But all the thoughts of man, are bent to wretched euill,
Man doth commit idolatrie bewitched of the Deuill.
What euill is left vndone, where man may haue his will,
Man euer was an hypocrite, and so continues still.
[Sidenote: What these 4 principal diuels do signifie.]
3
What daily watch is made, the soule of man to slea,
By Lucifer, by Belzabub, Mammon, and Asmodea?
In diuelish pride, in wrath, in coueting too much,
In fleshly lust the time is spent, the life of man is such.
4
The ioy that man hath here, is as a sparke of fier,
His acts be like the smoldring smoke, himselfe like dirt and mier.
His strength euen as a réede, his age much like a flower,
His breth or life is but a puffe, vncertaine euerie hower.[E482]
5
But for the holy Ghost, and for his giftes of grace,
The death of Christ, thy mercie great, man were in wofull case.
O graunt us therefore Lord, to amend that is amisse,
And when from hence we do depart, to rest with thee in blisse.
108.
_Of Almes deedes._
_Eleemosyna prodest homini in vita, in morte, & post mortem.
Out of S. Augustine._
[1]
For onely loue to God, more Christian like to liue,
And for a zeale to helpe the poore, thine almes daily giue.
Let gift no glorie looke,[E483] nor euill possesse thy minde:
And for a truth these profites thrée, through almes shalt thou finde.
[2]
1 First here the holy Ghost shall daily through his grace,
Prouoke[E484] thée to repentant life, Gods mercie to embrace.
2 Of goods and friends (by death) when thou thy leaue must take,
Thine almes déedes shall claspe thy soule, and neuer it forsake.
[3]
3 When God shall after death, call soone for thine account,
thine alms then through faith in Christ, shal al things els surmount.
But yet for any déede, put thou no trust therein,
but put thy trust in God (through Christ) to pardon thée thy sin.
[4]
For else as cackling hen with noise bewraies hir nest,
Euen so go thou and blaze thy déeds, and lose thou all the rest.
109.
_Of_ malus homo.
Malus homo, _out of S. Augustine._
Of naughtie man, I read, two sundrie things are ment,
The ton is man, the other naught, which ought him to repent.
The man we ought to loue, bicause of much therein,
The euill in him we ought to hate, euen as a filthie sin.
So doth thy daily sinnes the heauenly Lord offend,
But when thou dost repent the same, his wrath is at an end.
110.
_Of two sorts of people._
_Of two sorts of men, the tone good, and tother bad, out of S.
Augustine._
Since first the world began, there was and shall be still,
Of humane kind two sundrie sorts, thon good and thother ill:
Which till the iudgement day, shall here togither dwell,
But then the good shall vp to heauen, the bad shall downe to hell.
111.
_Of what force the devil is if he be resisted._
_Diabolo cùm resistitur, est vt formica: Cùm
verò eius suggestio recipitur, fortis est vt leo._
Out of S. Augustine.
When Sathan we resist, a Pismier shall he be,
But when we séeme to giue him place, a Lion then is he.
112.
¶ _Eight of S. Barnards verses, both in Latine and English with one
note to them both._[1][E485]
1
_Cur mundus militat, sub vana gloria,
Cuius prosperitas, est transitoria?
Tam citò labitur, eius potentia,
Quàm vasa figuli, quæ sunt fragilia?_
1
Why[2] so triumphes the world, in pompe and glorie vaine,
Whose state so happie thought, so fickle[3] doth remaine?
Whose brauerie slipprie stands, and doth so soone decaie,
As doth the potters pan, compact of brittle claie?
2
_Plus crede literis, scriptis in glacie,
Quàm mundi fragilis, vanæ fallaciæ,
Fallax in præmijs, virtutis specie,
Quæ nunquam habuit tempus fiduciæ._
2
More credite sée thou giue, to letters wrote in ise,
Than vnto vaine deceits, of brittle worlds deuise.
In gifts to vertue due, beguiling many one,
Yet those same neuer haue long time to hope vpon.
3
_Magis credendum est, viris fallacibus,
Quàm mundi miseris prosperitatibus,
Falsis insanijs et voluptatibus,
Falsis quoque studijs et vanitatibus._
3
To false dissembling men more trust is to be had,
Than to the prosperous state of wretched world so bad:
What with voluptuousnes, and other maddish toies,
False studies won with paine, false vanities and ioies.
4
_Dic vbi Salomon, olim tam nobilis?
Vel vbi Samson est, dux invincibilis?
Vel dulcis Ionathas, multùm amabilis?
Vel pulcher Absolon, vultu mirabilis?_
4
Tell where is _Salomon_, that once so noble was?
Or where now _Samson_ is, in strength whome none could pas?
Or woorthie _Ionathas_, that prince so louely bold?
Or faier _Absolon_, so goodlie to behold?
5
_Quò Cæsar abijt, celsus imperio?
Vel Diues splendidus, totus in prandio?
Dic vbi Tullius, clarus eloquio?
Vel Aristoteles, summus ingenio?_
5
Shew whither is _Cesar_ gone, which conquered far and néere?
Or that rich famous _Carle_,[E486] so giuen to bellie chéere:
Shew where is _Tullie_ now, for eloquence so fit?
Or _Aristoteles_, of such a pregnant wit?
6
_O esca vermium! ô massa pulueris!
O ros! ô vanitas! cùr sic extolleris,
Ignoras penitùs vtrùm cras vixeris,
Fac bonum omnibus, quàm diu poteris._
6
O thou fit bait for wormes![E487] O thou great heape of dust!
O dewe! O vanitie! why so extolst thy lust?
Thou therefore ignorant, what time thou hast to liue,
Doe good to erie man, while here thou hast to giue.
7
_Quàm breue festum est, hæc mundi gloria?
Vt umbra hominis, sic eius gaudia,
Quæ semper subtrahit, æterna præmia,
Et ducunt hominem, ad dura deuia._
7
How short a feast (to count) is this same worlds renowne?
Such as mens shadowes be, such ioies it brings to towne.
Which alway plucketh vs from Gods eternall blis:
And leadeth man to hell, a iust reward of his.
8
_Hæc mundi gloria, quæ magni penditur,
Sacris in literis, flos fæni dicitur,
Vt leue folium, quod vento rapitur,
Sic vita hominum, hac vita tollitur._
8
The brauerie of this world, estéemed here so much,
In Scripture likened is, to flowre of grasse and such:
Like as the leafe so light, through winde abrode is blowne,
So life in this our life, full soone is ouerthrowne.[4]
[1] "These eight verses of St. Bernard seem to have been extremely
popular at one period.... In the 'Paradise of Dainty Devices,' first
printed in 1576, we find translations of the same words" (Mason).
[2] Who. 1577.
[3] unsteady. 1577.
[4]
.... which wind abrod doth blowe,
So doth this worldly life, the life of man bestow. 1577.
113.
¶ _Of the Authors linked Verses departing from Court to the Country._[1]
1
Muse not my friend to finde me here, )(For fortunes looke,[E488]
Contented with this meane estate: )(Hath changed hew:
And séeme to doo with willing chéere, )(And I my booke,
That courtier doth so deadly hate. )(Must learne anew.
2
And yet of force, to learne anew, )(But where a spight,
Would much abash the dulled braine: )(Of force must bée:
I craue to iudge if this be trew, )(What is that wight,
The truant child that knowth the paine. )(May disagrée?
3
No, no, God wot, to disagrée, )(For lordlie bent,
Is ventring all to make or mar: )(Must learne to spare:
If fortune frowne we dailie sée, )(And be content
It is not best to striue too far. )(With countrie fare.
4
From daintie Court to countrie fare, )(Where néede yet can,
Too daintie fed[E489] is diet strange: )(None other skill:
From cities ioy, to countrie care, )(Somtime poore man
To skillesse folke is homelie change. )(Must breake his will.
5
If courtlie change so breaketh will )(If court with cart
That countrie life must serue the turne: )(Must be content,[E490]
What profit then in striuing still, )(What ease to hart,
Against the prick to séeme to spurne? )(Though mind repent?
6
What gaine I though I doo repent, )(As néede doth make
My crotches[2] all are broke and gon: )(Old age to trot:
My woonted friends are careles bent, )(So must I take,
They feare no chance I chance vpon. )(In woorth my lot.
7
Now if I take in woorth my lot, )(Behold the horse
That fatall chance doth force me to, )(Must trudge for pelfe,
If ye be friends embraid[3] me not, )(And yet of forse,
But vse a friend as friends should do. )(Content it selfe.
[1] "In the edition of 1573 this piece is entitled 'Of the Author's
departing from the Court to the Country,' and the verses are printed
consecutively--four long lines and then four short lines."--M. So, in
1577.
[2] chrotches. 1577.
[3] upbraid. 1614.
114.
_The Authors life._[1]
[Sidenote: Epodium.]
1
Now gentle friend, if thou be kinde,
Disdaine thou not, although the lot
Will now with me no better be,
than doth appere:
Nor let it grieue, that thus I liue,
But rather gesse, for quietnesse,
As others do, so do I to,
content me here.
2
By leaue and loue, of God aboue,
I minde to shew, in verses few,
How through the breers, my youthfull yeeres,
haue runne their race:
And further say, why thus I stay,
And minde to liue, as Bee in hiue,
Full bent to spend my life to an end,
in this same place.[2]
[Sidenote: Borne at Riuenhall in Essex.]
3
It came to pas, that borne I was
Of linage good, of gentle blood,
In Essex laier, in village faier,
that Riuenhall hight:
Which village lide by Banketree side,
There spend did I mine infancie,
There then my name, in honest fame,
remaind in sight.
[Sidenote: Set to song schoole.]
4
I yet but yong, no speech of tong,
Nor teares withall, that often fall
From mothers eies, when childe out cries,
to part hir fro:
Could pitie make, good father take,
But out I must, to song be thrust,
Say what I would, do what I could,
his minde was so.
[Sidenote: Queristers miserie.]
[Sidenote: Wallingford Colledge.]
5
O painfull time, for euerie crime,
What toesed eares,[E491] like baited beares!
What bobbed lips, what ierks, what nips!
what hellish toies!
What robes,[E492] how bare! what colledge fare!
What bread, how stale! what pennie Ale![E493]
Then Wallingford, how wart thou abhord
of sillie boies!
[Sidenote: Singing mens commissions.]
6
Thence for my voice, I must (no choice)
Away of forse, like posting horse,
For sundrie men, had plagards then,[E494]
such childe to take:
The better brest,[3][E495] the lesser rest,
To serue the Queere, now there now heere
For time so spent, I may repent,
and sorrow make.
[Sidenote: Iohn Redford an excellent Musician
[organist of St. Paul's. M.]]
7
But marke the chance, my self to vance,
By friendships lot, to Paules I got,
So found I grace, a certaine space,
still to remaine:
With Redford there, the like no where,
For cunning such, and vertue much,
By whom some part of Musicke art,
so did I gaine.
[Sidenote: Nicholas Vdall[E496] schoolmaster at Eton.]
8
From Paules I went, to Eaton sent,
To learn streight waies, the latin phraies,
Where fiftie three stripes giuen to mee,
at once I had:
For fault but small, or none at all,
It came to pas, thus beat I was,
See Udall see, the mercie of thee,
to me poore lad.
[Sidenote: Trinitie hall in Cambridge.]
9
From London hence, to Cambridge thence,
With thanks to thee, O Trinitee,
That to thy hall, so passing all,[4]
I got at last:
There ioy I felt, there trim I dwelt,
There heauen from hell, I shifted well,
With learned men, a number then,
the time I past.
[Sidenote: Quartan ague.]
[Sidenote: Lord Paget good to his seruants.]
10
Long sicknes had, then was I glad
To leaue my booke, to proue and looke,
In Court what gaine, by taking paine,
mought well be found:
Lord Paget than, that noble man,
Whose soule I trust is with the iust,
That same was hee enriched mee,
with many a pound.
[Sidenote: The hope we haue of the dead.]
11
When[5] this betide, good parents dide,
One after one, till both were gone,
Whose petigree, who list may see,
in Harolds Booke:[E497]
Whose soules in blis be long ere this,
For hope we must, as God is iust,
So here that craue shall mercie haue,
that mercie looke.
[Sidenote: The vices of the Court.]
12
By Court I spide, and ten yeres tride
That Cards and Dice, with Venus vice,
And peeuish pride, from vertue wide,
with some so wraught:
That Tiburne play[E498] made them away,
Or beggers state as euill to hate,
By such like euils, I saw such dreuils,
to come to naught.
[Sidenote: The Court commended.]
13
Yet is it not to be forgot,
In Court that some to worship come,
And some in time to honour clime,
and speede full well:
Some haue such gift, that trim they shift,
Some profite make, by paines they take,
In perill much, though oft are such,
in Court that dwell.
[Sidenote: The nobilitie at variance in
Edward the 6 daies.]
[Sidenote: Katewade.]
14
When court gan frowne and strife in towne,
And lords and knights, saw heauie sights,
Then tooke I wife, and led my life
in Suffolke soile.
There was I faine my selfe to traine,
To learne too long the fermers song,
For hope of pelfe, like worldly elfe,
to moile and toile.
[Sidenote: At Katewade in Suffolke this
booke first deuised.]
15
As in this booke, who list to looke,
Of husbandrie, and huswiferie,
There may he finde more of my minde,
concerning this:
To carke[6] and care, and euer bare,
With losse and paine, to little gaine,
All this to haue, to cram sir knaue,
what life it is.
[Sidenote: Ipswich commended.]
16
When wife could not, through sicknes got,
More toile abide, so nigh Sea side,
Then thought I best, from toile to rest,
and Ipswich trie:
A towne of price,[E499] like paradice,
For quiet then, and honest men,
There was I glad, much friendship had,
a time to lie.
[Sidenote: The deth of his first wife.]
17
There left good wife this present life,
And there left I, house charges lie,
For glad was he, mought send for me,
good lucke so stood:
In Suffolke there, were euerie where,
Euen of the best, besides the rest,
That neuer did their friendship hid,
to doo me good.
[Sidenote: Newe maried in Norfolk.]
18
O Suffolke thow, content thee now,
That hadst the praies in those same daies,
For Squiers and Knights, that well delights
good house to keepe:
For Norfolke wiles, so full of giles,[E500]
Haue caught my toe, by wiuing so,
That out to thee, I see for mee,
no waie to creepe.
[Sidenote: Mistres Amie Moone.]
19
For lo, through gile, what haps the while,
Through Venus toies, in hope of ioies,
I chanced soone to find a Moone,[7]
of cheerfull hew:
Which well a fine me thought did shine,
Did neuer change, a thing most strange,
Yet kept in sight, hir course aright,
and compas trew.
[Sidenote: The charges following a yoong wife.]
20
Behold of truth, with wife in youth,
For ioie at large, what daily charge,
Through childrens hap, what opened gap,
to more begun.
The childe at nurse, to rob the purse,
The same to wed, to trouble hed.
For pleasure rare, such endlesse care,
hath husband wun.
[Sidenote: West Diram Abbie.]
[Sidenote: Land-lordes at variance.]
21
Then did I dwell in Diram sell,[E501]
A place for wood, that trimlie stood,
With flesh and fish, as heart would wish:
but when I spide
That Lord with Lord could not accord,
But now pound he, and now pound we,
Then left I all, bicause such brall,
I list not bide.
[Sidenote: Sir Richard Soothwell.]
22
O Soothwell, what meanst thou by that,
Thou worthie wight, thou famous knight,
So me to craue, and to thy graue,
go by and by?
O death thou fo, why didst thou so
Ungently treat that Iewell great,
Which opte his doore to rich and poore,
so bounteously?
[Sidenote: His vij executors.]
23
There thus bestad, when leaue I had,
By death of him, to sinke or swim,
And rauens I saw togither draw,
in such a sort:
Then waies I saught, by wisdome taught,
To beare low saile, least stock should quaile,
Till ship mought finde, with prosperous winde,
some safer port.
[Sidenote: Norwich Citie.]
[Sidenote: Norwich qualities.]
24
At length by vew, to shore I drew,
Discharging straight both ship and fraight,
At Norwich fine, for me and mine,
a citie trim:
Where strangers wel may seeme to dwel,
That pitch and pay, or keepe their day,
But who that want, shall find it scant
so good for him.
[Sidenote: Maister Salisburie deane of Norwich.]
25
But Salisburie how were kept my vow,
If praise from thee were kept by mee,
Thou gentle deane, mine onely meane,
there then to liue?
Though churles such some to craue can come,
And pray once got, regard thee not,
Yet liue or die, so will not I,
example giue.
[Sidenote: In 138 houres I neuer made drop of
water.]
26
When learned men could there nor then,
Deuise to swage the stormie rage,
Nor yet the furie of my dissurie,
that long I had:
From Norwich aire, in great despaire,
Away to flie, or else to die,
To seeke more helth, to seeke more welth,
then was I glad.
[Sidenote: Faiersted parsonage in Essex.]
27
From thence so sent, away I went,
With sicknes worne, as one forlorne,
To house my hed, at Faiersted,[E502]
where whiles I dwelt:
The tithing life, the tithing strife,
Through tithing ill, of Jacke and Gill,
The dailie paies, the mierie waies,
too long I felt.
[Sidenote: Lease for parsons life.]
28
When charges grew, still new and new,
And that I spide, if parson dide,
(All hope in vaine) to hope for gaine,
I might go daunce:
Once rid my hand of parsonage land,
Thence by and by, away went I,
To London streight, to hope and waight,
for better chaunce.
[Sidenote: London commended.]
29
Well London well, that bearst the bell
Of praise about, England throughout,
And dost in deede, to such as neede,
much kindnes shew:
Who that with thee can hardly agree,
Nor can well prais thy friendly wais,
Shall friendship find, to please his mind,
in places few.
[Sidenote: Vnthrifts order.]
30
As for such mates, as vertue hates,
Or he or thay, that go so gay,
That needes he must take all of trust,
for him and his:
Though such for we by Lothburie go,
For being spide about Cheapeside,
Least Mercers bookes for monie lookes,
small matter it is.
[Sidenote: The plague at London [1574, 1575].[E503]]
[Sidenote: Trinitie College in Cambridge.]
31
When gaines was gon, and yeres grew on,
And death did crie, from London flie,
In Cambridge then, I found agen,
a resting plot:
In Colledge best of all the rest,
With thanks to thee, O Trinitee,[8]
Through thee and thine, for me and mine,
some stay I got.
[Sidenote: Youth ill spent makes age repent.]
32[E504]
Since hap haps so, let toiling go,
Let seruing paines yeeld forth hir gaines,
Let courtly giftes, with wedding shiftes,
helpe now to liue:
Let Musicke win, let stocke come in,
Let wisedome kerue, let reason serue,
For here I craue such end to haue,
as God shall giue.
[Sidenote: A lesson for yonger brothers.]
33
Thus friends, by me perceiue may ye,
That gentrie standes, not all by landes,[E505]
Nor all so feft, or plentie left
by parents gift:
But now and then, of gentlemen,
The yonger sonne is driuen to ronne,
And glad to seeke from creeke to creeke,
to come by thrift.
[Sidenote: A true lesson.]
34
And more by this, to conster is,
In world is set, ynough to get,
But where and whan, that scarsely can,
the wisest tell:
By learning some to riches come,
By ship and plough some get ynough,
And some so wiue that trim they thriue,
and speede full well.
[Sidenote: Hardnes in youth not the worst.]
[Sidenote: Cocking of youth not the best.]
35
To this before, adde one thing more,
Youth hardnes taught, with knowledge wraught,
Most apt do prooue, to shift and shooue,
among the best:
Where cocking Dads[E506] make sawsie lads,
In youth so rage, to beg in age,
Or else to fetch a Tibourne stretch,
among the rest.
[Sidenote: Not pride in youth, but welth in age
needfull.]
36
Not rampish toie, of girle and boie,
Nor garment trim, of hir or him,[E507]
In childhoode spent, to fond intent,
good end doth frame:
If marke we shall, the summe of all,
The end it is, that noted is,
Which if it bide, with vertue tride,
deserueth fame.
[Sidenote: Man doth labour and God doth blesse.]
37
When all is done, lerne this my sonne,
Not friend, nor skill, nor wit at will,
Nor ship nor clod, but onelie God,
doth all in all:
Man taketh paine, God giueth gaine,
Man doth his best, God doth the rest,
Man well intendes, God foizon sendes,
else want he shall.[E508]
[Sidenote: A contented minde is worth all.]
38
Some seeke for welth, I seeke my helth,
Some seeke to please, I seeke mine ease,
Some seeke to saue, I seeke to haue
to liue vpright:
More than to ride, with pompe and pride,
Or for to iet,[9][E509] in others det,
Such is my skill, and shall be still,
for any wight.
39
Too fond were I, here thus to lie,
Unles that welth mought further helth,
And profit some should thereby come,
to helpe withall:
This causeth mee well pleasde to bee,
Such drift to make, such life to take,
Enforsing minde remorse to finde,
as neede neede shall.
[Sidenote: Happie that liues well, vnhappie
dies euill.]
40
Friend, al thing waid, that here is said,
And being got, that paies the shot,
Me thinke of right haue leaue I might,
(death drawing neere:)
To seeke some waies, my God to praies,
And mercy craue, in time to haue,
And for the rest, what he thinkes best,
to suffer heere.
[1] First added to the 1573 edition.--M.
[2] "The author means London; but though it is believed he died there,
it is evident from the sequel, that he left it on account of the
plague."--M.
[3] Cf. Shakespere's Twelfth Night, ii. 3.
[4] "Till it was repaired, between 1740 and 1750, it is said to have
been but a poor-looking place; and which is reported to have been
characterized by Dr. Mar, the Vice-Chancellor, when speaking of it to
the King of Denmark, as _le petit coigne._"--M.
[5] While. 1577.
[6] carp. 1573.
[7] His second wife.
[8] Founded in 1546.
[9] set. 1573.
FINIS.
[Of edition of 1580, but see over.]
[115.]
_Of Fortune._
The following poem is not to be found after the edition of 1573 and its
reprint of 1577.--M.
_Fortuna non est semper amica,
Superbiam igitur semper devita._
1
Though Fortune smiles, and fawnes vpon thy side,
Thyself extol for that no whit the more;
Though Fortune frownes and wresteth al thing wide,
Let fancy stay, keepe courage still in store;
For chance may change as chance hath don before:
Thus shalt thou holde more safe then honour got,
Or lose the losse,[1] though Fortune will or not.
2
Thy friend at this shall dayly comfort haue,
When warely thus, thou bearest thy selfe vpright,
Thy foes at this shall gladly friendship craue,
When hope so small is left to wrecke their spight,
For lowly liefe withstandeth enuy quight:
As floeting ship, by bearing sayl alowe,
Withstandeth stormes when boistrous winds do blowe.
3
Thy vsage thus in time shall win the gole,
Though doughtful haps, dame fortune sendes betweene,
And thou shalt see thine enemies blow the cole,
To ease thine hart much more then thou dost weene,
Ye though a change most strangely should be seene,
Yet friend at neede shall secret friendship make,
When foe in deede shal want his part to take.
[1] lesse. M.
_A Table of the points of Huswiferie mentioned in this Booke._
The Authors Epistle to the Ladie Paget.
The Authors Epistle to the Reader.
The Authors Preface to his booke of huswiferie.
The praise of huswiferie.
A description of huswife and huswiferie.
Instructions to huswiferie.
A digression to cockcrowing.
Huswiferie morning workes.
Huswifelie breakefast workes.
Huswifelie admonitions or lessons.
Brewing.
Baking.
Cookerie.
Dairie.
Scouring.
Washing.
Malting.
Dinner time huswiferie.
Huswifelie afternoone workes.
Huswifelie Euening workes.
Supper time huswiferie.
After Supper workes of huswiferie.
Of bedtime in winter and sommer.
The times to rise in winter and sommer.
Of bearing and forbearing.
The Ploughmans feasting daies.
The good huswifelie physicke.
The good motherlie nurserie.
A precept of thinking on the poore.
A comparison betwéene good huswiferie and bad.
The meanes for children to attaine to learning.
A description of womans age from fourtéene to fourescore and foure.
The Inholders posie.
Certaine table lessons.
Lessons for waiting seruantes.
Husbandly posies for ye hal.
Posies for the Parler.
Posies for the gestes chamber.
Posies for thine own bed chamber.
A Sonet to the Ladie Paget.
Principall pointes of Religion.
The Authors beliefe.
Of the omnipotencie of God and debilitie of man.
Of almesdéedes.
Of _malus homo_.
Of two sortes of people.
Of what force the deuill is if he be resisted.
Eight of Saint Barnards verses in Latine and English, to be soong both
by one note.
Of the Authors departing from the Court.
The Authors life of his owne penning.
[Of Fortune.]
FINIS.
¶ Imprinted at London, by Henrie Denham, dwelling at Paternoster Row,
at the figure of the Starre, being the assigne of William Seres.
Cum priuilegio Regiæ Maiestatis.
¶ A hundreth good pointes of husbandrie.