OPENING OF EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY TO WOMEN
The results of the campaign, duly chronicled in the _Scotsman_, filtered
through into other papers, and a certain amount of public interest was
the result. Before many days had passed the following letter came to
nerve a possibly flagging arm:
“8 Bedford Square, W.C.
May 15th. 69.
MADAM,
I venture to write to you as I see that the decision of the
University Court at Edinboro is based on the fact that they do not
feel justified in making ‘a temporary arrangement in the interest of
one lady.’ I also gather from the article in the _Scotsman_ on the
subject of your application that you are desirous that in some cases
private instruction should be taken instead of compulsory attendance
at the public classes.
As these are your views, I should be glad, if you renew your
application, to join you in doing so, and I believe I know two or
three other ladies who would be willing to do the same....
Trusting you will pardon my troubling you on account of the great
interest I feel in promoting the entrance of women into the medical
profession, believe me, Madam,
Yours truly,
ISABEL THORNE.
Miss Jex-Blake.”
A few days later came an equally interesting letter from Mrs. Butler:
“Your Essay is in Macmillan’s hands. You will receive a proof soon. I
have asked him also to let me see one, and to let you have a duplicate
to send to America.
I read it once again before sending it away. It is well worth while to
have included in it so much research. It gives one strongly the
impression while reading it, how much the present male monopoly of the
profession is an innovation; also how at all times women seem to have
striven to assert their right to a share in the healing art. I cannot
help hoping the publication of your Essay may be the beginning of a
new social era in those matters. God grant that it may!
It is indeed most trying to be kept back so long by the difficulty of
getting leave to do good and to toil. O England, what a wicked amount
of conservatism of selfish customs have you to answer for! I daresay
to yourself your life must appear sometimes to be being wasted—but it
is not so. In every good cause there must be martyrs and pioneers,
who, with gifts for more, have had the hard task of opening the way
for others to work. I saw a Miss Pechey at Leeds, who wishes to become
a doctor, and Miss Wolstenholme told me of a lady she knows who is
studying.
I don’t think the story about the Greek lady at all indelicate. I hope
no one else will think so. Is it not strange how people cry out at the
indelicacy of _speaking_ of a thing which it is far more indelicate
should _exist_, and yet to its existence they have no objection.
In a later letter she says:
“... Have you _seen_ Miss Pechey? She did not seem to me very clever,
but very steady and nice,—a silent, quiet woman.”
One knows the fine reserve under which Edith Pechey’s great gifts lay
hidden. “I only wish,” wrote a friend who knew her well, “that there
were 12 more _like_ her ready to begin.”
This is what Miss Pechey had to say for herself:
“Before deciding finally to enter the medical profession, I should
like to feel sure of success—not on my own account, but I feel that
failure now would do harm to the cause, and that it is well that at
least the first few women who offer themselves as candidates should
stand above the average of men in their examinations.
Do you think anything more is requisite to ensure success than
moderate abilities and a good share of perseverance? I believe I may
lay claim to these, together with a real love of the subjects of
study, but as regards any thorough knowledge of those subjects at
present, I fear I am deficient in most. I am afraid I should not
without a good deal of previous study be able to pass the preliminary
exam, you mention, as my knowledge of Latin is small and of Euclid
still less. Still, if no very extensive knowledge of these is required
(and doctors generally seem to know very little of them) I could
perhaps be ready by the next exam., and the study of Carpenter at the
same time would be a relaxation. Could you give me any idea when the
next matriculation exam. will be held, and whether candidates are
examined in _all_ the books of Euclid. If I thought I could prepare
myself in time for this, I think I could arrange pecuniary and other
matters so as to enter in October as you advise; and, though for some
reasons I should prefer to wait another year, yet, as I am nearly 24,
it will perhaps be better to lose no time.
Allow me to thank you for your kindness in assisting me with your
advice. I feel especially grateful as I have no friend able to supply
the information I need.
Believe me, dear Madam,
Yours sincerely,
EDITH PECHEY.”
We know how warmly S. J.-B. felt that the thanks were not all on the
side of her unknown correspondents, and she would have felt this even
more if she had known the sheer value as human beings of her first two
recruits. Taking the trio together, one simply could not have wished for
abler representatives of a struggling cause.
* * * * *
Meanwhile a new avenue of hope had opened quite unexpectedly; Mrs. Jex-
Blake had been seriously ill, and her daughter had taken her to consult
Dr. King Chambers.
“I liked Dr. Chambers very much,” she writes to Dr. Sewall. “I first
had a talk with him alone, and told him I was studying Medicine, about
which he was very kind. He seemed to think that if women were willing
to pay for separate Anatomical teaching, they could get into almost
any of the London schools, and promised to enquire about his own
school,—St. Mary’s. I doubt whether the way is quite so open as he
thinks, but I shall be very glad to hear his report, and meanwhile
shall go on to Edinbro’ and see what can be done there by way of a
separate class. It would be a much greater thing in the end to get the
Universities open, for of course the other medical schools feed
Apothecaries’ Hall and the College of Surgeons, and do not give the
M.D.
I think it very possible that by guaranteeing some sufficient fees for
two or three courses (_whatever_ the number of pupils) we could get
the thing _tried_, and, when once publicly done, I am sure numbers
would flock in. I had rather borrow and spend some money about it than
be bothered any more. But of that I can tell you more next week.”
In her diary she writes (June 19th):
“After opposite advice from Mrs. Butler (for St. Mary’s), and Salzmann
(Edinbro’) and much deliberation, decided for ‘baith, my lord.’ The
petition to go today to Dr. Chambers (signed by Miss Pechey and Mrs.
Thorne),—mine to Senatus on 25th. and to University Court July 5th.”
Dr. King Chambers spared himself no trouble in the matter.
“I have got over the chief difficulty,” he writes, “viz., that of
engaging the Anatomy lecturer, Mr. Arthur Norton, to undertake a class
of ladies. There is also a room they could have for dissecting, and
arrangements may be made with the porter’s wife to take care of their
cloaks and attend to their comforts. The other lecturers shall be
approached in due course, but I think Mr. Norton is the chief one to
be considered. What number of ladies can you get to form a class?”
A fortnight later, however, he is obliged to write:
“DEAR MADAM,
I fear you will be disappointed with the result of my
application to the School Committee of St. Mary’s. It was a full
meeting which had been already called on another subject; so I took
the opportunity of getting as many of my colleagues as possible to
freely state their opinions. And the result is my agreeing with the
idea you expressed in your note, that the most insuperable of your
difficulties lay in the direction of the students—to which I may add
their parents and guardians; of whom, as customers, private firms in
the position of the medical schools of London, must stand in awe. Such
a sort of partnership is essentially opposed to change, as, if even a
minority object to a novelty, their colleagues shrink from forcing it
upon them.
It seems hard that British women should be sent abroad to get that of
which there is such abundance at home, but circumstances seem to
render this inevitable.
Repeating my regrets that I should have deluded you with false hopes,
I am
Yours faithfully,
T. K. CHAMBERS.”
It is pleasant to note that, if S. J.-B. failed to get from Dr. Chambers
the thing she wanted at the moment, she had at least found in him a
lifelong friend and helper.
It was well that she had decided for “baith, my lord.” She now once more
approached the University Court in the person of its President, the
Rector, asking whether they would remove their present veto in case
arrangements could be made for the instruction of women in separate
classes; and whether in that case women would be allowed to matriculate
in the usual way, and to undergo the ordinary examination, with a view
to obtaining medical degrees in due course.
She also wrote to the Senatus, asking them to recommend the
matriculation of women as medical students on the understanding that
separate classes should be formed: and she addressed a letter to the
Dean of the Medical Faculty offering on behalf of her fellow-students
and herself to guarantee whatever minimum fee the Faculty might fix as a
remuneration for these separate classes.
“I appreciate your truly kind and thoughtful plans with regard to the
pecuniary arrangements,” writes Miss Pechey in this connection. “I
shall be sorry if my means will not allow me to take a full share of
the expenses, but I am afraid I shall not be able to afford more than
double the usual fees for a man.”
S. J.-B. had returned to Edinburgh in order to further arrangements, and
to meet any difficulties that might arise. The first thing to be done
was to secure teachers, and, now that it came to the point, some even of
those who had been most favourable showed a singular reluctance to take
the plunge. Their enthusiasm had had time to cool.
“June 26th ... Today went to see A. Most disappointingly timorous,—
‘_could_ not give the extra time himself,’ though he did not refuse to
see the importance and responsibility of the case. I _hope_ he will
vote for me still.
B. very disappointing,—very avaricious,—trying for the 100 guineas.
Balfour, out.
I very disheartened and weary....
I _do_ fear failure now,—indeed it seems to me probable, in Medical
Faculty.
And then all the time and effort wasted since March 1st! A year’s
steady work would have been less strain!...
If one had but faith! Ought one not to say, ‘I fight and work my
best,—God _will_ bring out the best result,—let me not prejudge what
is best.’
And so be content either way.”
“June 30th. Christison has had to go to London,—wrathfully enough they
say,—hurrah! I hear that he asked to have the day changed, and that
Balfour refused,—the brick!
Of course this adds to my chances.
Also I had a long crack with Turner this morning. He did not speak
against it as in his own person,—only evidently thought how awful it
would be if ‘odium were thrown’ on two professors for refusing perhaps
what others had granted. I suggested that it might perhaps be more
awful to refuse all women for the sake of that.
9 p.m. The 40 lines of Virgil written out [in preparation for the
matriculation examination that as yet was a more than doubtful
prospect], eyes and head weary. (Oh, dear, ‘it is not good for man to
be alone.’)
By this time tomorrow Medical Faculty at least decided.
Thrown back utterly again? Today for the first time since Friday I
hope a little. (Something of the Caliban in me says,—‘Unlucky to say
so!’)”
“July 1st. Yesterday O. H.’s ‘Two Poor Courts’ interested me much.
7 p.m. Won after all!—and I do think this must be at last ‘the
beginning of the end.’ For me 4 out of 6:—Balfour, Bennett, Spence,
M‘Lagan. Turner would not vote dead against it, as Laycock wished, so
those two did not vote, but Laycock ‘protested’....
Allman absurdly wroth (to Masson) about canvassing and unjustifiable,
etc., etc., seeming to mean that my poor little calls on people had
interfered with their judicial wisdom.
Just seen a letter from A. G. J.—I must hear that organ at Lucerne
(with its storm, etc.) before I die.”
“Friday, July 2nd.... 6 p.m. Hurrah!—The Senate granted my request
without limitation and without division, though M‘Pherson tried to get
up a motion for delay,—no one (not even Turner!) would second him.
Turner wished to have it recorded that he ‘did not vote,’ but as no
vote had to be taken this could not be, so he reluctantly had it
recorded that he ‘dissented,’ which I regret, for I am sure that it is
more than he wished.
Present,—14. Grant, M‘Pherson, Lorimer, Masson, Wilson, Tait, Kelland,
Craufurd, Liston, Stevenson, Balfour, Bennett, Spence, Turner.”
“Monday. _The_ day! Even now (4.30 p.m.) a University of Britain may
be literally open to women,—if so, won’t that have been worth doing?
When I say to Alice, ‘The University Court may still stop it all,’—
‘They’d better not!’ quo’ she ferociously.”
What actually happened at the University Court this time is best related
in a letter to Dr. Lucy Sewall:
“Maitland Street, Edinburgh.
July 6th, 69.
MY DARLING,
You may address to me here for a fortnight after you get this,
for I expect now to be here till about August 15th.
The Medical Faculty and the Senatus have both voted in favour of
special classes in the University for Women, and the University Court
at their meeting yesterday passed a vote in favour of the measure. It
seems however that there are some legal difficulties about the old
Charter, etc., and that the matter will require the sanction of the
Privy Council, which will cause delay, but I think no real
difficulty,—for the Queen is known to be favourable to women doctors;
and the present government is specially liberal. Indeed it has this
real advantage that it will make the whole thing very public and very
safe and permanent,—so that it will be almost impossible ever again to
exclude women.
So now I am looking forward to years of steady work here, and am so
very glad to be able to do so!
I am working at my Latin, etc., for the Matric. examination. It would
astonish the women studying in Boston to see the examination that we
have to pass here before we can even begin Medicine,—and it is a
capital thing, because it will keep out ignorant and silly women to a
great degree.... Oh, dear child, it is so nice to look forward to
having you here next summer to see and know all about it. You will so
enjoy Edinburgh. I have been thinking about taking rooms or a house
lately, and I keep saying to myself, ‘You must have a room full of sun
for my doctor!’ It _is_ so good to look forward to seeing you....
Have you seen Mill’s Subjection of Women? Your Father would delight in
it. I mean to send him a copy as a remembrance.
I am very glad to see that the British Medical Journal encourages the
opening of classes for women. I shall send you the number.
I am only anxious now to have a good big class of women and of a
creditable kind.... _How_ I wish that you would come and settle here!
You could establish a Dispensary at once, and have all us students at
your orders. We shall want sadly some teaching of that sort.... This
climate would be so much better for you, and I should feel so much
happier about you if you were here. I know if you are in Boston, I
shall worry about you all winter....
Well, Goodbye, my dear child! Whether you come or stay, all good be
with you!
Your very aff.
S. L. J.-B.”
The reader will scarcely be surprised to learn that when on July 23rd
the University Court formally acceded to her petition, S. J.-B. was
almost too tired to feel elated, though she admits that she would be
“grieving bitterly had things been otherwise.” In addition to her other
work, she had spent a fortnight in the house of a very dear friend,
nursing several serious cases of scarlet fever. Trained nurses for
private houses were almost unknown in those days, and she did not spare
herself. On July 9th she had written to ask Mrs. Thorne—who was in
Aberdeen at the time—to join her in Edinburgh. “I _won’t_ take the whole
responsibility alone,”—the responsibility of engaging lecturers and
guaranteeing fees,—she confides to her diary. The grasshopper had become
a burden. Even the modest amount of Latin required for the Matriculation
Examination was a great effort to her, and she knew of old the
importance of husbanding her strength.
“Most folk,” she says with great truth and pathos,—“or at least many,
have only their indolence to strive with. If they conquer that, all
serene. I (after that done) have to pause half way,—ware crash!—and to
calculate nicely how much brain force I dare bring to bear or use up.
Ah, well,—shall my strength be as my day,—or isn’t it fair to apply
that to self-imposed work?”
“Self-imposed?” There is a big question involved here. No doubt the
readers of this book will answer it in different ways.
* * * * *
In any case she had achieved her task. Notwithstanding a direct
negative, moved by the Revd. Dr. Phin, the resolution of the University
Court was approved by the General Council on October 29th, 1869, and was
sanctioned by the Chancellor on November 12th. The following
regulations, drawn up by the Court, were officially issued at the same
date, and inserted in the _Calendar_ of the University:
“(1.) Women shall be admitted to the study of medicine in the
University; (2.) The instruction of women for the profession of
medicine shall be conducted in separate classes, confined entirely to
women; (3.) The Professors of the Faculty of Medicine shall, for this
purpose, be permitted to have separate classes for women; (4.) Women,
not intending to study medicine professionally, may be admitted to
such of these classes, or to such part of the course of instruction
given in such classes, as the University Court may from time to time
think fit and approve; (5.) The fee for the full course of instruction
in such classes shall be four guineas; but in the event of the number
of students proposing to attend any such class being too small to
provide a reasonable remuneration at that rate, it shall be in the
power of the Professor to make arrangements for a higher fee, subject
to the usual sanction of the University Court. (6.) All women
attending such classes shall be subject to all the regulations now or
at any future time in force in the University as to the matriculation
of students, their attendance on classes, Examination or otherwise;
(7.) The above regulations shall take effect as from the commencement
of session 1869-70.”
This is how the “first British University”—the University of Edinburgh—
was thrown open to women.