in painted glass. There is one in All Saints, York, engraved in Weale's
_Papers_; and there is a small one on a brass in Tattershall Church.
C. T.
For information on this subject, I would refer E. A. H. L. to Warton,
_Poetry_, vol. i. p. 451.; Coryatt's _Crudities_, vol. i. p. 29.;
Rudder's _Gloucestershire_, p. 286.; Gage's _Hengrave_, p. 64.;
_Winckelm. Stosch_, ch. i. n. 103.
On a loose print of "Painted Glass at Leicester," Throsby del. 1788, now
before me, is a representation of him who was once Psychicus the savage,
but now the holy Saint Christopher, figured, as usual, under the
likeness of a man of gigantic stature, carrying on his shoulder the
little child Jesus, through the broad and deep waters of a turbulent
river, and steadying his steps with an uprooted palm-tree laden with
fruit, which he bears in his hands by way of staff. He is here exhibited
in more seemly habiliments, and as a personage of much more dignified
and venerable appearance, than in the well-known picture on the walls of
Wotton Church. The latter, however, is a portraiture of superior
antiquarian interest, on account of its accessories, wherein St.
Christopher's especial office, as patron of field sports, is, with much
rudeness it is true, but most efficiently and fully illustrated.
In the extract given by J. EASTWOOD from _Sacred and Legendary Art_, we
have merely the supposititious conclusions of an ingenious imagination,
introduced to supply a void which the accomplished writer was unable
otherwise to fill up. There is a pretty little work published by Burns,
and entitled _St. Christopher; a Painting in Fordholme Church_, which
contains, much too much, however, in the suspicious form of a modern
religious allegory, what professes to be the authentic "Legend" of this
saint.
COWGILL.
E. A. H. L. makes the inquiry whether "there are any known
representations of St. Christopher in _painted glass_; if so, where?"
This I am unable to answer; but your learned correspondent JARLTZBERG
having sent you one version of the legend attached to this saint, may I
venture to remind you of another? This is the one attached to the
celebrated picture, "The Descent from the Cross," by Rubens, in the
cathedral of Antwerp, in which the painter, adopting the Greek
derivation of the name as given by JARLTZBERG, represents the saint
supporting Christ on his removal from the crucifix. The picture was
painted for the Arquebusiers of Antwerp, whose patron was St.
Christopher; but they were dissatisfied with it, and refused Rubens his
promised reward, a piece of land in their possession contiguous to his
own, for which he had accomplished this, certainly one of his most
beautiful paintings.
T. W. P.
GENERAL PARDONS--SIR JOHN TRENCHARD.
(Vol. iii., p. 279.)
I am not aware of any general pardon under the great seal having been
printed; but the following transcript of one (the original with the seal
attached is in the collection of my friend, R. Rising, Esq., of Horsey)
is very much at J. G. N.'s service, and is especially interesting, as
being one of the last acts of James II. before he quitted England for
ever.
"{Jacobus Secundus Dei grati:} Anglie, Scocie, ffrancie &
hib[=n]ie Rex, fidei defensor, &c. {Omnibus} ad quos p'sentes he
n're [p=]veniu't sa[=lt]em. Sciatis q[=d] Nos pietate moti, ac
gr'a n'ra sp'iali ac ex certa scientia & mero motu n'ris
{Pardonabimus} relaxavims et remisims ac [p=] p'sentes [p=] Nobis
heredibus, & successoribus n'ris, Pardonams relaxams et remittims
Jo[=h]i Trenchard nu[p=] de medio Templo Londin' armigero seu
quocunque alio nomine vel cognomine artis, misterii, loci vel
locor' idem Jo[=h]es Trenchard sciatr censeatr vocetr vel
nuncupetr aut nup' sciebatr, censebatr, vocabatr seu nuncupa batr
omn' et omni'od' Prodic'ones crimina lese maiestatis, mispris'ones
Prodic'onis, Conspirac'ones, Sedic'ones, Insurrecc'ones,
Concelament' Bellor', gestiones Bellor', machinac'ones,
Imaginac'ones, et attempt' Illicit', convinc'ones verbor',
p'palac'ones ac om'ia & singula ffelon', et al' malefi'a crimina
Transgressiones, contempt' et offens' quecunq: [p=] ip'um Jo[=h]em
Trenchard [p=] se solum sive cum aliqua alia p'sona, seu aliquib'
aliis [p=]'sonis qualicunq:, quandocunq:, seu ubicunq: antehac
contra [p=]sonam n'ram Regal' vel Gub'nac'onem n'ram, vel contra
Person' D[=n]i Caroli s[=e]di nu[p=] Regis Anglie preclarissimi
ffratris n'ri vel Regimen suu' vel leges & statut' regni n'ri
Anglie fact' co[=m]iss' sive [p=]petrat'.--Necnon fugam & fugas
su[p=]inde fact'. Et licet p'fat' Jo[=h]es Trenchard [p=]inde
arrestat', ind'cat', impetit', utlagat', rectat' appellat'
condemnat' convict' attinct' seu adiudicat' existit vel non
existit aut inde arrestari, adiudicari, impetiri, utlagari
rectari, appellari, condemnari, convinci, attingi seu adiudicari
contigerit in futuro. Ac om'ia & singula Jud'camenta,
convic'cones, judicia, condempnac'onas attinctur', execuc'ones
imprisonamenta, Penas mortis, Penas corporales, fforisfutur',
punic'ones & om'es al' Penas ac penalitates quascunq: de, [p=],
sive concernen' [p=]'missa, vel aliqua [p=]'missor' insu[p=] vel
versus [p=]'fat Jo[=h]em Trenchard habit' fact' reddit' sive
adiudicat' vel imposter' h'end' f'iend' reddend', sive adiudicand'
aut que nos versus ip'um Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=] p'missis vel
aliquo p'missor' h'uimus h'emus seu imposter' h'ere poterimus, ac
heredes seu successores n'ri ullo modo he're poterint in futuro.
Necnon omnes et singul' utlagar' versus p'fat' Jo[=h]em Trenchard
rac'one seu occac'one [p=]missor' seu eor' alicuius [p=]mulgat'
seu imposter' [p=]'mulgand' At om'es & om'iod' sect', Querel',
fforisfutur' impetic'ones & Demand' quecunq: que nos versus
[p=]'fat' Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=] p'missis vel aliquo [p=]'missor'
h'uim' h'emus seu infuturo h'ere poterimus. Sectamq: pacis n're
que ad nos versus [p=]'fat Jo[=h]em Trenchard [p=]tinet seu
[p=]tinere poterit, rac'one seu occac'one [p=]'missor' seu eor'
alicui. Et firmam pacem n'ram ei inde dam' et concedim' [p=]
p'sentes. {Nolentes} q'd ip'e idem Jo[=h]es Trenchard [p=]
Justitiar' Vice Comites Mariscallos Escaetor', Coronator',
Ballivos seu aliquos al' ministros n're heredum vel successor'
n'ror' quoscunq: rac'onib' seu occac'onib' p'd'tis seu eor' aliqu'
molestetr [p=]'turbetr seu in aliquo gravetr {Volentes} q'd he
l're n're patentes quoad om'ia singul' p'missa su[p=]ind
menc'onat' bene, firme, valide, sufficien' et effectual' in lege
erunt et existent licet Prodic'ones, crimina lese maiestatis,
misprisiones Prodic'onis, conspirac'ones, sedic'ones,
Insurecc'ones, concelament' Bellor', Gestion' Bellor',
machinac'ones, Imaginac'ones, vel attempt' Illicit', convinc'ones
verbor', Propalac'ones & ffelon' crimina, & offens' p'dict', minus
certe specificat' existim't. Q'dq: hec Pardonaco' n'ra in om'ib'
curiis n'ris et alibi interpretetr et adiudicetr in
beneficentissimo sensu [p=] firmiore exonerac'one relaxac'one &
Pardonac'one [p=]'fat' Jo[=h]is Trenchard ac etiam p'litetr
allocetr in om'ib: Curiis n'ris absq: aliquo Brevi de Allocac'one
mea parte pr'm's obtent' sive obtinend'. Et non obstante aliqua
def'tu vel aliquib' def'tibus in his l'ris n'ris patentib'
content' aut aliquo statuto, acto, ordinac'one provisione seu
Restricc'one aut aliqua al' re, causa, vel materia quacunq: in
contrar' inde ullo modo non obstante.
In Cuius rei testimoniu' has l'ras n'ras fier' fecimus Patentes.
Teste me ip'o apud West' decimo sept'o die Decembris anno regni
n'ri tertio.
Per Breve de p'rato Sigillo
BARKER."
This was in the year 1688, just seven days after, according to Macaulay,
that he had fled secretly from the kingdom, having previously thrown the
great seal into the Thames, whence it was dredged up some months after
by a fisherman. Being driven back by stress of weather, he returned to
London, and on the 17th Pepys states,
"That night was a council; his Ma'ty refuses to assent to all the
proposals, goes away again to Rochester."
and _on that very night_ was this pardon granted, James probably
endeavouring to prop up his tottering cause by attaching as many as
possible to his own party. There were several documents in the
collection of the late Josiah Trench, Esq., of Windsor (1648-1652)
signed by John Trenchard, among the other regicides. Ewing, in his
_Norfolk Lists_, states that a portrait of him is in existence, and that
he was a serjeant-at-law, and at this date (1688) M. P. for Thetford,
being at that date merely an esquire. In 1692, according to the same
authority, Sir John Trenchard was Secretary of State; and his death took
place in 1694. I should be glad to add to these scanty notices,
especially as regards the reason which rendered a pardon necessary at
this time.
E. S. TAYLOR.
Replies to Minor Queries.
_Dayesman_ (Vol. i., p. 189.).--Bishop Jewell writes:
"M. Harding would have had us put God's word to _daying_ (i.e. to
_trial_), and none otherwise to be obedient to Christ's
commandment, than if a few bishops gathered at Trident shall allow
it."
_Replie to Harding_, _Works_, vol. ii. p. 424. (Dr. Jelf's edit.)
"The _Ger._ TAGEN, to appoint a day.
The _D._ DAGHEN, to cite or summon on a day appointed."
(Wachter and Kilian.)
And _Dayesman_ is he, the man, "who fixes the _day_, who is present, or
sits as judge, arbiter, or umpire on the _day_ fixed or appointed."
It is evident that Richardson made much use of Jewell; but this word
"daying" has escaped him: his explanation of _dayesman_ accords well
with it.
Q.
_Bull_; _Dun_ (Vol. ii., p. 143.).--We certainly do not want the aid of
Obadiah Bull and Joe Dun to account for these words. Milton writes, "I
affirm it to be a _bull_, taking away the essence of that, which it
calls itself." And a _bull_ is, "that which expresses something in
opposition to what is intended, wished, or felt;" and so named "from the
contrast of humble profession with despotic commands of Papal bulls."
"A _dun_ is one who has _dinned_ another for money or anything."--See
Tooke, vol. ii. p. 305.
Q.
_Algernon Sidney_ (Vol. v., p. 447.).--I do not intend to enter the
lists in defence of this "illustrious patriot." The pages of "N. & Q."
are not a fit battle ground. But I request you to insert the whole
quotation, that your readers may judge with what amount of fairness C.
has made his note from Macaulay's _History_.
"Communications were opened between Barillon, the ambassador of
Lewis, and those English politicians who had always professed, and
who indeed sincerely felt, the greatest dread and dislike of the
French ascendancy. The most upright member of the country party,
William Lord Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, did not scruple
to concert with a foreign mission schemes for embarrassing his own
sovereign. This was the whole extent of Russell's offence. His
principles and his fortune alike raised him above all temptations
of a sordid kind: but there is too much reason to believe that
some of his associates were less scrupulous. It would be unjust to
impute to them the extreme wickedness of taking bribes to injure
their country. On the contrary, they meant to serve her: but it is
impossible to deny that they were mean and indelicate enough to
let a foreign prince pay them for serving her. Among those who
cannot be acquitted of this degrading charge was one man who is
popularly considered as the personification of public spirit, and
who, in spite of some great moral and intellectual faults, has a
just claim to be called a hero, a philosopher, and a patriot. It
is impossible to see without pain such a name in the list of the
pensioners of France. Yet it is some consolation to reflect that
in our own time a public man would be thought lost to all sense of
duty and shame who should not spurn from him a temptation which
conquered the virtue and the pride of Algernon Sidney."
_History of England_, vol. i. p. 228.
ALGERNON HOLT WHITE.
Brighton.
_Age of Trees_ (Vol. iv., pp. 401. 488.).--At Neustadt, in Wirtemberg,
there is a prodigious lime-tree, which gives its name to the town, which
is called _Neustadt an der Linden_. The age of this tree is said to be
1000 years. According to a German writer, it required the support of
sixty pillars in the year 1392, and attained its present size in 1541.
It now rests, says the same authority, on above one hundred props, and
spreads out so far that a market can be held under its shade. It is of
this tree that Evelyn says it was--
"Set about with divers columns and monuments of stone (eighty-two
in number, and formerly above one hundred more), which several
princes and nobles have adorned, and which as so many pillars
serve likewise to support the umbrageous and venerable boughs; and
that even the tree had been much ampler the ruins and distances of
the columns declare, which the rude soldiers have greatly
impaired."
There is another colossal specimen of the same species in the churchyard
of the village of Cadiz, near Dresden. The circumference of the trunk is
forty feet. Singularly, though it is completely hollow through age, its
inner surface is coated with a fresh and healthy bark.
UNICORN.
_Emaciated Monumental Effigies_ (Vol. v., p. 427.).--In reference to
your correspondents' observations on skeleton monuments, I may mention
that there is one inserted in the wall of the yard of St. Peter's
Church, Drogheda. It is in high relief, cut in a dark stone and the
skeleton figure half shrouded by grave clothes is a sufficiently
appalling object. Beside it stands another figure still "in the flesh."
It is many years since I saw the monument, and whether there be any
inscription legible upon it, or whether it be generally known to whom it
belongs, I cannot inform you.
URSULA.
There is a very good instance of an "altar tomb," bearing on it an
ordinary effigy, and containing within it a skeleton figure, visible
through pierced panel work, in Fyfield Church, Berks. It is the monument
of Sir John Golafre, temp. Hen. V. Another fine instance I remember to
have seen (I believe) in the parish church of Ewelme, Oxon.
HENRY G. TOMKINS.
Weston-super-Mare.
_Bee Park_ (Vol. v., p. 322.).--In this neighbourhood is an ancient
farm-house called Bee Hall, where I doubt not that bees were kept in
great quantities in bygone ages; and am the more led to believe this
because they always flourish best upon thyme, which grows here as freely
and luxuriantly as I ever elsewhere observed it. About four miles from
said Bee Hall, the other day, I was looking over a genteel residence,
and noticing a shady enclosure, asked the gardener what it was for. He
told me, to protect the bees from the sun: it was upon a much larger
scale than we generally now see, indicating that the soil, &c. suit
apiaries. Looking to the frequent mention of _honey_, and its vast
consumption formerly, as you instance in royal inventories, to which may
be added documents in cathedral archives, &c., is it not remarkable that
we should witness so few memorials of the ancient management of this
interesting insect? I certainly remember one well-built "bee-house," at
the edge of Lord Portsmouth's park, Hurstbourne, Hants, large enough for
a good cottage, now deserted. While on the subject I will solicit
information on a custom well known to those resident in the country,
viz. of making a great noise with a house key, or other small knocker,
against a metal dish or kettle while bees are swarming? Of course
farmers' wives, peasants, &c., who do not reason, adopt this because
their fathers before them did so. It is urged by intelligent naturalists
that it is utterly useless, as bees have no sense of hearing. What does
the clamour mean,--whence derived?
B. B.
Pembroke.
_Sally Lunn_ (Vol. v., p. 371.).--In reply to the Query, "Is anything
known of Sally Lunn? is she a personage or a myth?" I refer your
inquirer to Hone's _Every-day Book_, vol. ii. p. 1561.:
"The bun so fashionable, called the _Sally Lunn_, originated with
a young woman of that name at Bath, about thirty years ago." [This
was written in 1826.] "She first cried them in a basket, with a
white cloth over it, morning and evening. Dalmer, a respectable
baker and musician, noticed her, bought her business, and made a
song and set it to music in behalf of Sally Lunn. This composition
became the street favourite, barrows were made to distribute the
nice cakes, Dalmer profited thereby and retired, and to this day
the _Sally Lunn Cake_ claims pre-eminence in all the cities of
England."
J. R. W.
Bristol.
_Baxter's Pulpit_ (Vol. v., p. 363.).--An engraving of Baxter's pulpit
will be found in a work entitled _Footsteps of our Forefathers: what
they suffered and what they sought_. By James G. Miall, 1851, p. 232.
J. R. W.
Bristol.
_Lothian's Scottish Historical Maps_ (Vol. v., p. 371.).--Although this
work is now out of print, and thereby scarce, your correspondent
ELGINENSIS will, I have no doubt, on application to Stevenson, the
"well-known" antiquarian and historical bookseller in Edinburgh, be put
in possession of a copy for 12_s._
T. G. P.
Edinburgh.
_British Ambassadors_ (Vol. iv., pp. 442. 477.).--Some time ago a
correspondent asked where he could obtain a list or lists of the
ambassadors sent from this court. I do not recollect that an answer has
appeared in your columns, nor do I know how far the following may suit
his purpose:
"12. An Alphabetical Index of the Names and Dates of Employment of
English Ambassadors and Diplomatic Agents resident in Foreign
Courts, from the Reign of King Henry VIII. to that of Queen Anne
inclusive. One volume, folio."
This is extracted from the letter of the Right Hon. H. Hobhouse, keeper
of His Majesty's State Papers, in reply to the Secretary of the
Commissioners of Public Records, dated "State Paper Office, Sept. 19,
1832." (See the Appendix to the _Commissioners' Report_, 1837, p. 78.)
TEE BEE.
_Knollys Family_ (Vol. v., p. 397.).--Lt.-General William Knollys,
eighth Earl of Banbury, married Charlotte Martha, second daughter of the
Ebenezer Blackwell, Esq., banker, of Lombard Street, and Lewisham, Kent.
The present Col. Knollys, of the Fusileer Guards, is his representative.
A. Blackwell, sister or daughter of John Blackwell, the father of
Ebenezer, married an Etheridge.
W. BLACKWELL, Curate of Mells.
_'Prentice Pillars--'Prentice Windows_ (Vol. v., p. 395.).--I am
reminded of a similar story connected with the two rose windows in the
transept of the beautiful cathedral of Rouen. They were described to me
by the old Swiss in charge, as the work of two artists, master and
pupil; and he also pointed out the spot where the master killed the
pupil, from jealousy of the splendid production of the _north_ window by
the latter: and, as the _Guide Book_ truly says, "La rose du nord est
plus belle que celle du midi"--the master's work.
BENBOW.
Birmingham.
_St. Bartholomew_ (Vol. v., p. 129.).--Thanking you for the information
given, may I further inquire if any of your correspondents are aware of
the existence of any copy or print from the picture in the Church of
Notre Dame, at Paris, of St. Bartholomew healing the Princess of Armenia
(see Jameson's _Sacred and Legendary Art_); and where such may be seen?
REGEDONUM.
_Sun-dial Inscription_ (Vol. v., p. 79.).--The following inscription is
painted in huge letters over the sun-dial in front of an old farm-house
near Farnworth in Lancashire:
"Horas non numero nisi serenas."
Where are these words to be found?
Y.
_History of Faction_ (Vol. v., p. 225.).--In my copy of this work,
published in 1705, 8vo., formerly Isaac Reed's, he attributes it to
Colonel Sackville Tufton. I observe also that Wilson (_Life of De Foe_,
vol. ii. p. 335.) states, that in his copy it is ascribed, in an old
handwriting, to the same author.
JAS. CROSSLEY.
_Barnacles_ (Vol. v., p. 13.).--May not the use of this word in the
sense of _spectacles_ be a corruption of _binoculis_; and has not
_binnacle_ (part of a ship) a similar origin?
J. S. WARDEN.
_Family Likenesses_ (Vol. v., p. 7.).--Any one who mixed in the society
of the Scottish metropolis a few years ago must have met with two very
handsome and accomplished brothers, who generally wore the Highland
dress, and were known by the name of "The Princes." I do not mean to
enter into the question as to whether or not they were the true
representatives of "Bonnie Prince Charlie," which most persons consider
to have been conclusively settled in the negative by an article which
appeared in the _Quarterly Review_: but most assuredly a very strong
point of evidence in favour of their having the royal blood of Scotland
in their veins, was the remarkable resemblance which they
bore--especially the younger brother--to various portraits of the Stuart
family, and, among the rest, to those of the "Merry Monarch," as well as
of his father Charles I.
E. N.
_Merchant Adventurers to Spain_ (Vol. v., p. 276.).--C.J.P. may possibly
be assisted in his inquiries by referring to De Castros' _Jews in
Spain_, translated by Kirwan, pp. 190-196. This interesting work was
published by G. Bell, 186. Fleet Street, London, 1851.
W. W.
La Valetta, Malta.
_Exeter Controversy_ (Vol. v., p. 126.).--This controversy was one of
the many discussions relating to the Trinity which have engaged the
theological activity of England during the last two hundred years. It
arose in consequence of the imputed Arianism of some Presbyterian
ministers of Exeter, the most conspicuous of whom were James Peirce and
Joseph Hallet. It began in 1717, and terminated in 1719, when these two
ministers were ejected from their pulpits. Your correspondent who put
the question will find some account of this controversy in Murch's
_History of the Presbyterian Churches in the West of England_,--a work
well worth the attention of those who take interest in the antiquities
of Non-conformity.
T. H. GILL.
_Corrupted Names of Places_ (Vol. v., p. 375.).--When my father was at
one time engaged in collecting the numbers drawn for the Sussex militia,
he began by calling out for those men who belonged to the hundred of
_Mayfield_; and though he three times repeated his call, not a single
man came forward. A person standing by suggested that he should say "the
hundred of _Mearvel_," and give it as broad a twang as possible. He did
so; when _nineteen_ out of _twenty-three_ present answered to the
summons. _Hurstmonceaux_ is commonly pronounced _Harsmouncy_; and I have
heard _Sompting_ called _Summut_.
G. BLINK.
_Poison_ (Vol. v., p. 394.).--Junius, Bailey, and Johnson seem all to
agree that our word _poison_ comes from the French _poison_. I am
inclined to think, with the two first-mentioned lexicographers, that the
etymon is πόσις, or _potio_. Junius adds, that "Ita Belgis
venenum dicitur _gift_, donum;" and it is curious that in Icelandic
_eitr_ means both poison and gift. In the _Antiquitates Celto-Scandicæ_
(p. 13.), I find the following expressions:--"Sva er sagt, at Froda væri
gefinn banadryckr." "Mixta portioni veneno sublatum e vivis tradunt
Frotonem." Should it not be _potioni_, inasmuch as "bana," in Icelandic,
signifies to kill, if I do not err, and "dryckr" is drink? Certainly, in
Anglo-Saxon, "bana" (whence our _bane_) and "drycian" have similar
significations.
C. I. R.
Is there any possible doubt that _poison_ is _potion_? Menage quotes
Suetonius, that Caligula was _potionatus_ by his wife. It is a French
word undoubtedly.
C. B.
_Vikingr Skotar_ (Vol. v., p. 394.).--In the _Antiquitates
Celto-Scandicæ_ it is stated (p. 5.), that after the death of Guthormr,
and subsequently to the departure of Harald (Harfagr) from the Hebrides,
"Sidan settug i löndin vikingar margir Danir oc Nordmenn. Posthac sedes
ibi occupant piratæ plurimi, Dani æqua ac Normanni." The word
_vikingar_, the true Icelandic word for pirate, often occurs in the same
saga, but not combined with _skotar_, though this latter term is
repeated, signifying "the Scotch," and also in composition with
_konungr_, &c.
C. I. R.