CONIFERS (INCLUDING PINES) IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTING
Those who take a serious interest in their gardens and other planted
grounds are so rapidly acquiring a better comprehension of the art in
its wider aspects, and are so willingly receptive of further suggestion,
that we emphasise a lesson that we have often tried to teach, namely,
the importance of planting in large groups of one thing at a time, and
of a right choice.
There is no more common mistake made than that of planting just the
wrong things in the wrong places. Thus we see plantations of Spruce on
dry, sandy hill-tops, from whence the poor trees must look with longing
eyes to their true home in the moist, alluvial soil of the valley-bottom
below. In mixed plantations we see Conifers from many climes and all
altitudes, all expected to do equally well in perhaps one small space of
garden ground. If in a projected plantation there is space for only
fifty trees, how much better it would be first to ascertain which out of
a few kinds would be best suited to the soil and general conditions of
the place, and then out of this selection to choose the one that best
fits the planter's own liking and will be most in harmony with the
further planting scheme that he has in view. In this way he will
obtain that unity of effect that alone can make a garden or piece of
planted ground pictorial and restful, and enable to serve as a becoming
setting to the brightly-coloured flowering plants that will then show
their proper value as jewels of the garden.
[Illustration: _LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS AT FROGMORE (about 65 feet high)._]
In this restrained and sober use of trees, and especially of Conifers,
it is well to plant them of several ages, the youngest to the outer
edges of the groups. If there is plenty of space it will be all the
better to plant the trees in hundreds rather than in fifties, or in any
case in spaces large enough to see one whole picture of one good tree at
a time. Where such a planting was wisely made from forty to sixty years
ago how fine the effect is to-day, as in the case of the grand growth of
Douglas Firs at Murthly. No one seeing so fine an example of the use of
one tree at a time could wish that the plantation had been mixed, or
could be otherwise than deeply impressed with the desirability of the
plan.
One such large group can always be made to merge into another by
intergrouping at the edges, beginning by an isolated tree of group B in
the further portion of group A, then a group of two or three of B, until
the process is reversed and the group is all of B, with single ones of A
giving place to all B. There is no reason why the same principle should
not be used with two or three kinds of combined grouping, but then it
should be of trees harmonious among themselves, as of Spruce and Silver
Fir, or of such things as represent the natural mixture of indigenous
growth. Thus the Yew, Box, Viburnum, Dogwood, Privet, and Thorn of a
wild chalky waste might be taken as a guide to planting some of these
with nearly allied foreign kinds. But the important thing in all such
planting is to have the satisfactory restfulness and beauty of harmony
that can only be obtained by the right and limited choice of material.
Although a few Conifers are deciduous, such as the Maidenhair tree
(_Ginkgo biloba_), _Taxodium distichum_, the Golden Larch (_Pseudolarix
Kaempferi_), and the true Larches, the great bulk of the family consists
of evergreens. It is to the Coniferae, indeed, that belong the only
hardy evergreen trees which in stature and size rival the large
deciduous trees of cool temperate latitudes. Although our only native
Conifers are the Yew, the Scotch Pine, and the Juniper, there is a
sufficient variety of soil and climate within the limits of the British
Isles to provide suitable conditions for nearly the whole of the family.
It is only a few sub-tropical species that cannot be accommodated. This
does not imply that the whole of the hardy Conifers can be grown
satisfactorily in any one place. In even the best Conifer localities
there are some species that will not reach perfection, and in the
general run of gardens there is a considerable proportion of species
about which the same must be said. This fact, however, has often been
overlooked.
The extreme popularity of Conifers, which was at its height from forty
to fifty years ago, undoubtedly led to the enriching of the parks and
gardens of this country with what are now, in many instances,
magnificent specimens. To realise how great that enrichment was, one has
only to mention such places as Dropmore, Murthly Castle, Ochtertyre. But
Conifer planting, from both artistic and merely cultural points of view,
was overdone. Conifers began to fill an undue proportion of space in
gardens, and displaced to a large extent the beautiful flower-bearing
deciduous vegetation whose seasonable variations give such charm and
interest. With all their symmetry and richness of hue, the popular
species of Abies and Picea often have a heavy, even sombre, aspect.
Heavy masses of Pine, Spruce, and Fir can never give that changing
aspect in the landscape that comes with deciduous vegetation. The tender
tints of spring, the flowers, the gold and purple of autumn, it is to
these that the seasons of our northern latitudes owe their greatest
delights.
Perhaps the worst of all the uses to which Conifers have been put is
that of forming long avenues across parks. It is difficult to understand
the frame of mind that would prefer rows of _Araucaria_, _Abies
nobilis_, or other similar things--however well grown and pyramidal they
might be--to a noble vista of Chestnut, Oak, or Lime, with its canopy of
branch and foliage overhead. Conifers can, however, be used effectively
for forming short avenues within the garden itself, especially in the
more trimly-kept parts.
The practice that is frequently adopted of forming a pinetum and
bringing together the members of this family in one part of the grounds
is a very good one. It is far better than sprinkling them
indiscriminately over the whole garden. At the same time, where
sufficient space is not available for the formation of a pinetum they
may be used in their proper proportion with other evergreens in various
parts of the garden. Single specimens on lawns of Abies, Picea, and of
many other genera are always effective, and nothing in the whole range
of native or foreign trees is more stately and picturesque than the
Cedar of Lebanon. How much do we of the present day owe to those who a
century or more ago planted this tree so abundantly in this country!
Before planting Conifers largely in any garden where they are to be
grown for their purely ornamental qualities, a study should be made of
the species planted in other gardens where the conditions as to soil,
moisture, and altitude are similar. On the peaty formations in Surrey
and Hampshire where Rhododendrons succeed so well, many Conifers thrive
exceedingly well also. The Common Spruce and its allies are nearly all
failures on light dry soil, especially where the subsoil is gravel. In
places, however, where the Spruces fail, the Common Larch and the Lawson
Cypress succeed well. In chalk districts many Conifers refuse to grow,
but the following are among those that thrive: _Abies magnifica_, _A.
nobilis_, _A. nordmanniana_, and _A. Pinsapo_, the Cedars, _Cupressus
lawsoniana_, _C. macrocarpa_, and _C. nootkatensis_, the Maidenhair
tree, the Junipers, the Thuyas, the Yews, and the following Pines:
_Pinus Laricio_ and _P. austriaca_, the Scotch Pine, _P. excelsa_, and
_P. Pinaster_. Most of the Pines, too, are happy on gravelly or stony
ground.
None of the Silver Firs (_Abies_) or Spruces (_Picea_) are good trees
for planting at the seaside, unless there is sufficient shelter to break
the force of the wind, and even then there are very few that will
succeed. The species most suitable for planting where there is a thick
outer belt are _Abies nobilis_, _A. concolor_, _A. nordmanniana_, and
_A. pectinata_, the Common Silver Fir. Of the Spruces, _Picea nigra_ and
_P. alba_, the North American Spruces, succeed better than the Norway
Spruce, _P. excelsa_, but these, like the Silver Firs, must have the
shelter of a good wind break; _Picea pungens_, _P. pungens glauca_, and
_P. Engelmanni_ will not succeed in exposed places, even in inland
localities, and fail entirely by the sea. There is a difference of
opinion about _Engelmanni_. In some places it seems to stand winds well.
The Conifers that will thrive by the sea are very few, and probably not
more than half-a-dozen kinds can be trusted. The finest of all is
undoubtedly _Pinus Pinaster_, which is essentially a sea-coast Pine,
revelling in storms and sprays. For warmer parts, is the Aleppo Pine
(_P. halepensis_), but is only for southern and warm coasts. _P.
insignis_ is somewhat tender, but stands the sea gales fairly well, and
_P. austriaca_, and its relative, _P. Laricio_, are both excellent,
specially for making the first barrier against the winds. The hardy
Scotch Pine (_P. sylvestris_), if planted in large masses, grows well,
but does not luxuriate close to the sea, and is especially liable to be
browned in foliage by the salt spray.
Besides the Pines, one of the finest of Conifers is the Monterey Cypress
(_Cupressus macrocarpa_), which is hardy everywhere on the coast in
these islands; it grows finer than it does in its home on the Pacific
coast. It makes a fine front barrier against the wind, especially when
mixed with the foregoing Pines. The variety _C. lambertiana_ is also
excellent. There are two other Conifers which, though not much planted
by the sea-coast, will, we believe, prove reliable; these are _Cedrus
atlantica_ and _Thuya gigantea_ (sometimes called _T. Lobbii_). A third
Conifer that we have seen doing well by the sea is _Abies Pinsapo_, but
it must have a temporary shelter in its small state. This subject of
seaside planting--the most difficult in a tree planter's practice--is an
important one, and it is only possible to treat the matter generally.
The Conifer family is especially noteworthy for the way many of its
species vary. Not only is this propensity evidenced in such characters
as the colour of the leaf and the differences in habit; it shows itself
more remarkably sometimes in the form and texture of the leaf and mode
of branching. So great is the difference between some forms of certain
species of Conifers that they have been placed in different genera. What
are generally known as Retinosporas, for instance, are really nothing
more than forms, "states" the botanists term them, assumed by various
species of Thuya and Cupressus. Strictly speaking, _Retinospora_ has no
separate existence as a genus. This, however, is a botanical phase of
the matter. Horticulturally we are more concerned with such variations
as adapt the plants to various garden purposes. Many quaint and dainty
forms of large trees are very suitable for the rock-garden in
association with other alpine plants. The Common Spruce, for instance,
has given birth to many pigmy forms. The Yew, the Scotch Pine, and
various others have "sported" in a similar way. But no hardy tree varies
so much, perhaps, as the Lawson Cypress when raised from seed. The
species has assumed almost every shade of colour that Conifers do
assume, and every form of growth. Beautiful golden, variegated,
pendulous, and erect varieties have been raised, and not only from the
Lawson Cypress, but from many other Conifers also. The Golden Yews, the
yellow form of the Monterey Cypress, and the golden variety of the
Scotch Pine, may be recommended to those who require this colour,
although in the Pine it only shows itself in winter. The blue-white or
glaucous hue that is more or less present in most Conifers, shows itself
most conspicuously in the Blue Spruce (_Picea pungens glauca_), in
_Cedrus atlantica glauca_, in the new Cork Fir from Arizona (_Abies
lasiocarpa var. arizonica_), and in _Abies concolor violacea_.
THE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS
Many mistakes have been made in propagating the Coniferae, and to make
matters still worse, the old erroneous doctrines are still preached and
practised. The unpopularity of certain species of Abies, Picea, and
Pinus is due to a great extent to the practice of grafting them on
unsuitable stocks. For instance, the species of Abies are worked on _A.
pectinata_, of Picea on _P. excelsa_, and of Pinus on _P. sylvestris_ or
_P. Laricio_. The varieties of _P. excelsa_ are worked on that species.
_P. excelsa_ is _not_ used for the other forms of spruce Firs to any
great extent. In addition to this, such methods and stocks are still
spoken of as the correct ones to use; though, to take one genus alone,
what kind of a specimen _Abies bracteata_, _A. nobilis_, or _A.
concolor_ would make in twenty years' time if worked on _A. pectinata_
we should not like to say--certainly very poor, even if they lived,
which is doubtful. These are nearly always raised from imported seeds.
It may be laid down as a law that _species_ of Coniferae should never be
grafted but raised from seed, which can always be obtained through
English firms. With varietal forms of Coniferae that will not come true
from seed or that cannot be struck as cuttings, grafting must be
resorted to, and if young plants of the type species are used as stocks
the results will be fairly satisfactory. In the case of some of the more
highly variegated Cupressus, &c., grafting is really the best method of
propagation, as these forms are mostly of weak constitution and are not
satisfactory from cuttings. In the following list the best methods of
propagation are given with each genus, together with special mention of
those forms which are of indifferent growth though not difficult to
propagate:--
JUNIPERUS.--The Junipers should be raised from seeds, though some of
them do fairly well if propagated by cuttings. The green and glaucous
varieties of _J. chinensis_, _J. excelsa_, _J. virginiana_, and _J.
communis_ root easily from cuttings, or can be layered with success. The
variegated forms are best grafted on stocks of the species they belong
to, and _J. Sabina_ (the Savin) and its varieties are easily raised from
cuttings or layers, the latter being a very easy way of propagating
them.
CUPRESSUS.--This genus is divided into two sections, viz., the true
Cypresses, represented by _C. macrocarpa_, _C. sempervirens_, &c., and
Chamaecyparis, of which _Cupressus lawsoniana_ is the best known
species. With the former section seeds are the best means of reproducing
the species, while the few varieties should be grafted on stocks of the
parent species. The handsome _C. macrocarpa var. lutea_ especially
should be worked on the type, as it is practically a failure from
cuttings, and if grafted on _C. lawsoniana_, as is sometimes done, it
makes a short, stumpy bush instead of a typically tall columnar tree. In
the Chamaecyparis section _Cupressus lawsoniana_, _C. nootkatensis_, _C.
obtusa_, _C. pisifera_, and _C. thyoides_ are the only species, though
there are a host of varieties attached to them, the forms of the three
latter species, in fact, including all the various plants more commonly
known under the generic title of Retinospora. The species should be
raised from seed, which is easily obtainable and germinates readily, or
in default they will root from cuttings. The varieties, with a few
exceptions, are quickly propagated by cuttings, those that require to be
grafted being _C. lawsoniana var. lutea_, the variegated forms of _C.
nootkatensis_, and _C. obtusa vars. nana_, _nana aurea_, and _filifera
aurea_. The forms of _C. thyoides_ also do well when raised from layers.
We must not omit also such varieties of _C. lawsoniana_ as _Fraseri_,
_Allumi_, and one known in nurseries as Milford Blue Jacket.
THUYA.--These are propagated in much the same way as the Cupressus,
viz., the species by seeds, and the varieties by cuttings or by grafting
in the case of the one or two highly variegated forms. Some of the green
or glaucous varieties of both Cupressus and Thuya will come fairly true
from seed, from 40 per cent. to 70 per cent. being the usual quantity of
seedlings true to name. Variegated forms from seed either come green or
a mongrel mixture of green and variegated.
LIBOCEDRUS.--This should be raised from seed, as when grafted on _Thuya
orientalis_--a too common method of propagation--it makes a miserable
specimen. The middle pair of scales in the cone of Libocedrus alone
contain fertile seeds. _L. doniana_ is a tender species.
SCIADOPITYS and TAXODIUM.--These can only be propagated by seeds, and
the young plants should have a fairly moist position with plenty of
leaf-mould or peat to grow in afterwards.
SEQUOIA.--The two species of Sequoia should be raised from seed, and the
three or four varieties be grafted on the type species.
CRYPTOMERIA.--This only contains one species, viz., _C. japonica_, which
can only be obtained from seed, or by cuttings; and the varieties root
readily as cuttings, though one or two of the weaklier ones do better if
grafted on _C. japonica_.
ARAUCARIA.--Propagate by seeds, which, though sometimes difficult to
obtain, germinate freely and quickly.
TSUGA.--The Hemlock Spruces are easily and quickly obtained from seeds,
and one or two will strike from cuttings; the varieties do best when
grafted on the species they belong to, though _T. pattoniana var.
glauca_, more commonly known as _Abies hookeriana_, will come fairly
true from seed, about 75 per cent. being the usual quantity if the seed
is obtained from good plants.
PICEA.--This genus has been mentioned before as being commonly grafted
on _P. excelsa_ (the Common Spruce), which is an easy way of obtaining
young plants, which, however, cannot be recommended to form good
specimens in after years. The species of Picea should all be raised from
seed, and the many named varieties of _P. excelsa_ should be grafted on
the parent species. At least one-half the plants of _P. Engelmanni var.
glauca_ and _P. pungens var. glauca_ (the Californian Blue Spruce) will
be found true to name when raised from seeds, while their superiority
afterwards over grafted plants is evident.
CEDRUS, LARIX, AND PSEUDOLARIX.--It should always be remembered that
these three are quite distinct genera, and for purposes of propagation
should never be used in conjunction with each other, the first being
evergreen and the two latter deciduous. The species of all three should
be raised from seed; the varieties of Cedrus should be grafted on that
genus, the forms of Larix on the Larch, though the geographical forms of
the Common Larch, such as _var. rossica_ and _var. sibirica_, usually
come true from seed. _Larix leptolepis_ (Japanese Larch) is one of the
most beautiful trees ever introduced from Japan; it is charming both in
summer and winter. _Pseudolarix Kaempferi_ (Golden Larch), the only
representative of the genus, must be raised from seed; it is generally
raised by grafting in February under glass on stocks of the common
Larch.
ABIES.--In this genus some of the most handsome Conifers are found, and
also some of the most difficult to grow. All the Abies should be
propagated by seeds, but if seed of the varieties cannot be obtained
then they must be grafted on the parent species.
PSEUDOTSUGA.--This genus only contains one species, viz., _P. Douglasii_
(the Douglas Fir), which is propagated readily by seed, the seedlings
being of rapid growth and soon form good plants. The few varieties are
grafted on the type, though the majority will come fairly true from
seed, which, however, is not always to be obtained.
PINUS.--Perhaps no Conifer adds so much to the beauty of the landscape
in winter as the Pine. All the species should be raised from seeds, and
any green or glaucous varieties can also be propagated in the same way
if seeds can be obtained. The golden, dwarf, and variegated Pines must
be grafted on the species they are varieties of.
TAXACEAE.--This group is usually associated with Coniferae, from which
it differs chiefly by the seed being nearly or quite enclosed in a
fleshy envelope instead of in a cone, the fruit of some resembling a
small Plum, but a typical fruit is seen in that of the Common Yew. The
hardy genera are _Ginkgo biloba_ (the Maidenhair tree), which is
propagated from seed--the plant is deciduous and slow growing;
Cephalotaxus and Torreya are propagated by seeds, cuttings, or layers.
TAXUS (the Yew).--There are only three or four species of Taxus, but
there are a great many varieties of the Common Yew, many being very
handsome. The species are easily raised from seeds, layers, or cuttings.
The first two methods are the best, cuttings being very slow in growth,
but as seed is very plentiful in most years this is the quickest and
best means of propagation. Some of the varieties will come true from
seed; the Irish Yew, however, must be struck from cuttings, as seedlings
never come true. The more highly variegated Yews grow quickest when
grafted on the Common Yew, and as they always keep good in after years
this method can for once be recommended. A very good species for a lawn
is _T. cuspidata_; it is strong in growth and spreading.
Propagate PRUMNOPITYS and SAXEGOTHEA by seeds, cuttings, or layers.
CONIFERS AT MURTHLY CASTLE, PERTHSHIRE
[Illustration: _AVENUE OF ANCIENT YEWS AT MURTHLY._]
The following account of a great Conifer garden in Scotland is
important, as showing how certain of the better-known species have
behaved during the last fifty years or so. It is taken from the _Garden_
of May 19, 1900:--
The second quarter of the present century saw the introduction of a
large number of Conifers hitherto unknown to English gardens. Their
cultivation was eagerly taken up, and especially in Scotland, a land
whose general conditions seem highly favourable to a considerable number
of species, much success has been attained. It may still be premature to
state with any degree of assurance what may be the ultimate suitability
of many of these Conifers for growth in our islands. The lifetime of a
tree is not comprised within its first sixty years, and such a length of
time is all too short to prove the ultimate success of any new tree,
though within that space it may come to a magnificent size and apparent
promise. Such a state is shown by the splendid Douglas Firs in the
grounds of Murthly Castle, Perthshire, where also many another exotic
Conifer is grown in quantity.
These words of Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, that formed part of his
opening address on the second day of the Conifer conference of the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1891, may here be quoted:--
"Any one who had not travelled in Scotland could form no idea of the
extent to which rare Conifers were cultivated in that country, and the
splendid development which they attained. The chairman, by way of
illustrating these remarks, directed the attention of the audience to
some large photographs representing specimens of Coniferae to be seen at
Murthly Castle, Perthshire, where they flourished, and where stately and
magnificent examples 70 feet, 80 feet, and 100 feet high were to be met
with. Such trees could only be seen in Scotland, and were the result of
a peculiar association of physical conditions. In the south-west of
England it was impossible to find a parallel, though even on the
sunburnt soil of Kew good specimens of the Pines proper were
occasionally to be seen. With regard to the Abies, however--that section
of Conifers of which the Spruces may be taken as a type--a state of
things prevailed in Scotland which could not be rivalled in England. On
the other hand, the climate in the south-west of the latter country was
fairly suitable for some other Conifers, and many of the fine Mexican
Pines could be grown there."
Of the remarkable Douglas Fir at Dropmore, Mr. Charles Herrin on the
same occasion says: "The monarch Douglas Fir, planted in 1830, has
attained a height of 120 feet, girth of trunk 11 feet 9 inches, with
beautiful spreading branches sweeping the ground, covering a diameter of
64 feet. The leaves are also of a glaucous hue, equalling in that
respect many of the plants now sold from nurseries under the name of
_Douglasi glauca_.... Many trees have since been raised from its seeds
and planted out on the estate; one, planted in 1843, is now 78 feet
high, with a girth of trunk of 8 feet 2 inches, spreading 39 feet in
diameter at base; a perfect specimen."
By comparing the growth of the latter tree with the Murthly table, it
will be seen that the trees make their growth much more rapidly in
Scotland. The Murthly Conifers were all planted by Sir William and Sir
Douglas Stewart. The present owner, Mr. Steuart Fothringham, who
measured the trees in 1891 in anticipation of the visit of the Scottish
Arboricultural Society, on learning that we should be glad to know their
increase of growth since that date, has been so good as to have the same
trees measured again, the increase being shown by the subjoined table on
p. 128.
Mr. Fothringham also furnishes the following remarks: "The measurements
were all carefully taken by sending men or boys up the trees, not by
dendrometers, and are, I believe, correct. There are something like
eighty or a hundred different varieties growing at Murthly, but some of
them are young and only experiments. Those measured and noted are the
most striking; they are nearly all growing in large numbers. The remarks
appended to the table are made by Mr. James Laurie, the gardener, who
knows Conifers well. The only additional notes I have made are the
following: _Picea sitchensis_ will never, in my opinion, supplant the
Spruce. _Picea orientalis_ is not as free-growing as the Spruce, but
quite as hardy. _Araucaria imbricata._--Many of these were damaged by
severe frost. _Cedrus Deodara_ will not, in my opinion, live to great
age in our climate. _Cupressus thyoides._--This particular tree was so
much broken by branches blown off its neighbour that I cut it down.
_Pinus monticola_ has been attacked by a parasitic growth that is likely
to destroy all the young growth and probably the trees. _Juniperus
recurva_ was severely injured by the hard frost. By the hard frost I
mean the winter of 1894-5. In February 1895, the thermometer was for
several days below 0 Fahr., and on one night went to 11 deg. below 0.
This shows that all these trees will stand great cold at the time of
year that it is likely to come, but late frosts in spring, when the sap
has begun to rise, are detrimental to the young shoots of those that
start their growth early in the season. There are at Murthly, besides
Coniferae, fine specimens of Yews, Oaks, Beech, Spanish Chestnut, Horse
Chestnut, and Sycamore."
Key:
A - Height.
B - Girth at 5 feet.
C - Spread of Branches.
---------------------------------------+-------------------+--------------------
| August 11, 1892. | March 24, 1900.
+------+------+-----+-------+------+-----
| A | B | C | A | B | C
+------+------+-----+-------+------+-----
Wellingtonia, planted 1857[a] | 66.6 | 9.3 | 26 | 74.11| 10.7 | 28
Picea sitchensis, planted 1845[b] | 91.9 | 9.7 | 45 | 105.10| 11.3 | ...
Pinus monticola, planted 1850[c] | 67 | 5.6 | 18 | 79.2 | 6.2 | 22
Araucaria imbricata, planted 1847[d] | 42.6 | 4 | 9 | 51 | 4.8 | 9.8
Abies Pinsapo, planted 1847 | 34.8 | 6.6 | ...| 42.6 | 7.10| ...
,, magnifica, planted 1867 | 31.9 | 2.7 | 9 | 43.3 | 3.8 | 11
Pseudotsuga Douglasi, planted 1847[e] | 86.6 | 8.10| 24 | 97.4 | 9.10| 27
Abies grandis, planted 1852 | 64.2 | 4.8 | 22.6| 79.10| 6.10| 35.8
Tsuga albertiana, planted 1860 | 56 | 5.5 | 32 | 72.1 | 6.4 | 40
Abies nobilis, planted 1847 | 75.4 | 6.1 | ...| 92.8 | 6.6 | ...
,, nordmanniana, planted 1854 | 58.6 | 4 | ...| 74 | 4.9 | ...
Tsuga hookeriana, planted 1862[f] | 30 | 4 | 15 | 39.6 | 4 | 15.4
Cedrus Deodara, planted 1842[g] | 51.3 | 6.8 | 26 | 61.2 | 7.4 | 36
,, Libani[h] | 65.10| 11.8 | ...| 67 | 12.5 | ...
Cryptomeria japonica, planted 1852 | 36.3 | 4.2 | 26 | 41.7 | 4.3 | ...
Libocedrus decurrens[i] | 34.8 | 3.6 | 10 | 38 | 4.5 | 14
Thuya gigantea, planted 1862 | 46 | 3.6 | 21 | 57 | 3.7 | ...
Cupressus lawsoniana, planted 1859[j] | ... | ... | ...| 48.7 | 4.2 | ...
Spanish Chestnut | ... | ... | ...| ... | 17.10| ...
,, ,, [k] | ... | ... | ...| ... | 19.2 | ...
Silver Fir[l] | ... | ... | ...| 90 | 11.3 | ...
Cupressus lawsoniana erecta viridis | ... | ... | ...| 25 | 2.8 | 7
Picea ajanensis, planted 1885 | ... | ... | ...| 24 | 1.7 | 10.6
Abies brachyphylla, planted 1885[m] | ... | ... | ...| 14 | ... | 9.7
,, Veitchii, planted 1885[n] | ... | ... | ...| 20.9 | 1.4 | 10.2
,, amabilis, planted 1885 | ... | ... | ...| 14.11| ... | 9.5
,, concolor violacea, planted 1885 | ... | ... | ...| 20.1 | 1.5 | 14.9
English Yew[o] | ... | ... | ...| 30 | 14.3 | 80
English Yew | ... | ... | ...| ... | 10.8 | ...
Tsuga albertiana (at Roman Bridge)[p] | ... | ... | ...| 75 | 4.3 | ...
Picea orientalis, planted 1852 | 30 | 2.7 | ...| 49 | 3 | ...
,, morinda, planted 1857 | 47 | ... | ...| ... | ... | ...
Pinus Jeffreyi | ... | ... | ...| 57 | 4.9 | ...
---------------------------------------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-----
FOOTNOTES:
[a] At the ground this tree measures 16.9; cones freely.
[b] There are six others about the same size, and all are growing
freely.
[c] Most of these have lately got a fungoid disease, viz., peridendrum.
[d] Many of these lost branches, and some were killed by frost in
1894-5. They cone freely, and young ones are growing from seed.
[e] A great many others about the same size, and all perfectly healthy.
[f] A beautiful tree quite distinct from the others; long, drooping
branches.
[g] About sixty trees growing in the grounds averaging 50 cubic feet.
[h] Age unknown, but probably not less than 150 years.
[i] Probably thirty-five to forty years of age.
[j] Two trees, recently taken out, measured 12 cubic feet and 14 cubic
feet.
[k] At ground this tree measures 29 feet.
[l] Inclined to go back.
[m] Will become a handsome tree. Coned last year. Some fertile.
[n] Very apt to lose its leader either by birds or wind. Coned last
year.
[o] Very old; possibly 500 years. Many others of the same age and size.
[p] Quite a different form from the others, the lower branches being
quite table-form.