--------------------------------+------+-------+-----+-------+------

|Water.|Albumi-|Fats.|Carbo- |Salts.

| | nates.| | Hy- |

| | | |drates.|

--------------------------------+------+-------+-----+-------+------

Meat (best quality), beefsteak | 74.4 | 20.5 | 3.5 | ... | 1.6

Meat (average like soldiers), | | | | |

less ¹⁄₅ for bone | 75. | 15. | 8.4 | ... | 1.6

Meat (very fat, stall fed) | 63. | 14. |19. | ... | 3.7

Salt beef (Girardin) | 49.1 | 29.6 | 0.2 | ... | 21.1

Salt pork (Girardin) | 44.1 | 26.1 | 7. | ... | 22.8

Fat pork (Letheby) | 39. | 9.8 |48.9 | ... | 2.3

Bacon (salted and smoked) | | | | |

(Letheby) | 15. | 8.8 |73.3 | ... | 2.9

Fish (Letheby) | 78. | 18.1 | 2.9 | ... | 1.

Poultry, less bone ¹⁄₆ (Letheby)| 74. | 21. | 3.8 | ... | 1.2

Butter | 6. | .3 |91. | ... | 2.5

Eggs (less ¹⁄₁₀ for shell) | 73.5 | 13.5 |11.6 | ... | 1.

Cheese | 36.8 | 33.5 |24.3 | ... | 5.4

Bread (wheat, average quality) | 40. | 8. | 1.5 | 49.2 | 1.3

Biscuit, hard | 8. | 15.6 | 1.3 | 73.4 | 1.7

Wheat flour (average) | 15. | 11. | 2. | 70.3 | 1.7

Rice | 10. | 5. | 0.8 | 83.2 | .5

Oatmeal | 15. | 12.6 | 5.6 | 63. | 3.

Cornmeal | 13.5 | 10. | 6.7 | 64.5 | 1.4

Peas (dry) | 15. | 22. | 2. | 53. | 2.4

Beans (dry) | 16. | 22.5 | 2.2 | 49.9 | 4.7

Potatoes, Irish | 74. | 1.5 | 0.1 | 23.4 | 1.

Potatoes, sweet | 70.2 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 23.5 | 2.9

Yams | 74. | 2. | 0.5 | 16.2 | 1.3

Carrots | 85. | .6 | 0.25| 8.4 | .7

Parsnips | 82.4 | 1.125| 0.54| 6.39 | 1.

Turnips | 90.5 | 1.1 | ... | 4. | .5

Cabbage | 91. | .2 | 0.5 | 5.8 | .7

Milk (average) | 88.3 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 4.5 | .5

Cream | 66. | 2.7 |26.7 | 2.8 | 1.8

Sugar | 3. | ... | ... | 96.5 | .5

--------------------------------+------+-------+-----+-------+------

=Foot.= The foot-soldiers; the infantry, usually designated as the foot,

in distinction from the cavalry.

=Foot.= To gain or lose ground foot by foot, is to do it regularly and

resolutely; defending everything to the utmost extremity, or forcing it

by dint of art or labor.

=Foot Artillery.= Artillery troops serving on foot. Heavy artillery.

=Foot-band.= A band of infantry.

=Foot-bank.= See BANQUETTE.

=Foot-boards.= The transverse boards on the front of a limber, on which

the cannoneers rest their feet when mounted.

=Foot-fight.= A conflict by persons on foot; in opposition to a fight on

horseback.

=Foot Guards.= Guards of infantry. The flower of the British infantry,

and the garrison ordinarily of the metropolis, comprise 3 regiments, the

Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Fusilier Guards, in all 7 battalions,

and 6307 officers and men of all ranks.

=Footing.= To be on the same footing with another, is to be under the

same circumstances in point of service; to have the same number of men,

and the same pay, etc.

=Footman.= A soldier who marches and fights on foot.

=Foot-pound.= In mechanics, is the unit of work. It is simply a

contraction for “one pound raised through a height of one foot.” See

WORK.

=Foot-soldier.= A soldier that serves on foot.

=Foot-ton.= In England the power of modern ordnance is estimated by the

energy of the shot in foot-tons, divided by the number of inches in the

shot’s circumference. The formula for calculating it is

_WV_²

_E_ = -------

2π_r.g_

in which _W_ is the weight of the shot in tons (English), _V_ is the

velocity, 2π_r_, the circumference of the shot in inches, and _g_ the

force of gravity;

_WV_²

-----

_g_

is the living force of the shot, and is equal to twice the quantity of

work it is capable of doing. This divided by the circumference gives a

very fair estimate of its power in penetrating armor, as the resistance

to penetration increases with the size of the projectile. This unit is

also used to estimate the resisting power of armor-plating against shots

of various sizes.

=Forage.= The hay, corn, fodder, and oats required for the subsistence

of the animals in the army. The allowance of forage in the U. S. army is

fixed by regulations at 14 pounds of hay and 12 of grain to each horse,

and 14 pounds of hay and 9 of grain to each mule in the public service.

Generals, field-officers, staff-officers, and cavalry officers receive

forage for a certain number of private horses while actually kept in

service.

=Forage.= To collect supplies both for man and beast, from an enemy by

force, from friends by impressment, but giving to friends receipts, to

be paid ultimately.

=Forage Cap.= A small low cap worn by soldiers when not in full dress.

=Forage-master.= See WAGON-MASTER.

=Foragers.= A detachment of soldiers who forage or collect stores for an

army.

=Foraging.= Is properly the collection of forage or other supplies

systematically in towns or villages, or going with an escort to cut

nourishment for horses in fields. Such operations frequently lead to

engagements with the enemy. Foraging parties are furnished with

reaping-hooks and cords. The men promptly dismount, make bundles with

which they load their horses, and are prepared for anything that may

follow. The word foraging is sometimes inaccurately used for marauding.

=Forbach.= A small town of France, in the department of the Moselle, now

a part of German Lorraine. It was occupied by the Prussians, January 10,

1814. During the Franco-Prussian war it was taken by the German generals

Von Goeben and Von Steinmetz, after a fierce contest, in which the

French were defeated and compelled to retreat, August 6, 1870.

=Forcat.= A rest for a musket in ancient times.

=Force.= In its military application, signifies an army of all

branches,--artillery, cavalry, and infantry. It is sometimes used in the

plural number, but with the same signification; as, “commander of the

forces;” and occasionally we find the word used in another sense, thus,

“He is in great force.” To force, in broadsword exercise, is to break an

adversary’s sword-guard, and either wound him or expose him to a wound.

=Force.= To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle;

specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress. Also to

impel, drive, wrest, extort, get, etc., by main strength or violence;

with a following adverb, as _along_, _away_, _from_, _into_, _through_,

_out_, etc.

=Force.= To provide with forces; to reinforce; to strengthen by

soldiers; to garrison.

=Force of Gravity.= The force by virtue of which all terrestrial bodies

fall to the earth when unsupported. As a terrestrial force it may be

considered constant for the same place, but as it is practically the

resultant of the earth’s attraction and the centrifugal force arising

from its rotation, and as the earth is neither homogeneous nor a perfect

sphere, it will vary slightly with the latitude, being greatest at the

poles and least on the equator, and it will also vary in an

insignificant degree from place to place in the same latitude. Gravity

is distinguished in dynamics as the only constant force with which we

have to do. It differs also from all others in this, that its measure is

independent of mass. Other forces are measured by the product of the

mass moved into the velocity imparted in the unit of time; but as

gravity impresses the same velocity upon all masses, great or small,

mass is properly omitted in its measure. The velocity impressed by it

during each second of its action, or the _acceleration_, is about

32.1808 feet in latitude 45°, about 32.0977 at the equator, and 32.2629

at the poles. This number in gunnery is indicated by the algebraic

symbol _g_. Its exact value at any place is best determined by the

length of the simple second’s pendulum at that place. The value for _g_

for bodies falling in the air is very nearly true for dense substances

presenting small surfaces, when the fall is limited by a few seconds.

For the ordinary time of flight of projectiles it can be used without

material error.

=Force, To.= To force an enemy to give battle, is to render the

situation of an enemy so hazardous, that whether he attempts to quit his

position, or endeavors to keep it, his capture or destruction must be

equally inevitable. In either of such desperate cases, a bold and

determined general will not wait to be attacked, but resolutely advance

and give battle, especially if circumstances should combine to deprive

him of the means of honorable capitulation. To _force_ a passage, is to

oblige your enemy to retire from his fastnesses, and to open a way into

the country which he had occupied. This may be done either by _coup de

main_, or renewal of assaults. In either case, the advancing body should

be well supported and its flanks be secured with the most jealous

attention.

=Forced.= Exerted to the utmost; urged; hence, strained, urged to

excessive or unnatural action; as, a forced march.

=Forces, Effective.= All the efficient parts of an army that may be

brought into action are called effective, and generally consist of

artillery, cavalry, and infantry, with their necessary appendages, such

as hospital staff, wagon-train, etc. Effective forces of a country; all

the disposable strength, vigor, and activity of any armed proportion of

native or territorial population. The navy of a country must be looked

upon as part of the effective force of the country, to which is added

the marines.

=Forcing.= The operation of making a bullet take the grooves of a rifle.

This was formerly effected in various ways, by flattening the bullet in

its seat with the ramrod, by using a patch, etc. (See PROJECTILES,

BULLETS.) The term is not much used at the present day.

=Ford.= A place in a river or other water where it may be passed by man

or beast on foot, or by wading. A ford should not be deeper than 3 feet

for infantry, 4 feet for cavalry, and 2¹⁄₂ feet for artillery. These

limits must be lessened if the stream be swift. A bottom of large stones

is bad for cavalry and impracticable for carriages; gravel is the best

bottom; a sandy bottom, though good at first, is apt to deepen when many

troops pass.

=Ford.= To pass or cross, as a river or other water, by treading or

walking on the bottom; to pass through by wading; to wade through.

=Fordable.= Capable of being waded or passed through on foot, as water.

=Fording.= The act of passing over a ford.

=Fore.= In advance; at the front; in the part that precedes or goes

first.

=Fore-arm.= To arm or prepare for attack or resistance before the time

of need.

=Fore-fence.= Defense in front. The term is now obsolete.

=Forefront.= The foremost part or place; as, the forefront of the

battle.

=Foreign.= Not of one’s country; not native; alien; from abroad.

=Foreign Enlistment Act.= 59 Geo. III. c. 69 (1819), forbids British

subjects to enter the service of a foreign state, without license from

the king or privy council, and also the fitting out or equipping ships

for any foreign power to be employed against any power with which the

British government is at peace. In 1606 Englishmen were forbidden to

enter foreign service without taking an oath not to be reconciled to the

pope. The act was suspended in 1835 on behalf of the British Legion.

=Foreign Legion.= Foreigners have frequently been employed as

auxiliaries in the pay of the British government. An act (18 & 19 Vict.

c. 2) for the formation of a Foreign Legion as a contingent in the

Russian war (1855) was passed December 23, 1854. On the peace, in 1856,

many of the Foreign Legion were sent to the Cape of Good Hope.

=Foreign Service.= In a general sense, means every service but home. In

a more confined and native acceptation of the term, it signifies any

service done out of the United States or the depending territories.

=Foreland.= In fortification, a piece of ground between the wall of a

place and the moat.

=Fore Rank.= The first rank; the front.

=Fore-spurrer.= One who rode before. This term is now obsolete.

=Foreward.= The van; the front.

=Forfeit.= To render oneself by misdeeds liable to be deprived of; as, a

soldier forfeits pay by sentence of court-martial for offenses

committed.

=Forge.= Every field-battery is provided with a forge. It consists,

besides the limber, of a frame-work, on which are fixed the bellows,

fire-place, etc. Behind the bellows is placed the coal-box, which has to

be removed before the bellows can be put in position. In the limber-box

are placed the smith’s tools, horseshoes, nails, and spare parts (iron)

of carriages, harness, etc. The weight of the forge equipped for

field-service is 3383 pounds for the battery, and 3370 pounds for the

reserve. A forge for red-hot shot is a place where the balls are made

red-hot before they are fired off. It is built about 5 or 6 feet below

the surface of the ground, of strong brick-work, and an iron grate, upon

which the balls are laid, with a very large fire under them.

=Forlorn Hope.= Officers and soldiers who generally volunteer for

enterprises of great danger, such as leading the attack when storming a

fortress, etc. Formerly it was applied to the advanced guard before the

enemy, even on a march. See ENFANS PERDUS.

=Form.= To form, in a general acceptation of the term, is to assume or

produce any shape or figure, extent or depth of line or column, by means

of prescribed rules in military movements or dispositions. To _form on_

is to advance forward, so as to connect yourself with any given object

of formation, and to lengthen the line.

=Formation of Troops.= The term formation is applied to that particular

arrangement of the troops composing any unit, when this latter is ready

for battle, or is prepared to execute a movement.

That portion of the formation on the side towards the enemy is called

the _front_; the side opposite to the front is termed the _rear_; the

lateral extremities are called _flanks_.

Any row of soldiers placed parallel to the front is called a _rank_; a

row perpendicular to the front is called a _file_; the number of ranks

measures the _depth_ of the formation.

Troops drawn up so as to show an extended front, with slight depth, are

said to be _deployed_; when the depth is considerable and the front

comparatively small, they are said to be in _ployed_ formation. See

ORDER, ORDER OF BATTLE, CONCAVE, ORDER OF BATTLE, CONVEX.

=Formers.= Are round pieces of wood that are fitted to the diameter of

the bore of a gun, round which the cartridge-paper, parchment, lead, or

cotton is rolled before it is served.

=Formigny.= A village of France, in the department of Calvados, 10 miles

northwest from Bayeux, where a battle was fought in 1450, between the

French and English, the latter being defeated, and thereby forced to

abandon Normandy.

=Formosa.= An island in the China Sea belonging to China. The Dutch

became masters of it in 1632, but they were expelled by the pirate

Coxinga, whose successors ruled it till 1683. It was invaded by the

Japanese in 1874, to avenge the murder of some of their people.

=Fornova= (Parma, Italy). Near here Charles VIII. of France defeated the

Italians, July 6, 1495.

=Fort.= Technically applied to an inclosed work of the higher class of

field fortification; but the word is often used in military works much

more loosely.

=Fort Adams.= A fortification situated on Brenton’s Point, 1 mile west

of the town of Newport, R. I., and commanding the entrance to the

harbor. It was first garrisoned in 1841, and is established on the old

fort which formerly occupied the position.

=Fort Adjutant.= In the British service, is an officer holding an

appointment in a fortress,--where the garrison is often composed of

drafts from different corps,--analogous to that of adjutant in a

regiment. He is responsible to the commandant for the internal

discipline, and the assignment of the necessary duties to particular

corps. Fort adjutants are staff-officers, and receive additional pay.

=Fort Ann.= A village of Washington Co., N. Y., on the Champlain Canal.

A fortification, from which the place derives its name, was erected here

during the wars with the French, in 1756. It was captured from the

Americans about 1779.

=Fort Barrancas.= Situated on the north side of the entrance to

Pensacola harbor, and has been occupied since October 24, 1820, when it

was ceded by Spain to the United States. During the civil war it was

captured by the Confederates (1861), and held by them until the

following year.

=Fort Caswell.= An old brick work situated on Oak Island, at the mouth

of Cape Fear River, North Carolina. On the outbreak of civil war it fell

into the hands of the Confederates, who held it until the fall of Fort

Fisher, in 1865.

=Fort Columbus.= See GOVERNOR’S ISLAND.

=Fort Constitution.= Is situated in Portsmouth harbor, N. H. It was

established in 1808, and garrisoned by U. S. troops; but as early as

1806 the post was occupied. It consisted of an earthwork, built by the

English government, and named William and Mary. A new work was commenced

in 1863, having its foundation outside the old one.

=Fort Covington.= A village of Franklin Co., N. Y., on Salmon River,

about 18 miles northwest of Malone. Here the American army suffered

greatly during the winter of 1813-14.

=Fort Delaware.= A casemated fort on Pea Patch Island, in the Delaware

River. It was a military prison during the civil war.

=Fort Donelson.= See DONELSON, FORT.

=Fort Duquesne.= See PITTSBURG.

=Fort Erie.= In Upper Canada; this fort was taken by the American

general Browne, June 3, 1814. After several conflicts it was evacuated

by the Americans, November 5, 1814.

=Fort Fairfield.= A village of Aroostook Co., Me. It contains a barrack,

and is chiefly interesting from its having been a military post during

our trouble with England in 1839.

=Fort Fisher.= A strong earthwork on the east side of Cape Fear River,

about 20 miles south of Wilmington, N. C., and one of the principal

defenses of that port. On December 24-25, 1864, the forces of Gen.

Butler attempted to take it, but unsuccessfully; but on January 15,

1865, it was taken by storm by the Union army and navy, and over 2000

Confederate prisoners and 169 pieces of artillery were captured.

=Fort George.= A fortification in Inverness, Scotland, on the extremity

of a low peninsula, projecting upwards of a mile into the Moray Firth.

It has barracks for about 3000 men, and is the most complete

fortification in Great Britain.

=Fort George.= See FORT WILLIAM HENRY.

=Fort Griswold.= An old Revolutionary fort near New London, Conn. The

traitor Arnold massacred the garrison and burned the town in 1781.

=Fort Hamilton.= A strong fortification on the Narrows, defending the

entrance of New York harbor.

=Fort Independence.= A fortification on Castle Island, in Boston harbor,

Mass., which forms one of the defenses of the harbor. It was commenced

in 1833, and completed in 1851.

=Fort Jackson.= A fort on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about

80 miles below New Orleans. On April 18, 1802, Admiral Farragut, then

captain, commenced the bombardment of this fort and Fort St. Philip on

the opposite bank of the river, and after six days’ and nights’

continuous firing, succeeded in passing with his fleet; and destroying

the Confederate flotilla, the forts surrendered.

=Fort La Fayette.= A fort surrounded by water in the Narrows, at the

entrance of New York harbor, immediately in front of Fort Hamilton. It

was used during the civil war as a prison. This fort was recently

destroyed by fire.

=Fort Lee.= A village of Bergen Co., N. J., on the Hudson River, at the

foot of the Palisades. It was once a noted military post, and was

captured by the British in 1776.

=Fort McAllister.= See MCALLISTER, FORT.

=Fort McHenry.= Is situated on Whetstone Point, a peninsula formed by

the junction of the northwest branch of the Patapsco with the main

river, about 3 miles from Baltimore, Md. The site was first occupied as

a military post by the erection of a water-battery in 1775 for the

defense of the town. In 1794 the fort was repaired, and a star or

pentagon fort of brick-work added, when it was ceded to the United

States and called by its present name.

=Fort Mackinaw.= See MACKINAW.

=Fort Macon.= Situated on the eastern extremity of Bogue Banks, near

Beaufort harbor, N. C. It was surrendered to Gen. Burnside after a siege

of about two weeks, in which he was aided by the blockading gunboats,

April 25, 1862.

=Fort-Major.= A commandant of a fort in the absence of the governor.

Officers employed as fort-majors, if under the rank of captains, take

rank and precedence as the junior captains in the garrisons in which

they are serving. He is a staff-officer.

=Fort Marion.= At St. Augustine, Fla.; was erected by the Spaniards more

than 100 years ago, and formerly called the Castle of St. Mark.

=Fort Mifflin.= Is one of the old Revolutionary fortresses, situated

near the junction of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers. It is one of

the defenses of the city of Philadelphia.

=Fort Monroe.= A massive work of granite surrounded by a moat, situated

at Old Point Comfort, Elizabeth City Co., Va. It was established in

1818, in which year a reservation of about 250 acres for defensive

purposes was here ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia.

It is the largest military work in the United States, and during the

civil war was an important naval rendezvous. The artillery school of the

army is established at this post.

=Fort Morgan.= Situated at the entrance to anchorage in Mobile Bay, on

the site of the old Fort Bowyer, which bore such an important part in

the war of 1812-15, the Americans under Maj. Lawrence having here

repulsed with great loss a combined land and sea attack of the British

and their Indian allies, September 15, 1814.

=Fort Moultrie.= One of the defenses of Charleston harbor, S. C., on the

west shore of Sullivan’s Island, about 5 miles east-southeast of

Charleston. It received its name in honor of Col. Moultrie, an officer

of the Revolution, who here successfully resisted an attack from 9

British vessels in 1776. It was abandoned by the Federal troops in

December, 1860, and was seized by the Confederates, who fired from it

some of the first shots of the civil war. It has been garrisoned by

U. S. troops since the close of the war.

=Fort Niagara.= On the right bank of the Niagara River, in the county of

the same name, in the State of New York. It was established by La Salle

in 1678; captured by the British under Sir William Johnson in 1759;

surrendered to and occupied by the United States in 1796. In the war of

1812-15 it was but feebly garrisoned, and on December 19, 1813, a force

of 1200 British crossed the river, and took it by surprise, killing 65

of the garrison.

=Fort Ninety-Six.= A stockaded fort which was situated in Abbeville

District, 6 miles from the Saluda River. It received its name from being

96 miles from the frontier fort Prince George, on the Keowee River. This

fort was the scene of many exciting events during the Revolutionary war.

With a garrison of about 350 Tories under Lieut.-Col. John Cruger, it

was besieged by the Americans under Gen. Greene for twenty-seven days,

May-June, 1781; but just as his efforts were about to be crowned with

success, Gen. Greene was obliged to retreat, to avoid falling into the

hands of a vastly superior British force, which was coming to relieve

the beleaguered garrison.

=Fort Ontario.= An inclosed work on the west bank of Oswego River, built

in 1755, on the site of Fort Oswego. Here were the scenes of many

stirring events in the wars between France and England, and of a

skirmish in 1814.

=Fort Pickens.= A fort on Santa Rosa Island, Pensacola harbor, Fla.

Lieut. A. J. Slemmer in January, 1861, after evacuating Fort Barrancas,

held this post against the Confederates until reinforced.

=Fort Pillow.= In Lauderdale Co., Tenn., by land about 40 miles north of

Memphis. It was erected by the Confederates during the civil war. It

was bombarded by Federal gunboats, and evacuated by the Confederates,

June 4, 1862. On April 12, 1864, it was captured by the Confederates,

when took place an indiscriminate slaughter of the negro troops

garrisoned there.