Mississippi Valley country. It was settled in the early part of the 18th
century by the French; was subsequently ceded to the English, and after
the Revolution passed into the possession of the United States. The
early settlers were for a long time troubled by the incursions of the
Indians; but after their signal defeat by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe,
November 7, 1811, they were soon afterwards subdued, and became
peaceable. Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816, and during the civil
war contributed its full quota of troops to the support of the Union.
=Indians.= The name by which the various tribes of aborigines scattered
over the extensive continent of America are distinguished. They are
divided into numerous tribes and nations, all in a state more or less
savage, and having all the peculiar characteristics of that kind of
life. They generally decline as the civilized population advances into
the country; though reservations of land have always been set apart by
the U. S. government for the support of tribes within its territory.
(See INDIANS AND THEIR AGENCIES.) A short description of the most
important tribes will be found under appropriate headings in this work.
=Indians and their Agencies.= The following are the distribution and
population of the Indians in the United States, taken from the Report of
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1876:
ARIZONA, _Colorado River Agency_: Mojaves, 820; Chemehuevis, 320;
Hualapais (not on reservation), 620; Coahuilas (not on reservation),
150; Cocopas (not on reservation), 180. _Moquis Pueblo Agency_: Moquis
Pueblos, 1700. _Pima and Maricopa Agency_: Papagos, about 5000; Pimas,
4100; Maricopas, 400. _San Carlos Agency_: Pinal and Aribaipa Apaches,
1051; Chiricahua Apaches, 297; Mojave Apaches, 618; Yuma Apaches, 352;
Tonto Apaches, 629; Coyotero Apaches, 1612. Indians in Arizona not under
an agent: Yumas, 930; Mojaves, 700.
CALIFORNIA, _Hoopa Valley Agency_: Hoopas, 511; Redwoods, 12; Siahs, 13;
Klamaths, 44. _Round Valley Agency_ (192 not on reservation): Potter
Valley, 307; Ukie, 197; Pitt River, 60; Red Wood, 94; Wylackie, 172; Con
Cowe, 148; Little Lake, 166. _Tule River Agency_: Tules, Tejons,
Wachamnis, Kweahs, King’s River, and Manaches, 1200. Indians in
California not under an agent: Mission, Coahuila, Temecula, and other
Indians, 4375; Klamaths, 1125.
COLORADO, _Los Pinos Agency_: Tabequache-Muache, Capote, and Weminuche
bands of Utes, 2000. _White River Agency_: Grand River, Yampa, Uintah,
and Pah bands of Utes, 900.
DAKOTA, _Cheyenne River Agency_: Two Kettle Sioux, Sans-Arc Sioux,
Minneconjou Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2280. _Crow Creek Agency_: Lower
Yanctonais Sioux, 1213. _Devil’s Lake Agency_: Sisseton Sioux, 391;
Wahpeton Sioux, 477; Cut-Head Sioux, 203. _Flandreau Agency_: Flandreau
Sioux, 361. _Fort Berthold Agency_: Arickarees, 692; Gros Ventres, 414;
Mandans, 241; Gros Ventres (seceders), 100. _Lower Brulé Agency_: Lower
Brulé Sioux, 1800. _Ponca Agency_: Poncas, 730. _Red Cloud Agency_:
Ogallalla Sioux, Northern Cheyennes, Northern Arapahoes, 6000. _Spotted
Tail Agency_: Upper Brulé and Ogallalla Sioux, Lower Brulé Sioux,
Northern Brulé Sioux, and others, 2315. _Sisseton Agency_: Sisseton and
Wahpeton Sioux, 1745. _Standing Rock Agency_: Upper Yanctonais Sioux,
Lower Yanctonais Sioux, Uncpapa Sioux, Blackfeet Sioux, 2315. _Yankton
Agency_: Yankton Sioux, 1992. Indians in Dakota not under an agent, or
absent from agencies, 15,000.
IDAHO, _Fort Hall Agency_: Bannacks, 648; Shoshones, 964. _Lemhi
Agency_: Sheepeaters, 300; Bannacks, 190; Shoshones, 450. _Nez Percés
Agency_: Nez Percés, 2800. Indians in Idaho not under an agent: Cœur
d’Alenes, Pend d’Oreilles, and Kootenays, 1000.
INDIAN TERRITORY, _Cheyenne and Arapahoe Agency_: Cheyennes, 2029;
Arapahoes, 1703; Apaches, 48; Cheyennes absent from reservation, 180;
held as prisoners by military, 32. _Kiowa and Comanche Agency_: Kiowas,
1090; Comanches, 1570; Apaches, 325. _Osage Agency_: Osage, 2679; Kaws,
443. _Pawnee Agency_: Pawnees, 2026. _Quapaw Agency_: Quapaws, 235;
confederated Kaskaskias, Piankeshaws, Weas, Peorias, and Miamis, 202;
Ottawas, 140; Eastern Shawnees, 97; Wyandottes, 258; Senecas, 240;
Modocs, 117; Straggling Black Bob Shawnees and Pottawatomies, 100. _Sac
and Fox Agency_: Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi, 417; absentee Shawnees,
647; Mexican Kickapoos, 312. _Union Agency_: Cherokees, 18,672; Creeks,
14,000; Choctaws, 16,000; Chickasaws, 5800; Seminoles, 2553. _Wichita
Agency_: Caddos and Delawares, 580; Comanches, 168; Keechies and Wacos,
155; Tawacanies, 100; Wichitas, 217. Indians in Indian Territory not
under an agent: Citizen Pottawatomies, 131.
IOWA, _Sac and Fox Agency_: Sacs and Foxes, 341.
KANSAS, _Kansas Agency_: Pottawatomies (prairie band), 497; Kickapoos,
252. Indians in Kansas without an agency: Chippewas, of Swan Creek, and
Munsees, 61; Mokohoko band of Sacs and Foxes, 200.
MICHIGAN, _Mackinac Agency_: Chippewas of Lake Superior, 1200; Chippewas
of Saginaw, Swan Creek, and Black River, 2000; Chippewas and Ottawas of
Lake Michigan, 7000; Pottawatomies of Huron, 60.
MINNESOTA, _Leech Lake Agency_: Pillager and Lake Winnebagoshish
Chippewas, 1610; Chippewas of Mississippi, 790. _Red Lake Agency_: Red
Lake Chippewas, 1178. _White Earth Agency_: Mississippi Chippewas, 1768;
Pembina Chippewas, 452; Otter-Tail Chippewas, 485.
MONTANA, _Blackfeet Agency_: Blackfeet, Bloods, and Piegans (no tribal
distinctions), 7200. _Crow Agency_: Mountain Crows, 1500; River Crows,
1000. _Flathead Agency_: Flatheads, 381; Pend d’Oreilles, 858;
Kootenays, 390. _Fort Peck Agency_: Assiniboines, 1998; Yanctonais,
Uncpapa, Brulé, Teton Sioux, and Gros Ventres, 6500.
NEBRASKA, _Great Nemaha Agency_: Iowas, 224; Sacs and Foxes of Missouri,
100. _Omaha Agency_: Omahas, 1027. _Otoe Agency_: Otoes and Missouris,
454. _Santee Agency_: Santee Sioux, 793. _Winnebago Agency_:
Winnebagoes, 1500.
NEW MEXICO, _Abiquiu Agency_: Utes, 900; Jicarilla Apaches, 326.
_Cimarron Agency_: Jicarilla Apaches, 420; Muache Utes, 230. _Mescalero
Agency_: Mescalero Apaches, 1400. _Navajo Agency_: Navajoes, 11,868.
_Pueblo Agency_: Pueblos, 8400. _Southern Apache Agency_: Gila Apaches,
Mogollen Apaches, Mimbre Apaches, Chiricahua Apaches, 1600.
NEW YORK, _New York Agency_: Senecas, 3017; Oneidas, 250; Onondagas,
453; Cayugas, 161; Tuscaroras, 412; St. Regis, 741.
NEVADA, _Nevada Agency_: Pah-Utes on Pah-Ute reservation, 400; Pah-Utes
in Northern Arizona (not on reservation), 284; Pah-Utes in Utah (not on
reservation), 528; Pah-Utes in Southern Nevada (not on reservation),
631; Pah-Utes in California (not on reservation), 184; Pah-Utes on
Pyramid Lake reserve, 1500; Shoshones, 500; Pah-Utes on Walker River
reserve, 500. _Western Shoshone Agency_: Goship Utes (not on
reservation), 204; Western Shoshones (not on reservation), 1945; Indians
in Nevada not under an agent: Pah-Utes (not on reservation), 1000.
NORTH CAROLINA, _Eastern Cherokee Agency_: Eastern Cherokees, 1600;
other Eastern Cherokees scattered through Georgia, South Carolina, and
Tennessee, 800.
OREGON, _Grand Ronde Agency_: Molels, Clackamas, Rogue River, and other
bands, 755. _Klamath Agency_: Klamaths, 676; Modocs, 100; Pah-Ute
Snakes, 100; Wollpahpe Snakes, 174. _Malheur Agency_: Pah-Utes, 462;
Snakes, 300. _Siletz Agency_: Rogue River, Shasta Scoton, and thirteen
other bands, 1100; Alseas, Sinselaws, Coosas, and Umpquas, 325.
_Umatilla Agency_: Walla Walla, 128; Cayuse, 385; Umatilla, 169. _Warm
Springs Agency_: Wascoes, 263; Teninoes, 50; Warm Springs, 187; Indians
roaming on Columbia River, renegades and others, 2000.
UTAH, _Uintah Valley Agency_: Uintah Utes, 650; Indians in Utah not
under an agent, Pah Vents, 134; Goship Utes, 256.
WASHINGTON TERRITORY, _Colville Agency_: Colvilles, 650; Spokanes, 685;
Lakes, 242; Calispels, 395; Okinakanes, 330; San Poels and Nespeelums,
500; Methows, 315. _Neah Bay Agency_: Makahs, 538. _Puyallup Agency_:
Muckleshoot, 130; Puyallups, 525; Nisquallies, 205; Squaxons, 50;
Chehalis, 240; Shoal Water Bay, 60; Grape Harbor, 160; Cowlitz, 25.
_Quinaielt Agency_: Quinaielts, 122; Queets, 114; Hohs, 80; Quillehutes,
260. _S’Kokomish Agency_: S’Klallams, 550; Towanas, 275. _Tulalip
Agency_: Snohomish, 900; Lummi, 600; Etakmur, 550; Swinomish, 700;
Muckleshoot, 500. _Yakama Agency_: Yakama, Palouse, Pisquose,
Wenatshepum, Kliktat, Klinquit, Kowwassayee, Siaywas, Skinpah, Wisham,
Shyiks, Ochechole, Kahmiltpah, and Seapcat, 4100.
WISCONSIN, _Green Bay Agency_: Menomonees, 1522; Oneidas, 1387;
Stockbridges, 121. _La Pointe Agency_: Chippewas, Red Cliff Band, 726;
Bad River, 732; Lac Court d’Oreille, 1048; Lac de Flambeau, 665; Fond du
Lac, 404; Grand Portage, 262; Bois Fort, 714. Indians in Wisconsin not
under an agent: Winnebagoes, 823; Pottawatomies (prairie band), 180.
WYOMING, _Shoshone Agency_: Shoshones (eastern band), 1800.
Indians in North Carolina, Indiana, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and
Texas: Miamis, Seminoles, Lipans, Tonkawas, 850. Number of Indians in
the United States, exclusive of those in Alaska, 266,151; number of
Indians who are mixed-bloods, 40,639; number of school-teachers for
Indians, 437; amount of money expended for education during the year,
$362,496.03; number of births and deaths about even.
ALASKA. The aboriginal inhabitants of Alaska are divided generally into
two classes, the Ararian, or Coast tribes, and Indian, or Interior
tribes; of the former the Innuit, or Esquimo races, inhabit coast of
Arctic and North Pacific Ocean, and the Aleutians inhabited the chain of
Aleutian Islands and the western ends of Aliaska peninsula.
_Innuit_, or _Esquimo_. _Kopágmuts_; numbered, in 1870, about 200;
inhabit the shore of the Arctic Ocean between Mackenzie’s River and
Manning’s Point; were formerly much more numerous and powerful,
inhabiting valley of Mackenzie’s River for 300 miles until driven out by
Indians.
_Kanmalígmut._ They number about 250; inhabit shore of Arctic Ocean from
Manning’s Point to Cape Barrow; great traders.
_Nuwikmut._ Number about 600, and inhabit coast of Arctic Ocean from
mouth of Colville River to Cape Liskurore; main villages at Cape Smith,
Cape Barrow, Wainwright’s Island, and Icy Cape; make annual trading
voyages in July and August.
_Nunatogmuts._ Number about 350; inhabit the north shore of Kotzebue
Sound; treacherous and thieving; meet white traders annually at Point
Hope, and carry on trade with natives up the inland rivers.
_Konágmuts._ Number about 100, and inhabit the eastern shore of Selanik
River and southeast coast of Kotzebue Sound, carrying on trade with
interior Indians.
_Okeéogmuts._ Number about 350, and inhabit the islands in Behring’s Sea
and Straits north of N. lat. 63°; most agile and hardy of Northern
Indians; are bold, obstinate, and courageous; carry on trade between
Asia and America by means of skin canoes.
_Kikhtogámuts._ Number about 250, and inhabit St. Lawrence Island; the
most immodest and filthy of Esquimos.
_Kariágmuts._ Number 500, and inhabit peninsula between Kotzebue and
Norton Sounds, have large trade with whalers, and travel extensively;
are addicted to theft, incest, and violence.
_Mahlemut._ Number 600; inhabit the neck of the Kariak peninsula.
_Unáligmuts._ Number 150, and inhabit southwestern shore of Norton
Sound.
_Ecógmuts._ Number about 1000; inhabit the delta of the Yukon and 300
miles of its valley. Have heavy beard and hairy bodies, in strong
contrast to other tribes.
_Mágemuts._ Number about 500; inhabiting Muriak Island and coast from
60° to 62° N. lat. Great hunters of mink, as their name indicates. They
excel in ivory carving, but are poor, filthy, and immodest.
_Kusknogmuts._ Number 2500; inhabit shore of Kuskoquine Bay and valley
of Kuskoquine River for 150 miles; do not intermarry with other tribes.
_Nushagágmuts._ Number about 400, and inhabit shore of Bristol Bay and
valleys of lakes between it and coast mountains.
_Ogulmuts._ Number about 500, and inhabit north shore of Aliaska
peninsula and basin of Lliamna Lake.
_Karrigmuts._ Number 3000, and inhabit south shore of Aliaska peninsula
and shore of Cook’s Inlet to Lliamna Peak, and also Kodiack Island; were
formerly much more numerous, and occupied all the shore of Cook’s Inlet
until the interior Indians drove them off and established themselves on
that coast; they are frequently confounded with the _Aleuts_; have been
much altered by over 90 years’ intercourse with Russians; are virtually
Greek Christians.
_Chugachígmuts._ Number about 600, and inhabit southern and eastern
coast of Kenai peninsula.
_Ugálákmuts._ Number about 400, and inhabit coast from Icy Bay to Prince
William’s Sound, except at the mouth of the Atna, on Copper River, where
the interior Indians hold the coast. This tribe is at present the
southern and eastern limit of the Innuit, or Esquimo races, although at
one time they undoubtedly extended to the mouth of the Stickeen River.
_Aleuts._ On the advent of the Russians, about 150 years ago, the twenty
Aleut races numbered about 10,000 people; they had marked peculiarities
and well-defined tribal divisions. The cruelty, oppression, and
persecution of the Russians rapidly decreased their numbers; their
natural and tribal distinctions were lost and forgotten; they were
entirely cowed and subdued; they embraced Greek Christianity, and were
transported by their conquerors all along the coast.
_Khagántagákuhn._ Number 350, and inhabit western end of Aliaska
peninsula and Shumagin Islands.
_Unaláshkuhns._ Number 750; inhabit Unalask, Unmak, and Priboloff
Islands.
_Atkanhun._ Number 470, and inhabit the Western Islands.
_Tinneh._ Interior Indian tribes belonging to the same family; occupy
either flank of the Rocky Mountains, from the mouth of Mackenzie’s River
southward as far as Mexico. In Alaska they extend westward to near the
delta Yukon, but absolutely reach the sea-coast only at two places, the
mouth of the Atna River and the shore at Cook’s Inlet.
_Koyukukhotana._ Number about 600, and inhabit the mountain north of the
Yukon and east of Norton Sound. A fierce and warlike tribe, constantly
at war with the Kaiguhkotima; live in permanent villages, and travel by
dog-sledges. They subsist by hunting deer and mountain-sheep.
_Kaiguhkotima._ Number about 2300; have many settlements between lat.
60° and 65° N. and long. 150° and 160° W., on the lower Yukon and
Kuskoquin Rivers. They live by fishing and trading dried fish with the
tribes of the upper rivers for moose and deer meat, wooden-ware, and
beech-bark canoes, which the latter are very skillful in making; they
travel by dog-sledges.
_Unakhotana._ Number about 500, and live in the valley of the Yukon from
long. 152° to 156° W.; do not build permanent villages, keep only
hunting-dogs, practice polygamy, take and discard wives at pleasure.
_Ahtona._ Number about 1500, and inhabit the basin of the Atna, or
Copper River. This is one of the two tribes that have forced their way
through the Ararians and conduct their annual trading independent of the
middlemen of the coast.
_Tchaninkutchin._ Number about 1000, and inhabit north shore of Kenai
peninsula and basin of Suchinto River. This is the second instance of
interior Indians proper who have forced their way through the Ararians.
Less is known of them than any other coast tribes; they are intelligent
and warlike, and subsist on mountain-sheep, with the skins of which they
clothe themselves.
_Nehannees._ A name given to a number of tribes who inhabit the
head-waters of the Yukon, Mackenzie, and Stickeen Rivers. By the late
George Gibbs, they are of a low grade and little is known of their
peculiarities or numbers. They consist of the _Abbatotena_, who inhabit
the basin of the Pelly and MacMillan Rivers, and are called by the
Hudson Bay people “Gens du Bois.” The _Mauvais Mondi_, inhabiting basin
of Francis Lake. _Architotena_, called Sicannees by the Hudson Bay
people, inhabit the head-waters of the Deas and Laird’s Rivers. The
_Dahotena_, inhabiting the head-waters of the Stickeen, and the
_Iahko-tena_, in the basin of the Lewis River.
_Chilkahtena._ Inhabit head-waters of rivers that rise near the
head-waters of the Chilkuht that flow north into the Yukon. They are
bold and warlike; number about 500; are middlemen traders between the
Chilkhut Ihlinkets, who do not allow them to descend the Chilkhut, and
interior tribes.
_Jnahnkutchin._ Number about 800, and live in basin of Jenanah River,
the principal tributary of the Yukon, are nomadic, live on deer, and
trap fox and sable for trade; are regarded by their neighbors, whom they
visit annually for trading purposes, with fear and terror.
_Kutchkutchin._ Number about 400, and inhabit about 350 miles of the
Yukon valley.
_Natsitkutchin._ The “Gens de Rats” of the Hudson Bay people; occupy
the north side of the Porcupine; number not known.
_Inkuthkutchin._ 250 in number; inhabit south bank of Porcupine.
_Hankutchin._ Number not known; occupy 300 miles of Yukon valley that is
densely wooded.
_Intchuon Kutchin._ Very numerous, “the Gens de Foix” of the Hudson Bay
people; occupy the basin of the White, the Lewis, and the Stewart River;
they are of nomadic habits, amiable and remarkably honest. They trade
with the Atna River Indians.
_Ihlinkets._ A stock of Indians inhabiting the islands of the Alexander
Archipelago from lat. 60° N. to the head or north end of Vancouver
Island. They are essentially maritime and commercial; they travel
entirely by canoes, in which they make voyages hundreds of miles in
length. They live in fixed villages, always built upon the shores of
bays or rivers in the most substantial manner of heavy timber, often
showing great mechanical skill, and frequently arranged with regard for
capacity for defense. They own slaves, cremate their dead, and are
industrious and frugal as well as cruel, warlike, and aggressive in
their nature.
_Yakutats._ Numbering about 350; inhabit the coast from Mount St. Elias
to Mount Crilton, their principal village being at Port Mulgrove,
Behring’s Bay. They cure salmon to live upon, hunt the seal and
sea-otter for trade. They eat the blubber and flesh of the whale, and
often voyage as far south as Fort Simpson, in lat. 54° N.
_Chilkahtknan._ Number about 1500 in the village of Chilkaht and
Iselkort Rivers and head of Lyn Channel; they are fierce and warlike,
often at war with the southern Indians; make annual trading voyages,
carrying peltries obtained from interior Indians as far south as
Victoria, Vancouver Island, receiving in exchange blankets, powder,
ball, hardware, and molasses and sugar.
_Sitkakneen._ Number about 1200 or 1500, and inhabit the shore of Cross
Sound, Checkayoff, Kruyoff, and Buranoff Islands. Their principal
village is Sitka, Buranoff Island. They are called Kolases by Russians,
whom it took many years to subdue to a sufficient extent to make a
foothold in their country. They frequently fought the intruders, and as
late as 1855 perpetrated a bloody massacre, killing a whole congregation
who were worshiping in a church. Before the advent of the Russians they
were often at war with their neighbors, and before being subject to an
epidemic of smallpox and a massacre by the Stickeens were much more
numerous. The Russians employ large numbers of them at ship-building.
They are industrious and have much mechanical skill in working both wood
and metals. Large numbers of them have been baptized into the Greek
Church, but Christianity never made much impression upon them.
_Kootznonknan._ Numbering about 300; inhabit Admiralty Island, their
principal village being at Hood’s Bay. They resemble the Sitkas, with
whom they intermarry. They were the first to distill a kind of liquor
from molasses or sugar and potatoes or beans, which is now a universal
custom in Alaska, and is demoralizing the native population to a great
extent.
_Jahkuknan._ Numbering about 250 in the basin of the Jashku River and
shore of Stephen’s Pass; resemble the Sitkas.
_Kakenan._ Number about 200; inhabit Kow and several other islands in
Stephen’s Pass; warlike and treacherous. They are the only Alaska
Indians with whom the United States has had hostilities. Gen. J. C.
Davis destroyed their principal village in 1858, since which time they
have declined in power and importance.
_Tongasknan._ 200 in number; inhabit Tongas Island.
_Stakhinknan._ Number 1000; inhabit the mouth of Stahkin River and
neighboring islands; principal village at Wrangle Island; resemble the
Sitkas closely; warlike and treacherous; skillful workers in metals and
wood.
_Kygahn._ Called Haidas by Hudson Bay people; numbering in Alaska about
500 and in Prince of Wales Archipelago; are of fine stature, and fierce
and warlike as well as treacherous; ingenious carvers in metal and wood;
they formerly carried on a trade in slaves with more northern Indians,
making for the purpose of capturing them predatory incursions as far
south as Vancouver Island and Puget Sound. They also manufacture and
supply yellow-cedar canoes of immense size to northern Indians.
=Indications, Military.= See MILITARY INDICATIONS.
=Indicator.= An invention of Gen. Wingate, of the New York Militia, for
instructing men in aiming the musket. A steel rod passing through a
brass tompon in the muzzle is projected forwards by the firing-pin. The
rod carries a sharp point in the line of the sights, which punctures a
miniature target a foot or so in front of the muzzle.
=Indisciplinable.= Not disciplinable; incapable of being disciplined, or
subjected to discipline; undisciplinable.
=Indiscipline.= Want of discipline or instruction.
=Indore.= The capital of the principality of the same name in India, on
the left bank of the Kuthi. This place, mean and insignificant enough in
itself, acquired considerable notoriety in connection with the grand
revolt of 1857. Though Holkar, the rajah, remained faithful to the
British government, yet his troops mutinied on July 1, holding their
prince as a prisoner in his palace, and butchering many Europeans, men,
women, and children, in cold blood.
=Inefficient.= Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action;
effecting nothing; as, an inefficient force.
=Inergetic.= Having no energy; as, an inergetic officer.
=Inescutcheon.= In heraldry, a small escutcheon borne within a shield.
=Inexperienced.= Not having experience; unskilled; as, an inexperienced
general.
=Inexpugnable.= Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable.
=Infamous Behavior.= In the British service a term peculiarly applicable
to military life when it is affected by dishonorable conduct; on
conviction of which, an officer is ordered to be cashiered. Infamy may
be attached to an officer or soldier in a variety of ways; and some
countries are more tenacious than others on this head. Among European
nations it has always been deemed infamous and disgraceful to abandon
the field of action or to desert the colors. In Germany a mark of infamy
was attached to the character of every man who was found guilty of
misbehavior before the enemy. Among the Romans it was considered as
infamous and disgraceful to be taken prisoner, and a Roman soldier was
impressed with the idea that he must either conquer or die on the field.
There are various occasions in which the conduct of an officer may
render him unworthy of the situation he fills, such as cheating at play,
taking unfair advantages of youth, imposing upon the credulity or
confidence of a tradesman, habitual drunkenness, flagrant breaches of
hospitality, etc.