[Illustration:
A. Cathedral.
B. St. Regulus.
C. Kirkheugh.
D. Prior’s Lodging, or Hospitium Vetus.
E. Cloisters.
F. Manse.
G. Entrance to Abbey from Street.
H. St. Leonards Church.
J. St. Leonards College.
K. Site of New Inn.
L. Tiend Barn.
M. Mill Race.
N. Mill Dam.
O. O. Mill Sluice.
P. Abbey Mill.
Q. Holy Well.
R. Harbour Gate.
S. Gate to Cornfields.
T. Dovecot and Tower.
FIG. 457.--St. Andrews Cathedral. Plan showing Enclosing Wall of Priory
Grounds.] The gate in the east wall (see =R=, Fig. 457), which is close
to the harbour, and is called the Harbour Gate, is shown in Fig. 459.
This wall was built by Prior Hepburn, whose arms are to be seen on
several of the towers, and one bears the date of 1520.
Martine informs us that amongst the other buildings scattered throughout
the grounds were the following (most of which are shown in Fig. 457),
viz.:--
THE GUEST HOUSE, within the precinct of St. Leonard’s College. It
was built by John White, seventh prior, about the middle of the
thirteenth century. Part of the wall is believed to be still
standing.
THE NEW INN. “It is thought this was the last building about the
abbacie before the Reformation,” and to have been built as a
retreat for Magdalene, Queen of James V., who, however, did not
live to visit it, as she died in 1537. Only the entrance gateway of
this building now remains. It contains the Scottish arms and the
arms of Prior Hepburn. The New Inn was afterwards the occasional
residence of the archbishop.
[Illustration: FIG. 458.--St. Andrews Cathedral. Enclosing Wall,
with Gateway and Towers.]
THE GRANARY stood to the north-east of the New Inn. Part of the
east side wall is thought to be still standing, and on the east
side of this is the monastery well, shown on the Plan.
THE ABBEY MILL, with the mill dam and mill lead, sluices, &c., are
shown on the Plan (Fig. 457), and are still in use.
THE TIEND BARN still stands in the neighbourhood of the mill, and
is still utilised.
Numerous other buildings are mentioned by Martine, such as the Brew
House (which stood near the mill), the Malt House, Bear Girnell,
Promptwarium, Hortus Gladiatorius, Barnsdeall-Yaird, &c., of which no
remains survived in his time.
Besides these buildings directly connected with the priory and cathedral
there still exists, opposite the west end of the latter, the manse of
the archdeacon, “commonlie called the archdeacon’s inns.”[21]
[Illustration: FIG. 459.--St. Andrews Cathedral. Priory. Harbour Gate.]
Among other bishops who were builders of portions of the cathedral, not
already mentioned, was William Malvoisine (1202-33). According to
Spottiswoode, he “advanced the fabrick (which was then a-building) more
than any that went before him.” It is probable that part of the nave
(most of which Winton credits to Wishart) may have been built by him.
In the time of Bishop William de Landel (1341-85), in the year 1378, the
cathedral suffered considerably from fire. The bishop and the prior,
Stephen de Pay, repaired the damage. According to Winton they renewed
all the woodwork of the roof of the transepts, choir, and aisles with
“aiken werk of Tre,” and covered them with “Thak of Lide.” The two
pillars in the north and south transepts appear to have been so much
damaged that they had to be entirely renewed, the wall above having to
be supported. According to Winton--
“Twa pillaris new on ilka syde
In that Corskyrk war made that tyde,
As yhe may se thaim apperand
Undyre the auld werk yhit standand.” (B. ix.)
The pillars are gone, only the foundations of the two south ones
remaining; but it is interesting to observe on the spot that the respond
still standing against the south transept wall is of the style one would
expect to find in work of the fourteenth century. Winton further says
that at the same time “a quartare of the stepil of stane wes made,”
which probably means that the central tower was raised, but not the
spire.
According to Winton,[22] the fire destroyed the south half of the nave,
from the west end eastwards to, and including, the ninth pillar. As
these nine pillars were renewed, with the help of certain lords whose
arms were carved on them, possibly, as in the case of the transepts, the
wall and roof above were supported during this operation.
“Lytil overe sevyn (7) years their gert wyrk
And mak all this werk of the kyrk.”
From the _Exchequer Rolls_[23] of 1381-84, we find that the Crown
contributed to the rebuilding of the cathedral at this time. Perhaps the
upper portion of the west front above referred to was rebuilt at this
period. Although the work is much decayed, its character would lead to
that belief. The restoration begun by Bishop Landel was completed by
Bishop Wardlaw (1404-40). He improved the interior by the introduction
of fine pavements in the choir, transept, and nave. He also filled the
windows with stained glass.
Of the minor works of the cathedral almost nothing remains. There are a
few flat tombstones with inscriptions[24] still legible, but of the
tombs of Bishops Gameline, Lamberton, and Walter Trail not a vestige is
left. Winton, who saw these tombs, the last having been built in his own
time, thus refers to them in describing the death of Lamberton.
“ ... In the north half of the new kyrke-
Cathedral, an arch he gert men wyrke,
Now seen betwene Tombis twa,
Of Gamyle the eastmast is of tha.
And, in a space that was levyd (raised),
Be-twene the Pulpyte and his Hevyd (head).
Ane Arche of fayre werk and of fyne
The Byschape Waltyr gert make syne.
Under that tomb now lyis he.
Thus lyand ar thai Byshapys thre
On the north half of the Hey Kyrk (High Kirk)
In Tombys that themselves gert Wyrk.”--(B. VIII., cxxiii.)
On the north side of the nave, near the west end, there still remains a
built tomb, empty and desecrated, with slight indications of what was a
stately monument in the wall. Of seventeenth century flat stones a large
collection is gathered and preserved in the chapter house. Fig. 452
shows one of these. Against the north wall of the nave, on the outside,
there are three square foundations (see Plan). Two of these may possibly
be the foundations of a porch.
The cathedral was in a very ruinous state when Martine wrote (1685).
Apparently the north half of the west gable fell in his time, and,
considering the sudden wrench to the structure caused by this
catastrophe, had the remaining half not been a good piece of masonry, it
might easily have followed.
Fifty years before Martine wrote, when Spottiswoode was archbishop, in
1635, the restoration of the cathedral was provided for. The rents and
fruits of the benefice, except a small sum reserved for the archbishop,
were to be applied for “building and repairing the cathedrall,” until
the same “be perfected and finisht.” “And the church being finished then
and no sooner,” the archbishop and his successors were to have the full
privilege of the use of the rents, but subject to the upholding of the
fabric. The structure would thus appear not to have been in a very
ruinous state at that time. Nothing appears, however, to have been done,
and the work of destruction was continued, and soon reduced the church
to nearly its present condition.