under proper orders. An officer who travels not less than 10 miles from
his station, without troops, escort of military stores, and under
special orders in the case from a superior, or summons to attend a
military court, shall receive 8 cents per mile. Whenever a soldier shall
be discharged from the service, except by way of punishment for any
offense, or on his own application, or for disability prior to three
months’ service, he shall be allowed his pay and rations, or an
equivalent in money, for such term of time as shall be sufficient for
him to travel from the place of his discharge to the place of his
residence, computing at the rate of twenty miles to a day.
=Traveling Forge.= See ORDNANCE, CARRIAGES FOR.
=Traveling Kitchen.= Marshal Saxe, it is believed, first suggested the
idea of cooking while marching, so as to economize the strength of
soldiers, have their food well cooked in all weather, and avoid the
numerous diseases caused by bad cooking and want of rest. Col. Cavalli,
of the Sardinian artillery, has with the same laudable motive embraced a
kitchen-cart in the improvements suggested by him to replace the wagons
now in use, and an attempt is here made to elaborate the same idea of a
_traveling-kitchen_, designed for baking, making soup, and other
cooking, while on a march. The cart is 12¹⁄₂ feet long, mounted on two
6-feet wheels covered with a very light canvas roof with leather-cloth
curtains. A large range or stove forms the body of the vehicle; its
grate is below the floor, its doors opening on a level with it. A
_Papin’s digester_ is inclosed above the grate, in a flue whence the
heat may pass around the double oven in the rear, or straight up the
chimney, as regulated by dampers. At the side of the digester, over the
grate, is a range, suited to various cooking vessels. The top of the
oven forms a table nearly 5 feet square, at which three cooks may work,
standing upon the rear platform. A foot-board passes from this platform
to the front platform, where the driver and cook may stand. Stores may
be placed in the lockers at the side of the range, and under the rear
foot-board. The chimney may be turned down above the roof, to pass under
trees, etc., and may be of any height to secure a good draught. By
bending the axle like that of an omnibus, the vehicle may be hung
without danger of top-heaviness. Cooking vessels more bulky than heavy
may be suspended from the roof, over the range, when not in use. The
digester may have a capacity of 100 gallons, and an oven of 60 to 75
cubic feet would be quite adequate to the cooking for 250 men; or the
dimensions of the cart may be smaller, and each company of 100 men might
have its own traveling-kitchen, which would also furnish oven and
cooking utensils for a camp.
=Traveling Trunnion-beds.= See ORDNANCE, CARRIAGES FOR, SIEGE-CARRIAGES.
=Traverse.= The turning a gun so as to make it point in any desired
direction.
=Traverse Circles.= In gunnery, are circular plates of iron, fastened to
a bed of solid masonry, on which the traverse wheels, which support the
chassis, roll.
=Traverses.= In fortifications, are mounds of earth, above the height of
a man, and 18 feet thick, placed at frequent intervals on a rampart, to
stop shot which may enfilade the face of such rampart. A fire of this
nature, in the absence of traverses, would dismount the guns, and prove
altogether ruinous. The traverses also give means of disputing the
progress of an assailant who has gained a footing on the wall, for each
traverse becomes a defensible parapet, only to be taken by storm.
=Traversing-plates.= In gun-carriages, are two thin iron plates, nailed
on the hind part of a truck-carriage of guns, where the hand-spike is
used to traverse the gun.
=Traversing-platform.= An elevation on which the guns are mounted for
the defense of the coast, and generally for all sea-batteries, as
affording greater facility of traversing the gun, so as to follow,
without loss of time, any quick-moving object on the water.
=Travois.= A rude but efficient mode of transportation for conveying the
wounded over a level or rolling country, when ambulances are not at
hand. It consists of two poles about 16 feet long and 4 inches in
diameter; two stretcher bars or poles, 2¹⁄₂ inches in diameter and 3
feet long; and a canvas or rawhide bottom, 5¹⁄₂ feet long and 2¹⁄₂ feet
broad; and if of canvas, with eyelet-holes at the sides and ends, which
are to be lashed to the poles with rope. The rear ends of the
travois-poles rest on the ground, while the front ends are attached to
each side of a mule, which draws the travois. The _litter_ is better
adapted to a rough country. (See LITTER.) The ordinary teepe-poles with
which the Indians pitch their tents when in villages are also used in
constructing the travois. The Dakota and Montana Sioux, who use
mountain-pine or ash-poles, select straight, well-proportioned saplings
of those woods, trim them down to the proper size and taper, and lay
them aside to season. The dressed poles are about 30 feet long, 2 to
2¹⁄₂ inches at the butt, and 1¹⁄₂ inches at the other extremity. The
couch is oval, and the rim is made exclusively of ash, bent into the
desired shape when the wood is green. A net-work of rawhide is
afterwards lashed to the rim and completes the bed. The bed is 3¹⁄₂ to 4
feet in its transverse, and 2¹⁄₂ to 3 feet in its conjugate diameter.
Two or three of the teepe-poles are lashed together, butts to butts,
with rawhide, and then lashed to the pack-saddle on the mule, the small
ends of the poles trailing the ground. The bed with the longer diameter
is then laid transversely on the poles and lashed about 1 foot in rear
of the animal. A blanket, piece of canvas, or buffalo-robe lashed to the
lower half of the oval rim of the bed completes the outfit. This latter
travois is claimed by some officers of the army to be well adapted for
transporting wounded even over a rough country.
=Tread.= In fortification, the tread of a banquette is the upper and
flat surface on which the soldier stands whilst firing over the parapet.
=Treason.= A general appellation to denote not only offenses against the
king and government, but also that accumulation of guilt which arises
whenever a superior reposes confidence in a subject or inferior, between
whom and himself there subsists a natural, a civil, or even a spiritual
relation; and the inferior so abuses that confidence, so forgets the
obligations of duty, subjection, and allegiance, as to destroy the life
of any such superior or lord. It is, according to English law, a general
name, in short, for treachery against the sovereign or liege lord. High
treason (the _crimen læsæ majestatis_ of the Romans) is an offense
committed against the security of the king or kingdom, whether by
imagination, word, or deed. In the United States, treason is confined to
the actual levying of war against the United States; or an adhering to
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.
=Treaty.= An agreement, league, or contract, between two or more nations
or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and
solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns or the supreme power of each
state; an agreement between two or more independent states.
_A treaty of guaranty_ is an engagement by which one state promises to
aid another when it is disturbed, or threatened to be disturbed, in the
peaceable enjoyments of its rights by a third power. Treaties of
alliance may be offensive or defensive; in the former the ally engages
generally to co-operate in hostilities against a specified power, or
against any power with which the other may be at war; in the latter, the
engagements of the ally extend only to a war of aggression commenced
against the other contracting party. The execution of a treaty is
occasionally secured by hostages; as at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in
1748, when several peers were sent to Paris as hostages for the
restoration of Cape Breton by Great Britain to France. For celebrated
treaties, see appropriate headings in this work.
=Trebbia.= A small but famous stream of Northern Italy, which joins the
Po 2 miles west of Piacenza. On its banks Hannibal decisively defeated
the Roman consul Sempronius, 218 B.C.; the French were also defeated
here by Suwarrow in 1799.
=Trebuchet=, or =Trebucket=. A machine used in the Middle Ages for
throwing stones, etc., acting by means of a great weight fastened to the
short arm of a lever, which, being let fall, raised the end of the long
arm with great velocity, and hurled stones with much force.
=Trefle= (_Trefoil_). A term used in mining, from the similarity of the
figure to trefoil. The simple trefle has only two lodgments; the double
trefle, four; and the triple one, six.
=Trefoil.= In heraldry, is a frequent charge, representing the
clover-leaf, and is always depicted as _slipped_,--_i.e._, furnished
with a stalk.
=Trench-cavalier.= In fortification, an elevation constructed, by a
besieger, of gabions, fascines, earth, and the like, about half-way up
the glacis, in order to discover and enfilade the covert way.
=Trenches.= The communications, boyaux, or zigzags, as well as the
parallels or places of arms opened by besiegers against a fortification
are trenches. They are from 6 to 10 feet wide and about 3 feet deep.
(See PARALLELS, and SIEGE.) _To mount the trenches_, is to mount guard
in the trenches, which is generally done in the night. _To relieve the
trenches_, is to relieve the guard of the trenches. _To scour the
trenches_, is to make a vigorous sally upon the guard of the trenches,
force them to give way, and quit their ground, drive away the workmen,
break down the parapet, till up the trenches, and spike their cannon.
=Trenches, Opening of.= See OPENING OF TRENCHES.
=Trench-shelter.= A trench hastily thrown up to give cover to troops on
a field of battle. It is always 1 foot 3 inches deep, and the parapet is
from 1¹⁄₄ to 1¹⁄₂ feet high. A trench 2 feet broad can be made in from
10 to 20 minutes; one 4 feet wide in from 20 to 40 minutes; and one 7
feet broad in from 30 to 60 minutes. There are also small trenches in
rear for the supernumeraries.
=Trenton.= The capital city of the State of New Jersey, on the left bank
of the Delaware River, at the confluence of Assunpink Creek. In the war
of the Revolution, Trenton was the scene of a night attack by
Washington upon the British troops--chiefly Hessians--whom he surprised
by crossing the Delaware, when the floating ice was supposed to have
rendered it impassable, on the night of December 25 and morning of the
26th, 1776.
=Trepied.= In ancient times, a ballista was so called when supported on
three legs.
=Tressure.= In heraldry, a subordinary, generally said to be half the
breadth of the orle, and usually borne double, and flowered and
counterflowered with fleurs-de-lis. It forms part of the royal insignia
of Scotland. The tressure is held in great honor in Scottish heraldry.
=Trestles.= A trestle is composed of a cap about 15 feet by 9 inches by
9 inches, of four legs, of two upper and two lower traverses, and of
four braces. The cap is notched 18 inches from the end, to receive the
legs; the notch is 5 inches wide and 1 deep. The legs should be from 5
to 6 inches square; a shoulder is made to tit the notch in the cap; the
spread is quarter the height. The inclination in the other direction
about one-sixteenth. The leg is spiked, pinned, or bolted to the cap.
The lower traverse is 5 inches by 1¹⁄₂ inches, and is dovetailed into
the legs at about one-quarter their height from the ground. The upper
traverse, which is nailed on the outside of the legs and against the
cap, is 6 inches wide and 1¹⁄₂ inches thick. The braces are 4 inches
wide by 1¹⁄₂ inches thick, and are spiked to the cap and legs. When
trestles are to be placed on a soft bottom, a flat sill may be spiked
under the legs of each side.
_Trestle Bridge._--When the water is less than 4 feet deep, the trestles
may be carried to their places by men wading in the stream; an abutment
is formed as for an ordinary bridge; the trestles are placed with their
caps parallel to the abutment sill and about 13 feet apart. When the
water is too deep or too cold to allow this method to be pursued, the
bridge may be constructed as follows:
The abutment sill being placed, the first trestle can usually be placed
by hand; the balks are laid and covered with chesses to within 1 foot of
the trestle, a roller is laid on the bridge; on this are laid two beams,
from 30 to 40 feet long and 6 or 7 inches square. The trestle is placed
upright, with its cap resting on these beams, to which it is firmly
lashed. The pontoniers bear down on the other ends of the beams, at the
same time pushing until the trestle is rolled out to the proper
distance; then they suddenly release the beams, dropping the trestle
into its place. The flooring balks are slid out on the two beams,
adjusted, and covered with chesses.
When a boat or raft can be procured, the trestles are placed with much
less labor. The boat is brought alongside the last trestle placed; two
balks are laid from the bridge, resting on a saddle, or the outer
gunwale of the boat; the side of the trestle-cap is laid on the balks,
the legs extending over the outer gunwale of the boat. The boat is
pushed off by means of the balks until it arrives at the proper position
for placing the trestle, which is then righted. If it has not good
bearing on the bottom, it is hauled into the boat and the legs are cut
to the proper length.
The bridge may be entirely built of round timber. The caps should be
from 10 to 12 inches in diameter, the legs at least 6 inches, the balks
7 or 8 inches, and faced on the lower side where they rest on the
trestles, so as to bring their upper surfaces on the same plane. The
covering may be of strong hurdles.
=Treves=, or =Trier= (anc. _Augusta Trevirorum_). A town of Rhenish
Prussia, on the right bank of the Moselle, 65 miles southwest from
Coblentz. Treves derives its name from the _Treviri_, or _Treveri_
(which see). Their capital, _Augusta Trevirorum_, became a Roman colony
in the time of Augustus, and ultimately became the headquarters of the
Roman commanders on the Rhine, and a frequent residence of the emperors.
Under the Franks, into whose hands it fell in 463, it continued to
flourish. In 843 it passed to Lorraine; in 870 to Germany; in 895 back
to Lorraine, and finally was united to Germany by the emperor Henry I.
Since 1814, Treves has belonged to Prussia.
=Treviri=, or =Treveri=. A powerful people in Gallia Belgica, who were
faithful allies of the Romans, and whose cavalry was the best in all
Gaul.
=Treviso.= A fortified town of Italy, in Venice, 17 miles northwest from
Venice. Treviso, the ancient _Trevisium_, was a free town under the
Romans; and after the fall of the empire was conquered in turn by the
Huns, Ostrogoths, and Lombards. Thereafter it was for a time
independent, and at length, in 1344, voluntarily submitted itself to the
republic of Venice.
=Tria Juncta in Uno= (three joined in one). The motto of the knights of
the military order of the Bath, signifying “faith, hope, and charity.”