[1] Gazetteer of the South Arcot District.
[2] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.
[3] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[4] The Rangaris are Maratha dyers and tailors.
[5] Ind. Ant., VII, 1878.
[6] Our Viceregal Life in India, 1884-88.
[7] Loc. cit.
[8] Ind. Ant., II, 1874.
[9] The word Genoa occurs on several blades in the Madras Museum
collection.
[10] The bas-relief of the statue of Lord Cornwallis in the Connemara
Public library, Madras, represents him receiving Tipu's two youthful
sons as hostages.
[11] Brahmanism and Hinduism.
[12] Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
[13] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[14] Madras Review, 1899.
[15] F. Fawcett. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XXXIII, 1903.
[16] F. Fawcett, loc. cit.
[17] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1890.
[18] Sketch of the Dynasties of South India.
[19] Numismata Orient. Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon.
[20] Kalith-thokai.
[21] Kanakasabhai Pillai. The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years ago. 1904.
[22] Manual of the Tinnevelly district, 1879.
[23] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[24] Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
[25] Tinnevelly, being an account of the district, the people, and
the missions. Mission Field, 1897.
[26] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, IV, 1836.
[27] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XXXIII, 1903.
[28] F. Fawcett, loc. cit.
[29] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, IV, 1836.
[30] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, IV, 1836.
[31] Manual of the Madura district.
[32] Madras Journ. Lit, Science, XXV.
[33] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[34] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[35] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[36] G. Richter. Manual of Coorg.
[37] Madras Museum Bull., V, 3, 1907.
[38] For portions of this article I am indebted to a note by
Mr. J. D. Samuel.
[39] Hobson-Jobson.
[40] Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
[41] Malabar Law and Custom.
[42] Madras Museum Bull. III, 3, 1901.
[43] Hobson-Jobson.
[44] Sea Fisheries of India.
[45] Journey from Madras through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.
[46] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[47] Section III, Inhabitants, Government Press, Madras, 1907.
[48] East India Gazette.
[49] Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies Ed., 1897.
[50] History of Mysore.
[51] Ind. Antiquary, II, 1873.
[52] Mysore.
[53] Manual of the South Canara district.
[54] Journey through Mysore, etc.
[55] Monograph of Tanning and Working in Leather, Madras, 1904.
[56] G. D. Iyah Pillay, Madras, 1878.
[57] Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
[58] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[59] Manual of the Coimbatore district.
[60] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I, 1833.
[61] Agricult: Ledger Series, Calcutta, No. 7, 1904.
[62] Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.
[63] A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
[64] I am informed that the Mukkuvans claim to be a caste distinct
from the Arayans.
[65] For further details concerning the fisheries and fish-curing
operations of the West Coast, see Thurston, Madras Museum Bull. III,
2, 1900.
[66] Spelt Pusler in a recent educational report.
[67] Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
[68] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[69] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[70] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[71] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[72] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[73] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[74] Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.
[75] Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
[76] Hobson-Jobson.
[77] Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.
[78] Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.
[79] A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.
[80] Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India
Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.
[81] College History of India, 1888.
[82] Manual of the South Canara district.
[83] Ibid.
[84] M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.
[85] Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.
[86] Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV,
XXVI, 1894-7.
[87] With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this
article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account
of the Nambutiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published
in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).
[88] N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.
[89] A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
[90] The Nambutiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.
[91] The Todas, 1906.
[92] Taravad or tarwad: a marumakkatayam family, consisting of all
the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
[93] The Lusiad.
[94] Chela, the cloth worn by Muppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There
are also Chela Nayars. The word is said to mean the rite of
circumcision.
[95] Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.
[96] In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected
with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old,
and not in the existing, currency.
[97] Brahmanism and Hinduism.
[98] Op. cit.
[99] Ibid.
[100] The Nambutiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in
the Manual of Malabar, that the Vadhyar shuts the door, and locks it.
[101] Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.
[102] By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or
by heating a piece of plasu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting
it away carefully.
[103] An amana palaga or ama palaga, literally tortoise plank, is
a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a
tortoise in outline.
[104] The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer
of Malabar are from a grandhavari.
[105] Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.
[106] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[107] The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.
[108] Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.
[109] C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.
[110] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.
[111] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[112] Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.
[113] Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.
[114] C. Hayavadana Rao, Loc. cit.
[115] C. Hayavadana Rao. Loc. cit.
[116] Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.
[117] Malabar and its Folk.
[118] Malabar and its Folk.
[119] This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar
and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.
[120] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[121] Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
[122] Manual of the Malabar district.
[123] The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking
the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an
offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against
infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.
[124] See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett,
Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
[125] E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.
[126] Description of the Coasts of East Africa and
Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.
[127] New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
[128] Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.
[129] Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.
[130] Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.
[131] Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.
[132] Father Coleridge's Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.
[133] History of Tinnevelly.
[134] Coleridge's Xavier.
[135] Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction. Vide
also Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where
Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were
men of low caste.
[136] Vide Glossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2,
and Day's Land of the Permauls, p. 44.
[137] Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India
Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.
[138] Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.
[139] Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
[140] A manchil is a conveyance carried on men's shoulders, and more
like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than
a palanquin.
[141] Tarwad or taravad, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all
the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
[142] The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant
of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies
(1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.
[143] Travels to the East Indies.
[144] Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.
[145] R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels,
1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese
between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of
Herman Lopes de Castaneda.
[146] Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.
[147] T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.
[148] Op cit.
[149] Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
[150] Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.
[151] Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.
[152] The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with
by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.
[153] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.
[154] Op. cit.
[155] Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.
[156] Op. cit.
[157] Gazetteer of Malabar.
[158] An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division
or marriage group. It is usually translated "kinsman," but is at once
wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can
marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of
an Enangan's family.
[159] The aimpuli or "five tamarinds" are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia
Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.
[160] The eldest male member of the taravad is called the
Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are
junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravad.
[161] All caste Hindus who perform the sradh ceremonies calculate
the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis
(day after full or new moon).
[162] Nineteenth Century, 1904.
[163] L'Inde (sans les Anglais).
[164] Letters from Malabar.
[165] January, 1899.
[166] See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government
Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.
[167] Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
[168] The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.
[169] Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.
[170] Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
[171] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[172] E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, I. 82, 108, 1890.
[173] Comprehensive Tamil and English Dictionary.
[174] Travancore Census Report, 1901.
[175] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[176] Madras Dioc. Magazine, April, 1908.
[177] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[178] Ind. Ant., V, 1876.
[179] Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
[180] Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.
[181] J. S. F. Mackenzie. Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.
[182] Op. cit.
[183] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[184] Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar, 1807.
[185] Section III. Inhabitants. Madras Government Press, 1907.
[186] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[187] See Manual of the North Arcot district, 1, 187.
[188] Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
[189] Hobson-Jobson.
[190] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[191] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[192] An Indian Olio.
[193] Anthropos, III, 1908.
[194] Ind. Ant., XXX, 1902.
[195] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[196] Christianity in Travancore, 1901.
[197] Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
[198] See Nelson, the Madura Country, II, 4--7, and Coimbatore District
Manual, 477.
[199] Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India.
[200] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[201] Op Cit.
[202] Madras Census Report, 1891.