We Achieve our Double Aim
When, exactly, the atmosphere of misunderstanding on the stranded tug
was dissipated, I do not know, for by the time I had fitted the
rowlocks and shipped sculls, tide and wind had caught me, and were
sweeping me merrily back on the road to Norderney, whose lights
twinkled through the scud in the north. With my first few strokes I
made towards the lighter—which I could see sagging helplessly to
leeward—but as soon as I thought I was out of sight of the tug, I
pulled round and worked out my own salvation. There was an outburst of
shouting which soon died away. Full speed on a falling tide! They were
pinned there for five hours sure. It was impossible to miss the way,
and with my stout allies heaving me forward, I made short work of the
two-mile passage. There was a sharp tussle at the last, where the Riff
Gat poured its stream across my path, and then I was craning over my
shoulder, God knows with what tense anxiety, for the low hull and taper
mast of the _Dulcibella_. Not there! No, not where I had left her. I
pulled furiously up the harbour past a sleeping ferry-steamer
and—praise Heaven!—came on her warped alongside the jetty.
“Who’s that?” came from below, as I stepped on board.
“Hush! it’s me.” And Davies and I were pawing one another in the dark
of the cabin.
“Are you all right, old chap?” said he.
“Yes; are you? A match! What’s the time? Quick!”
“Good Heavens, Carruthers, what the blazes have you done to yourself?”
(I suspect I cut a pretty figure after my two days’ outing.)
“Ten past three. It’s the invasion of England! Is Dollmann at the
villa?”
“Invasion?”
“Is Dollmann at the villa?”
“Yes.”
“Is the _Medusa_ afloat?”
“No, on the mud.”
“The devil! Are _we_ afloat?”
“I think so still, but they made me shift.”
“Think! Track her out! Pole her out! Cut those warps!”
For a few strenuous minutes we toiled at the sweeps till the
_Dulcibella_ was berthed ahead of the steamer, in deeper water.
Meanwhile I had whispered a few facts.
“How soon can you get under way?” I asked.
“Ten minutes.”
“When’s daylight?”
“Sunrise about seven, first dawn about five. Where are we bound?”
“Holland, or England.”
“Are they invading it now?” said Davies, calmly.
“No, only rehearsing!” I laughed, wildly.
“Then we can wait.”
“We can wait exactly an hour and a half. Come ashore and knock up
Dollmann; we must denounce him, and get them both aboard; it’s now or
never. Holy Saints! man, not as you are!” (He was in pyjamas.) “Sea
clothes!”
While he put on Christian attire, I resumed my facts and sketched a
plan. “Are you watched?” I asked.
“I think so; by the _Kormoran_’s men.”
“Is the _Kormoran_ here?”
“Yes.”
“The men?”
“Not to-night. Grimm called for them in that tug. I was watching. And,
Carruthers, the _Blitz_ is here.”
“Where?”
“In the roads outside—didn’t you see her?”
“Wasn’t looking. Her skipper’s safe anyway; so’s Böhme, so’s the
Tertium Quid, and so are the _Kormoran_’s men. The coast’s clear—it’s
now or never.”
Once more we were traversing the long jetty and the silent streets,
rain driving at our backs. We trod on air, I think; I remember no
fatigue. Davies sometimes broke into a little run, muttering
“scoundrel” to himself.
“I was right—only upside down,” he murmured more than once. “Always
really right—those channels are the key to the whole concern. Chatham,
our only eastern base—no North Sea base or squadron—they’d land at one
of those God-forsaken flats off the Crouch and Blackwater.”
“It seems a wild scheme,” I observed.
“Wild? In a way. So is _any_ invasion. But it’s thorough; it’s German.
No other country could do it. It’s all dawning on me—by Jove! It will
be at the _Wash_—much the nearest, and as sandy as this side.”
“How’s Dollmann been?” I asked.
“Polite, but queer and jumpy. It’s too long a story.”
“Clara?”
“_She’s_ all right. By Jove! Carruthers—never mind.”
We found a night-bell at the villa door and rang it lustily. A window
aloft opened, and “A message from Commander von Brüning—urgent,” I
called up.
The window shut, and soon after the hall was lighted and the door
opened by Dollmann in a dressing-gown.
“Good morning, Lieutenant X——,” I said, in English. “Stop, we’re
friends, you fool!” as the door was flung nearly to. It opened very
slowly again, and we walked in.
“Silence!” he hissed. The sweat stood on his steep forehead and a
hectic flush on either cheek, but there was a smile—what a smile!—on
his lips. Motioning us to tread noiselessly (a vain ideal for me), he
led the way to the sitting-room we knew, switched on the light, and
faced us.
“Well?” he said, in English, still smiling.
I consulted my watch, and I may say that if my hand was an index to my
general appearance, I must have looked the most abject ruffian under
heaven.
“We probably understand one another,” I said, “and to explain is to
lose time. We sail for Holland, or perhaps England, at five at the
latest, and we want the pleasure of your company. We promise you
immunity—on certain conditions, which can wait. We have only two
berths, so that we can only accommodate Miss Clara besides yourself.”
He smiled on through this terse harangue, but the smile froze, as
though beneath it raged some crucial debate. Suddenly he laughed (a
low, ironical laugh).
“You fools,” he said, “you confounded meddlesome young idiots; I
thought I had done with you. Promise me immunity? Give me till five? By
God, I’ll give you five minutes to be off to England and be damned to
you, or else to be locked up for spies! What the devil do you take me
for?”
“A traitor in German service,” said Davies, none too firmly. We were
both taken aback by this slashing attack.
“A tr——? You pig-headed young marplots! I’m in _British_ service!
You’re wrecking the work of years—and on the very threshold of
success.”
For an instant Davies and I looked at one another in stupefaction. He
lied—I could swear he lied; but how make sure?
“Why did you try to wreck Davies?” said I, mechanically.
“Pshaw! They made me clear him out. I knew he was safe, and safe he
is.”
There was only one thing for it—a last finesse, to put him to the
proof.
“Very well,” I said, after a moment or two, “we’ll clear out—silence,
Davies!—as it appears we have acted in error; but it’s right to tell
you that we know everything.”
“Not so loud, curse you! What do you know?”
“I was taking notes at Memmert the other night.”
“Impossible!”
“Thanks to Davies. Under difficulties, of course, but I heard quite
enough. You were reporting your English tour—Chatham, you know, and the
English scheme of attack, a mythical one, no doubt, as you’re on the
right side! Böhme and the rest were dealing with the German scheme of
defence A to G—I heard it all—the seven islands and the seven channels
between them (Davies knows every one of them by heart); and then on
land, the ring of railway, Esens the centre, the army corps to mobilise
and entrench—all nugatory, wasted, ha! ha!—as you’re on the right s——”
“Not so loud, you fiend of mischief!” He turned his back, and made an
irresolute pace or two towards the door, his hands kneading the folds
of his dressing-gown as they had kneaded the curtain at Memmert. Twice
he began a question and twice broke off. “I congratulate you,
gentlemen,” he said, finally, and with more composure, facing us again,
“you have done marvels in your misplaced zeal; but you have compromised
me too much already. I shall have to have you arrested—purely for
form’s sake——”
“Thank you,” I broke in. “We have wasted five minutes, and time
presses. We sail at five, and—purely for form’s sake—would rather have
you with us.”
“What do you mean?” he snarled.
“I had the advantage of _you_ at Memmert, in spite of acoustic
obstacles. Your friends made an appointment behind your back, and I, in
my misplaced zeal, have taken some trouble to attend it; so that I’ve
had a working demonstration on another matter, the invasion of England
from the seven _siels_.” (Davies nudged me.) “No, I should let that
pistol alone; and no, I wouldn’t ring the bell. You can arrest us if
you like, but the secret’s in safe hands.”
“You lie!” He was right there; but he could not know it.
“Do you suppose I haven’t taken that precaution? But no names are
mentioned.” He gave a sort of groan, sank into a chair, and seemed to
age and grizzle before our very eyes.
“What did you say about immunity, and Clara?” he muttered.
“We’re friends—we’re friends!” burst out Davies, with a gulp in his
voice. “We want to help you both.” (Through a sudden mist that filmed
my eyes I saw him impetuously walk over and lay his hand on the other’s
shoulder.) “Those chaps are on our track and yours. Come with us. Wake
her, tell her. It’ll be too late soon.”
X—— shrank from his touch. “Tell her? I can’t tell her. You tell her,
boy.” He was huddling back into his chair. Davies turned to me.
“Where’s her room?” I said, sharply.
“Above this one.”
“Go up, Carruthers,” said Davies.
“Not I—I shall frighten her into a fit.”
“I don’t like to.”
“Nonsense, man! We’ll both go then.”
“Don’t make a noise,” said a dazed voice. We left that huddled figure
and stole upstairs—thickly carpeted stairs, luckily. The door we wanted
was half open, and the room behind it lighted. On the threshold stood a
slim white figure, bare-footed; bare-throated.
“What is it, father?” she called in a whisper. “Whom have you been
talking to?” I pushed Davies forward, but he hung back.
“Hush, don’t be frightened,” I said, “it’s I, Carruthers, and
Davies—and Davies. May we come in, just for one moment?”
I gently widened the opening of the door, while she stepped back and
put one hand to her throat.
“Please come to your father,” I said. “We are going to take you both to
England in the _Dulcibella_—now, at once.”
She had heard me, but her eyes wandered to Davies.
“I understand not,” she faltered, trembling and cowering in such
touching bewilderment that I could not bear to look at her.
“For God’s sake, say something, Davies,” I muttered.
“Clara!” said Davies, “will you not trust us?”
I heard a little gasp from her. There was a flutter of lace and cambric
and she was in his arms, sobbing like a tired child, her little white
feet between his great clumsy sea-boots—her rose-brown cheek on his
rough jersey.
“It’s past four, old chap,” I remarked, brutally. “I’m going down to
him again. No packing to speak of, mind. They must be out of this in
half an hour.” I stumbled awkwardly on the stairs (again that tiresome
film!) and found him stuffing some papers pell-mell into the stove.
There were only slumbering embers in it, but he did not seem to notice
that. “You must be dressed in half an hour,” I said, furtively
pocketing a pistol which lay on the table.
“Have you told her? Take her to England, you two boys. I think I’ll
stay.” He sank into a chair again.
“Nonsense, she won’t go without you. You must, for her sake—in half an
hour, too.”
I prefer to pass that half-hour lightly over. Davies left before me to
prepare the yacht for sea, and I had to bear the brunt of what
followed, including (as a mere episode) a scene with the step-mother,
the memory of which rankles in me yet. After all, she was a sensible
woman.
As for the other two, the girl when I saw her next, in her short
boating skirt and tam-o’-shanter, was a miracle of coolness and pluck.
But for her I should never have got him away. And ah! how good it was
to be out in the wholesome rain again, hurrying to the harbour with my
two charges, hurrying them down the greasy ladder to that frail atom of
English soil, their first guerdon of home and safety.
Our flight from the harbour was unmolested, unnoticed. Only the first
ghastly evidences of dawn were mingling with the strangled moonlight,
as we tacked round the pier-head and headed close-reefed down the Riff
Gat on the lees of the ebb-tide. We had to pass under the very quarter
of the _Blitz_, so Davies said; for, of course, he alone was on deck
till we reached the open sea. Day was breaking then. It was dead low
water, and, far away to the south, between dun swathes of sand, I
thought I saw—but probably it was only a fancy—two black stranded
specks. Rail awash, and decks streaming, we took the outer swell and
clawed close-hauled under the lee of Juist, westward, hurrying
westward.
“Up the Ems on the flood, and to Dutch Delfzyl,” I urged. No, thought
Davies; it was too near Germany, and there was a tidal cut through from
Buse Tief. Better to dodge in behind Rottum Island. So on we pressed,
past Memmert, over the Juister Reef and the _Corinne_’s buried
millions, across the two broad and yeasty mouths of the Ems, till
Rottum, a wee lonesome wafer of an islet, the first of the Dutch
archipelago, was close on the weather-bow.
“We must get in behind that,” said Davies, “then we shall be safe; I
think I know the way, but get the next chart; and then take a rest, old
chap. Clara and I can manage.” (She had been on deck most of the time,
as capable a hand as you could wish for, better far than I in my
present state of exhaustion.) I crawled along the slippery sloping
planks and went below.
“Where are we?” cried Dollmann, starting up from the lee sofa, where he
seemed to have been lying in a sort of trance. A book, his own book,
slipped from his knees, and I saw the frontispiece lying on the floor
in a pool of oil; for the stove had gone adrift, and the saloon was in
a wretched state of squalor and litter.
“Off Rottum,” I said, and knelt up to find the chart. There was a look
in his eyes that I suppose I ought to have understood, but I can
scarcely blame myself, for the accumulated strain, not only of the last
three days and nights, but of the whole arduous month of my cruise with
Davies, was beginning to tell on me, now that safety and success were
at hand. I handed up the chart through the companion, and then crept
into the reeling fo’c’sle and lay down on the spare sail-bags, with the
thunder and thump of the seas around and above me.
I must quote Davies for the event that happened now; for by the time I
had responded to the alarm and climbed up through the fore-hatch, the
whole tragedy was over and done with.
“X—— came up the companion,” he says, “soon after you went down. He
held on by the runner, and stared to windward at Rottum, as though he
knew the place quite well. And then he came towards us, moving so
unsteadily that I gave Clara the tiller, and went to help him. I tried
to make him go down again, but he wouldn’t, and came aft.
“‘Give me the helm,’ he said, half to himself. ‘Sea’s too bad
outside—there’s a short cut here.’
“‘Thanks,’ I said, ‘I know this one.’ (I don’t think I meant to be
sarcastic.) He said nothing, and settled himself on the counter behind
us, safe enough, with his feet against the lee-rail, and then, to my
astonishment, began to talk over my shoulder jolly sensibly about the
course, pointing out a buoy which is wrong on the chart (as I knew),
and telling me it was wrong, and so on. Well, we came to the bar of the
Schild, and had to turn south for that twisty bit of beating between
Rottum and Bosch Flat. Clara was at the jib-sheet, I had the chart and
the tiller (you know how absent I get like that); there was a bobble of
sea, and we both had heaps to do, and—well—I happened to look round,
and he was gone. He hadn’t spoken for a minute or two, but I believe
the last thing I heard him say (I was hardly attending at the time, for
we were in the thick of it) was something about a ‘short cut’ again. He
must have slipped over quietly.... He had an ulster and big boots on.”
We cruised about for a time, but never found him.
That evening, after threading the maze of shoals between the Dutch
mainland and islands, we anchored off the little hamlet of Ostmahorn,
_[See Map A]_ gave the yacht in charge of some astonished fishermen,
and thence by road and rail, hurrying still, gained Harlingen, and took
passage on a steamer to London. From that point our personal history is
of no concern to the outside world, and here, therefore, I bring this
narrative to an end.
Epilogue
BY THE EDITOR
[For this chapter see Map A.]
An interesting document, somewhat damaged by fire, lies on my study
table.
It is a copy (in cipher) of a confidential memorandum to the German
Government embodying a scheme for the invasion of England by Germany.
It is unsigned, but internal evidence, and the fact that it was taken
by Mr “Carruthers” from the stove of the villa at Norderney, leave no
doubt as to its authorship. For many reasons it is out of the question
to print the textual translation of it, as deciphered; but I propose to
give an outline of its contents.
Even this must strain discretion to its uttermost limits, and had I
only to consider the instructed few who follow the trend of
professional opinion on such subjects, I should leave the foregoing
narrative to speak for itself. But, as was stated in the preface, our
primary purpose is to reach everyone; and there may be many who, in
spite of able and authoritative warnings frequently uttered since these
events occurred, are still prone to treat the German danger as an idle
“bogey”, and may be disposed, in this case, to imagine that a baseless
romance has been foisted on them.
A few persons (English as well as German) hold that Germany is strong
enough now to meet us single-handed, and throw an army on our shores.
The memorandum rejects this view, deferring isolated action for at
least a decade; and supposing, for present purposes, a coalition of
three Powers against Great Britain. And subsequent researches through
the usual channels place it beyond dispute that this condition was
relied on by the German Government in adopting the scheme. They
realised that even if, owing to our widely scattered forces, they
gained that temporary command of the North Sea which would be essential
for a successful landing, they would inevitably lose it when our
standing fleets were concentrated and our reserve ships mobilised. With
its sea-communications cut, the prospects of the invading army would be
too dubious. I state it in that mild way, for it seems not to have been
held that failure was absolutely certain; and rightly, I think, in
spite of the dogmas of the strategists—for the ease transcends all
experience. No man can calculate the effect on our delicate economic
fabric of a well-timed, well-planned blow at the industrial heart of
the kingdom, the great northern and midland towns, with their teeming
populations of peaceful wage-earners. In this instance, however, joint
action (the occasion for which is perhaps not difficult to guess) was
distinctly contemplated, and Germany’s _rôle_ in the coalition was
exclusively that of invader. Her fleet was to be kept intact, and she
herself to remain ostensibly neutral until the first shock was over,
and our own battle-fleets either beaten, or, the much more likely
event, so crippled by a hard-won victory as to be incapable of
withstanding compact and unscathed forces. Then, holding the balance of
power, she would strike. And the blow? It was not till I read this
memorandum that I grasped the full merits of that daring scheme, under
which every advantage, moral, material, and geographical, possessed by
Germany, is utilised to the utmost, and every disadvantage of our own
turned to account against us.
Two root principles pervade it: perfect organisation; perfect secrecy.
Under the first head come some general considerations. The writer (who
is intimately conversant with conditions on both sides of the North
Sea) argued that Germany is pre-eminently fitted to undertake an
invasion of Great Britain. She has a great army (a mere fraction of
which would suffice) in a state of high efficiency, but a useless
weapon, as against us, unless transported over seas. She has a peculiar
genius for organisation, not only in elaborating minute detail, but in
the grasp of a coherent whole. She knows the art of giving a brain to a
machine, of transmitting power to the uttermost cog-wheel, and at the
same time of concentrating responsibility in a supreme centre. She has
a small navy, but very effective for its purpose, built, trained, and
manned on methodical principles, for defined ends, and backed by an
inexhaustible reserve of men from her maritime conscription. She
studies and practises co-operation between her army and navy. Her hands
are free for offence in home waters, since she has no distant network
of coveted colonies and dependencies on which to dissipate her
defensive energies. Finally, she is, compared with ourselves,
economically independent, having commercial access through her land
frontiers to the whole of Europe. She has little to lose and much to
gain.
The writer pauses here to contrast our own situation, and I summarise
his points. We have a small army, dispersed over the whole globe, and
administered on a gravely defective system. We have no settled theory
of national defence, and no competent authority whose business it is to
give us one. The matter is still at the stage of civilian controversy.
Co-operation between the army and navy is not studied and practised;
much less do there exist any plans, worthy of the name, for the repulse
of an invasion, or any readiness worth considering for the prompt
equipment and direction of our home forces to meet a sudden emergency.
We have a great and, in many respects, a magnificent navy, but not
great enough for the interests it insures, and with equally defective
institutions; not built or manned methodically, having an utterly
inadequate reserve of men, all classes of which would be absorbed at
the very outset, without a vestige of preparation for the enrolment of
volunteers; distracted by the multiplicity of its functions in guarding
our colossal empire and commerce, and conspicuously lacking a brain,
not merely for the smooth control of its own unwieldy mechanism, but
for the study of rival aims and systems. We have no North Sea naval
base, no North Sea Fleet, and no North Sea policy. Lastly, we stand in
a highly dangerous economical position.
The writer then deals with the method of invasion, and rejects the
obvious one at once, that of sending forth a fleet of transports from
one or more of the North Sea ports. He combats especially the idea of
making Emden (the nearest to our shores) the port of departure. I
mention this because, since his own scheme was adopted, it is
instructive to note that Emden had been used (with caution) as a red
herring by the inspired German press, when the subject was mentioned at
all, and industriously dragged across the trail. His objections to the
North Sea ports apply, he remarks, in reality to all schemes of
invasion, whether the conditions be favourable or not. One is that
secrecy is rendered impossible—and secrecy is vital. The collection of
the transports would be known in England weeks before the hour was ripe
for striking; for all large ports are cosmopolitan and swarm with
potential spies. In Germany’s case, moreover, suitable ships are none
too plentiful, and the number required would entail a large deduction
from her mercantile marine. The other reason concerns the actual
landing. This must take place on an open part of the east coast of
England. No other objective is even considered. Now the difficulty of
transshipping and landing troops by boats from transports anchored in
deep water, in a safe, swift, and orderly fashion, on an open beach, is
enormous. The most hastily improvised resistance might cause a
humiliating disaster. Yet the first stage is the most important of all.
It is imperative that the invaders should seize and promptly intrench a
pre-arranged line of country, to serve as an initial base. This once
done, they can use other resources; they can bring up transports, land
cavalry and heavy guns, pour in stores, and advance. But unless this is
done, they are impotent, be their sea-communications never so secure.
The only logical alternative is then propounded: to despatch an army of
infantry with the lightest type of field-guns in big sea-going
lighters, towed by powerful but shallow-draught tugs, under escort of a
powerful composite squadron of warships; and to fling the flotilla, at
high tide, if possible, straight upon the shore.
Such an expedition could be prepared in absolute secrecy, by turning to
account the natural features of the German coast. No great port was to
be concerned in any way. All that was required was sufficient depth of
water to float the lighters and tugs; and this is supplied by seven
insignificant streams, issuing from the Frisian littoral, and already
furnished with small harbours and sluice-gates, with one exception,
namely, the tidal creek at Norden; for this, it appeared, was one of
the chosen seven, and not, as “Carruthers” supposed, Hilgenriedersiel,
which, if you remember, he had no time to visit, and which has, in
fact, no stream of any value at all, and no harbour. All of these
streams would have to be improved, deepened, and generally canalised;
ostensibly with a commercial end, for purposes of traffic with the
islands, which are growing health resorts during a limited summer
season.
The whole expedition would be organised under seven distinct
sub-divisions—not too great a number in view of its cumbrous character.
Seawards, the whole of the coast is veiled by the fringe of islands and
the zone of shoals. Landwards, the loop of railway round the Frisian
peninsula would form the line of communication in rear of the seven
streams. Esens was to be the local centre of administration when the
scheme grew to maturity, but not till then. Every detail for the
movement of troops under the seven different heads was to be arranged
for with secrecy and exactitude many months in advance, and from
headquarters at Berlin. It was not expected that nothing would leak
out, but care was to be taken that anything that did do so should be
attributed to defensive measures—a standing feature in German
mobilisation being the establishment of a corps of observation along
the Frisian coast; in fact, the same machinery was to be used, and its
conversion for offence concealed up to the latest possible moment. The
same precautions were to be taken in the preliminary work on the spot.
There, four men only (it was calculated) need be in full possession of
the secret. One was to represent the Imperial Navy (a post filled by
our friend von Brüning). Another (Böhme) was to superintend the six
canals and the construction of the lighters. The functions of the third
were twofold. He was to organise what I may call the local labour—that
is, the helpers required for embarkation, the crews of the tugs, and,
most important of all, the service of pilots for the navigation of the
seven flotillas through the corresponding channels to the open sea. He
must be a local man, thoroughly acquainted with the coast, of a social
standing not much above the average of villagers and fishermen, and he
must be ready when the time was ripe with lists of the right men for
the right duties, lists to which the conscription authorities could
when required, give instant legal effect. His other function was to
police the coast for spies, and to report anything suspicious to von
Brüning, who would never be far away. On the whole I think that they
found the grim Grimm a jewel for their purpose.
As fourth personage, the writer designates himself, the promoter of the
scheme, the indispensable link between the two nations. He undertakes
to furnish reliable information as to the disposition of troops in
England, as to the hydrography of the coast selected for the landing,
as to the supplies available in its vicinity, and the strategic points
to be seized. He proposes to be guide-in-chief to the expedition during
transit. And in the meantime (when not otherwise employed) he was to
reside at Norderney, in close touch with the other three, and
controlling the commercial undertakings which were to throw dust in the
eyes of the curious. [Memmert, by the way, is not mentioned in this
memorandum.]
He speaks of the place “selected for the landing”, and proceeds to
consider this question in detail. I cannot follow him in his review,
deeply interesting though it is, and shall say at once that he reduces
possible landing-places to two, the flats on the Essex coast between
Foulness and Brightlingsea, and the Wash—with a decided preference for
the latter. Assuming that the enemy, if they got wind of an invasion at
all, would expect transports to be employed, he chooses the sort of
spot which they would be least likely to defend, and which,
nevertheless, was suitable to the character of the flotillas, and
similar to the region they started from. There is such a spot on the
Lincolnshire coast, on the north side of the Wash, _[See Map A]_ known
as East Holland. It is low-lying land, dyked against the sea, and
bordered like Frisia with sand-flats which dry off at low water. It is
easy of access from the east, by way of Boston Deeps, a deep-water
channel formed by a detached bank, called the Long Sand, lying parallel
to the shore for ten miles. This bank makes a natural breakwater
against the swell from the east (the only quarter to be feared); and
the Deeps behind it, where there is an average depth of thirty-four
feet at low-water, would form an excellent roadstead for the covering
squadron, whose guns would command the shore within easy range. It is
noted in passing that this is just the case where German first-class
battleships would have an advantage over British ships of the same
calibre. The latter are of just too heavy a draught to navigate such
waters without peril, if, indeed, they could enter this roadstead at
all, for there is a bar at the mouth of it with only thirty-one feet at
high water, spring tides. The former, built as they were with a view to
manœuvring in the North Sea, are just within the margin of safety. East
Holland is within easy striking distance of the manufacturing
districts, a vigorous raid on which is, the writer urges, the true
policy of an invader. He reports positively that there exist (in a
proper military sense) no preparations whatever to meet such an attack.
East Holland is also the nearest point on the British shores to
Germany, excepting the coast of Norfolk; much nearer, indeed, than the
Essex flats alluded to, and reached by a simple deep-sea passage,
without any dangerous region to navigate, like the mouth of the Channel
and the estuary of the Thames from Harwich westwards. The distance is
240 sea-miles, west by south roughly, from Borkum Island, and 280 from
Wangeroog. The time estimated for transit after the flotillas had been
assembled outside the islands is from thirty to thirty-four hours.
Embarkation is the next topic. This could and must be effected in one
tide. At the six _siels_ there was a mean period of two and a half
hours in every twelve, during which the water was high enough. At
Norden a rather longer time was available. But this should be amply
sufficient if the machinery were in good working order and were
punctually set in motion. High water occurs approximately at the same
time at all seven outlets, the difference between the two farthest
apart, Carolinensiel and Greetsiel, being only half an hour.
Lastly, the special risks attendant on such an expedition are
dispassionately weighed. X——, though keenly anxious to recommend his
scheme, writes in no blindly sanguine spirit. There are no modern
precedents for any invasion in the least degree comparable to that of
England by Germany. Any such attempt will be a hazardous experiment.
But he argues that the advantages of his method outweigh the risks, and
that most of the risks themselves would attach equally to any other
method. Whatever skill in prediction was used, bad weather might
overtake the expedition. Yes; but if transports were used transhipment
into boats for landing would in bad weather be fraught with the same
and a greater peril. But transports could stand off and wait. Delay is
fatal in any case; unswerving promptitude is the essence of such an
enterprise. The lighters would be in danger of foundering? Beside the
point; if the end is worth gaining the risks must be faced. Soldiers’
lives are sacrificed in tens of thousands on battlefields. The flotilla
would be demoralised during transit by the assault of a few
torpedo-boats? Granted; but the same would apply to a fleet of
transports, with the added certainty that one lucky shot would send to
the bottom ten times the number of soldiers, with less hope of rescue.
In both cases reliance must be placed on the efficiency and vigilance
of the escort. It is admitted, however, in a passage which might well
make my two adventurers glow with triumph, that if by any mischance the
British discovered what was afoot in good time, and were able to send
over a swarm of light-draught boats, which could elude the German
warships and get amongst the flotillas while they were still in process
of leaving the siels; it is admitted that in that case the expedition
was doomed. But it is held that such an event was not to be feared.
Reckless pluck is abundant in the British Navy, but expert knowledge of
the tides and shoals in these waters is utterly lacking. The British
charts are of no value, and there is no evidence (he reports) that the
subject has been studied in any way by the British Admiralty. Let me
remark here, that I believe Mr “Davies’s” views, as expressed in the
earlier chapters, when they were still among the great estuaries, are
all absolutely sound. The “channel theory”, though it only bore
indirectly on the grand issue before them, was true, and should be laid
to heart, or I should not have wasted space on it.
One word more, in conclusion. There is an axiom, much in fashion now,
that there is no fear of an invasion of the British Isles, because if
we lose command of the sea, we can be starved—a cheaper and surer way
of reducing us to submission. It is a loose, valueless axiom, but by
sheer repetition it is becoming an article of faith. It implies that
“command of the sea” is a thing to be won or lost definitely; that we
may have it to-day and lose it for ever to-morrow. On the contrary, the
chances are that in anything like an even struggle the command of the
sea will hang in the balance for an indefinite time. And even against
great odds, it would probably be impossible for our enemies so to bar
the avenues of our commerce, so to blockade the ports of our extensive
coast-line, and so to overcome the interest which neutrals will have in
supplying us, as to bring us to our knees in less than two years,
during which time we can be recuperating and rebuilding from our unique
internal resources, and endeavouring to regain command.
No; the better axiom is that nothing short of a successful invasion
could finally compel us to make peace. Our hearts are stout, we hope;
but facts are facts; and a successful raid, such as that here sketched,
if you will think out its consequences, must appal the stoutest heart.
It was checkmated, but others may be conceived. In any case, we know
the way in which they look at these things in Germany.
Postscript (March 1903)
It so happens that while this book was in the press a number of
measures have been taken by the Government to counteract some of the
very weaknesses and dangers which are alluded to above. A Committee of
National Defence has been set up, and the welcome given to it was a
truly extraordinary comment on the apathy and confusion which it is
designed to supplant. A site on the Forth has been selected for a new
North Sea naval base—an excellent if tardy decision; for ten years or
so must elapse before the existing anchorage becomes in any sense a
“base”. A North Sea fleet has also been created—another good measure;
but it should be remembered that its ships are not modern, or in the
least capable of meeting the principal German squadrons under the
circumstances supposed above.
Lastly, a Manning Committee has (among other matters) reported vaguely
in favour of a Volunteer Reserve. There is no means of knowing what
this recommendation will lead to; let us hope not to the fiasco of the
last badly conceived experiment. Is it not becoming patent that the
time has come for training all Englishmen systematically either for the
sea or for the rifle?