[1] The sense is here somewhat incomplete; there may be some omission
in the text.
[2] _Fuerza_: injury committed by an ecclesiastical judge; see
_Vol_. v, p. 292.
[3] Apparently a reference to the organization of "el Nuevo Reino
['the new kingdom'] de Granada," afterward known as Nueva (or New)
Granada; a name applied in the nineteenth century to the country
now known as United States of Colombia. This region was conquered by
Gonzalo Jiminez Quesada in 1537, its capital (established August 6,
1538) being Santa Fé de Bogota.
[4] In the original there is a brief summary at the head of each
paragraph, for the convenience of the council in considering the
document.
[5] The botanical name of the clove is _Caryophyllus aromaticus_. See
Crawfurd's excellent account, both descriptive and historical, of this
valued product, in his _Dict. of Indian Islands_, pp. 101-105. Cf. the
account by Duarte Barbosa, in _East Africa and Malabar_ (Hakluyt
Soc. publications No. 35, London, 1866), pp. 201, 219, 227; he says,
among other things: "And the trees from which they do not gather
it for three years after that become wild, so that their cloves are
worth nothing." Crawfurd says: "It is only in its native localities,
the five small islets [Moluccas] on the western coast of the large
island of Gilolo, that it is easily grown, and attains the highest
perfection. There, it bears in its seventh or eighth year, and lives
to the age of 130 or 150." He also states that the Dutch, in their
attempt to secure the monopoly of the clove trade, exterminated the
clove trees from the Moluccas, and endeavored to limit their growth
to the five Amboyna islands, in which they had introduced the clove.
[6] Referring to the military order of St. John of Jerusalem, to
which Acuña belonged.
[7] The Spanish form of the name of Mechlin, an important city of
Belgium, between Antwerp and Brussels. The reference in the text is
probably to some law enacted by the emperor Charles V while holding
his court at Mechlin, during his long stay in the Netherlands.
[8] Diego Aduarte was born at Zaragoza, about 1570, and at the age of
sixteen entered a Dominican convent at Alcalá de Henares. In 1594 he
joined the mission to the Philippines, arriving at Manila June 12,
1595. In the following January Aduarte accompanied the expedition
sent by Luis Dasmariñas to Cambodia (see _Vol_. IX, pp. 161-180,
265, 277); the result of this was disastrous, and after many dangers
and hardships, and a long illness, he returned to Manila on June
24, 1597. Two years later he went to China, to rescue Dasmariñas
(stranded there after another unsuccessful expedition to Cambodia),
and remained until February, 1600. Soon afterward he went to Spain
on business of his order, arriving there in September, 1603. There
he obtained a reënforcement of missionaries for the Philippines,
arriving at the islands in August, 1606. He was again despatched to
Spain (July, 1607), where he remained until 1628; he then returned to
the Philippines with another missionary band. He was seen afterward
elected prior of the convent at Manila, and later became bishop of
Nueva Segovia; but exercised the latter office only a year and a half,
dying in the summer of 1636. Aduarte's _Historia de la provincia del
Sancto Rosario_ (Manila, 1640) is his chief work; we shall present it
in later volumes of this series. See biography of Aduarte in _Reseña
biografica de los religiosos de la provincia del Santísimo Rosario
de Filipinas_ (Manila, 1891), pp. 148-172.
[9] Master (Latin _magister_, Spanish _maestro_): a title of honor
given to religious of venerable age or distinguished services; see
Du Cange, _s.vv. dominus ordinis, magister ordinis_.
[10] So in the MS., but apparently an error of _cuatro_ for _cinco_
("five"), as the evidence of this and the other documents of this
group indicates that this warrant was given in 1605, not 1604.
[11] The garment placed by the tribunal of the Inquisition upon persons
who, after trial, became penitent and were reconciled to the church.
[12] San Juan de Ulua (or Lua, also Ulloa), in Mexico, was thus named
(1518) for St. John and in honor of Juan Grijalva, one of Cortés's
officers, who in that year discovered Yucatan. In the summer of the
following year, Cortés founded, not far from this place, the city of
Vera Cruz.
[13] In our copy of this document (the official transcript) the text
reads _que son 80 pesos_; but as in half a year but two of these
tri-yearly payments would be made, it seems more probable that this
was intended for _20 pesos_.
[14] Gabriel Quiroga de San Antonio came to the Philippines in 1595,
and was assigned to the mission among the Chinese in Binondo; but he
could not learn their language, and, becoming discouraged thereat,
returned to Spain. Finally, being troubled by his conscience for
having abandoned his post, he obtained permission from his superiors
to conduct a band of new missionaries to the islands. Embarking with
them, he was overcome by sickness and the hardships of the voyage,
and died before reaching Mexico (1608). He was appointed (apparently
after his departure on this journey) bishop of Nueva Caceres.
[15] The word "factory," as here used, refers to the place where the
factors, or agents, of a commercial company reside and transact the
business entrusted to them.
[16] These names are merely phonetic renderings of the names of
certain Dutch cities. Absterdaem and Ambstradama are for Amsterdam;
Yncussa (and probably Cuyssem), for Enkhuysen (or Enchuysen); Campem,
for Campen; Amberes, for Antwerp; Millburg, for Middleburg; Horrem,
for Hoorn. Olanda and Gelanda are for Holland and Zeeland.
[17] That is: Achin (or Acheen), in Sumatra; Pajang, a province in
Java; and Bengal, in India.
[18] At the end of this pamphlet is the imprint, showing that
permission to print it was given to Clemente Hidalgo on May 9, 1606;
and that it was printed by him in the same year, at Sevilla. It was
sold at the establishments of Melchor Goncalez and Rafael Charte.
[19] In the margin: "The Parian, establishment and residence of the
Sangleys, on the other side of the Manila River."
[20] The leaves of a species of palm (_Nipa fruticans_), used as
thatch to cover houses.
[21] Probably a misprint for Moros.
[22] Cf. La Concepción's account of this insurrection, in _Hist. de
Philippinas_, iv, pp. 52-64.
[23] At this point, in the printed original, follow the words
_tribuleco llamadotin_--evidently some typographical error.
[24] This letter will be found in _Vol_. XIII, pp. 287-291; Morga also
gives it in his _Sucesos_ (which will be presented in our _Vols_. XV
and XVI).
[25] Korea had been conquered by the Japanese in 1592, but soon
afterward was partially regained by the Chinese (_Vol_. VIII,
pp. 260-262; IX, pp. 36, 44, 46). The death of the Japanese ruler
Hideyoshi (1598), and the consequent recall of the Japanese troops,
left affairs between the three countries unsettled; finally Iyeyasu,
ruler of Japan, made peace with Korea and China, in 1605.
[26] Another account of this insurrection is given by Gregorio Lopez,
S.J., in a letter dated April, 1604; it is substantially the same
as those already presented in this series, but Lopez relates in much
fuller detail the final pursuit of the Sangleys. He also states that
the Chinese Juan Bautista de Bera (Vera), whose heathen name was
Hincan, had lived in Manila since the time of Limahon; and that in
the conflict there were twenty stalwart Sangleys to each Spaniard. He
enumerates the Spanish citizens slain by the Sangleys, mentioning
the place where each died. A copy of this letter is contained in the
Ventura del Acro MSS. (Ayer library)--for account of which collection
see _Vol_. VI, pp. 231, 232--in vol. i, pp. 121-272; it is accompanied
by the statement that the original MS. is in the Real Academia de lit
Historia, Madrid--its pressmark, "Jesuitas, Filipinas; legajo no. 7."
[27] _Recopilación de leyes_, lib. vi, tit. vi, ley viii, contains
the following law in regard to the appointment of the protector of
the Indians; "The bishops of Filipinas were charged by us with the
protection and defense of those Indians. Having seen that they cannot
attend to the importunity, and judicial acts and investigations, which
require personal presence, we order the president-governors to appoint
a protector and defender, and to assign him a competent salary from the
taxes of the Indians, proportioned among those which shall be assigned
to our royal crown and to private persons, without touching our royal
treasury, which proceeds from other kinds [of taxes]. We declare
that it is not our intention by this to deprive the bishops of their
superintendence and protection of the Indians in general." (Felipe II,
Madrid, January 17, 1593, in a clause of a letter).
[28] The hospital order of St John of God was originally founded by a
Portuguese soldier (named Joan), who at the age of forty years devoted
himself, as a religious duty, to the care of sick persons. He began a
hospital in his own house at Granada (1540), and his bishop permitted
him and his associates to wear a habit. After his death (1550) similar
hospitals were formed in Spain, and even spread to Italy. In 1585 all
these were organized into an order, with constitutions, under the papal
sanction; this order is still in existence, and has establishments
in many countries. It did not reach the Philippines until 1649.
[29] Fray Diego Aduarte, Bishop of Nueva Segovia, wrote to the king
(July 7, 1606), as follows: "Your Majesty possesses here a royal
hospital which is one of the most necessary and useful things in this
country for the welfare and care of the poor soldiers and others who
serve your Majesty. Although the income which it has is small, it would
be sufficient aid, with the many alms given by the citizens who are
well to do, if there were some one who could distribute it well and
take it in charge as his own affair. It is a most necessary thing for
its good government and maintenance that your Majesty should send four
or five brethren of the order called Juan de Dios, with the authority
of your Majesty and his Holiness, and with power to receive others. For
the institution is already founded and everything necessary supplied;
and these brethren might come with the religious whom your Majesty
sends here, either Franciscan or Dominican; or you might command that
some of the excellent hospitallers who are settled in Nueva España
should come to these islands, which would economize in expense
and hasten their coming, and make it more certain." [_Endorsed_:
"September 24, 1607. Have the four brethren whom he mentions sent,
and entrust the matter to Señor Don Francisco de Tejada, that he may
arrange it with the elder brother of Anton Martin. Have a copy sent
to Señor Don Francisco."]
[30] Evidently referring to Antonio, prior of Crato, pretender to the
crown of Portugal (see _Vol_. I, p. 355). He died at Paris, August
25, 1595; and left six (illegitimate) children whom he commended to
the care of Henri IV of France. It is probable that the son mentioned
in our text was Cristoval, his second son (born in 1564); he assumed
the title of king of Portugal, and with this pretension might easily
undertake to fight against Spain (as usurper of that crown), in aid
of the Dutch. Cristoval died at Paris June 3, 1638.
[31] _Lancha_: a small vessel navigated with sails and oars;
cf. English "launch." _Barcoluengo_: an oblong boat with a long bow,
its only mast being in the center.
[32] The capture of the "Santa Ana" by Cavendish in 1588, and the
difficulties and risks of the long Pacific voyage for the richly-laden
galleons from Manila, made it evident that some halting-place for them
should be provided on the California coast. The vessel "San Agustin"
was despatched from Manila in 1595 to search for such a place, but
was wrecked in the present Drake Bay. In the preceding year Velasco
had made a contract with Sebastian Vizcaino for the exploration and
occupation for Spain of California; but he did not begin his task until
1597, when he was sent out by Monterey. This expedition accomplished
little; but Vizcaino was selected to command the one mentioned in our
text, which had the same object as that for which the "San Agustin"
was sent, and the pilot of that vessel accompanied Vizcaino. There
appear to have been four vessels in this expedition, which carried
nearly two hundred men: there were also three Carmelite friars, one of
whom, Antonio de la Ascension, kept a diary of the voyage, and assisted
the cosmographer, Gerónimo Martin Palacios. They returned to Acapulco
in March, 1603, having explored and mapped the coast of California
beyond Cape Mendocino, and discovered the bays of Todos Santos, San
Diego, and Monterey. Vizcaino made another voyage (1611-14), which
was originally intended for the establishment and equipment of the
port of Monterey as a station for the Philippine vessels, but was
diverted to the Pacific Ocean and Japan. See Bancroft's account of
these explorations--with abundant citations of sources, and reduced
copy of Vizcaino's map--in his _History of North Mexican States_
(San Francisco, 1886), i, pp. 147-163.
[33] See _Vol_. XIII, p. 228, note 31.
[34] This admiral was Toribio Gomez de Corvan.
[35] The route of vessels to and from the Philippines is described by
Morga at the end of his _Sucesos_ (_Vols_. XV and XVI of this series).
[36] This total is as found in the MS., but is inaccurate. The correct
total is 6,533.
[37] Also written "pederero"--from Old Spanish _pedra_, "a stone;"
so named because of the use of stone for balls, before iron balls were
invented; a swivel-gun. For descriptions and illustrations of various
kinds of artillery, see Demmin's _Arms and Armor_ (London, 1877).
[38] Cf. "Foundation of the Audiencia," _Vol_. VI, p. 37, sec. 295.
[39] Referring to the famous hot springs and health resort of Los
Baños, situated on the southern coast of Laguna de Bay, thirty-five
miles from Manila, at the foot of the volcanic mountains Maquiling and
Los Baños. See Chirino's account of these springs, in chap. X of his
_Relacion_ (_Vol_. XII of this series). Cf. the more detailed accounts
by La Concepcion (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iv, pp. 134-151), Zuñiga
(_Estadismo_, i, pp. 180-185), and Buzeta and Bravo (_Diccionario_,
ii, pp. 168-179). The virtues of these waters were first made known
by St. Pedro Bautista, the noted Franciscan martyr (_Vol_. VIII,
p. 233), in the year 1590; and he undertook to found there a hospital,
but for lack of means this project languished until 1604, when it was
duly organized, under the charge of a Franciscan lay brother, Fray
Diego de Santa Maria. Various grants were made to this institution, at
different times, by colonial and local authorities; and in 1671 large
and suitable buildings of stone were erected--which, however, were
destroyed by fire in 1727. The hospital seems to have retrograded,
in extent and management, early in its history; Zúñiga found it
in very poor condition, at the end of the eighteenth century. See
chapter on "Minero-medicinal waters" of the islands in U.S. Philippine
Commission's _Report_, 1900, iii, pp. 217-227.
[40] The name applied to any knight of a military order who received
one of die ecclesiastical benefices called _encomiendas_. These were
suitably-endowed dignities conferred on knights of those orders.
[41] After Acuña's death, Rodrigo de Vivero was sent from Nueva España
to govern the Philippines _ad interim_, where he arrived June 15,
1608. He remained less than one year in this poet, and was then made
governor of Panama. In April, 1609, arrived his successor, Juan de
Silva, a member of the Order of Santiago; and distinguished by military
service in Flanders. He governed the Philippines for seven years, and
died at Malaca, on his way with an expedition to the Spice Islands,
on April 19, 1616.
[42] _Situado_ is used here to mean the extra income from the
encomiendas which is obtained by increasing the tribute from eight
reals to ten. This was done at the time when Gomez Perez Dasmariñas
was sent to govern the Philippines; see his instructions (_Vol_. VII,
pp. 145, 146), and cf. Morga's _Sucesos_, chap. viii (_Vol_. XVI of
this series; and Hakluyt Society's trans., pp. 325, 326). The two
reals thus gained were to be thus applied: one-half real, to pay the
obligations of the tithes; one and one-half reals, for the pay of
soldiers, etc.
Prof. E.G. Bourne says: "Many of the Spanish colonies
received regular situados from the crown to make up their
annual deficits. The word may mean subsidy, appropriation,
rent, or income, according to the context." Humboldt
mentions--in _New Spain_ (Black's trans.), iv, pp. 228,
229--the situados, "remittances of specie annually, made to
other Spanish colonies" from the treasury of Mexico, which
in 1803 amounted to 3,500,000 piastres. These remittances
from Mexico of course ceased when that colony revolted from
Spain and became a republic (1823).
Still another meaning of _situado_ is given by Bowring
(_Philippine Islands_, pp. 98, 99): "As it is, the Philippines
have made, and continue to make, large contributions to the
mother country, generally in excess of the stipulated amount
which is called the _situado_."
[43] The husk surrounding the cocoanut; it is used for making cordage
and calking vessels.
[44] A prebendary who enjoys the benefice called _racion_.
[45] The prebendary immediately subordinate to the racionero.
[46] _Barrachel_: the alguacil-mayor. This word is now obsolete.
[47] He had filled this post before, during 1590-95 (_Vol_. VII,
p. 230); he succeeded Montesclaros on July 2, 1607, and governed Nueva
España until June 12, 1611, when he returned to Spain as president of
the Council of the Indias. Already aged, he did not long survive this
promotion. He established many reforms in Nueva España, and showed
great humanity in his treatment of the Indians.
[48] That is, "rich in gold," and "rich in silver;" two mythical
islands, often mentioned in documents of that time; thus named,
according to Gemelli Careri, because some earth taken from them,
accidentally heated on a ship, was found to contain grains of
precious metal. There is an interesting mention of these islands on
La Frechette's "Chart of the Indian Ocean" (published by W. Faden,
London, 1803). They are placed thereon in 32° and 34°, N. lat., and
in 160° and 164° E. long., respectively, with the following legend:
"Kin-sima, la Rica de Oro, or Gold Island. Gin-sima, la Rica de Plata,
or Silver Island. These Two Islands, which are Known to the Japanese,
are laid down according to the report of the former Spanish Navigators;
they did imagine till the middle of the last century, that Gin-sima
and Kin-sima were the Land of Ophir, since it could not be found in
the Isles of Solomon."
[49] Referring to the archbishop Benavides; he bequeathed his library
and the sum of one thousand pesos for the foundation of the college
of Santo Tomas at Manila.
[50] The route of this expedition was evidently up the Rio Grande
de Pampanga, northward through the present provinces of Pampanga and
Nueva Ecija; the headwaters of this stream are separated by the ridge
of Caraballo Sur from those of the Rio Grande de Cagayan. Crossing
these mountains, the Spaniards found themselves, at the southern end
of Nueva Viscaya, at the sources of one of the two great branches
of the latter river, the Magat River--the one which is named Tuy in
our text. It joins the main stream of the Rio Grande de Cagayan, a
few miles above Ilagan, in the province of Isabela, and the united
streams flow northward through the entire length of that province
and of Cagayan, falling into the sea below Aparri, on the northern
coast of Luzón. See the short account of this expedition given in
_Vol_. VIII, pp. 250, 251.
[51] A species of orange-colored agate, of great beauty.
[52] This city is no longer in existence; it has been replaced by
the town of Lalló, formerly only a district of that city.
[53] In the MS., _cabra_; but this may be only a copyist's conjecture
for an illegible word.
[54] The Igorrotes first appear under the name Ygolot, which was
applied to the inhabitants of Benguet; and those people probably
represent the original tribe. The name was later applied to all
the head-hunters of northern Luzon, then collectively to all in the
Philippine Islands, and is now almost synonymous with "wild." The
district assigned to the real Igorrotes is a matter of controversy
among various authors, as are also their various characteristics,
and their origin. Certain characteristics point to infusions of
Chinese and Japanese blood. Comparatively few of them have embraced
Christianity. They live in villages of three or four hundred, with
a chief in each, who is usually the richest man, and whose lands
the common people cultivate. They are generally monogamous, and
respect the marriage tie highly. They believe in a supreme being
whom they call Apo or Lu-ma-oig; his wife Bangan; his daughter
Bugan; and his son Ubban. There are two inferior gods Cabigat and
Suyan. Their priests are called Maubunung and they heal sickness
with charms and incantations. They believe in two places of abode
after death: one pleasant and cheerful, for those who die a natural
death; the other a real heaven, for warriors killed in battle and
women who die in childbirth. They bury their dead in coffins in
a sitting position, in clefts or caves, and often dry the corpse
over a fire. Ancestor-worship is prevalent. They are an agricultural
people, but do not breed cattle. They have worked the copper mines of
their districts and extracted gold from the earliest times. As yet,
however, exact and scientific knowledge regarding them is slight, as
is true of many other Filipino tribes, owing to the confused state
of Philippine ethnology. See Smithsonian _Report_, 1899, p. 538,
"List of native tribes of Philippines" by Ferdinand Blumentritt
(translated by Dr. O.T. Malon); Blumentritt's "Über den Namen der
Igorroten" in _Ausland_, no. 1, p. 17 (Stuttgart, 1882); Sawyer's
_Inhabitants of the Philippines_ (New York, 1900); pp. 254-267;
and Foreman's _Philippine Islands_ (London, 1890), pp. 212-215.
[55] The city of Potosi in Bolivia is situated on the slope of the
Cerro Gordo de Potosi, a mountain 16,152 feet high, which contains
silver mines of a richness that has become proverbial; they were
discovered in 1545, by an Indian. It is estimated that the silver
obtained from this mountain, up to the middle of the nineteenth
century, amounted to $1,600,000,000. Humboldt gives the figures for
its yield, from 1566 to 1789, amounting to 60,864,359 pounds troy; see
his _New Spain_ (Black's trans., London, 1811), iii, pp. 171, 172. He
also endeavors to estimate (pp. 353-379) the value of the total yield
from its discovery to 1789, which he places at 5,750,000,000 of livres
tournois (£234,693,840 sterling). The mines now are almost abandoned,
and the annual yield is about $800,000.
[56] Referring to the allotment of space for freight in the regular
trading fleet sent yearly to Mexico. As has been shown in preceding
documents, this privilege, as the source of much profit, was restricted
by the government to the citizens of the islands, among certain of
whom the space was duly allotted by toneladas, each shipping goods
to that extent--although many frauds were practiced, often by royal
officials themselves. The stipulation in our text secured, to persons
having the right to a share in this trade, the exercise of that right
while absent on the Tuy expedition, the same as if they were present
in Manila when the ships were laden. The _pieza_ mentioned in this
paragraph was the bale used as the unit of capacity in lading the
vessel (see Bourne's introduction to this series, _Vol_. I, p. 63). A
letter from Andres de Alcaraz to the king (August 10, 1617), which will
be presented in _Vol_. XVII, gives further information regarding the
pieza. From this document it appears that the tonelada was reckoned
at eight piezas; the pieza would then be estimated at ten arrobas,
or two hundred and fifty libras.
[57] Evidently a reference to a compilation of Spanish laws. There is
nothing in the _Recopilacion de las leyes de Indias_ answering to this.
[58] The district of the governor formerly called adelantado.
[59] Archbishop Benavides died on July 26, 1605, and was succeeded
by Diego Vazquez de Mercado--although the latter did not take
possession of the see until June, 1610. He was a native of Arevalo,
Castilla, and a relative of Gonzalo Ronquillo, fourth governor of
the Philippines. He was the first dean of the Manila cathedral,
serving therein for sixteen years; then went to Nueva España, and,
having obtained a doctor's degree from the University of Mexico,
held a benefice at Acapulco. He was appointed bishop of Yucatan,
but was transferred to the archbishopric of Manila; this post he
held until his death, in 1618. He completed the cathedral edince,
applying to that work much of his patrimony.
[60] Rueda's name alone is contained in the list furnished by
Aduarte in 1605 (see "Dominican mission of 1606," _ante_). The names
of those Dominicans who actually reached the Philippines in 1606,
twenty-six in number, are found (with biographical information) in
_Reseña biog. Sant. Rosario_, i, pp. 328-333; but the list of those
who died on the way (including Rueda and Colmenero) is on p. 335.
[61] Also known as Recollects (see _Vol_. XIII, p. 246 and
_note_). When they arrived in the Philippines (1606), they established
themselves in a suburb of Manila called Bagumbayan. See the detailed
account of the circumstances attending the despatch of friars thither
from this order, and of the beginning of their work in the islands,
in La Concepción's _Hist. de Philipinas_, iv, pp. 189-265.