FOOTNOTES:

[1] See _Notices et Extraits des MSS._, xiii. 305. Of the tribes

enumerated in this work of the 14th century who still retain a

leading place among the Kurds, the following names may be quoted:

_Guranieh_ of Dartang, modern Gurans; _Zengeneh_, in Hamadan hills,

now in Kermanshah; _Hasnani_ of Kerkuk and Arbil, now in the Dersim

mountains, having originally come from Khorasan according to

tradition; _Sohrieh_ of Shekelabad and Tel-Haftun, modern Sohran,

from whom descend the Baban of Suleimanieh; _Zerzari_ of Hinjarin

mountains, modern Zerzas of Ushnu (cuneiform pillars of Kel-i-shin

and Sidek noticed by author); _Julamerkieh_, modern Julamerik, said

to be descended from the caliph Merwan-ibn-Hakam; _Hakkarieh_,

Hakkari inhabiting _Zuzan_ of Arab geography; _Bokhtieh_, modern

Bohtan. The _Rowadi_, to whom Saladin belonged, are probably modern

Rawendi, as they held the fortress of Arbil (Arbela). Some twenty

other names are mentioned, but the orthography is so doubtful that it

is useless to try to identify them.

[2] The _Sheref-nama_, a history of the Kurds dating from the 16th

century, tells us that "towards the close of the reign of the

Jenghizians, a man named Baba Ardilan, a descendant of the governors

of Diarbekr, and related to the famous Ahmed-ibn-Merwan, after

remaining for some time among the Gurans, gained possession of the

country of Shahrizor" and the Ardelan family history, with the

gradual extension of their power over Persian Kurdistan, is then

traced down to the Saffavid period.

[3] The Guran are mentioned in the _Mesalik-el-Absar_ as the dominant

tribe in southern Kurdistan in the 14th century, occupying very much

the same seats as at present, from the Hamadan frontier to Shahrizor.

Their name probably signifies merely "the mountaineers," being

derived from _gur_ or _giri_, "a mountain," which is also found in

Zagros, i.e. _za-giri_, "beyond the mountain," or _Pusht-i-koh_, as

the name is translated in Persian. They are a fine, active and hardy

race, individually brave, and make excellent soldiers, though in

appearance very inferior to the tribal Kurds of the northern

districts. These latter indeed delight in gay colours, while the

Gurans dress in the most homely costume, wearing coarse blue cotton

vests, with felt caps and coats. In a great part of Kurdistan the

name Guran has become synonymous with an agricultural peasantry, as

opposed to the migratory shepherds.

[4] "The Kalhur tribe are traditionally descended from

Gudarz-ibn-Gio, whose son Roham was sent by Bahman Keiani to destroy

Jerusalem and bring the Jews into captivity. This Roham is the

individual usually called Bokht-i-nasser (Nebuchadrezzar) and he

ultimately succeeded to the throne. The neighbouring country has ever

since remained in the hands of his descendants, who are called

Gurans" (_Sheref-Nama_, Persian MS.). The same popular tradition

still exists in the country, and [Greek: GÔTARZÊO GEOPOTHROS] is

found on the rock at Behistun, showing that Gudarz-ibn-Gio was really

an historic personage. See _Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc._ ix. 114.

KURDISTAN, in the narrower sense, a province of Persia, situated in the

hilly districts between Azerbaijan and Kermanshah, and extending to the

Turkish frontier on the W., and bounded on the E. by Gerrus and Hamadan.

In proportion to its size and population it pays a very small yearly

revenue--only about £14,000--due to the fact that a great part of the

population consists of wild and disorderly nomad Kurds. Some of these

nomads pass their winters in Turkish territory, and have their summer

pasture-grounds in the highlands of Kurdistan. This adds much to the

difficulty of collecting taxation. The province is divided into sixteen

districts, and its eastern part, in which the capital is situated, is

known as Ardelan. The capital is Senendij, usually known as Sinna (not

Sihna, or Sahna, as some writers have it), situated 60 m. N.W. of

Hamadan, in 35° 15´ N., 47° 18´ E., at an elevation of 5300 ft. The city

has a population of about 35,000 and manufactures great quantities of

carpets and felts for the supply of the province and for export. Some of

the carpets are very fine and expensive, rugs 2 yards by 1½ costing £15

to £20. Post and telegraph offices have been established since 1879.

KURGAN, a town (founded 1553) of West Siberia, in the government of

Tobolsk, on the Siberian railway, 160 m. E. of Chelyabinsk, and on the

left bank of the Tobol, in a wealthy agricultural district. Pop. (1897),

10,579. Owing to its position at the terminus of steam navigation up the

river Tobol, it has become second only to Tyumen as a commercial centre.

It has a public library and a botanic garden. There is a large trade in

cattle with Petropavlovsk, and considerable export of grain, tallow,

meat, hides, butter, game and fish, there being three large fairs in the

year. In the vicinity are a great number of prehistoric kurgans or

burial-mounds.

KURIA MURIA ISLANDS, a group of five islands in the Arabian Sea, close

under the coast of Arabia, belonging to Britain and forming a dependency

of Aden. They are lofty and rocky, and have a total area of 28 sq. m.,

that of the largest, Hallania, being 22 sq. m. They are identified with

the ancient _Insulae Zenobii_, and were ceded by the sultan of Muscat to

Britain in 1854 for the purposes of a cable station. They are inhabited

by a few families of Arabs, who however speak a dialect differing

considerably from the ordinary Arabic. The islands yield some guano.

KURILES (Jap. _Chishima_, "thousand islands"), a chain of small islands

belonging to Japan, stretching in a north-easterly direction from Nemuro

Bay, on the extreme east of the island of Yezo, to Chishima-kaikyo

(Kuriles Strait), which separates them from the southernmost point of

Kamchatka. They extend from 44° 45´ to 50° 56´ N. and from 145° 25´ to

156° 32´ E. Their coasts measure 1496 m.; their area is 6159 sq. m.;

their total number is 32, and the names of the eight principal islands,

counting from the south, are Kunashiri, Shikotan, Etorofu (generally

called Etorop, and known formerly to Europe as Staten Island), Urup,

Simusir, Onnekotan, Paramoshiri (Paramusir) and Shumshiri. From

Noshapzaki (Notsu-no-sake or Notsu Cape), the most easterly point of

Nemuro province, to Tomari, the most westerly point in Kunashiri, the

distance is 7(1/3) m., and the Kuriles Strait separating Shumshiri from

Kamchatka is about the same width. The name "Kurile" is derived from the

Russian _kurit_ (to smoke), in allusion to the active volcanic character

of the group. The dense fogs that envelop these islands, and the

violence of the currents in their vicinity, have greatly hindered

exploration, so that little is known of their physiography. They lie

entangled in a vast net of sea-weed; are the resort of innumerable

birds, and used to be largely frequented by seals and sea-otters, which,

however, have been almost completely driven away by unregulated

hunting. Near the south-eastern coast of Kunashiri stands a mountain

called Rausunobori (3005 ft. high), round whose base sulphur bubbles up

in large quantities, and hot springs as well as a hot stream are found.

On the west coast of the same island is a boiling lake, called Ponto,

which deposits on its bed and round its shores black sand, consisting

almost entirely of pure sulphur. This island has several lofty peaks;

Ponnobori-yama near the east coast, and Chachanobori and Rurindake in

the north. Chachanobori (about 7382 ft.) is described by Messrs

Chamberlain and Mason as "a cone within a cone, the inner and higher of

the two being--so the natives say--surrounded by a lake." The island has

extensive forests of conifers with an undergrowth of ferns and flowering

plants, and bears are numerous. The chief port of Kunashiri is Tomari,

on the south coast. The island of Shikotan is remarkable for the growth

of a species of bamboo (called Shikotan-chiku), having dark brown spots

on the cane. Etorofu has a coast-line broken by deep bays, of which the

principal are Naibo-wan, Rubetsu-wan and Bettobuwan on the northern

shore and Shitokap-wan on the southern. It is covered almost completely

with dense forest, and has a number of streams abounding with salmon.

Shana, the chief port, is in Rubetsu Bay. This island, the principal of

the group, is divided into four provinces for administrative purposes,

namely, Etorofu, Furubetsu, Shana and Shibetoro. Its mountains are

Atosha-nobori (4035 ft.) in Etorofu; Chiripnupari (5009 ft.) in Shana;

and Mokoro-nobori (3930 ft.) and Atuiyadake (3932 ft.) in Shibetoro.

Among the other islands three only call for notice on account of their

altitudes, namely, Ketoi-jima, Rashua-jima and Matua-jima, which rise to

heights of 3944, 3304 and 5240 ft. respectively.

_Population._--Not much is known about the aborigines. By some

authorities Ainu colonists are supposed to have been the first settlers,

and to have arrived there via Yezo; by others, the earliest comers are

believed to have been a hyperborean tribe travelling southwards by way

of Kamchatka. The islands themselves have not been sufficiently explored

to determine whether they furnish any ethnological evidences. The

present population aggregates about 4400, or 0.7 per sq. m., of whom

about 600 are Ainu (q.v.). There is little disposition to emigrate

thither from Japan proper, the number of settlers being less than 100

annually.

_History._--The Kurile Islands were discovered in 1634 by the Dutch

navigator Martin de Vries. The three southern islands, Kunashiri,

Etorofu, and Shikotan, are believed to have belonged to Japan from a

remote date, but at the beginning of the 18th century the Russians,

having conquered Kamchatka, found their way to the northern part of the

Kuriles in pursuit of fur-bearing animals, with which the islands then

abounded. Gradually these encroachments were pushed farther south,

simultaneously with aggressions imperilling the Japanese settlements in

the southern half of Sakhalin. Japan's occupation was far from effective

in either region, and in 1875 she was not unwilling to conclude a

convention by which she agreed to withdraw altogether from Sakhalin

provided that Russia withdrew from the Kuriles.

An officer of the Japanese navy, Lieut. Gunji, left Tokyo with about

forty comrades in 1892, his intention being to form a settlement on

Shumshiri, the most northerly of the Kurile Islands. They embarked in

open boats, and for that reason, as well as because they were going to

constitute themselves their country's extreme outpost, the enterprise

attracted public enthusiasm. After a long struggle the immigrants became

fairly prosperous.

See Capt. H. J. Snow, _Notes on the Kurile Islands_ (London, 1896).

KURISCHES HAFF, a lagoon of Germany, on the Baltic coast of East

Prussia, stretching from Labiau to Memel, a distance of 60 m., has an

area of nearly 680 sq. m. It is mostly shallow and only close to Memel

attains a depth of 23 ft. It is thus unnavigable except for small

coasting and fishing boats, and sea-going vessels proceed through the

Memeler Tief (Memel Deep), which connects the Baltic with Memel and has

a depth of 19 ft. and a breadth of 800 to 1900 ft. The Kurisches Haff is

separated from the Baltic by a long spit, or tongue of land, the

so-called Kurische Nehrung, 72 m. in length and with a breadth of 1 to 2

miles. The latter is fringed throughout its whole length by a chain of

dunes, which rise in places to a height of nearly 200 ft. and threaten,

unless checked, to be pressed farther inland and silt up the whole Haff.

See Berendt, _Geologie des Kurischen Haffs_ (Königsberg, 1869);

Sommer, _Das Kurische Haff_ (Danzig, 1889); A. Bezzenberger, _Die

Kurische Nehrung und ihre Bewohner_ (Stuttgart, 1889); and Lindner,

_Die Preussische Wüste einst und jetzt, Bilder von der Kurischen

Nehrung_ (Osterwieck, 1898).

KURNOOL, or KARNUL, a town and district of British India, in the Madras

presidency. The town is built on a rocky soil at the junction of the

Hindri and Tungabhadra rivers 33 m. from a railway station. The old

Hindu fort was levelled in 1865, with the exception of one of the gates,

which was preserved as a specimen of ancient architecture. Cotton cloth

and carpets are manufactured. Pop. (1901), 25,376, of whom half are

Mussulmans.

The DISTRICT OF KURNOOL has an area of 7578 sq. m., pop. (1901),

872,055, showing an increase of 6% in the decade. Two long mountain

ranges, the Nallamalais and the Yellamalais, extend in parallel lines,

north and south, through its centre. The principal heights of the

Nallamalai range are Biranikonda (3149 ft.), Gundlabrahmeswaram (3055

ft.), and Durugapukonda (3086 ft.). The Yellamalai is a low range,

generally flat-topped with scarped sides; the highest point is about

2000 ft. Several low ridges run parallel to the Nallamalais, broken here

and there by gorges, through which mountain streams take their course.

Several of these gaps were dammed across under native rule, to form

tanks for purposes of irrigation. The principal rivers are the

Tungabhadra and Kistna, which bound the district on the north. When in

flood, the Tungabhadra averages 900 yards broad and 15 ft. deep. The

Kistna here flows chiefly through uninhabited jungles, sometimes in long

smooth reaches, with intervening shingly rapids. The Bhavanasi rises on

the Nallamalais, and falls into the Kistna at Sungameswaram, a place of

pilgrimage. During the 18th century Kurnool formed the _jagir_ of a

semi-independent Pathan Nawab, whose descendant was dispossessed by the

British government for treason in 1838. The principal crops are millets,

cotton, oil-seeds, and rice, with a little indigo and tobacco. Kurnool

suffered very severely from the famine of 1876-1877, and to a slight

extent in 1896-1897. It is the chief scene of the operations of the

Madras Irrigation Company taken over by government in 1882. The canal,

which starts from the Tungabhadra river near Kurnool town, was

constructed at a total cost of two millions sterling, but has not been a

financial success. A more successful work is the Cumbum tank, formed

under native rule by damming a gorge of the Gundlakamma river. Apart

from the weaving of coarse cotton cloth, the chief industrial

establishments are cotton presses, indigo vats, and saltpetre

refineries. The district is served by the Southern Mahratta railway.

KUROKI, ITEI, COUNT (1844- ), Japanese general, was born in Satsuma. He

distinguished himself in the Chino-Japanese War of 1894-95. He commanded

the I. Army in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), when he won the opening

battle of the war at the Yalu river, and afterwards advanced through the

mountains and took part with the other armies in the battles of

Liao-Yang, Shaho and Mukden (see RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR). He was created

baron for his services in the former war, and count for his services in

the latter.

KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH (1848- ), Russian general, was born in

1848 and entered the army in 1864. From 1872 to 1874 he studied at the

Nicholas staff college, after which he spent a short time with the

French troops in Algiers. In 1875 he was employed in diplomatic work in

Kashgaria and in 1876 he took part in military operations in Turkistan,

Kokan and Samerkand. In the war of 1877-78 against Turkey he earned a

great reputation as chief of staff to the younger Skobelev, and after

the war he wrote a detailed and critical history of the operations which

is still regarded as the classical work on the subject and is available

for other nations in the German translation by Major Krahmer. After the

war he served again on the south-eastern borders in command of the

Turkestan Rifle Brigade, and in 1881 he won further fame by a march of

500 miles from Tashkent to Geok-Tepe, taking part in the storming of the

latter place. In 1882 he was promoted major-general, at the early age of

34, and he henceforth was regarded by the army as the natural successor

of Skobelev. In 1890 he was promoted lieutenant-general, and thirteen

years later, having acquired in peace and war the reputation of being

one of the foremost soldiers in Europe, he quitted the post of minister

of war which he then held and took command of the Russian army then

gathering in Manchuria for the contest with Japan. His ill-success in

the great war of 1904-5, astonishing as it seemed at the time, was

largely attributable to his subjection to the superior command of

Admiral Alexeiev, the tsar's viceroy in the Far East, and to internal

friction amongst the generals, though in his history of the war (Eng.

trans., 1909) he frankly admitted his own mistakes and paid the highest

tribute to the gallantry of the troops who had been committed to battle

under conditions unfavourable to success. After the defeat of Mukden and

the retirement of the whole army to Tieling he resigned the command to

General Linievich, taking the latter officer's place at the head of one

of the three armies in Manchuria. (See RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.)

KURO SIWO, or KURO SHIO (literally blue salt), a stream current in the

Pacific Ocean, easily distinguishable by the warm temperature and blue

colour of its waters, flowing north-eastwards along the east coast of

Japan, and separated from it by a strip of cold water. The current

persists as a stream to about 40 N., between the meridians of 150° E.

and 160° E., when it merges in the general easterly drift of the North

Pacific. The Kuro Siwo is the analogue of the Gulf Stream in the

Atlantic.

KURRAM, a river and district on the Kohat border of the North-West

Frontier province of India. The Kurram river drains the southern flanks

of the Safed Koh, enters the plains a few miles above Bannu, and joins

the Indus near Isa-Khel after a course of more than 200 miles. The

district has an area of 1278 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 54,257. It lies

between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by

the Turis, a tribe of Turki origin who are supposed to have subjugated

the Bangash Pathans five hundred years ago. It is highly irrigated, well

peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves,

to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and

alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley

attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of

a garden planted by Shah Jahan. Formerly the Kurram valley was under the

government of Kabul, and every five or six years a military expedition

was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free

quarters on the people. It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were

brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was

appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being Shiah

Mahommedans, never liked the Afghan rule. During the second Afghan War,

when Sir Frederick Roberts advanced by way of the Kurram valley and the

Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their

power, and in consequence their independence was granted them in 1880.

The administration of the Kurram valley was finally undertaken by the

British government, at the request of the Turis themselves, in 1890.

Technically it ranks, not as a British district, but as an agency or

administered area. Two expeditions in the Kurram valley also require

mention: (1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier Chamberlain.

The Turis on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British

had given much trouble. They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to

harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance,

and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the Kohat

district. Accordingly in 1856 a British force of 4896 troops traversed

their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good

conduct. (2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 1897 under Colonel W. Hill.

During the frontier risings of 1897 the inhabitants of the Kurram

valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the Orakzais, were infected by

the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at Sadda and other

posts. A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the

tribesmen were severely punished. In Lord Curzon's reorganization of the

frontier in 1900-1901, the British troops were withdrawn from the forts

in the Kurram valley, and were replaced by the Kurram militia,

reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe.

KURSEONG, or KARSIANG, a sanatorium of northern India, in the Darjeeling

district of Bengal, 20 m. S. of Darjeeling and 4860 ft. above sea-level;

pop. (1901), 4469. It has a station on the mountain railway, and is a

centre of the tea trade. It also contains boys' and girls' schools for

Europeans and Eurasians.

KURSK, a government of middle Russia, bounded N. by the government of

Orel, E. by that of Voronezh, S. by Kharkov and W. by Chernigov. Area,

17,932 sq. m. It belongs to the central plateau of middle Russia, of

which it mostly occupies the southern slope, the highest parts being in

Orel and Kaluga, to the north of Kursk. Its surface is 700 to 1100 ft.

high, deeply trenched by ravines, and consequently assumes a hilly

aspect when viewed from the river valleys. Cretaceous and Eocene rocks

prevail, and chalk, iron-stone, potters' clay and phosphates are among

the economic minerals. No fewer than four hundred streams are counted

within its borders, but none of them is of any service as waterways. A

layer of fertile loess covers the whole surface, and Kursk belongs

almost entirely to the black-earth region. The flora is distinct from

that of the governments to the north, not only on account of the

black-earth flora which enters into its composition, but also of the

plants of south-western Russia which belong to it, a characteristic

which is accentuated in the southern portion of the government. The

climate is milder than that of middle Russia generally, and winds from

the south-east and the south-west prevail in winter. The average

temperatures are--for the year 42° F., for January 14° F. and for July

67° F. The very interesting magnetic phenomenon, known as the Byelgorod

anomaly, covering an oval area 20 m. long and 12 m. wide, has been

studied near the town of this name. The population, 1,893,597 in 1862,

was 2,391,091 in 1897, of whom 1,208,488 were women and 199,676 lived in

towns. The estimated pop. in 1906 was 2,797,000. It is thoroughly

Russian (76% Great Russians and 24% Little Russians), and 94% are

peasants who own over 59% of the land, and live mostly in large

villages. Owing to the rapid increase of the peasantry and the small

size of the allotments given at the emancipation of the serfs in 1861,

emigration, chiefly to Siberia, is on the increase, while 80,000 to

100,000 men leave home every summer to work in the neighbouring

governments. Three-quarters of the available land is under crops,

chiefly rye, other crops being wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, millet,

potatoes, sugar-beets, hemp, flax, sunflowers and fruits. Grain is

exported in considerable quantities. Bees are commonly kept, as also are

large numbers of livestock. Factories (steam flour-mills,

sugar-factories, distilleries, wool-washing, tobacco factories) give

occupation to about 23,000 workers. Domestic and petty trades are on the

increase in the villages, and new ones are being introduced, the chief

products being boots, ikons (sacred images) and shrines, toys, caps,

vehicles, baskets, and pottery. About 17 m. from the chief town is held

the Korennaya fair, formerly the greatest in South Russia, and still

with an annual trade valued at £900,000. The Kursk district contains

more than sixty old town sites; and barrows or burial mounds (_kurgans_)

are extremely abundant. Notwithstanding the active efforts of the local

councils (_zemstvos_), less than 10% of the population read and write.

The government is crossed from north to south and from west to south by

two main lines of railway. The trade in grain, hemp, hemp-seed oil,

sheepskins, hides, tallow, felt goods, wax, honey and leather goods is

very brisk. There are fifteen districts, the chief towns of which, with

their populations in 1897, are Kursk (q.v.) Byelgorod (21,850), Dmitriev

(7315), Fatezh (4959), Graivoron (7669), Korocha (14,405), Lgov (5376),

Novyi Oskol (2762), Oboyañ (11872), Putivl (8965), Rylsk (11,415),

Staryi Oskol (16,662), Shchigry (3329), Suja (12,856) and Tim (7380).

There are more than twenty villages which have from 5000 to 12,000

inhabitants each. (P. A K.; J. T. Be.)

KURSK, a town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name, at

the junction of the railways from Moscow, Kiev and Kharkov, 330 m.

S.S.W. from Moscow. Pop. (1897), 52,896. It is built on two hills (750

ft.), the slopes of which are planted with orchards. The environs all

round are well wooded and the woods are famous for their nightingales.

Among the public buildings the more noticeable are a monastery with an

image of the Virgin, greatly venerated since 1295; the Orthodox Greek

cathedral (18th century); and the episcopal palace, Kursk being a

bishopric of the national church. It is essentially a provincial town,

and is revered as the birthplace of Theodosius, one of the most

venerated of Russian saints. It has a public garden, and has become the

seat of several societies (medical, musical, educational and for sport).

Its factories include steam flour-mills, distilleries, tobacco-works,

hemp-crushing mills, tanneries, soap-works and iron-works. It has a

great yearly fair (_Korennaya_), and an active trade in cereals, linen,

leather, fruit, horses, cattle, hides, sheepskins, furs, down, bristles,

wax, tallow and manufactured goods.

Kursk was in existence in 1032. It was completely destroyed by the

Mongols in 1240. The defence of the town against an incursion of the

Turkish Polovtsi (or Comans or Cumani) is celebrated in _The Triumph of

Igor_, an epic which forms one of the most valuable relics of early

Russian literature. From 1586 to the close of the 18th century the

citadel was a place of considerable strength; the remains are now

comparatively few.

KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH (1809-1890), German Lutheran theologian, was born

at Montjoie near Aix la Chapelle on the 13th of December 1809, and was

educated at Halle and Bonn. Abandoning the idea of a commercial career,

he gave himself to the study of theology and became religious instructor

at the gymnasium of Mitau in 1835, and ordinary professor of theology

(church history, 1850; exegesis, 1859) at Dorpat. He resigned his chair

in 1870 and went to live at Marburg, where he died on the 26th of April

1890. Kurtz was a prolific writer, and many of his books, especially the

_Lehrbuch der heiligen Geschichte_ (1843), became very popular. In the

field of biblical criticism he wrote a _Geschichte des Alten Bundes_

(1848-1855), _Zur Theologie der Psalmen_ (1865) and _Erklärung des

Briefs an die Hebräer_ (1869). His chief work was done in church

history, among his productions being _Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte für

Studierende_ (1849), _Abriss der Kirchengeschichte_ (1852) and _Handbuch

der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte_ (1853-1856). Several of his books

have been translated into English.

KURUMAN, a town in the Bechuanaland division of Cape Colony, 120 m. N.W.

of Kimberley and 85 m. S.W. of Vryburg. It is a station of the London

Missionary Society, founded in 1818, and from 1821 to 1870 was the scene

of the labours of Robert Moffat (q.v.) who here translated the Bible

into the Bechuana tongue. In the middle period of the 19th century

Kuruman was the rendezvous of all travellers going north or south. Of

these the best known is David Livingstone. The trunk railway line

passing considerably to the east of the town, Kuruman is no longer a

place of much importance. It is pleasantly situated on the upper course

of the Kuruman river, being beautified by gardens and orchards, and

presents a striking contrast to the desert conditions of the surrounding

country. Its name is that of the son and heir of Mosilikatze, the

founder of the Matabele nation. Kuruman disappeared during his father's

lifetime and the succession passed to Lobengula (see RHODESIA:

_History_). In November 1899 the town was besieged by a Boer force. The

garrison, less than a hundred strong, held out for six weeks against

over 1000 of the enemy, but was forced to surrender on the 1st of

January 1900. In June following it was reoccupied by the British.

KURUMBAS and KURUBAS, aboriginal tribes of southern India, by some

thought to be of distinct races. There are two types of Kurumbas, those

who live on the Nilgiri plateau, speak the Kurumba dialect and are mere

savages; and those who live in the plains, speak Kanarese and are

civilized. The former are a small people, with wild matted hair and

scanty beard, sickly-looking, pot-bellied, large-mouthed, with

projecting jaws, prominent teeth and thick lips. Their villages are

called _mottas_, groups of four or five huts, built in mountain glens or

forests. At the 1901 census the numbers were returned at 4083.

See James W. Breeks, _An Account of Primitive Tribes of the Nilgiris_

(1873); Dr John Shortt, _Hill Ranges of Southern India_, pt. i. 47-53;

Rev. F. Metz, _Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills_ (Mangalore,

1864).

KURUNEGALA, the chief town in the north-western province of Ceylon. Pop.

of the town, 6483; of the district, 249,429. It was the residence of the

kings of Ceylon from A.D. 1319 to 1347, and is romantically situated

under the shade of Adagalla (the rock of the Tusked Elephant), which is

600 ft. high. It was in 1902 the terminus of the Northern railway (59 m.

from Colombo), which has since been extended 200 m. farther, to the

northernmost coast of the Jaffna Peninsula. Kurunegala is the centre of

rice, coco-nut, tea, coffee and cocoa cultivation.

KURUNTWAD, or KURANDVAD, a native state of India, in the Deccan division

of Bombay, forming part of the Southern Mahratta jagirs. Originally

created in 1772 by a grant from the peshwa, the state was divided in

1811 into two parts, one of which, called Shedbal, lapsed to the British

government in 1857. In 1855 Kuruntwad was further divided between a

senior and a junior branch. The territory of both is widely scattered

among other native states and British districts. Area of the senior

branch, 185 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 42,474; revenue, £13,000. Area of

junior branch, 114 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 34,003; revenue, £9000. The

joint tribute is £640. The chiefs are Brahmans by caste, of the

Patwardhan family. The town of Kuruntwad, in which both branches have

their residence, is on the right bank of the Panchganga river near its

junction with the Kistna. Pop. (1901), 10,451.

KURZ, HERMANN (1813-1873), German poet and novelist, was born at

Reutlingen on the 30th of November 1813. Having studied at the

theological seminary at Maulbronn and at the university of Tübingen, he

was for a time assistant pastor at Ehningen. He then entered upon a

literary career, and in 1863 was appointed university librarian at

Tübingen, where he died on the 10th of October 1873. Kurz is less known

to fame by his poems, _Gedichte_ (1836) and _Dichtungen_ (1839), than by

his historical novels, _Schillers Heimatjahre_ (1843, 3rd ed., 1899) and

_Der Sonnenwirt_ (1854, 2nd ed., 1862), and his excellent translations

from English, Italian and Spanish. He also published a successful modern

German version of Gottfried von Strassburg's _Tristan und Isolde_

(1844). His collected works were published in ten volumes (Stuttgart,

1874), also in twelve volumes (Leipzig, 1904).

His daughter, ISOLDE KURZ, born on the 21st of December 1853 at

Stuttgart, takes a high place among contemporary lyric poets in Germany

with her _Gedichte_ (Stuttgart, 1888, 3rd ed. 1898) and _Neue Gedichte_

(1903). Her short stories, _Florentiner Novellen_ (1890, 2nd ed. 1893),

_Phantasien und Märchen_ (1890), _Italienische Erzählungen_ (1895) and

_Von Dazumal_ (1900) are distinguished by a fine sense of form and

clear-cut style.

KUSAN ("lake" or "inland bay"), a small group of North American Indian

tribes, formerly living on the Coos river and the coast of Oregon. They

call themselves Anasitch, and other names given them have been Ka-us or

KWO-KWOOS, Kowes and Cook-koo-oose. They appear to be in no way related

to their neighbours. The few survivors, mostly of mixed blood, are on

the Siletz reservation, Oregon.

KUSHALGARH, a village in the Kohat district of the North-West Frontier

province of India. It is only notable as the point at which the Indus is

bridged to permit of the extension of the strategic frontier railway

from Rawalpindi to the Miranzai and Kurram valleys.

KUSHK, a river of Afghanistan, which also gives its name to the chief

town in the Afghan province of Badghis, and to a military post on the

border of Russian Turkestan. The river Kushk, during a portion of its

course, forms the boundary between Afghan and Russian territory; but the

town is some 20 m. from the border. Kushk, or Kushkinski Post, is now a

fourth-class Russian fortress, on a Russian branch railway from Merv,

the terminus of which is 12 m. to the south, at Chahil Dukteran. It is

served by both the Transcaspian and the Orenburg-Tashkent railways. The

terminus is only 66 m. from Herat, and in the event of war would become

an important base for a Russian advance. Some confusion has arisen

through the popular application of the name of Kushk to this terminus,

though it is situated neither at the Russian post nor at the old town.

(T. H. H.*)

KUSTANAISK, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the province of Turgai, on the

Tobol river, 410 m. E.N.E. of Orenburg, in a very fertile part of the

steppes. Pop. (1897), 14,065. The first buildings were erected in 1871,

and it has since grown with American-like rapidity. The immigrants from

Russia built a large village, which became the centre of the district

administration in 1884, and a town in 1893, under the name of

Nicolaevsk, changed later into Kustanaisk. It is an educational centre,

and a cathedral has been built. There are tanneries, tallow works,

potteries, and a fair for cattle, while its trade makes it a rival to

Orenburg and Troitsk.

KÜSTENLAND (coast-land or littoral), a common name for the three

crown-lands of Austria, Görz and Gradisca, Istria and Trieste. Their

combined area is 3084 sq. m., and their population in 1900 was 755,183.

They are united for certain administrative purposes under the governor

of Trieste, the legal and financial authorities of which also exercise

jurisdiction over the entire littoral.

KUTAIAH, KUTAYA, or KIUTAHIA, the chief town of a sanjak in the vilayet

of Brusa (Khudavendikiar), Asia Minor, is situated on the Pursaksu, an

affluent of the Sakaria (anc. _Sangarius_). The town lies at an

important point of the great road across Asia Minor from Constantinople

to Aleppo, and is connected by a branch line with the main line from

Eski-shehr to Afium Kara-Hissar, of the Anatolian railway. It has a busy

trade; pop. estimated at 22,000. Kutaiah has been identified with the

ancient Cotiaeum.

See V. Cuinet, _Turquie d'Asie_, vol. iv. (Paris, 1894).

KUTAIS, a government of Russian Transcaucasia, situated between the

Caucasus range on the N. and the Black Sea on the W., the government of

Tiflis on the E. and the province of Kars on the S. Area, 14,313 sq. m.

The government includes the districts of Guria, Mingrelia, Imeretia,

Abkhasia and Svanetia, and consists of four distinct parts: (1) the

lowlands, drained by the Rion, and continued N.W. along the shore of the

Black Sea; (2) the southern slopes of the main Caucasus range; (3) the

western slopes of the Suram mountains, which separate Kutais from

Tiflis; and (4) the slopes of the Armenian highlands, as well as a

portion of the highlands themselves, drained by the Chorokh and its

tributary, the Ajaris-tskhali, which formerly constituted the Batum

province. Generally speaking, the government is mountainous in the north

and south. Many secondary ridges and spurs shoot off the main range,

forming high, narrow valleys (see CAUCASUS). The district of Batum and

Artvin in the S.W., which in 1903 were in part separated for

administration as the semi-military district of Batum, are filled up by

spurs of the Pontic range, 9000 to 11,240 ft. high, the Arzyan ridge

separating them from the plateau of Kars. Deep gorges, through which

tributaries of the Chorokh force their passage to the main river,

intersect these highlands, forming most picturesque gorges. The lowlands

occupy over 2400 sq. m. They are mostly barren in the littoral region,

but extremely fertile higher up the Rion.

The climate is very moist and warm. The winters are often without frost

at all in the lowlands, while the lowest temperatures observed are 18°

F. at Batum and 9° at Poti. The mountains condense the moisture brought

by the west winds, and the yearly amount of rain varies from 50 to 120

in. The chief rivers are the Rion, which enters the Black Sea at Poti;

the Chorokh, which enters the same sea at Batum; and the Ingur, the

Kodor and the Bzyb, also flowing into the Black Sea in Abkhasia. The

vegetation is extremely rich, its character suggesting the sub-tropic

regions of Japan (see CAUCASIA). The population belongs almost entirely

to the Kartvelian or Georgian group, and is distributed as follows:

Imeretians, 41.2%; Mingrelians and Lazes, 22.5%; Gurians, 7.3%; Ajars,

5.8%; Svanetians, 1.3%; of other nationalities there are 6% of

Abkhasians, 2.6% of Turks, 2.3% of Armenians, besides Russians, Jews,

Greeks, Persians, Kurds, Ossetes and Germans. By religion 87% of the

population are Greek Orthodox and only 10% Mussulmans. The total

population was 933,773 in 1897, of whom 508,468 were women and 77,702

lived in towns. The estimated population in 1906 was 924,800. The land

is excessively subdivided, and, owing to excellent cultivation, fetches

very high prices. The chief crops are maize, wheat, barley, beans, rye,

hemp, potatoes and tobacco. Maize, wine and timber are largely exported.

Some cotton-trees have been planted. The vine, olive, mulberry and all

sorts of fruit trees are cultivated, as also many exotic plants

(eucalyptus, cork-oak, camellia, and even tea). Manganese ore is the

chief mineral, and is extracted for export to the extent of 160,000 to

180,000 tons annually, besides coal, lead and silver ores, copper,

naphtha, some gold, lithographic stone and marble. Factories are still

in infancy, but silk is spun. A railway runs from the Caspian Sea, via

Tiflis and the Suram tunnel, to Kutais, and thence to Poti and Batum,

and from Kutais to the Tkvibuli coal and manganese mines. The export of

both local produce and goods shipped by rail from other ports of

Transcaucasia is considerable, Batum and Poti being the two chief ports

of Caucasia. Kutais is divided into seven districts, of which the chief

towns, with their populations in 1897, are Kutais, capital of the

province (q.v.); Lailashi (834), chief town of Lechgum, of which

Svanetia makes a separate administrative unit; Ozurgeti (4694); Oni,

chief town of Racha; Senaki (101); Kvirili, of Sharopan district;

Zugdidi; and two semi-military districts--Batum (28,512) with Artvin

(7000) and Sukhum-kaleh (7809). (P. A. K.--J. T. Be.)

KUTAIS, a town of Russian Caucasia, capital of the government of the

same name, 60 m. by rail E. of Poti and 5 m. from the Rion station of

the railway between Poti and Tiflis. Pop. (1897), 32,492. It is one of

the oldest towns of Caucasia, having been the ancient capital (Aea or

Kutaea) of Colchis, and later the capital of Imeretia (from 792);

Procopius mentions it under the name of Kotatision. Persians, Mongols,

Turks and Russians have again and again destroyed the town and its

fortress. In 1810 it became Russian. It is situated on both banks of the

Rion river, which is spanned by three bridges. Its most remarkable

building is the ruined cathedral, erected in the 11th century by the

Bagratids, the ruling dynasty of Georgia, and destroyed by the Turks in

1692; it is the most important representative extant of Georgian

architecture. The fort, mentioned by Procopius, is now a heap of ruins,

destroyed by the Russians in 1770. The inhabitants make hats and silks,

and trade in agricultural produce and wine. On the right bank of the

Rion is a government model garden, with a model farm.

KUT-EL-AMARA, a small town in Turkish Asia, on the east bank of the

Tigris (32° 29´ 19´´ N., 44° 45´ 37´´ E.) at the point where the

Shatt-el-Haï leaves that stream. It is a coaling station of the steamers

plying between Basra and Bagdad, and an important Turkish post for the

control of the lower Tigris.

KUTENAI (Kutonaga), a group of North-American Indian tribes forming the

distinct stock of Kitunahan. Their former range was British Columbia,

along the Kootenay lake and river. They were always friendly to the

whites and noted for their honesty. In 1904 there were some 550 in

British Columbia; and in 1908 there were 606 on the Flathead Agency,

Montana.

KUTTALAM, or COURTALLUM, a sanatorium of southern India, in the

Tinnevelly district of Madras; pop. (1901), 1197. Though situated only

450 ft. above sea-level, it possesses the climate of a much higher

elevation, owing to the breezes that reach it through a gap in the

Ghats. It has long been a favourite resort for European visitors, the

season lasting from July to September; and it has recently been made

more accessible by the opening of the railway from Tinnevelly into

Travancore. The scenery is most picturesque, including a famous

waterfall.

KUTTENBERG (Czech, _Kutná Hora_), a town of Bohemia, Austria, 45 m. E.

by S. of Prague. Pop. (1900), 14,799, mostly Czech. Amongst its

buildings are the Gothic five-naved church of St Barbara, begun in 1368,

the Gothic church of St Jacob (14th century) and the Late Gothic Trinity

church (end of 15th century). The Wälscher Hof, formerly a royal

residence and mint, was built at the end of the 13th century, and the

Gothic Steinerne Haus, which since 1849 serves as town-hall, contains

one of the richest archives in Bohemia. The industry includes

sugar-refining, brewing, the manufacture of cotton and woollen stuffs,

leather goods and agricultural implements.

The town of Kuttenberg owes its origin to the silver mines, the

existence of which can be traced back to the first part of the 13th

century. The city developed with great rapidity, and at the outbreak of

the Hussite troubles, early in the 14th century, was next to Prague the

most important in Bohemia, having become the favourite residence of

several of the Bohemian kings. It was here that, on the 18th of January

1410, Wenceslaus IV. signed the famous decree of Kuttenberg, by which

the Bohemian nation was given three votes in the elections to the

faculty of Prague University as against one for the three other

"nations." In the autumn of the same year Kuttenberg was the scene of

horrible atrocities. The fierce mining population of the town was mainly

German, and fanatically Catholic, in contrast with Prague, which was

Czech and utraquist. By way of reprisals for the Hussite outrages in

Prague, the miners of Kuttenberg seized on any Hussites they could find,

and burned, beheaded or threw them alive into the shafts of disused

mines. In this way 1600 people are said to have perished, including the

magistrates and clergy of the town of Kaurim, which the Kuttenbergers

had taken. In 1420 the emperor Sigismund made the city the base for his

unsuccessful attack on the Taborites; Kuttenberg was taken by Zizka, and

after a temporary reconciliation of the warring parties was burned by

the imperial troops in 1422, to prevent its falling again into the hands

of the Taborites. Zizka none the less took the place, and under Bohemian

auspices it awoke to a new period of prosperity. In 1541 the richest

mine was hopelessly flooded; in the insurrection of Bohemia against

Ferdinand I. the city lost all its privileges; repeated visitations of

the plague and the horrors of the Thirty Years' War completed its ruin.

Half-hearted attempts after the peace to repair the ruined mines failed;

the town became impoverished, and in 1770 was devastated by fire. The

mines were abandoned at the end of the 18th century; one mine was again

opened by the government in 1874, but the work was discontinued in 1903.

KUTUSOV [GOLENISHCHEV-KUTUZOV], MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH, PRINCE OF SMOLENSK

(1745-1813), Russian field marshal, was born on the 16th of September

1745 at St Petersburg, and entered the Russian army in 1759 or 1760. He

saw active service in Poland, 1764-69, and against the Turks, 1770-74;

lost an eye in action in the latter year; and after that travelled for

some years in central and western Europe. In 1784 he became

major-general, in 1787 governor-general of the Crimea; and under

Suvorov, whose constant companion he became, he won considerable

distinction in the Turkish War of 1788-91, at the taking of Ochakov,

Odessa, Benda and Ismail, and the battles of Rimnik and Mashin. He was

now (1791) a lieutenant-general, and successively occupied the positions

of ambassador at Constantinople, governor-general of Finland, commandant

of the corps of cadets at St Petersburg, ambassador at Berlin, and

governor-general of St Petersburg. In 1805 he commanded the Russian

corps which opposed Napoleon's advance on Vienna (see NAPOLEONIC

CAMPAIGNS), and won the hard-fought action of Dürrenstein on the

18th-19th of November.

On the eve of Austerlitz (q.v.) he tried to prevent the Allied generals

from fighting a battle, and when he was overruled took so little

interest in the event that he fell asleep during the reading of the

orders. He was, however, present at the battle itself, and was wounded.

From 1806 to 1811 Kutusov was governor-general of Lithuania and Kiev,

and in 1811, being then commander-in-chief in the war against the Turks,

he was made a prince. Shortly after this he was called by the unanimous

voice of the army and the people to command the army that was retreating

before Napoleon's advance. He gave battle at Borodino (q.v.), and was

defeated, but not decisively, and after retreating to the south-west of

Moscow, he forced Napoleon to begin the celebrated retreat. The old

general's cautious pursuit evoked much criticism, but at any rate he

allowed only a remnant of the Grand Army to regain Prussian soil. He was

now field marshal and prince of Smolensk--this title having been given

him for a victory over part of the French army at that place in November

1812. Early in the following year he carried the war into Germany, took

command of the allied Russians and Prussians, and prepared to raise all

central Europe in arms against Napoleon's domination, but before the

opening of the campaign he fell ill and died on the 25th of March 1813

at Bunzlau. Memorials have been erected to him at that place and at St

Petersburg.

Mikhailovsky-Danilevski's life of Kutusov (St Petersburg, 1850) was

translated into French by A. Fizelier (Paris, 1850).

KUWET (KUWEIT, KOWEIT), a port in Arabia at the north-western angle of

the Persian Gulf in 29° 20' N. and 48° E., about 80 m. due S. of Basra

and 60 m. S.W. of the mouth of the Shat el Arab. The name Kuwet is the

diminutive form of Kut, a common term in Irak for a walled village; it

is also shown in some maps as Grane or Grain, a corruption of Kuren, the

diminutive of Karn, a horn. It lies on the south side of a bay 20 m.

long and 5 m. wide, the mouth of which is protected by two islands,

forming a fine natural harbour, with good anchorage in from 4 to 9

fathoms of water. The town has 15,000 inhabitants and is clean and well

built; the country around being practically desert, it depends entirely

on the sea and its trade, and its sailors have a high reputation as the

most skilful and trustworthy on the Persian Gulf; while its position as

the nearest port to Upper Nejd gives it great importance as the port of

entry for rice, piece goods, &c., and of export for horses, sheep, wool

and other products of the interior. Kuwet was recommended in 1850 by

General F. R. Chesney as the terminus of his proposed Euphrates Valley

railway, and since 1898, when the extension of the Anatolian railway to

Bagdad and the Gulf has been under discussion, attention has again been

directed to it. An alternative site for the terminus has been suggested

in Um Khasa, at the head of the Khor `Abdallah, where a branch of the

Shat el Arab formerly entered the sea; it lies some 20 m. N.E. of Kuwet

and separated from it by the island of Bubian, which has for some time

been in Turkish occupation. An attempt by Turkey to occupy Kuwet in 1898

was met by a formal protest from Great Britain against any infringement

of the _status quo_, and in 1899 Sheikh Mubarak of Kuwet placed his

interests under British protection.

The total trade passing through Kuwet in 1904-1905 was valued at

£160,000. The imports include arms and ammunition, piece goods, rice,

coffee, sugar, &c.; and the exports, horses, pearls, dates, wool, &c.

The steamers of the British India Steamship Company call fortnightly.

(R. A. W.)

KUZNETSK, two towns of Russia. (1) A town in the government of Saratov,

74 m. by rail east of Penza. It has grown rapidly since the development

of the railway system in the Volga basin. It has manufactures of

agricultural machinery and hardware, in a number of small factories and

workshops, besides tanneries, rope-works, boot and shoe making in

houses, and there is considerable trade in sheepskins, grain, salt and

wooden goods exported to the treeless regions of south-east Russia. Pop.

(1897), 21,740. (2) A town in West Siberia, in the government of Tomsk,

150 m. E.N.E. of Barnaul, on the Upper Tom river, at the head of

navigation. It has trade in grain, cattle, furs, cedarwood, nuts, wax,

honey and tallow, and is the centre of a coal-mining district. Pop.

(1897), 3141.

KVASS, or KWASS (a Russian word for "leaven"), one of the national

alcoholic drinks of Russia, and popular also in eastern Europe. It is

made, by a simultaneous acid and alcoholic fermentation, of wheat, rye,

barley and buckwheat meal or of rye-bread, with the addition of sugar or

fruit. It has been a universal drink in Russia since the 16th century.

Though in the large towns it is made commercially, elsewhere it is

frequently an article of domestic production. Kvass is of very low

alcoholic content (0.7 to 2.2%). There are, beside the ordinary kind,

superior forms of the drink, such as apple or raspberry kvass.

KWAKIUTL, a tribe of North-American Indians of Wakashan stock. They

number about 2000. Formerly the term was used of the one tribe in the

north-east of Vancouver, but now it is the collective name for a group

of Wakashan peoples. The Kwakiutl Indians are remarkable for their

conservatism in all matters and specially their adherence to the custom

of Potlatch, which it is sometimes suggested originated with them.

Tribal government is in the hands of secret societies. There are three

social ranks, hereditary chiefs, middle and third estates, most of the

latter being slaves or their descendants. Entry to the societies is

forbidden the latter, and can only be obtained by the former after

torture and fasting. The _hamatsa_ or cannibal society is only open to

those who have been members of a lower society for eight years.

KWANGCHOW BAY (KWANGCHOW WAN), a coaling station on the south coast of

China, acquired, along with other concessions, by the French government

in April 1898. It is situated on the east side of the peninsula of

Lienchow, in the province of Kwang-tung, and directly north of the

island of Hainan. It is held on lease for 99 years on similar terms to

those by which Kiaochow is held by Germany, Port Arthur by Japan and

Wei-hai-wei by Great Britain. The cession includes the islands lying in

the bay; these enclose a roadstead 18 m. long by 6 m. wide, with

admirable natural defences and a depth at no part of less than 33 ft.

The bay forms the estuary of the Ma-Ts'e river, navigable by the largest

men-of-war for 12 m. from the coast. The limits of the concession inland

were fixed in November 1899. On the left bank of the Ma-Ts'e France

gained from Kow Chow Fu a strip of territory 11 m. by 6 m., and on the

right bank a strip 15 m. by 11 m. from Lei Chow Fu. The country is well

populated; the capital and chief town is Lei Chow. The cession carries

with it full territorial jurisdiction during the continuance of the

lease. In January 1900 it was placed under the authority of the

governor-general of Indo-China, who in the same month appointed a civil

administrator over the country, which was divided into three districts.

The population of the territory is about 189,000. A mixed tribunal has

been instituted, but the local organization is maintained for purposes

of administration. In addition to the territory acquired, the right has

been given to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour of

Ompon, situated on the west side of the peninsula, and in consequence of

difficulties which were offered by the provincial government on the

occasion of taking possession, and which compelled the French to have

recourse to arms, the latter demanded and obtained exclusive mining

rights in the three adjoining prefectures. Two lines of French

steamships call at the bay. By reason of the great strategical

importance of the bay, and the presence of large coal-beds in the near

neighbourhood, much importance is attached by the French to the

acquirement of Kwangchow Wan.

KWANG-SI, a southern province of China, bounded N. by Kwei-chow and

Hu-nan, E. and S. by Kwang-tung, S.W. and W. by French Indo-Chino and

Yun-nan. It covers an area of 80,000 sq. m. It is the least populous

province of China, its inhabitants numbering (1908) little over

5,000,000. The Skias, an aboriginal race, form two-thirds of the

population. The provincial capital is Kwei-lin Fu, or City of the Forest

of Cinnamon Trees, and there are besides ten prefectural cities. The

province is largely mountainous. The principal rivers are the Si-kiang

and the Kwei-kiang, or Cinnamon River, which takes its rise in the

district of Hing-gan, in the north of the province, and in the

neighbourhood of that of the Siang river, which flows northward through

Hu-nan to the Tung-t'ing Lake. The Kwei-kiang, on the other hand, takes

a southerly course, and passes the cities of Kwei-lin, Yang-so Hien,

P'ing-le Fu, Chao-p'ing Hien, and so finds its way to Wu-chow Fu, where

it joins the waters of the Si-kiang. Another considerable river is the

Liu-kiang, or Willow River, which rises in the mountains inhabited by

the Miao-tsze, in Kwei-chow. Leaving its source it takes a

south-easterly direction, and enters Kwang-si, in the district of

Hwai-yuen. After encircling the city of that name, it flows south as

far as Liu-ch'eng Hien, where it forms a junction with the Lung-kiang,

or Dragon River. Adopting the trend of this last-named stream, which has

its head-waters in Kwei-chow, the mingled flow passes eastward, and

farther on in a south-easterly direction, by Lai-chow Fu, Wu-suan Hien,

and Sin-chow Fu, where it receives the waters of the Si-kiang, and

thenceforth changes its name for that of its affluent. The treaty ports

in Kwang-si are Wu-chow Fu, Lung-chow and Nanning Fu.

KWANG-TUNG, a southern province of China, bounded N. by Hu-nan, Kiang-si

and Fu-kien, S. and E. by the sea, and W. by Kwang-si. It contains an

area, including the island of Hainan, of 75,500 sq. m., and is divided

into nine prefectures; and the population is estimated at about

30,000,000. Its name, which signifies "east of Kwang," is derived,

according to Chinese writers, from the fact of its being to the east of

the old province of Hu-kwang, in the same way that Kwang-si derives its

name from its position to the west of Hu-kwang. Kwang-tung extends for

more than 600 m. from east to west, and for about 420 from north to

south. It may be described as a hilly region, forming part as it does of

the Nan Shan ranges. These mountains, speaking generally, trend in a

north-east and south-westerly direction, and are divided by valleys of

great fertility. The principal rivers of the province are the Si-kiang,

the Pei-kiang, or North River, which rises in the mountains to the north

of the province, and after a southerly course joins the Si-kiang at

San-shui Hien; the Tung-kiang, or East River, which, after flowing in a

south-westerly direction from its source in the north-east of the

province, empties itself into the estuary which separates the city of

Canton from the sea; and the Han River, which runs a north and south

course across the eastern portion of the province, taking its rise in

the mountains on the western frontier of Fu-kien and emptying itself

into the China Sea in the neighbourhood of Swatow. Kwang-tung is one of

the most productive provinces of the empire. Its mineral wealth is very

considerable, and the soil of the valleys and plains is extremely

fertile. The principal article of export is silk, which is produced in

the district forming the river delta, extending from Canton to Macao and

having its apex at San-shui Hien. Three large coal-fields exist in the

province, namely, the Shao-chow Fu field in the north; the Hwa Hien

field, distant about 30 m. from Canton; and the west coast field, in the

south-west. The last is by far the largest of the three and extends over

the districts of Wu-ch'uen, Tien-pai, Yang-kiang, Yang-ch'un, Gan-p'ing,

K'ai-p'ing, Sin-hing, Ho-shan, Sin-hwang, and Sin-ning. The coal from

the two first-named fields is of an inferior quality, but that in the

west coast field is of a more valuable kind. Iron ore is found in about

twenty different districts, notably in Ts'ing-yuen, Ts'ung-hwa,

Lung-men, and Lu-feng. None, however, is exported in its raw state, as

all which is produced is manufactured in the province, and principally

at Fat-shan, which has been called the Birmingham of China. The

Kwang-tung coast abounds with islands, the largest of which is Hainan,

which forms part of the prefecture of K'iung-chow Fu. This island

extends for about 100 m. from north to south and the same distance from

east to west. The southern and eastern portions of Hainan are

mountainous, but on the north there is a plain of some extent. Gold is

found in the central part; and sugar, coco-nuts, betel-nuts, birds'

nests, and agar agar, or sea vegetable, are among the other products of

the island. Canton, Swatow, K'iung-chow (in Hainan), Pakhoi, San-shui

are among the treaty ports. Three ports in the province have been ceded

or leased to foreign powers--Macao to Portugal, Hong-Kong (with Kowloon)

to Great Britain, and Kwangchow to France.

KWANZA (COANZA or QUANZA), a river of West Africa, with a course of

about 700 m. entirely within the Portuguese territory of Angola. The

source lies in about 13° 40´ S., 17° 30´ E. on the Bihe plateau, at an

altitude of over 5000 ft. It runs first N.E. and soon attains fairly

large dimensions. Just north of 12° it is about 60 yds. wide and 13 to

16 ft. deep. From this point to 10° it flows N.W., receiving many

tributaries, especially the Luando from the east. In about 10°, and at

intervals during its westerly passage through the outer plateau

escarpments, its course is broken by rapids, the river flowing in a

well-defined valley flanked by higher ground. The lowest fall is that of

Kambamba, or Livingstone, with a drop of 70 ft. Thence to the sea, a

distance of some 160 m., it is navigable by small steamers, though very

shallow in the dry season. The river enters the sea in 9° 15´ S., 13°

20´ E., 40 m. S. of Loanda. There is a shifting bar at its mouth,

difficult to cross, but the river as a waterway has become of less

importance since the fertile district in its middle basin has been

served by the railway from Loanda to Ambaca (see ANGOLA).

KWEI-CHOW, a south-western province of China, bounded N. by Sze-ch'uen,

E. by Hu-nan, S. by Kwang-si, and W. by Yun-nan. It contains 67,000 sq.

m., and has a population of about 8,000,000. Kwei-yang Fu is the

provincial capital, and besides this there are eleven prefectural cities

in the province. With the exception of plains in the neighbourhood of

Kwei-yang Fu, Ta-ting Fu, and Tsun-i Fu, in the central and northern

regions, the province may be described as mountainous. The mountain

ranges in the south are largely inhabited by Miao-tsze, who are the

original owners of the soil and have been constantly goaded into a state

of rebellion by the oppression to which they have been subjected by the

Chinese officials. To this disturbing cause was added another in 1861 by

the spread of the Mahommedan rebellion in Yun-nan into some of the

south-western districts of the province. The devastating effects of

these civil wars were most disastrous to the trade and the prosperity of

Kwei-chow. The climate is by nature unhealthy, the supply of running

water being small, and that of stagnant water, from which arises a fatal

malaria, being considerable. The agricultural products of the province

are very limited, and its chief wealth lies in its minerals. Copper,

silver, lead, and zinc are found in considerable quantities, and as

regards quicksilver, Kwei-chow is probably the richest country in the

world. This has been from of old the chief product of the province, and

the belt in which it occurs extends through the whole district from

south-west to north-east. One of the principal mining districts is K'ai

Chow, in the prefecture of Kwei-yang Fu, and this district has the

advantage of being situated near Hwang-p'ing Chow, from which place the

products can be conveniently and cheaply shipped to Hankow. Cinnabar,

realgar, orpiment and coal form the rest of the mineral products of

Kwei-chow. Wild silk is another valuable article of export. It is

chiefly manufactured in the prefecture of Tsun-i Fu.

KYAUKPYU, a district in the Arakan division of Lower Burma, on the

eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal. It consists of, first, a strip of

mainland along the Bay of Bengal, extending from the An pass, across the

main range, to the Ma-i River, and, secondly, the large islands of

Ramree and Cheduba, with many others to the south, lying off the coast

of Sandoway. The mainland in the north and east is highly mountainous

and forest-clad, and the lower portion is cut up into numerous islands

by a network of tidal creeks. Between the mainland and Ramree lies a

group of islands separated by deep, narrow, salt-water inlets, forming

the north-eastern shore of Kyaukpyu harbour, which extends for nearly 30

m. along Ramree in a south-easterly direction, and has an average

breadth of 3 m. The principal mountains are the Arakan Yomas, which send

out spurs and sub-spurs almost to the sea-coast. The An pass, an

important trade route, rises to a height of 4664 ft. above sea-level.

The Dha-let and the An rivers are navigable by large boats for 25 and 45

m. respectively. Above these distances they are mere mountain torrents.

Large forests of valuable timber cover an area of about 650 sq. m.

Kyaukpyu contains numerous "mud volcanoes," from which marsh gas is

frequently discharged, with occasional issue of flame. The largest of

these is situated in the centre of Cheduba island. Earth-oil wells exist

in several places in the district. The oil when brought to the surface

has the appearance of a whitish-blue water, which gives out brilliant

straw-coloured rays, and emits a strong pungent odour. Limestone, iron

and coal are also found. Area 4387 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 168,827,

showing an increase in the decade of 2.3%.

The chief town, Kyaukpyu, had a population in 1901 of 3145. It has a

municipal committee of twelve members, three _ex officio_ and nine

appointed by the local government, and there is a third-class district

gaol. Kyaukpyu is a port under the Indian Ports Act (X. of 1889), and

the steamers of the British India Navigation Company call there once a

week going and coming between Rangoon and Calcutta.

KYAUKSE, a district in the Meiktila division of Upper Burma, with an

area of 1274 sq. m., and a population in 1901 of 141,253. It is also

known as the _Ko-kayaing_, so called from the original nine canals of

the district. It consists of a generally level strip running north and

south at the foot of the Shan Hills, and of a hilly region rising up

these hills to the east, and including the Yeyaman tract, which lies

between 21° 30' and 21° 40' N. and 96° 15' and 96° 45' E., with peaks

rising to between 4500 and 5000 ft. This tract is rugged and scored by

ravines, and is very sparsely inhabited. The Panlaung and Zawgyi rivers

from the Shan States flow through the district and are utilized for the

numerous irrigation canals. Notwithstanding this, much timber is floated

down, and the Panlaung is navigable for small boats all the year round.

Rain is very scarce, but the canals supply ample water for cultivation

and all other purposes. They are said to have been dug by King Nawrahta

in 1092. He is alleged to have completed the system of nine canals and

weirs in three years' time. Others have been constructed since the

annexation of Upper Burma. At that time many were in serious disrepair,

but most of them have been greatly improved by the construction of

proper regulators and sluices. Two-thirds of the population are

dependent entirely on cultivation for their support, and this is mainly

rice on irrigated land. In the Yeyaman tract the chief crop is rice. The

great majority of the population is pure Burmese, but in the hills there

are a good many Danus, a cross between Shans and Burmese. The railway

runs through the centre of the rice-producing area, and feeder roads

open up the country as far as the Shan foot-hills. The greater part of

the district consists of state land, the cultivators being tenants of

government, but there is a certain amount of hereditary freehold.

KYAUKSE town is situated on the Zawgyi River and on the Rangoon-Mandalay

railway line, and is well laid out in regular streets, covering an area

of about a square mile. It has a population (1901) of 5420, mostly

Burmese, with a colony of Indian traders. Above it are some bare rocky

hillocks, picturesquely studded with pagodas.

KYD, THOMAS (1558-1594), one of the most important of the English

Elizabethan dramatists who preceded Shakespeare. Kyd remained until the

last decade of the 19th century in what appeared likely to be

impenetrable obscurity. Even his name was forgotten until Thomas Hawkins

about 1773 discovered it in connexion with _The Spanish Tragedy_ in

Thomas Heywood's _Apologie for Actors_. But by the industry of English

and German scholars a great deal of light has since been thrown on his

life and writings. He was the son of Francis Kyd, citizen and scrivener

of London, and was baptized in the church of St Mary Woolnoth, Lombard

Street, on the 6th of November 1558. His mother, who survived her son,

was named Agnes, or Anna. In October 1565 Kyd entered the newly founded

Merchant Taylors' School, where Edmund Spenser and perhaps Thomas Lodge

were at different times his school-fellows. It is thought that Kyd did

not proceed to either of the universities; he apparently followed, soon

after leaving school, his father's business as a scrivener. But Nashe

describes him as a "shifting companion that ran through every art and

throve by none." He showed a fairly wide range of reading in Latin. The

author on whom he draws most freely is Seneca, but there are many

reminiscences, and occasionally mistranslations of other authors. Nashe

contemptuously said that "English Seneca read by candlelight yeeldes

many good sentences," no doubt exaggerating his indebtedness to Thomas

Newton's translation. John Lyly had a more marked influence on his

manner than any of his contemporaries. It is believed that he produced

his famous play, _The Spanish Tragedy_, between 1584 and 1589; the

quarto in the British Museum (which is probably earlier than the

Göttingen and Ellesmere quartos, dated 1594 and 1599) is undated, and

the play was licensed for the press in 1592. The full title runs, _The

Spanish Tragedie containing the Lamentable End of Don Horatio and

Bel-imperia; with the Pitiful Death of Old Hieronimo_, and the play is

commonly referred to by Henslowe and other contemporaries as

_Hieronimo_. This drama enjoyed all through the age of Elizabeth and

even of James I. and Charles I. so unflagging a success that it has been

styled the most popular of all old English plays. Certain expressions in

Nashe's preface to the 1589 edition of Robert Greene's _Menaphon_ may be

said to have started a whole world of speculation with regard to Kyd's

activity. Much of this is still very puzzling; nor is it really

understood why Ben Jonson called him "sporting Kyd." In 1592 there was

added a sort of prologue to _The Spanish Tragedy_, called _The First

Part of Jeronimo, or The Warres of Portugal_, not printed till 1605.

Professor Boas concludes that Kyd had nothing to do with this

melodramatic production, which gives a different version of the story

and presents Jeronimo as little more than a buffoon. On the other hand,

it becomes more and more certain that what German criticism calls the

_Ur-Hamlet_, the original draft of the tragedy of the prince of Denmark,

was a lost work by Kyd, probably composed by him in 1587. This theory

has been very elaborately worked out by Professor Sarrazin, and

confirmed by Professor Boas; these scholars are doubtless right in

holding that traces of Kyd's play survive in the first two acts of the

1603 first quarto of _Hamlet_, but they probably go too far in

attributing much of the actual language of the last three acts to Kyd.

Kyd's next work was in all probability the tragedy of _Soliman and

Perseda_, written perhaps in 1588 and licensed for the press in 1592,

which, although anonymous, is assigned to him on strong internal

evidence by Mr Boas. No copy of the first edition has come down to us;

but it was reprinted, after Kyd's death, in 1599. In the summer or

autumn of 1590 Kyd seems to have given up writing for the stage, and to

have entered the service of an unnamed lord, who employed a troop of

"players." Kyd was probably the private secretary of this nobleman, in

whom Professor Boas sees Robert Radcliffe, afterwards fifth earl of

Sussex. To the wife of the earl (Bridget Morison of Cassiobury) Kyd

dedicated in the last year of his life his translation of Garnier's

_Cornelia_ (1594), to the dedication of which he attached his initials.

Two prose works of the dramatist have survived, a treatise on domestic

economy, _The Householder's Philosophy_, translated from the Italian of

Tasso (1588); and a sensational account of _The Most Wicked and Secret

Murdering of John Brewer, Goldsmith_ (1592). His name is written on the

title-page of the unique copy of the last-named pamphlet at Lambeth, but

probably not by his hand. That many of Kyd's plays and poems have been

lost is proved by the fact that fragments exist, attributed to him,

which are found in no surviving context. Towards the close of his life

Kyd was brought into relations with Marlowe. It would seem that in 1590,

soon after he entered the service of this nobleman, Kyd formed his

acquaintance. If he is to be believed, he shrank at once from Marlowe as

a man "intemperate and of a cruel heart" and "irreligious." This,

however, was said by Kyd with the rope round his neck, and is scarcely

consistent with a good deal of apparent intimacy between him and

Marlowe. When, in May 1593, the "lewd libels" and "blasphemies" of

Marlowe came before the notice of the Star Chamber, Kyd was immediately

arrested, papers of his having been found "shuffled" with some of

Marlowe's, who was imprisoned a week later. A visitation on Kyd's papers

was made in consequence of his having attached a seditious libel to the

wall of the Dutch churchyard in Austin Friars. Of this he was innocent,

but there was found in his chamber a paper of "vile heretical conceits

denying the deity of Jesus Christ." Kyd was arrested and put to the

torture in Bridewell. He asserted that he knew nothing of this document

and tried to shift the responsibility of it upon Marlowe, but he was

kept in prison until after the death of that poet (June 1, 1593). When

he was at length dismissed, his patron refused to take him back into his

service. He fell into utter destitution, and sank under the weight of

"bitter times and privy broken passions." He must have died late in

1594, and on the 30th of December of that year his parents renounced

their administration of the goods of their deceased son, in a document

of great importance discovered by Professor Schick.

The importance of Kyd, as the pioneer in the wonderful movement of

secular drama in England, gives great interest to his works, and we are

now able at last to assert what many critics have long conjectured, that

he takes in that movement the position of a leader and almost of an

inventor. Regarded from this point of view, _The Spanish Tragedy_ is a

work of extraordinary value, since it is the earliest specimen of

effective stage poetry existing in English literature. It had been

preceded only by the pageant-poems of Peele and Lyly, in which all that

constitutes in the modern sense theatrical technique and effective

construction was entirely absent. These gifts, in which the whole power

of the theatre as a place of general entertainment was to consist, were

supplied earliest among English playwrights to Kyd, and were first

exercised by him, so far as we can see, in 1586. This, then, is a more

or less definite starting date for Elizabethan drama, and of peculiar

value to its historians. Curiously enough, _The Spanish Tragedy_, which

was the earliest stage-play of the great period, was also the most

popular, and held its own right through the careers of Shakespeare, Ben

Jonson, and Fletcher. It was not any shortcoming in its harrowing and

exciting plot, but the tameness of its archaic versification, which

probably led in 1602 to its receiving "additions," which have been a

great stumbling-block to the critics. It is known that Ben Jonson was

paid for these additional scenes, but they are extremely unlike all

other known writings of his, and several scholars have independently

conjectured that John Webster wrote them. Of Kyd himself it seems

needful to point out that neither the Germans nor even Professor Boas

seems to realize how little definite merit his poetry has. He is

important, not in himself, but as a pioneer. The influence of Kyd is

marked on all the immediate predecessors of Shakespeare, and the bold

way in which scenes of violent crime were treated on the Elizabethan

stage appears to be directly owing to the example of Kyd's innovating

genius. His relation to _Hamlet_ has already been noted, and _Titus

Andronicus_ presents and exaggerates so many of his characteristics that

Mr Sidney Lee and others have supposed that tragedy to be a work of

Kyd's touched up by Shakespeare. Professor Boas, however, brings cogent

objections against this theory, founding them on what he considers the

imitative inferiority of _Titus Andronicus_ to _The Spanish Tragedy_.

The German critics have pushed too far their attempt to find indications

of Kyd's influence on later plays of Shakespeare. The extraordinary

interest felt for Kyd in Germany is explained by the fact that _The

Spanish Tragedy_ was long the best known of all Elizabethan plays

abroad. It was acted at Frankfort in 1601, and published soon afterwards

at Nuremberg. It continued to be a stock piece in Germany until the

beginning of the 18th century; it was equally popular in Holland, and

potent in its effect upon Dutch dramatic literature.

Kyd's works were first collected and his life written by Professor F.

S. Boas in 1901. Of modern editions of _The Spanish Tragedy_ may be

mentioned that by Professor J. M. Manly in _Specimens of the

Pre-Shakespearean Drama_, vol. ii. (Boston, 1897), and by J. Schick in

the _Temple Dramatists_ (1898). See also _Cornelia_ (ed. H. Gassner,

1894); C. Markscheffel, _T. Kyd's Tragödien_ (1885); Gregor Sarrazin,

Thomas Kyd und sein Kreis (1892); G. O. Fleischer, "Bemerkungen über

Thomas Kyd's Spanish Tragedy" (_Jahresbericht der Drei-Königschule zu

Dresden-Neustadt_ (1896); J. Schick, "T. Kyd's Spanish Tragedy"

(_Literarhistorische Forschungen_, vol. 19, 1901); and R. Koppel, in

Prölss, _Altengl. Theater_ (vol. i., 1904). (E. G.)

KYFFHÄUSER, a double line of hills in Thuringia, Germany. The northern

part looks steeply down upon the valley of the Goldene Aue, and is

crowned by two ruined castles, Rothenburg (1440 ft.) on the west, and

Kyffhausen (1542 ft.) on the east. The latter, built probably in the

10th century, was frequently the residence of the Hohenstaufen emperors,

and was finally destroyed in the 16th century. The existing ruins are

those of the Oberburg with its tower, and of the Unterburg with its

chapel. The hill is surmounted by an imposing monument to the emperor

William I., the equestrian statue of the emperor being 31 ft. high and

the height of the whole 210 ft. This was erected in 1896. According to

an old and popular legend, the emperor Frederick Barbarossa sits asleep

beside a marble table in the interior of the mountain, surrounded by his

knights, awaiting the destined day when he shall awaken and lead the

united peoples of Germany against her enemies, and so inaugurate an era

of unexampled glory. But G. Vogt has advanced cogent reasons (see _Hist.

Zeitschrift_, xxvi. 131-187) for believing that the real hero of the

legend is the other great Hohenstaufen emperor, Frederick II., not

Frederick I. Around him gradually crystallized the hopes of the German

peoples, and to him they looked for help in the hour of their sorest

need. But this is not the only legend of a slumbering future deliverer

which lives on in Germany. Similar hopes cling to the memory of

Charlemagne, sleeping in a hill near Paderborn; to that of the Saxon

hero Widukind, in a hill in Westphalia; to Siegfried, in the hill of

Geroldseck; and to Henry I., in a hill near Goslar.

See Richter, _Das deutsche Kyffhäusergebirge_ (Eisleben, 1876);

Lemcke, _Der deutsche Kaisertraum und der Kyffhäuser_ (Magdeburg,

1887); and _Führer durch das Kyffhäusergebirge_ (Sangerhausen, 1891);

Baltzer, _Das Kyffhäusergebirge_ (Rudolstadt, 1882); A. Fulda, _Die

Kyffhäusersage_ (Sangerhausen, 1889); and Anemüller, _Kyffhäuser und

Rothenburg_ (Detmold, 1892).

KYNASTON, EDWARD (c. 1640-1706), English actor, was born in London and

first appeared in Rhodes's company, having been, like Betterton, a clerk

in Rhodes's book-shop before he set up a company in the Cockpit in Drury

Lane. Kynaston was probably the last and certainly the best of the male

actors of female parts, for which his personal beauty admirably fitted

him. His last female part was Evadne in _The Maid's Tragedy_ in 1661

with Killigrew's company. In 1665 he was playing important male parts at

Covent Garden. He joined Betterton at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1695,

after which he received less important rôles, retiring in 1699. He died

in 1706, and was buried on the 18th of January.

KYNETON, a town of Dalhousie county, Victoria, Australia, on the river

Campaspe, 56 m. by rail N.N.W. of Melbourne. Pop. (1901), 3274. It is

the centre of a prosperous agricultural and pastoral district. Important

stock sales and an annual exhibition of stock are held. There are,

moreover, some rich gold quartz reefs in the neighbourhood. Kyneton lies

at an elevation of 1687 ft., and the scenery of the district, which

includes some beautiful waterfalls, attracts visitors in summer.

KYOSAI, SHO-FU (1831-1889), Japanese painter, was born at Koga in the

province of Shimotsuke, Japan, in 1831. After working for a short time,

as a boy, with Kuniyoshi, he received his artistic training in the

studio of Kano Dohaku, but soon abandoned the formal traditions of his

master for the greater freedom of the popular school. During the

political ferment which produced and followed the revolution of 1867,

Kyosai attained a considerable reputation as a caricaturist. He was

three times arrested and imprisoned by the authorities of the shogunate.

Soon after the assumption of effective power by the mikado, a great

congress of painters and men of letters was held, at which Kyosai was

present. He again expressed his opinion of the new movement in a

caricature, which had a great popular success, but also brought him into

the hands of the police--this time of the opposite party. Kyosai must be

considered the greatest successor of Hokusai (of whom, however, he was

not a pupil), and as the first political caricaturist of Japan. His

work--like his life--is somewhat wild and undisciplined, and

"occasionally smacks of the _sake_ cup." But if he did not possess

Hokusai's dignity, power and reticence, he substituted an exuberant

fancy, which always lends interest to draughtsmanship of very great

technical excellence. In addition to his caricatures, Kyosai painted a

large number of pictures and sketches, often choosing subjects from the

folk-lore of his country. A fine collection of these works is preserved

in the British Museum; and there are also good examples in the National

Art Library at South Kensington, and the Musée Guimet at Paris. Among

his illustrated books may be mentioned _Yehon Taka-kagami_,

Illustrations of Hawks (5 vols., 1870, &c.); _Kyosai Gwafu_ (1880);

_Kyosai Dongwa_; _Kyosai Raku-gwa_; _Kyosai Riaku-gwa_; _Kyosai Mangwa_

(1881); _Kyosai Suigwa_ (1882); and _Kyosai Gwaden_ (1887). The latter

is illustrated by him under the name of Kawanabe Toyoku, and two of its

four volumes are devoted to an account of his own art and life. He died

in 1889.

See Guimet (É.) and Regamey (F.), _Promenades japonaises_ (Paris,

1880); Anderson (W.), _Catalogue of Japanese Painting in the British

Museum_ (London, 1886); Mortimer Menpes, "A Personal View of Japanese

Art: A Lesson from Kyosai," _Magazine of Art_ (1888). (E. F. S.)

KYRIE (in full _kyrie eleison_, or _eleeson_, Gr. [Greek: kyrie

eleêson]; cf. Ps. cxxii. 3, Matt. XV. 22, &c., meaning "Lord, have

mercy"), the words of petition used at the beginning of the Mass and in

other offices of the Eastern and Roman Churches. In the Anglican Book of

Common Prayer the Kyrie is introduced into the orders for Morning and

Evening Prayer, and also, with an additional petition, as a response

made by the congregation after the reading of each of the Ten

Commandments at the opening of the Communion Service. These responses

are usually sung, and the name Kyrie is thus also applied to their

musical setting. In the Lutheran Church the Kyrie is still said or sung

in the original Greek. "Kyrielle," a shortened form of _Kyrie eleison_,

is applied to eight-syllabled four-line verses, the last line in each

verse being repeated as a refrain.

KYRLE, JOHN (1637-1724), "the Man of Ross," English philanthropist, was

born in the parish of Dymock, Gloucestershire, on the 22nd of May 1637.

His father was a barrister and M.P., and the family had lived at Ross,

in Herefordshire, for many generations. He was educated at Balliol

College, Oxford, and having succeeded to the property at Ross took up

his abode there. In everything that concerned the welfare of the little

town in which he lived he took a lively interest--in the education of

the children, the distribution of alms, in improving and embellishing

the town. He delighted in mediating between those who had quarrelled and

in preventing lawsuits. He was generous to the poor and spent all he had

in good works. He lived a great deal in the open air working with the

labourers on his farm. He died on the 7th of November 1724, and was

buried in the chancel of Ross Church. His memory is preserved by the

Kyrie Society, founded in 1877, to better the lot of working people, by

laying out parks, encouraging house decoration, window gardening and

flower growing. Ross was eulogized by Pope in the third _Moral Epistle_

(1732), and by Coleridge in an early poem (1794).

KYSHTYM, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, 56 m. by rail N.N.W.

of Chelyabinsk, on a river of the same name which connects two lakes. Pop.

(1897), 12,331. The official name is Verkhne-Kyshtymskiy-Zavod, or Upper

Kyshtym Works, to distinguish it from the Lower (Nizhne) Kyshtym Works,

situated two miles lower down the same river.