), Bêgam, 580.

Jubbulpore (Jabalpur), xxiii, 1, 29, 58, 71.

Julius Caesar, Bishop, 594.

Kâbul, mission of Burnes to, 417 n.

Kailâs temple, 8 n.

_Kalas_ custom, 179.

_Kali_ age, 522 n.

Kâlî, goddess, 141 n.

_Kalpa Briksha_ tree, 74.

Kâm Baksh, Prince, 274 n.

Kanauj, ancient city, 454.

Kandêlî, Thug village, xxii.

Karaulî State, 293.

Karbalâ, battle of, 483 n.

Kârtikeya, god, 259 n.

Kâsim, Mîr (Kâsim Alî Khân), 596-9.

Katrâ Pass, 127, 445 n.

_Kaukabas_, 136.

Kedârnâth temple, 592 n.

Kerahi (Kerâi) Pass, 445 n.

Khajurâho, temples at, 193 n.

Khalîfate, the, 483 n.

Khân Azam, 333.

_Kharîtâ_ defined, 134 n.

_Kharwâ_ cloth, 228 n.

Khusrû, (1) Parvîz, King of Persia, 135; (2) Prince, son of Jahângîr,

333; (3) poet, tomb of, 507.

Khwâja Ghiâs-ud-dîn, 326.

Kohinûr diamond, 288-91, 513 n.

Kôil, battle of, 566 n.

Konkan (Concan), 225.

Korân, origin of, 481.

Kosî, 424.

_Kotwâl_ defined, 154 n.

Krishna, legends of. 11, 371-5.

Kumâra, god, 259 n.

Kunbî caste, 381 n.

Kurmî caste, 130.

Kutb Mînâr, 492-7, 504; mosque, 497.

Kutb-ud-dîn, (1) Khan, 330; (2) Sultan, 494n.; (3) Khwâja, saint of

Ûsh, 494 n., 500 n.

Lachhman, brother of Râma, 382.

Lachhmî Bâî, Rânî of Jhansî, 193 n., 220 n.

Lahar fort, 270 n.

Lake, Lord, 359, 377, 380, 421, 561, 643.

Lakes, artificial, 63, 178.

Land-revenue, 61 n., 63 n., 68 n.

Laswârî, battle of, 116, 566 n.

Laterite, 92.

_Lathyrus_, poisonous species of, 104.

Leprosy, 215 n.

Le Vaisseau, Monsieur, 603-10.

Linseed, 195.

Liverpool, Earl of, 580.

Lodhî caste, 130 n.

Looting shops, custom of, 294.

Lotus, 109 n.

Lowis, Captain, xxxiii.

Lucknow, author Resident at, xxv; an ancient city, 457 n.

Lûdiâna, 3, 290.

Macaulay, 341 n., 547 n.

Madras system of land settlement, 576.

_Mahâbhârata_, 5, 10, 103 n., 522.

Mâhâdajî (Mâdhojî) Sindhia, 271, 563.

Mahâdêo (Siva), god, 7, 8, 9, 45 n., 103 n., 141 n.; oracle of, 484;

sandstones, 102.

_Mahî Marâtib_, 135, 137 n.

Mahârâjpur, battle of, xxv, 271 n.

Mahmûd of Ghaznî, 454.

Mahoba, town, 189, 193 n.

Maihar, Râjâ of, 127, 593.

Maille, Claudius, 560.

Makwânpur, fort, 598.

Malcolm, Sir John, 229.

_Mâlguzârî_ tenure, 144.

Mâlwâ, province, 149, 238, 239 n., 451.

Mandêsar, Thug burying-place, xxii.

_Mansabdârs_, 283 n.

Mân Singh, (1) Râjâ of Gwâlior, 276 n.; (2) Râjâ of Jaipur (Ambêr),

333.

Mansûr Alî Khân, tomb of, 506, 544 n.

Manucci, on Akbar, 325 n., 354 n.

Manuscript works of author, xxxvii.

Marâthâs, 294; defeated, 421 n., 566 n.

Marble Rocks, 1; quarries, 318.

Marriage, of trees, 32, 122, 143; of Hindoos, 37-40.

Maryam-uz-Zamânî, queen of Akbar, 348 n.

Mashhad (Meshed), 288.

Material progress of India. 414 n.

Mathurâ (Muttra), 383.

Mau (Mhow), town, 247.

Mauritius, 311 n., 620 n.

_Mauza_ defined, 60 n.

Medicine, systems of, 107, 571.

Meerut, military and civil station, xxiv, 80, 544 n., 567-70, 579;

sacked by Tîmûr, 529.

Megpunnaism (Megpunnia Thugs), xxxii, 91, 593 n.

Metcalfe, Sir Charles, 347, 461, 563 n.

Meteors, 34-7.

Mewâtîs, 420.

Mihrauli, tombs at, 500 n.

Mihr-un-nisâ, 328 n.; _see_ Nûr Jahân.

Military discipline, xxxiii, 615-40.

_Mînârs_, 492 n.

Mîr Jumla, _see_ Amîr Jumla.

Miracles, 337.

Mirzâpur, 250, 445.

_Mishkât-ul-Masâbih_, 35.

Missionaries, Jesuit, 337 n.

Mogul (Moghal, Mughal), defined, 80 n.; raids, 490.

Molony, Report on Narsinghpur, xxxvii.

Monastic orders, 592.

Monghyr (Mungêr), 642.

Monkeys, 383.

Monson's retreat, 474, 566 n.

Months, Hindoo, l.

_Motî Masjid_ (mosque), 322.

Muazzam, Prince, 274 n.

Muhammad, Ghorî, Sultan, 269 n.; Shâh, 291 n., 518; tomb of, 510; son

of Îsâ, architect, 319 n.; bin Tughlak, Sultan, 457 n., 487 n.

Muhammadabad, in old Delhi, 487.

Muhammadan schools, 480; year, 482; prayers, 489.

Muharram celebrations, 482.

Mumtâz-i-Mahall, 315, 325.

_Music of Hindostan_, by Strangways, 561 n.

Nâbhâ, chief of, 476.

Nâdir, Shâh, 288, 510, 516.

Nâgaudh (Nâgod), 33 n.

Nâgpur (Nagpore), Bhonslâs of, 286, 292.

Nâhan, Râjâ of, 209 n.

Najaf Khân, 599.

Nânâ Sâhib, 381 n.

Narsinghpur, xxii, xxxvii, 167.

Nasîr-ud-din of Tûs, 341, 524.

Nepâl, war with, xxi, 122, 598, 636.

Nerbudda (Narbadâ) river, 2, 5, 14, 17, 18, 203.

Newspapers, 640.

News-writers, 249 n., 388 n.

_Nîlgâi_, a kind of antelope, 244.

Nineveh, history of, 452.

_nisâr_ coins, 479 n.

Nizâmuddîn Auliyâ, saint, 490-2, 507.

Noer, Count von, on Akbar, 324 n.

Norman-French formula, 475.

North-Western Provinces, 434 n.

Nûr Jahân, 325 n., 329, 332, 568 n.

Nûr Mahall, 325 n., 329, 332.

Oaths, 391.

Obsequies, funeral, 620 n.

Ochterlony, Sir David, 598 n., 635.

_Ocymum sanctum_, basil or _tulasî_ plant, 121 n.

Og (Ûj), King, legend of, 374.

O'Halloran, Major-General Sir Joseph, 344 n.

Omar ('Umar), Khalif, 199 n.

Omens, taken by Thugs and robbers, 297, 651.

Opium department, 324 n.

Oracle of Mahâdêo, 484.

Orchhâ, State and Râjâ of, 132, 139, 193 n., 251 n.

Orpheus, mosaic of, 516.

O'Shaughnessy, Dr. W. B., scientific publications of, 571 n.

Osman (Othman), Khalîf, a Sunnî, 48 n., 483 n.

Otaheite sugar-cane, 208.

Oudh (Oude), Sleeman's work in, xxiv-xxvii; _A Journey through_,

xxxvi; MS. history of reigning family of, xxxvii; infanticide in, 28

n.; Jamâldehî Thugs in, 82; recruits from, 146, 624; annexation of,

187 n.; disorder in, 248,252; Chief Commissioner of, 347 n.; Nawâb

Wazîrs of, 473 n.; magisterial powers in, 552 n.; capitals of, 641;

Thuggee in, 653.

Paintings, Indian, 379.

_Pakkâ_ defined, 435 n.

Palace at Delhi, 515.

Palwal, town, 452.

_Pân_, 216, 454.

Pândavas, 5.

Pânîpat, third battle of, 298 n.

Panjâb (Punjab), annexation of, 478 n., 625 n.

Panj (Pânch) Mahâl tract, 124 n. Panna State and Râjâ, 95 n., 250 n.

Panther, 115.

Paoli, Mr., 600.

Paralysis, caused by eating _Lathyrus sativus_, 104.

Parents, murder of indigent, xxxii; reverence for, 254.

Pariahs, 120.

Parihâr, Râjpûts, 143.

Parmâl, Chandêl Râjâ, 189 n.

Partâbgarh in Oudh, xxii, 248.

Partition, 278 n.

Partridge, black, 44, 118.

Pârvatî, goddess, 9, 141 n.

_Patêl_ defined, 221.

'Pathân', as a misnomer, 488 n.

Patharia, town, 91.

Patiâlâ, chief of, 476.

Patna, massacre of, 597.

Pawâr Râjpûts, 187, 189.

Pay of Indian army, 617, 622, 640.

Peacock throne, 517.

Peacocks, 259, 411.

Pensions of Indian army, 632, 640-4.

Perjury, 407, 412.

Permanent settlement, 64 n., 577 n.

Persian, order of the Fish, 135; wheel, 147.

Peshwâs, the, 192, 236, 381 n.

_Phânsîgars_ = Tugs, xxxi.

_Phoceus baya_, weaver bird, 117 n.

Pilgrims, 588-94.

Pillars, monolithic, 493.

Pindhârîs, 130 n., 292-4, 297.

_Pîpal_ tree, 205, 385, 442, 447, 566 n_.

Piper betel_, 216 n.

Pîr Muhammad, heir of Tîmûr, 534.

Plassey, battle of, 338 n.

Plato, 341, 524.

Poisoners, 82-6.

Police, Indian, 544-61, 647.

Political economy, 157, 160.

Popham, Major, 270.

Population of India, 38 n.

_Portax pictus, nîlgâi_ antelope, 244 n.

Portuguese at Agra, 336 n.

_Prâyaschit_ defined, 215.

Predestination, 511.

Press-gang, 184 n.

Primogeniture, 180, 277, 578.

Prinsep, James, discoveries of, 493.

Prithî Râj, 498-500.

Processions, 168.

Property in land, 449 n.

Proprietors of land, 576.

Public spirit of Hindoos, xxxiii, 442-51.

_Purânas_, the, 10, 338 n.

Puri town, 589 n.

_Purôhit_ defined, 140 n.

Purveyance system, 41-4.

Queen, river Nerbudda as a, 14.

Quinine, 107 n.

Raghugarh, Râjâ of, 293.

Rainbow myth, 35.

Râipur town, 72.

Râjpûts, 144.

Râma and Sîtâ, 10, 74, 174, 371, 376.

_Ramaseeana_, xxxi.

Râmâyana, 484.

Râmesvaram (Ramisseram), 592 n.

_Râmlîlâ_, 104.

Râmnagar, 25.

Râmpur, Nawâb of, 87, 649.

Ranjit Singh, (1) Maharaja of the Panjâb, 291, 297; (2) Râjâ of

Bharatpur (Bhurtpore), 377, 380.

Râvan, 377.

Râwalpindi, military station, 545 n.

Raziâ, Sultan ('empress'), 501 n.

Reglioni (properly Regholini), General (Monsieur), 594.

Regulations, VII of 1822 and IX of 1833, 575 n.

Reinhard, Walter (Sombre), 596.

Rent Acts, 62 n.

'Resumption' of revenue-free lands, 564,

River thuggee, xxxiii, 652.

Rîwâ (Rewah) State, 24,

Roads, 301.

Roe, Sir Thomas, ambassador, 351, 452.

Rupee, value of, 77 n., 342 n., 583 n.

Ryotwâr System, 576.

Saâdat Alî Khân of Oudh, 473 n., 565.

Sacrifice, human, 46 n., 101.

Sâdî (Sa'dî), Shaikh, poet, 75, 401, 410, 524.

Sadr Amîn, Subordinate Judge, 646 n.

Safdar Jang, tomb of, 507 n., 544 n.

Sâgar (Saugor), 41, 92, 100, 161; and Nerbudda Territories, 57 n., 94

n., 110 n., 112 n.

_Sâlagrâms_, ammonites, 121.

Saleur, Monsieur, 610.

Salîm, Prince, 350; Shaikh, 350, 362 n., 354.

Salt manufacture, 260, 347 n., 428 n.

_Samadh_ defined, 570.

Samarkand, 530.

Samrû (Sumroo), Bêgam, 504, 545; death of, 567; history of, 594-615;

character of, 613.

Samthar, Râjâ of, 191.

Sânsias, criminal tribe, 234 n.

Sarasvatî, consort of Brahmâ, 7 n.

Sardhana, 594-615.

Sassanians of Persia, 137.

Sâtârâ, Râjâ of, 286, 381.

Satî, _see_ Suttee.

Sâtpura, mountains, 52.

Scape-goat, 162-6.

Schools, Muhammadan, 480.

Science in India, 587.

Sebastê, city, 532.

Sects, Muhammadan, 49 n.

Secunderabad, military station, 545 n.

Seniority, promotion by, 622, 632.

'Settlements' of land revenue, 434 n., 575.

Shâh Âlam, 137 n., 338, 563 n.

Shahgarh, Râjâ of, 72, 114.

Shâh Jahân, emperor, 314, 316, 320, 504, 510, 513, 560, 561 n.; Thugs

in reign of, 652; sons of, 273.

Shâhjahânâbâd, or New Delhi, 504.

Shahryâr, Prince, 334.

Shams-ud-dîn, Nawâb, 420, 458-75.

Sharaf-ud-dîn, historian, 533.

Shêr Afgan, 329-31.

Shêr Khan (Shâh), 270.

Sherwood, Dr., early writer on Thuggee, 653.

Shîa sect, 48 n., 483 n.

Shihâb-ud-dîn, Sultan, 269 n.

Shîrîn, queen, 136.

Shore, F. J., 44 n., 90; Sir John, 473 n., 605, 609.

Sikandar Lodi, Sultan, 357 n.

Sikandara (Secundra), Akbar's tomb at, 323, 354 n., 358 n.

Sikh government, 381.

Sikhs, history of, 477 n.

Sîkrî, 351; _see_ Fathpur-Sîkrî.

Simla, trip to Gungoolee from, xxxvii.

Sindh river, 258.

Sindhia family, 271 n., 286, 294, 381.

Sindhia's territory, 258; _see_ Gwâlior State.

_Singhâra_, or water-nut, 76.

Sirâj-ud-daula, 581.

Sîtâ Baldî Râmesar, 592.

Siva, god, 6, 7 n., 9, 45 n., 103 n., 141 n., 376 n., 588, 591.

Sivâjî, 381.

Skanda, god, 259 n.

Skinner, Colonel, 463, 612 n.

Slavery in India, 282.

Sleeman, Captain J. L., xx, xxx, 652; Captain Philip, xxi; Lady

xxiii, xxxvi; Sir W. H., memoir of, xx-xxx; works of, xxxi-xxxvii, 89

n.; James, xxx; Henry Arthur, xxx; William Henry, xxx.

Small-pox, 169-72.

Smith, F. G., 90; B. W., on Akbar's tomb, 323 n.; on Fathpur Sîkrî,

351 n.

Society in India, 582.

Sombre, _see_ Samrû.

Sôn river, 14, 16.

Spotted deer, 244.

Spry, Dr., works of, 99 n.

Statistics, falsified, 554 n.

Stephen, Carr, on Delhi, 520 n.

Subdivision of property, 432.

Succession to crown, 239.

Sugar-mills, 207-9.

Suicide, vow of, 103.

Sulaimân Shikoh, Prince, 272.

Sultans of Delhi, 488 n.

Sumroo, _see_ Samrû.

Sunnî sect, 48 n.

Supreme (Superior) Court, 555 n.

Sûraj Mall, Râjâ, 364 n., 378, 567.

Survey myths, 201.

Suttee, 18-31, 47, 109.

Swallows, 353.

Sweepers, 45, 49.

Taboos, 134 n.

Tâj, the, 312-21.

Tamarind tree, 566.

Tamerlane, _see_ Tîmûr.

Tânda, town, 330.

Tânsên, singer, 561, 562 n.

Tarmasharîn, Moghal, 490, 507, 529, 535.

_Tasmabâz_ Thugs, 91.

Tavernier, traveller, 316, 320 n.

Taylor, Col. Meadows, _Confessions of a Thug_, 89 n., 653.

Taxation, indirect, 427; in England and India, 485.

Tehrî, town, 132, 143.

Teignmouth, Lord, 473 n.

Telescope, 543.

_Thagî_, _see_ Thuggee and Thugs.

_Thânadârs_, 547.

Thessalonica, massacre of, 402.

Thevenot, de, quoted, 335; described Thuggee, 652.

Thomas, George, adventurer, 603-8.

Thuggee, 77-91,650-3.

Thugs, venerate Nizâmuddîn, 491 n.; on the Bêgam's boundary, 545;

method of suppressing, 556 n.; disguised as ascetics, 592 n.

Tieffenthaler, Father, 336 n.

Tiger myths, 124-9.

Tîmûr, sack of Delhi by, 497 n.; history of, 527-34.

Tonk, Nawâb of, 66 n.

Tours, battle of, 513.

Trade, free, 160; Indian, 409 n.

Trap, Deccan, 97 n., 269 n.

Trees, marriage of, 32, 122, 143; sacred, 386 n.

Tughlak Shâh, 486.

Tughlakâbâd, 486, 489.

Tulasî Dâs, poet, 123 n.

_Tulsî_ (_tulasî_) plant, 121.

Tûs, or Mashhad, _q.v._, 341 n.

Uchahara State, 33, 148 n.

Ûj (Og), legend of, 374.

Ujjain (Ujain), 146 n.

Ulwar (Alwar) State, xxxii.

'Uncovenanted' service, 426.

United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 434 n.

United States, war with, 628 n.

Universities, Indian, 256 n.

_Urs_, defined, 568 n.

Ûsh in Persia, 494 n., 500 n.

Usmân, _see_ Osman.

Vaccination, 171 n.

Vagrancy laws, 370.

Vaikuntha, heaven of Vishnu, 8.

Vegetius quoted, 626 n., &c. Venî-dânam, offering of hair, 56 n.

Veracity, 383-411.

Village communities, 394.

Villages, 60.

Vindhya mountains, 62.

Vindhyan sandstones, 62 n.

Vishnu, god, 2, 7 n., 9, 141 n., 376 n., 588, 591.

Warôrâ coalfield, 231 n.

Washermen, 45.

Water offerings, 141, 693.

Water-nut, or -chestnut, 76.

Watts, Governor, 581 n.

Wazîr Alî of Oudh, 473.

Weaver-bird, 173 n.

Wellesley, Marquis, 473 n.

Wells, 363, 435-41; songs sung at, 561 n.

Western Provinces, defined, 574 n.

Wheat, blight on, 195.

Widow-burning, _see_ Suttee.

Widows, sold by auction, xxii; remarriage of, 26.

Wife, a duty of, 132 n.

Wilkinson, (1) Mr. L., and (2) Major, 89 n.

Wilton, Mr. John, 341 n.

Window-tax, 485.

Witchcraft, 68-73.

Wolf-children, xxxv.

Women, dress of, 18; offering of hair by, 56 n.; form of tomb of

Muhammadan, 510 n.; secret murders of, 561 n.

Yamarâja (Jamrâj), 9.

Yudhisthira, 11, 522.

Zafaryâb Khân, son of Sombre, 611.

Zâlim Singh, freebooter, 129.

Zamân Shâh, 289.

Zamîndârî tenure, 144.